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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vjJMdKsykPz5pJcCmMcbghg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700684</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180233</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anxiety and Depression after Myocardial Infarction: Can Inflammatory Factors be Involved?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel Theotonio dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label/>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Anhembi Morumbi</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <email>Brazil</email>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Curso de Medicina - Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o Manoel Theotonio dos Santos,</bold> Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - Laureate International Universities - Av. Deputado Benedito Matarazzo, 4050. Postal Code 12242-210, Parque Residencial Aquarius, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>joao.theotonio@cardiovale.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>684</fpage>
      <lpage>685</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Anxiety</kwd>
        <kwd>Depression</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors, Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender Identity</kwd>
        <kwd>C-Reactive Protein</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>This interesting article published by Serpytis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> evaluated the presence of depression and anxiety disorders after acute myocardial infarction, and the different forms of presentation and prevalence according to patient gender and age.</p>
    <p>The authors observed that over a period of up to 31 days after an acute myocardial infarction, more than two-thirds of the patients had depression and /or anxiety disorders. Women had a higher prevalence of these comorbidities when compared to men and also tended to have more severe presentations of both depression and anxiety disorders. Additionally, in men, depression was more severe and anxiety disorder was less severe as they were older; whereas in women these comorbidities showed a linear presentation regarding severity, regardless of the age factor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Other interesting points were that diabetic and / or sedentary men showed a higher score of depression, whereas men who smoked had a higher anxiety score. Regarding hypercholesterolemia, it was observed that women showed higher scores for depression and anxiety disorder, which did not occur with men.</p>
    <p>Also, regarding risk factors for coronary artery disease, a sedentary lifestyle was associated with higher scores of depression and anxiety disorder in women.</p>
    <p>Finally, it is noteworthy the fact that systemic arterial hypertension and body mass index were not associated at all to the presence of depression and/or anxiety disorder. Considering the data presented herein, despite the limitations already described by the authors, one can say there is a high prevalence of depression and anxiety disorder in the 31 days following acute myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Literature data show us that the association of some risk factors for coronary artery disease, such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking and a sedentary lifestyle, has been studied in the last two decades and the studies agree regarding their association with depression and anxiety disorder in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>As for the mechanism that could trigger depression and anxiety disorder after acute myocardial infarction, it might be explained as a type of post-traumatic stress, in which individuals affected by a disease that puts them at risk of impending death makes them think about how their life will be altered after this clinical event, such as changes in habits, possible sequelae, and limitations to the activities of daily living. The disease experience can precipitate stressful feelings and reactions, which include pictures of depression and anxiety disorder.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Moreover, in recent years, when searching for new concepts to understand the development of depression, and so come up with better treatments, research has demonstrated the immune system participation, particularly the inflammatory response, as a potentially important contributor to the pathophysiology of depression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> It is noteworthy the fact that these inflammatory factors, such as C-reactive protein, TNF-&#945; and Interleukin-6 are also elevated in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Finally, it is very interesting that two diseases with a strong association with inflammatory factors appear concomitantly and with their prevalence presented herein.</p>
    <p>We hope future studies will be designed with the specific aim of elucidating this interesting association.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Gender-Based Differences in Anxiety and Depression Following Acute Myocardial Infarction</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ansiedade e Depress&#227;o ap&#243;s Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio: Fatores Inflamat&#243;rios podem estar Envolvidos?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel Theotonio dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Curso de Medicina - Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o Manoel Theotonio dos Santos,</bold> Universidade Anhembi Morumbi - Laureate International Universities - Av. Deputado Benedito Matarazzo, 4050. CEP 12242-210, Parque Residencial Aquarius, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>joao.theotonio@cardiovale.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ansiedade</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Identidade de G&#234;nero</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na C Reativa</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Este interessante artigo publicado por Serpytis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> avaliou a presen&#231;a de depress&#227;o e transtornos de ansiedade ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, e as diferentes formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e preval&#234;ncia conforme o sexo e a idade dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Os autores observaram, em um per&#237;odo de at&#233; 31 dias ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, que mais de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes apresentaram depress&#227;o e/ou transtornos de ansiedade. As mulheres tiveram uma preval&#234;ncia maior que os homens destas comorbidades e, tamb&#233;m tenderam a ter apresenta&#231;&#245;es mais graves tanto de depress&#227;o quanto de transtornos de ansiedade. Adicionalmente, nos homens, a depress&#227;o foi mais grave e o transtorno de ansiedade foi menos grave a medida em que tinham idade mais avan&#231;ada; enquanto nas mulheres estas comorbidades tiveram uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o linear, quanto a gravidade, independentemente do fator idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Outros pontos interessantes foram que os homens diab&#233;ticos e/ou sedent&#225;rios tiveram um maior escore de depress&#227;o, enquanto os homens tabagistas tiveram um maior escore de ansiedade. Quanto &#224; hipercolesterolemia, observou-se que as mulheres apresentaram maiores escores para depress&#227;o e transtorno de ansiedade, o que n&#227;o ocorreu com os homens. Tamb&#233;m, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, o sedentarismo foi associado aos maiores escores de depress&#227;o e transtorno de ansiedade entre as mulheres. Finalmente chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o o fato de que a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal, n&#227;o estiveram associados, de maneira alguma, &#224; presen&#231;a de depress&#227;o e/ou transtorno ansioso. Diante dos dados aqui apresentados, apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es j&#225; descritas pelos autores, podemos dizer que a depress&#227;o e transtorno de ansiedade t&#234;m alta preval&#234;ncia nos 31 dias subsequentes ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dados de literatura nos mostram que a associa&#231;&#227;o de alguns fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, como diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia, tabagismo e sedentarismo, v&#234;m sendo estudada nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas e os estudos s&#227;o concordantes no que diz respeito a estarem associados a depress&#227;o e transtorno de ansiedade nestes pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao mecanismo que poderia desencadear a depress&#227;o e transtorno de ansiedade ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pode ser explicado como uma forma de estresse p&#243;s-traum&#225;tico em que o indiv&#237;duo acometido por uma doen&#231;a que o coloca em risco de morte iminente, al&#233;m de faz&#234;-lo pensar em como ser&#225; sua vida ap&#243;s este evento cl&#237;nico, como mudan&#231;as nos h&#225;bitos, poss&#237;veis sequelas e limita&#231;&#245;es &#224;s atividades da vida di&#225;ria. A experi&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a pode precipitar sentimentos e rea&#231;&#245;es estressantes que incluem quadros de depress&#227;o e transtorno de ansiedade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, nos &#250;ltimos anos, na busca de novos conceitos para entender o desenvolvimento da depress&#227;o, e assim desenvolver melhores tratamentos, pesquisas demonstraram a participa&#231;&#227;o do sistema imunol&#243;gico, em particular, a resposta inflamat&#243;ria como um contribuinte potencialmente importante para a fisiopatologia da depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> &#201; curioso saber que estes fatores inflamat&#243;rios como por exemplo a Prote&#237;na C-reativa, TNF-alfa e Interleucina-6 est&#227;o elevados tamb&#233;m na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Por fim, nos chama muito a aten&#231;&#227;o o fato de duas doen&#231;as com forte rela&#231;&#227;o com fatores inflamat&#243;rios aparecerem de forma concomitante e com a preval&#234;ncia aqui apresentada.</p>
      <p>Esperamos que novos estudos sejam desenhados com o objetivo espec&#237;fico de elucidar esta curiosa associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Diferen&#231;as por Sexo na Ansiedade e Depress&#227;o ap&#243;s Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
