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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YqXT798dmGpRzbNJwJzcvWM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700676</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005012104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180161</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Gender-Based Differences in Anxiety and Depression Following Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serpytis</surname>
            <given-names>Pranas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navickas</surname>
            <given-names>Petras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lukaviciute</surname>
            <given-names>Laura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navickas</surname>
            <given-names>Alvydas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aranauskas</surname>
            <given-names>Ramunas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serpytis</surname>
            <given-names>Rokas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deksnyte</surname>
            <given-names>Ausra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Glaveckaite</surname>
            <given-names>Sigita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrulioniene</surname>
            <given-names>Zaneta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samalavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Robertas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vilnius University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vilnius</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="LT">Lithuania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vilnius University - Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius - Lithuania</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vilnius University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Santaros Clinics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vilnius</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="LT">Lithuania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius - Lithuania</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Vilnius University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Clinic of Emergency Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vilnius</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="LT">Lithuania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinic of Emergency Medicine - Vilnius University, Vilnius - Lithuania</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pranas Serpytis,</bold> Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Santariskiu st. 2, 08661, Vilnius - Lithuania. E-mail: <email>pranas.serpytis@santa.lt</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Serpytis P, Navickas A, Deksnyte A; Acquisition of data: Serpytis P, Serpytis R, Petrulioniene Z, Samalavicius R; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Navickas P, Lukaviciute L, Glaveckaite S, Samalavicius R; Statistical analysis: Aranauskas R, Serpytis R, Deksnyte A; Writing of the manuscript: Navickas P, Lukaviciute L; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Serpytis P, Navickas A, Petrulioniene Z.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>676</fpage>
      <lpage>683</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Among patients with heart disease, depression and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and persistent. Both depression and anxiety play a significant role in cardiovascular disease progression and are acknowledged to be independent risk factors. However, there is very little gender-related analysis concerning cardiovascular diseases and emotional disorders.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We aimed to evaluate depression and anxiety levels in patients suffering from myocardial infarction [MI] within the first month after the MI and to assess the association between cardiovascular disease risk factors, demographic indicators and emotional disorders, as well as to determine whether there are gender-based differences or similarities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This survey included demographic questions, clinical characteristics, questions about cardiovascular disease risk factors and the use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]. All statistical tests were two-sided, and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>It was determined that 71.4% of female and 60.4% of male patients had concomitant anxiety and/or depression symptomatology (p = 0.006). Using men as the reference point, women had an elevated risk of having some type of psychiatric disorder (odds ratio, 2.86, p = 0.007). The HADS-D score was notably higher in women (8.66 &#177; 3.717) than men (6.87 &#177; 4.531, p = 0.004). It was determined that male patients who developed depression were on average younger than those without depression (p = 0.005).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Women demonstrated an elevated risk of having anxiety and/or depression disorder compared to men. Furthermore, depression severity increased with age in men, while anxiety severity decreased. In contrast, depression and anxiety severity was similar for women of all ages after the MI. A higher depression score was associated with diabetes and physical inactivity, whereas a higher anxiety score was associated with smoking in men. Hypercholesterolemia was associated with both higher anxiety and depression scores, and a higher depression score was associated with physical inactivity in women. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Anxiety, Depression</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender Identify</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>By 2020, depression is predicted to be the second highest cause of disability and mortality worldwide, surpassed only by ischemic heart disease (WHO). Myocardial infarction [MI] is a severe life-threatening event that is accompanied by an increased risk of depression and anxiety.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A recent meta-analysis that explored the effect of the interactions of risk factors on all-cause mortality in patients with MI concluded that women have worse coronary artery disease [CAD] outcomes compared to men, with more women (17%) than men (12%) dying within 3 years of having their first MI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In addition, hospital mortality rates after acute MI have also been shown to be higher in women (16%) than in men (11%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Gender differences are correspondingly evident regarding mental stress-induced MI when assessing laboratory-based proxies, with a higher prevalence being observed in women than in men,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> even more so in women aged 50 years or younger.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A large-scale case-control study indicated that post-MI depressive symptoms were associated with an increased risk of mortality, whereas anxiety symptoms were not an independent prognostic risk factor for new cardiovascular events or death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In contrast, another study of 5,750 patients with MI demonstrated that patients with anxiety are at a higher risk of both adverse cardiac events and all-cause mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The suicide risk is at its highest during the first month following discharge for MI for both patients with no history of psychiatric illness (adjusted rate ratio - 3.25) and for those with a history of psychiatric disorders (adjusted rate ratio - 64.05), with the rate ratios being comparable with those with no history of MI or psychiatric illness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The suicide risk remained higher for at least five years after the MI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Although post-MI depression is a common and burdensome condition, it remains underrecognized and undertreated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> There are also very few gender-related analyses concerning cardiovascular diseases and emotional disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> We, therefore, aimed to evaluate depression and anxiety levels in patients suffering from MI and to assess the association between cardiovascular disease risk factors, demographic indicators and emotional disorders, as well as to determine whether there are gender-based differences or similarities.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants and Recruitment</title>
        <p>Patients with a documented MI who were admitted to a tertiary health care institution from 1 November 2012 to 31 May 2013 were included.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Patients were included in the study according to the following inclusion criteria:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Possessing a full understanding of the survey instructions;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Age &gt; 18 years;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Either gender;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A diagnosis of acute MI verified based on two of the three standard criteria: typical chest pain, ECG presentation, elevated cardiac biomarkers;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Time after MI &lt; 31 days;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Knowledge of Lithuanian language;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Completion of the survey.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Exclusion criteria were:</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Cognitive impairment or physical inability to complete the survey;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Diagnosed depression or anxiety disorder prior to MI;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Antidepressant or benzodiazepine use prior to MI;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Patient refusal;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Participation in another research study.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Of the 180 patients recruited, a total of 160 patients met the inclusion criteria and were assessed. This survey included demographic questions (gender, age), clinical characteristics and questions about cardiovascular disease risk factors: diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, hypodynamia, and obesity. Furthermore, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS] was used to determine anxiety and depression symptomatology. The scale contains 14 items: seven to assess anxiety and seven to assess depression. The score can be interpreted according to the following range: 0-7 - no depression or anxiety disorder; 8-10 - mild depression or anxiety disorder; 11-14 - moderate disorder; and 15-21 - severe disorder. The anxiety subscale (HADS-A) specificity is 0.78 and the sensitivity is 0.9, while the depression subscale (HADS-D) specificity is 0.79 and the sensitivity is 0.83.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The analysis was conducted using SPSS (IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Version 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) software. The Shapiro-Wilk&#8217;s test of normality was performed to verify the assumption of normality. Categorical variables were compared using the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test. Binary logistic regression analysis and the &#967;<sup>2</sup> test were used for categorical variables to assess the odds ratio [OR] for depression and anxiety presence associated with gender. The independent sample <italic>t-</italic>test, when the distribution of variables was normal, and the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, when variables showed an abnormal distribution, were used to assess continuous variables. Normally-distributed continuous variables are expressed as mean (mean &#177; standard deviation), whereas those with an abnormal distribution are expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR, Q1 - Q3). Correlation was assessed using Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation coefficient (p). All statistical tests were two-sided, and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 180 patients recruited, a total of 160 met the inclusion criteria (88.8%) and were assessed. A total of 101 patients (63.1%) were males and 59 (36.9%) were females. The mean age of female patients was 69.9 years, whilst the mean age of male patients was significantly lower, at 62.3 years (p &lt; 0.001). The youngest female patient was 33 and the oldest was 92 years of age. Similarly, the youngest male patient was 26 and the oldest was 85 years of age. The overall age range of 59 years was identical for both genders. Based on the accumulated data, it was determined that 71.4% of female and 60.4% of male respondents (68.1% of all respondents) had concomitant anxiety and/or depression symptomatology (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Logistic regressions were used to assess the differences regarding the risk of each psychiatric disorder according to gender. Using men as the reference point, women had an increased risk of having some type of psychiatric disorder (odds ratio, 2.86, p = 0.007) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Emotional disorder presentation in both genders</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Emotional disorder</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Men</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Women</th>
              <th align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup> or &#946;</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Any emotional disorder</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prevalence</td>
              <td align="center">n = 61</td>
              <td align="center">60.4%</td>
              <td align="center">n = 48</td>
              <td align="center">81.4%</td>
              <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 7.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Odds ratio</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">1</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">2.861 (1.33 &#8211; 6.16)</td>
              <td align="center">&#946; = 1.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Anxiety disorder</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prevalence</td>
              <td align="center">n = 40</td>
              <td align="center">39.6%</td>
              <td align="center">n = 38</td>
              <td align="center">64.4%</td>
              <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 9.17</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Odds ratio</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">1</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2"> 2.760 (1.42 &#8211; 5.37)</td>
              <td align="center">&#946; = 1.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Depression disorder</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prevalence</td>
              <td align="center">n = 48</td>
              <td align="center">47.5%</td>
              <td align="center">n = 32</td>
              <td align="center">54.2%</td>
              <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 0.67</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Odds ratio</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">1</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2">0.764 (0.4 &#8211; 1.46)</td>
              <td align="center">&#946; = 0.269</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Both depression and anxiety disorders</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Prevalence</td>
              <td align="center">n = 27</td>
              <td align="center">26.7%</td>
              <td align="center">n = 22</td>
              <td align="center">37.3%</td>
              <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 1.95</td>
              <td align="center">0.162</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Odds ratio</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2"> 1</td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2"> 1.630 (0.82 &#8211; 3.24)</td>
              <td align="center">&#946; = 0.49</td>
              <td align="center">0.164</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant p values. Odds ratio reported as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The all-patient mean HADS-D subscale score was 7.54 &#177; 4.322. It is particularly important to note that the HADS-D score was notably higher in women (8.66 &#177; 3.717) than in men (6.87 &#177; 4.531, p = 0.004). About 54.2% of female and 47.5% of male patients exhibited a depression disorder, being mild in 30.5%, moderate in 16.9% and severe in 6.8% of females, while the respective percentages for males were mild in 24.8%, moderate in 16.8% and severe in 5.9% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). It should be noted that the distribution of the aforementioned depression symptomatology severity degrees did not statistically differ between genders (p = 0.841).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Prevalence of anxiety and depression based on gender and severity</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="6%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="4">Severity of anxiety/depression</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="14" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Anxiety subscale</th>
              <th colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Depression subscale</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th colspan="2">Total</th>
              <th colspan="2">Men</th>
              <th colspan="2">Women</th>
              <th>p value</th>
              <th colspan="2">Total</th>
              <th colspan="2">Men</th>
              <th colspan="2">Women</th>
              <th>p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>
							</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>No disorder</td>
              <td align="center">82</td>
              <td align="center">51.3</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">60.4</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">35.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">52.5</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">45.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mild disorder</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">24.4</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">17.8</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">35.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.012<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">43</td>
              <td align="center">26.9</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">24.8</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">30.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.428</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Moderate disorder</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">18.8</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">15.8</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">23.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.217</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">16.9</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">16.8</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">16.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.985</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Severe disorder</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">5.6</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">5.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.821</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.832</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Total</td>
              <td align="center">82</td>
              <td align="center">51.3</td>
              <td align="center">61</td>
              <td align="center">60.4</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">35.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">52.5</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">45.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.413</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant p values (between men and women, &#967;<sup>2</sup>). HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The HADS-A subscale score analysis revealed that all-patient mean HADS-A subscale score was 7.59 &#177; 4.335 and women had a higher mean score of 8.2 &#177; 3.938, while the mean score in men was 7.18 &#177; 4.532 (p = 0.142). 64.4% of female and 39.6% of male respondents had anxiety symptoms (mild in 35.6%, moderate in 23.7% and severe in 5.1% of females, while the respective percentages for males were mild in 17.8%, moderate in 15.8% and severe in 5.9%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). According to the anxiety severity degree data, the prevalence of anxiety was considerably higher in women (p = 0.014), with this difference being more significant in the mild anxiety group (p = 0.012). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that women had an elevated risk of having an anxiety disorder, with an OR of 2.76 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>There was no significant association between patient age and anxiety severity. However, a weak positive significant correlation was found between patient age and depression severity (p = 0.233, p = 0.003). In addition, it was determined that male patients who developed depression were on average younger than those without the disease, with a mean age of 58 years and 66 years, respectively (p = 0.005). The age with the highest risk of developing depression was determined to be between 55 and 62 years of age for males, whilst 95% of female patients who developed depression were between 66 and 75 years of age. A subsequent gender-based analysis showed that there was a significant weak positive correlation between male patient age and depression severity (p = 0.212, p = 0.033) and a weak negative correlation between male patient age and anxiety severity (p = - 0,278, p = 0.005). In contrast, the data analysis in women did not demonstrate any statistical association, thus meaning that depression and anxiety severity is similar for women of all age after MI. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk factor characteristics distributed by gender</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Risk factors</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Men</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Women</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>n = 101</th>
              <th>%</th>
              <th>n = 59</th>
              <th>%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Current smoker</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">20.8</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">6.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Physical inactivity</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">48.5</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="center">45.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.737</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">20.8</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">35.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.040<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">87</td>
              <td align="center">86.1</td>
              <td align="center">57</td>
              <td align="center">96.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypercholesterolemia</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">51.5</td>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="center">66.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.072</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant p values (between men and women, &#967;<sup>2</sup>). MI, myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Cardiovascular risk factor analysis showed an association between diabetes mellitus and HADS-D score in males who had a significantly higher median depression score compared to those who were not diabetic (10, IQR 5 - 11 vs. 5, IQR 3 - 9.75, p = 0.043). In contrast, female patients did not show any significant association between diabetes mellitus and emotional disorders. Hypercholesterolemia was associated with both higher median anxiety (8, IQR 6 - 12 vs. 6.5, IQR - 4 - 8, p = 0.02) and depression (9, IQR 7 - 12 vs. 7, IQR 4 - 8.75, p = 0.015) scores in women, while men did not show any association between the aforementioned factors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). Moreover, it was determined that arterial hypertension and body mass index were not, in any way, associated with anxiety or depression. The evaluation of patient smoking habits revealed that 15.6% of respondents were daily smokers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Smoking was more prevalent amongst men than women (20.8% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.019). Furthermore, a higher HADS-A score was identified in male patients who did smoke (10, IQR 7.5 - 14) vs. 6.5, IQR 3 - 9, p = 0.002), whilst the HADS-A score did not differ between women who smoked or did not smoke (p = 0.311). Likewise, there was no statistically significant difference in the HADS-D subscale scores between smoking and non-smoking patients. Exercise habit analysis showed that the group of patients who did not exercise had a higher median HADS-D score than the group that exercised (9, IQR 6 - 12 vs. 5, IQR 3 - 9, p &lt; 0.001). Gender-based analysis similarly revealed significantly higher median HADS-D scores in male (7.5, IQR 5 - 12 vs. 4, IQR 3 - 8, p = 0.002) and female patients (9, IQR 7.25 - 11.75 vs. 8, IQR 4 - 10, p = 0.027) who were hypodynamic. In contrast, the median HADS-A score did not significantly differ between females and males who exercised and did not exercise (p = 0.676) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk factors and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3">Risk factors</th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HADS-A</th>
              <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">HADS-D</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
              <th colspan="2">Median (interquartile range)</th>
              <th colspan="2">Median (interquartile range)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th>Men</th>
              <th>Women</th>
              <th>Men</th>
              <th>Women</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3">Current smoker</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">10 (7.5 &#8211; 14)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (7.25 &#8211; 13)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (2 &#8211; 11.5)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (4 &#8211; 11.75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">6.5 (3 &#8211; 9)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (5 &#8211; 10)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (4 &#8211; 10)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (7 &#8211; 11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">p value</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.311</td>
              <td align="center">0.473</td>
              <td align="center">0.439</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3">Physical inactivity</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">7.5 (4 &#8211; 11)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (5 &#8211; 10.75)</td>
              <td align="center">7.5 (5 &#8211; 12)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (7.25 &#8211; 11.75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3 &#8211; 10)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (6 &#8211; 10)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (3 &#8211; 8)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (4 &#8211; 10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">p value</td>
              <td align="center">0.286</td>
              <td align="center">0.364</td>
              <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.027<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">7 (4 &#8211; 9)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (6 &#8211; 11)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (5 &#8211; 11)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (7 &#8211; 13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">7 (3 &#8211; 11)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (5 &#8211; 10)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (3 &#8211; 9.75)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (5.75 &#8211; 10.25)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">p value</td>
              <td align="center">0.943</td>
              <td align="center">0.537</td>
              <td align="center">0.043<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.283</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3">Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">7 (4 &#8211; 10)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (5.5 &#8211; 10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (3 &#8211; 10)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (6.5 &#8211; 11)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.75 &#8211; 10.75)</td>
              <td align="center">N/A</td>
              <td align="center">8 (4.75 &#8211; 10.25)</td>
              <td align="center">N/A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">p value</td>
              <td align="center">0.756</td>
              <td align="center">N/A</td>
              <td align="center">0.287</td>
              <td align="center">N/A</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="3">Hypercholesterolemia</td>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">7 (4 &#8211; 9)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (6 &#8211; 12)</td>
              <td align="center">6.5 (4 &#8211; 10)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (7 &#8211; 12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3.5 &#8211; 12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">6.5 (4 &#8211; 8)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (3 &#8211; 10.5)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (4 &#8211; 8.75)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">p value</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.859</td>
              <td align="center">0.015<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Significant p values. HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study assessed gender differences regarding the associations between emotional disorders and MI that had occurred less than one month before the initial assessment. Our investigation showed that 71.4% of female and 60.4% of male patients had some type of emotional mental health problem after having been diagnosed with MI. Subsequently, we observed an elevated risk of concomitant emotional disorders in women, in comparison to men (p = 0.006). Likewise, a gender-associated difference was displayed by Carvalho et al. who used the same HAD scale and found depression symptoms in 17.5% of adult inpatients with cardiovascular disease and anxiety symptoms in 32.5% and, amongst these, the highest prevalence of mental disorders were also associated with female gender (anxiety: p = 0.002; depression: p = 0.022).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Although the incidence of depression in women in society is nearly double than that in men,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> it is of utmost importance to stress that this gender-based discrepancy in society is quite probably irrelevant to our study, as the mean age of women in our study was 70 years and the incidence of depression in women after menopause (when reproductive hormones stabilize) is similar to that in men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The high prevalence of emotional disorders that we observed may be partially explained by the fact that we only assessed those with a more severe condition, i.e., MI. A similar study that also used the HAD scale, but assessed dermatological patients in the same region (Vilnius city, Lithuania), found the prevalence of mental disorders to be higher than in other comparable studies, although lower than that observed in our study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Another noteworthy explanation for the high prevalence might be the fact that mental health problems in Lithuania are particularly widespread, as demonstrated by the suicide rates that are amongst the highest worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is particularly important to note that the HADS-D score was especially higher in women. Although we did not assess the impact of depression on patient outcomes, it is nonetheless necessary to stress the predictive influence of depressive symptoms in acute coronary syndrome [ACS]. A meta-analysis including 22 studies, carried out by Van Melle et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> concluded that depression is associated with a two-fold increase in mortality following MI. Furthermore, depression is associated with worse long-term outcomes after MI. For example, it was determined that moderate or high stress at the time of the MI is associated with an increased two-year mortality and an increased risk of angina in the first year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Bush et al<italic>.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> prospectively studied patients with MI who survived to discharge and determined that the highest mortality rates were observed in patients with the most severe depressive symptoms. Moreover, the ENRICHD study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> also concluded that depression increases the risk of all-cause mortality for 30 months, even after adjusting for confounders. After the extensive review of 53 studies and four meta-analyses, the American Heart Association [AHA] stated that depression is an individual risk factor for adverse medical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Depression is an important risk factor that should be taken into consideration, not only after ACS but prior to CAD as well. Results of an 11-cohort study meta-analysis by Rugulies et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> support this statement, since they concluded that clinical depression was a strong predictor of the development of coronary heart disease in an initially healthy population. Furthermore, another study demonstrated that depression was a stronger CHD predictor, especially for women (p = 0.002).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Our study revealed that women had a markedly elevated risk of having anxiety disorder. It should be highlighted that the prognostic significance of anxiety raises discussions, since some studies suggest that post-MI anxiety symptoms were not an independent prognostic risk factor for new cardiovascular events or death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Moreover, according to Hosseini et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> post-MI anxiety does not predict long-term quality of life in MI survivors. Nonetheless, we believe that post-MI anxiety should be taken into consideration in clinical practice, since it has been shown that not only depression but also pre-myocardial anxiety in the preceding 2 hours increase 10-year mortality rates in those aged &gt; 65 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Moreover, Paine et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> recently published an article stating that women with anxiety and no CAD history had higher rates of ischemia than women without anxiety. Since women are more prone to anxiety, it is important to mention that many CAD symptoms (for example, fatigue, chest pain and shortness of breath) overlap with anxiety symptoms and might mask CAD. This is more evident in women than men and contributes to the referral to other specialists and, thus, diagnostic delays.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although a recent publication by Feng et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> determined that especially those women between 45 and 64 years of age had the greatest risk for anxiety when it comes to cardiovascular disease, our findings did not support this conclusion. First, our study showed that women had the highest probability to develop anxiety from 68 to 75 years of age. Second, the analysis showed that age did not have any influence on either anxiety or depression prevalence in women. On the other hand, there was a significant association between age in men and depressive symptomatology prevalence and it was shown that a relatively younger population, aged 55 to 62 years, had the highest risk of developing depression. Furthermore, male patients showed a significant weak positive correlation between age and depression severity and a weak negative correlation between age and anxiety severity.</p>
      <p>The cardiovascular risk factor analysis showed that a higher anxiety score was identified in male patients who smoked, whereas the HADS-A score did not differ between women who smoked and did not smoke. Similarly, a significantly higher HADS-D score was found in those patients who were hypodynamic. Also, an association between diabetes mellitus and the HADS-D score was evident and men who had diabetes mellitus also had a significantly higher depression score, whereas female patients did not show any significant association between diabetes mellitus and emotional disorders. Although our analysis did not demonstrate any association between hypertension and mental disorders, another study listed depression as being associated with several known prognostic factors, such as a history of treatment of hypertension, diabetes, advanced Killip Class and left ventricular ejection fraction of 35% or less.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> We would also like to address the association found between elevated anxiety and depression levels and hypercholesterolemia in females. A quite recent experimental study by Engel et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> aimed to investigate this pathophysiological association and concluded that depressive-like behavior in hypercholesterolemic mice is accompanied by alterations in the monoaminergic metabolism, providing new evidence about the association between hypercholesterolemia and depression.</p>
      <p>It is of paramount importance to mention the need for routine screening for depression since it is also associated with decreased adherence to medications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> and a three-fold increase in the risk of noncompliance with medical treatment regimens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Moreover, it leads to significantly reduced quality of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> and higher healthcare costs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> All patients should be screened within one month of MI. The AHA recommends using Patient Health Questionnaire-2, which consists of one question seeking to identify a depressive mood in the preceding two weeks and another for anhedonia in the preceding two weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> If the answer is positive to either question, then the patient should be referred for a more thorough clinical evaluation by a professional qualified in the diagnosis and management of depression or screened with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, which has shown to be diagnostically superior in patients with CHD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> In contrast, there are no specific guidelines from the AHA for anxiety disorder screening in CHD. This can be partially due to the high prevalence of anxiety symptoms in angina and MI. Furthermore, it has been shown that anxiety rating scales have relatively high false positive scores that result in reduced cost-effectiveness of routine screening.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Both depression and anxiety treatment options include cardiac rehabilitation and exercise therapy, disease management programs, cognitive behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Data from the Secondary Prevention in Uppsala Primary Health Care study further support the heart-helping benefits of cognitive-behavioral therapy since at follow-up, the psychotherapy intervention group had 45% fewer recurrent heart attacks and a 41% lower rate of both non-fatal and fatal first recurrent cardiovascular events than the group receiving traditional care.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> On the other hand, there are still ongoing discussions concerning the optimal treatment algorithm, as a few studies have had disappointing results concerning behavior therapy. For example, the ENRICHD study found that a six-month intervention focused on treating patients' depression made patients feel better, but had no positive impact when it came to preventing repeat heart attacks or death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Possible limitations of our study include unequal sample sizes between genders, with the male group being larger. However, this gender inequality reflects the real rates of patients with MI admitted to hospitals in Lithuania. Second, the absence of a control group can be considered a limitation, though we have attempted to mitigate this by discussing and comparing our data with results of previous similar studies. Third, the study design did not include mental health evaluation by a psychiatrist. Finally, our study was not a longitudinal one and patients were not reassessed several times to determine a more long-term association between MI and mental disease.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>MI is especially closely associated with anxiety and depression. More than two-thirds of patients with MI had a depression and/or anxiety comorbidity within the first month of MI. Women showed an elevated risk of having anxiety and/or depression disorder compared to men. Furthermore, both anxiety and depression severity had a tendency to be higher in women. In addition, depression severity increased with age in men, while anxiety severity decreased. In contrast, depression and anxiety severity are similar for women of all ages after MI. A higher depression score was associated with diabetes and physical inactivity, whereas a higher anxiety score was associated with smoking in men. Hypercholesterolemia was associated with both higher anxiety and depression scores, whereas a higher depression score was associated with physical inactivity in women.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee in Vilnius based at the Medical Faculty of Vilnius University under the protocol number 158200-04-301-78, 2011-04-06. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>PS conceived the study, wrote the protocol, designed and adopted the database system, and oversaw data collection. PN, LL, AN performed the statistical data analysis, wrote the manuscript and contributed to the design of the study. RA, RS, AD contributed to study design, provided other technical support and edited the manuscript. SG, ZP, RS oversaw data collection and edited the manuscript. All authors approved this version for publication.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferen&#231;as por Sexo na Ansiedade e Depress&#227;o ap&#243;s Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serpytis</surname>
            <given-names>Pranas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navickas</surname>
            <given-names>Petras</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lukaviciute</surname>
            <given-names>Laura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navickas</surname>
            <given-names>Alvydas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aranauskas</surname>
            <given-names>Ramunas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serpytis</surname>
            <given-names>Rokas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Deksnyte</surname>
            <given-names>Ausra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Glaveckaite</surname>
            <given-names>Sigita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrulioniene</surname>
            <given-names>Zaneta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Samalavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Robertas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Vilnius University - Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius - Litu&#226;nia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius - Litu&#226;nia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinic of Emergency Medicine - Vilnius University, Vilnius - Litu&#226;nia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pranas Serpytis,</bold> Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Santariskiu st. 2, 08661, Vilnius - Litu&#226;nia. E-mail: <email>pranas.serpytis@santa.lt</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Serpytis P, Navickas A, Deksnyte A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Serpytis P, Serpytis R, Petrulioniene Z, Samalavicius R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Navickas P, Lukaviciute L, Glaveckaite S, Samalavicius R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Aranauskas R, Serpytis R, Deksnyte A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Navickas P, Lukaviciute L; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Serpytis P, Navickas A, Petrulioniene Z.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, depress&#227;o e transtornos de ansiedade s&#227;o altamente prevalentes e persistentes. A depress&#227;o e a ansiedade desempenham um papel significativo na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular e s&#227;o reconhecidas como fatores de risco independentes. No entanto, h&#225; muito pouca an&#225;lise relacionada ao g&#234;nero em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e transtornos emocionais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os n&#237;veis de depress&#227;o e ansiedade em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s o IM e avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, indicadores demogr&#225;ficos e dist&#250;rbios emocionais, bem como determinar se existem diferen&#231;as ou semelhan&#231;as baseadas no sexo do paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Esta pesquisa incluiu quest&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, quest&#245;es sobre fatores de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depress&#227;o [HADS]. Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bilaterais, e valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Determinou-se que 71,4% dos pacientes do sexo feminino e 60,4% dos pacientes do sexo masculino apresentavam sintomatologia concomitante de ansiedade e/ou depress&#227;o (p = 0,006). Utilizando os homens como o ponto de refer&#234;ncia, as mulheres mostraram um risco elevado de apresentar qualquer dist&#250;rbio psiqui&#225;trico (odds ratio, 2,86, p = 0,007). O escore da HADS-D foi notavelmente maior nas mulheres (8,66 &#177; 3,717) do que nos homens (6,87 &#177; 4,531, p = 0,004). Foi determinado que os pacientes do sexo masculino que desenvolveram depress&#227;o eram em m&#233;dia mais jovens do que aqueles sem depress&#227;o (p = 0,005).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>As mulheres demonstraram risco mais elevado de apresentar dist&#250;rbio de ansiedade e/ou depress&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens. Al&#233;m disso, a gravidade da depress&#227;o aumentou com a idade entre os homens, enquanto o gravidade da ansiedade diminuiu. Em contraste, a gravidade da depress&#227;o e ansiedade foram semelhantes para mulheres de todas as idades ap&#243;s o IM. Um maior escore de depress&#227;o foi associado com diabetes e inatividade f&#237;sica, e o maior escore de ansiedade foi associado ao tabagismo nos homens. A hipercolesterolemia foi associada tanto aos maiores escores de ansiedade e depress&#227;o, enquanto um maior escore de depress&#227;o foi associado &#224; inatividade f&#237;sica entre mulheres.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ansiedade</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Identidade de G&#234;nero</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em 2020, prev&#234;-se que a depress&#227;o seja a segunda maior causa de incapacidade e mortalidade no mundo, sendo superada apenas pela doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica (OMS). O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio [IM] &#233; um evento grave, potencialmente fatal, acompanhado por um risco aumentado de depress&#227;o e ansiedade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Uma metan&#225;lise recente que explorou o efeito das intera&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de risco sobre a mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com IM concluiu que as mulheres apresentam desfechos piores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana [DAC] em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, com mais mulheres (17%) do que homens (12%) morrendo no per&#237;odo de 3 anos ap&#243;s o primeiro infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m disso, maiores taxas de mortalidade hospitalar ap&#243;s o IM agudo tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido demonstradas em mulheres (16%) do que em homens (11%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> As diferen&#231;as entre os sexos s&#227;o evidentes no IM induzido por estresse mental ao avaliar <italic>proxies</italic> de laborat&#243;rio, sendo maior a preval&#234;ncia em mulheres do que em homens,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> principalmente em mulheres com 50 anos de idade ou mais jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Um estudo de caso-controle em larga escala demonstrou que sintomas depressivos p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio estavam associados a um risco aumentado de mortalidade, enquanto os sintomas de ansiedade n&#227;o eram um fator de risco progn&#243;stico independente para novos eventos cardiovasculares ou morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em contraste, outro estudo com 5.750 pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio demonstrou que pacientes com ansiedade t&#234;m maior risco de eventos card&#237;acos adversos e mortalidade por todas as causas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> O risco de suic&#237;dio &#233; mais alto no primeiro m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta para infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, tanto em pacientes sem hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a psiqui&#225;trica (raz&#227;o de taxa ajustada - 3,25) quanto para pacientes com hist&#243;rico de dist&#250;rbio psiqui&#225;trico (raz&#227;o de taxa ajustada - 64,05), comparando-se com aqueles sem hist&#243;rico de IM ou doen&#231;a psiqui&#225;trica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O risco de suic&#237;dio permaneceu mais alto por pelo menos cinco anos ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Embora a depress&#227;o p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio seja uma condi&#231;&#227;o comum e penosa, ela permanece subdiagnosticada e subtratada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> H&#225; tamb&#233;m poucas an&#225;lises relacionadas ao sexo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e dist&#250;rbios emocionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Portanto, objetivamos avaliar os n&#237;veis de depress&#227;o e ansiedade em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, indicadores demogr&#225;ficos e dist&#250;rbios emocionais, bem como determinar se existem diferen&#231;as ou similaridades baseadas no sexo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes e recrutamento</title>
          <p>Foram recrutados pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio documentado, admitidos em uma institui&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria de sa&#250;de no per&#237;odo de 1 de novembro de 2012 a 31 de maio de 2013.</p>
          <p>
            <bold>Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Possuir total compreens&#227;o das instru&#231;&#245;es da pesquisa;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Idade maior que 18 anos;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Ambos os sexos;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Ter o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio verificado com base em dois dos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios padr&#227;o: dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica, dados do ECG, biomarcadores card&#237;acos elevados;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Tempo ap&#243;s o IM menor que 31 dias;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Conhecimento da l&#237;ngua lituana;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Concluir a pesquisa.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram:</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Comprometimento cognitivo ou incapacidade f&#237;sica para completar a pesquisa;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Diagn&#243;stico de depress&#227;o ou dist&#250;rbio de ansiedade antes do IM;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Uso de antidepressivos ou benzodiazep&#237;nicos antes do IM;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Recusa do paciente;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Participa&#231;&#227;o em outro estudo.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Dos 180 pacientes recrutados, um total de 160 pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e foram avaliados. Esta pesquisa incluiu quest&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas (sexo, idade), caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e quest&#245;es sobre fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular: diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o arterial, hipercolesterolemia, tabagismo, hipodinamia e obesidade. Al&#233;m disso, a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depress&#227;o [HADS, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale</italic>]<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> foi utilizada para determinar a sintomatologia da ansiedade e depress&#227;o. A escala cont&#233;m 14 itens: sete para avaliar a ansiedade e sete para avaliar a depress&#227;o. O escore &#233; interpretado de acordo com a seguinte varia&#231;&#227;o: 0 a 7 - sem depress&#227;o ou dist&#250;rbio de ansiedade; 8 a 10 - depress&#227;o ou dist&#250;rbio de ansiedade leve; 11 a 14 - dist&#250;rbio moderado; e 15 a 21 - dist&#250;rbio grave. A especificidade da subescala de ansiedade (HADS-A) &#233; 0,78 e a sensibilidade &#233; 0,9, enquanto a especificidade da subescala de depress&#227;o (HADS-D) &#233; 0,79 e a sensibilidade &#233; 0,83.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O estudo foi autorizado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Biom&#233;dica Regional (n&#250;mero de permiss&#227;o 158200-04-301-78, 2011-04-06).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise foi conduzida com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do software SPSS (IBM Corp. released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Vers&#227;o 20.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). O teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk foi realizado para verificar a premissa da normalidade. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas utilizando o teste &#967;<sup>2</sup>. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria e o teste &#967;<sup>2</sup> foram utilizados para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas para avaliar o <italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] para a presen&#231;a de depress&#227;o e ansiedade associadas ao sexo. Para avaliar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram utilizados o teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes, quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi normal, e o teste de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon, quando as vari&#225;veis estavam distribu&#237;das de forma n&#227;o-normal. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o), enquanto aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-normal s&#227;o expressas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ, Q1 - Q3). A correla&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada utilizando o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de postos de Spearman (&#961;). Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bilaterais, e valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 180 pacientes recrutados para o estudo, um total de 160 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o (88,8%) e foram avaliados. Um total de 101 pacientes (63,1%) eram do sexo masculino e 59 (36,9%) do sexo feminino. A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes do sexo feminino foi de 69,9 anos, enquanto a m&#233;dia de idade do sexo masculino foi significativamente menor, 62,3 anos (p &lt; 0,001). A paciente do sexo feminino mais jovem tinha 33 anos e a mais velha, 92 anos de idade. De maneira similar, o paciente masculino mais jovem tinha 26 anos e o mais velho, 85 anos de idade. A faixa et&#225;ria geral de 59 anos foi id&#234;ntica para ambos os sexos. Com base nos dados acumulados, determinou-se que 71,4% das mulheres e 60,4% dos homens entrevistados (68,1% de todos os entrevistados) apresentavam uma sintomatologia concomitante de ansiedade e/ou depress&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>). Regress&#245;es log&#237;sticas foram utilizadas para avaliar as diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de cada dist&#250;rbio psiqui&#225;trico de acordo com o sexo do paciente. Considerando os homens como o ponto de refer&#234;ncia, as mulheres apresentaram um risco mais elevado de apresentar algum tipo de dist&#250;rbio psiqui&#225;trico (odds ratio, 2,86, p = 0,007) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do dist&#250;rbio emocional entre os sexos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Dist&#250;rbio emocional</th>
                <th colspan="2">Homens</th>
                <th colspan="2">Mulheres</th>
                <th>&#967;<sup>2</sup> or &#946;</th>
                <th>valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Qualquer dist&#250;rbio emocional</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preval&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">n = 61</td>
                <td align="center">60,4%</td>
                <td align="center">n = 48</td>
                <td align="center">81,4%</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 7,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Odds ratio</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">2,861 (1,33 &#8211; 6,16)</td>
                <td align="center">&#946; = 1,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,007<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dist&#250;rbio de ansiedade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preval&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">n = 40</td>
                <td align="center">39,6%</td>
                <td align="center">n = 38</td>
                <td align="center">64,4%</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 9.17</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Odds ratio</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">2,760 (1,42 &#8211; 5,37)</td>
                <td align="center">&#946; = 1,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dist&#250;rbio de depress&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preval&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">n = 48</td>
                <td align="center">47,5%</td>
                <td align="center">n = 32</td>
                <td align="center">54,2%</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 0.67</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Odds ratio</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">0,764 (0,4 &#8211; 1,46)</td>
                <td align="center">&#946; = 0,269</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dist&#250;rbios de depress&#227;o e ansiedade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preval&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center">n = 27</td>
                <td align="center">26,7%</td>
                <td align="center">n = 22</td>
                <td align="center">37,3%</td>
                <td align="center">&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 1.95</td>
                <td align="center">0,162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Odds ratio</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">1,630 (0,82 &#8211; 3,24)</td>
                <td align="center">&#946; = 0,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,164</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores de p significativos. Odds ratio mostrados como odds ratio (intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O escore m&#233;dio da subescala HADS-D em todos os pacientes foi de 7,54 &#177; 4,322. &#201; particularmente importante ressaltar que o escore da HADS-D foi notavelmente maior nas mulheres (8,66 &#177; 3,717) do que nos homens (6,87 &#177; 4,531, p = 0,004). Cerca de 54,2% dos pacientes do sexo feminino e 47,5% do sexo masculino apresentaram dist&#250;rbio depressivo, sendo leve em 30,5% das mulheres, moderado em 16,9% e grave em 6,8%, enquanto as respectivas porcentagens para os homens foram leve em 24,8% dos indiv&#237;duos, moderado em 16,8% e grave em 5,9% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Observa-se que a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis acima mencionados de gravidade da sintomatologia de depress&#227;o n&#227;o diferiu estatisticamente entre os sexos (p = 0,841).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preval&#234;ncia de ansiedade e depress&#227;o com base no sexo e gravidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="6%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="4">Gravidade da ansiedade/depress&#227;o</th>
                <th colspan="14" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depress&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Subescala de ansiedade</th>
                <th colspan="7" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Subescala de depress&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th colspan="2">Total</th>
                <th colspan="2">Homens</th>
                <th colspan="2">Mulheres</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th colspan="2">Total</th>
                <th colspan="2">Homens</th>
                <th colspan="2">Mulheres</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>
								</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem dist&#250;rbio</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">51,3</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">60,4</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">35,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">52,5</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">45,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#250;rbio leve</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">24,4</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">35,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,012<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">26,9</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">24,8</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">30,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,428</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#250;rbio moderado</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">18,8</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">15,8</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">23,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,217</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">16,9</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">16,8</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">16,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,985</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#250;rbio grave</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,821</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,832</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">51,3</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">60,4</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">35,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">52,5</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">45,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,413</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores de p significativos (entre homens and mulheres, &#967;<sup>2</sup>). HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do escore da subescala HADS-A revelou que a pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia dessa subescala em todos os pacientes foi de 7,59 &#177; 4,335, e que as mulheres apresentaram um escore m&#233;dio maior, de 8,2 &#177; 3,938, enquanto o escore m&#233;dio nos homens foi de 7,18 &#177; 4,532 (p = 0,142). Dos entrevistados, 64,4% das mulheres e 39,6% dos homens apresentaram sintomas de ansiedade (sintomas leves em 35,6% das mulheres, moderados em 23,7% e graves em 5,1%, enquanto para os homens os sintomas foram leves em 17,8%, moderados em 15,8% e graves em 5,9% dos indiv&#237;duos) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). De acordo com os dados do grau de gravidade da ansiedade, a preval&#234;ncia de ansiedade foi consideravelmente maior entre as mulheres (p = 0,014), sendo essa diferen&#231;a mais significativa no grupo de ansiedade leve (p = 0,012). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstrou que as mulheres apresentavam um risco elevado para o dist&#250;rbio de ansiedade, com OR de 2,76 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a idade do paciente e a gravidade da ansiedade. No entanto, uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca significativa foi encontrada entre a idade do paciente e a gravidade da depress&#227;o (p = 0,233, p = 0,003). Al&#233;m disso, determinou-se que os pacientes do sexo masculino que desenvolveram depress&#227;o eram em m&#233;dia mais jovens do que aqueles sem depress&#227;o, com m&#233;dia de idade de 58 anos e 66 anos, respectivamente (p = 0,005). A idade com maior risco para desenvolver depress&#227;o foi entre 55 e 62 anos de idade para os homens, enquanto 95% das mulheres que desenvolveram depress&#227;o tinham entre 66 e 75 anos de idade. Uma an&#225;lise subsequente baseada no sexo mostrou que houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca significativa entre a idade do paciente e a gravidade da depress&#227;o (p = 0,212, p = 0,033) e uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa fraca entre a idade do paciente e a gravidade da ansiedade (p = -0,278, p = 0,005). Por outro lado, a an&#225;lise dos dados das mulheres n&#227;o demonstrou qualquer rela&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica, demonstrando que a depress&#227;o e a gravidade da ansiedade s&#227;o semelhantes para as mulheres de todas as idades ap&#243;s o IM. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos fatores de risco cardiovascular distribu&#237;dos por sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">Fatores de risco</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Homens</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mulheres</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n = 101</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>n = 59</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante atual</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">20,8</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">6,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,019<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inatividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">48,5</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">45,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,737</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">20,8</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">35,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,040<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">86,1</td>
                <td align="center">57</td>
                <td align="center">96,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,033<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipercolesterolemia</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">51,5</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">66,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores de p significativos (entre homens and mulheres, &#967;<sup>2</sup>). IM, Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do fator de risco cardiovascular demonstrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre diabetes mellitus e o escore da HADS-D entre homens, que obtiveram uma mediana do escore de depress&#227;o significativamente maior comparada aos pacientes n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos (10, IIQ 5 - 11 vs. 5, IIQ 3 - 9,75, p = 0,043). Em contraste, pacientes do sexo feminino n&#227;o mostraram qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre diabetes mellitus e dist&#250;rbios emocionais. A hipercolesterolemia foi associada com mediana da ansiedade mais alta (8, IIQ 6 - 12 vs. 6,5, IIQ - 4 -8, p = 0,02) e depress&#227;o (9, IIQ 7 - 12 vs. 7, IIQ 4 - 8,75, p = 0,015) nas mulheres, enquanto os homens n&#227;o demonstraram qualquer associa&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores j&#225; mencionados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, estabeleceu-se que a hipertens&#227;o arterial e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal n&#227;o estavam de maneira alguma associados &#224; ansiedade ou &#224; depress&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo dos pacientes revelou que 15,6% dos entrevistados eram fumantes di&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). O tabagismo foi mais prevalente em homens do que nas mulheres (20,8% vs. 6,8%, p = 0,019). Al&#233;m disso, foi identificado um escore HADS-A maior em pacientes do sexo masculino que eram fumantes (10, IIQ 7.5 - 14) vs. 6.5, IIQ 3 - 9, p = 0.002), enquanto o escore HADS-A n&#227;o diferiu entre as mulheres, fumantes ou n&#227;o-fumantes. (p=0,311). Da mesma forma, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nos escores da subescala HADS-D entre pacientes fumantes e n&#227;o-fumantes. A an&#225;lise dos h&#225;bitos de exerc&#237;cio mostrou que o grupo de pacientes que n&#227;o se exercitava tinha uma mediana do escore de HADS-D mais alta do que o grupo que se exercitava (9, IIQ 6 - 12 vs. 5, IIQ 3 - 9, p &lt; 0,001). De forma similar, a an&#225;lise baseada no sexo revelou medianas dos escores de HADS-D significativamente mais elevadas em pacientes do sexo masculino (7,5, IIQ 5 - 12 vs. 4, IIQ 3 - 8, p = 0,002) e do sexo feminino (9, IIQ 7,25 - 11,75 vs. 8, IIQ 4 - 10, p = 0,027) que eram hipodin&#226;micos. Por outro lado, a mediana do escore de HADS-A n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre mulheres e homens que se exercitavam e os que n&#227;o se exercitavam (p = 0,676) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fatores de risco cardiovascular e escore da <italic>Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="3">Fatores de risco</th>
                <th colspan="2">HADS-A</th>
                <th colspan="2">HADS-D</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Mediana (intervalo interquartil)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Mediana (intervalo interquartil)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Homens</th>
                <th>Mulheres</th>
                <th>Homens</th>
                <th>Mulheres</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Fumante atual</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">10 (7,5 &#8211; 14)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7,25 &#8211; 13)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2 &#8211; 11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4 &#8211; 11,75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 (3 &#8211; 9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5 &#8211; 10)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4 &#8211; 10)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7 &#8211; 11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,311</td>
                <td align="center">0,473</td>
                <td align="center">0,439</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Inatividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 (4 &#8211; 11)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5 &#8211; 10,75)</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 (5 &#8211; 12)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7,25 &#8211; 11,75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3 &#8211; 10)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6 &#8211; 10)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3 &#8211; 8)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4 &#8211; 10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center">0,286</td>
                <td align="center">0,364</td>
                <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,027<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4 &#8211; 9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6 &#8211; 11)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (5 &#8211; 11)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7 &#8211; 13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3 &#8211; 11)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5 &#8211; 10)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3 &#8211; 9,75)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,75 &#8211; 10,25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center">0,943</td>
                <td align="center">0,537</td>
                <td align="center">0,043<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,283</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4 &#8211; 10)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,5 &#8211; 10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3 &#8211; 10)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6,5 &#8211; 11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,75 &#8211; 10,75)</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4,75 &#8211; 10,25)</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Valor de p </td>
                <td align="center">0,756</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
                <td align="center">0,287</td>
                <td align="center">N/A</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Hipercolesterolemia</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4 &#8211; 9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6 &#8211; 12)</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 (4 &#8211; 10)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7 &#8211; 12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3,5 &#8211; 12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 (4 &#8211; 8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (3 &#8211; 10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4 &#8211; 8,75)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Valor de p</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,859</td>
                <td align="center">0,015<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valores de p significativos. HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo avaliou as diferen&#231;as entre os sexos nas associa&#231;&#245;es dos dist&#250;rbios emocionais com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio que ocorreram menos de um m&#234;s antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. Nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o mostrou que 71,4% dos pacientes do sexo feminino e 60,4% dos pacientes do sexo masculino apresentavam algum tipo de dist&#250;rbio de sa&#250;de mental/emocional ap&#243;s terem sido diagnosticados com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Posteriormente, observamos um risco elevado de dist&#250;rbios emocionais concomitantes em mulheres, comparadas aos homens (p = 0,006). Da mesma forma, uma diferen&#231;a associada ao sexo foi demonstrada por Carvalho et al., que utilizaram a mesma escala HADS e encontraram sintomas de depress&#227;o em 17,5% dos pacientes adultos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular e sintomas de ansiedade em 32,5%, e entre estes, a maior preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios mentais tamb&#233;m foi associada ao sexo feminino (ansiedade: p = 0,002; depress&#227;o: p = 0,022).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Embora a incid&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o em mulheres na sociedade seja quase o dobro da masculina,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia ressaltar que essa discrep&#226;ncia entre os sexos na sociedade &#233; provavelmente irrelevante para nosso estudo, pois a idade m&#233;dia das mulheres em nosso estudo foi de 70 anos e a incid&#234;ncia de depress&#227;o em mulheres ap&#243;s a menopausa (quando os horm&#244;nios reprodutivos se estabilizam) &#233; semelhante &#224; dos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A alta preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios emocionais que observamos pode ser explicada, em parte, pelo fato de que somente avaliamos os pacientes com uma condi&#231;&#227;o mais grave, isto &#233;, IM. Um estudo semelhante que tamb&#233;m utilizou a escala HADS, mas avaliou pacientes dermatol&#243;gicos na mesma regi&#227;o (cidade de Vilnius, Litu&#226;nia), encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios mentais maior do que em outros estudos compar&#225;veis, por&#233;m menor do que aquela que observamos em nosso estudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Outra explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel para a alta preval&#234;ncia pode ser o fato de que os problemas de sa&#250;de mental na Litu&#226;nia s&#227;o particularmente disseminados, como demonstrado pelas altas taxas de suic&#237;dio, entre as maiores em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; particularmente importante notar que o escore da HADS-D foi notavelmente maior entre as mulheres. Embora n&#227;o tenhamos avaliado o impacto da depress&#227;o nos desfechos dos pacientes, &#233; entretanto necess&#225;rio enfatizar a influ&#234;ncia preditiva dos sintomas depressivos na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda [SCA]. Uma meta-an&#225;lise de 22 artigos realizada por Van Melle et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> concluiu que a depress&#227;o est&#225; associada a um aumento de duas vezes na taxa de mortalidade ap&#243;s o IM. Al&#233;m disso, a depress&#227;o est&#225; associada a piores resultados em longo prazo ap&#243;s o IM. Por exemplo, foi determinado que o estresse moderado ou alto no momento do IM est&#225; associado a um aumento da mortalidade em dois anos e um aumento do risco de angina no primeiro ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Bush et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> estudaram prospectivamente pacientes com IM que sobreviveram at&#233; a alta hospitalar, e estabeleceram que as maiores taxas de mortalidade foram observadas em pacientes com sintomas depressivos mais graves. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo ENRICHD<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> tamb&#233;m concluiu que a depress&#227;o aumenta o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas por 30 meses, mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste dos fatores de confus&#227;o. Ap&#243;s extensa revis&#227;o de 53 estudos e quatro meta-an&#225;lises, a <italic>American Heart Association</italic> [AHA] declarou que a depress&#227;o &#233; um fator de risco individual para eventos m&#233;dicos adversos em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A depress&#227;o &#233; um importante fator de risco que deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apenas ap&#243;s a SCA, mas tamb&#233;m antes da DAC. Os resultados de uma meta-an&#225;lise de 11 estudos de coorte realizada por Rugulies et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> apoiam essa afirma&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que eles conclu&#237;ram que a depress&#227;o cl&#237;nica era um forte preditor do desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a coronariana em uma popula&#231;&#227;o inicialmente saud&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, outro estudo demonstrou que a depress&#227;o foi um preditor mais forte de doen&#231;a coronariana, especialmente em mulheres (p = 0,002).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo revelou que as mulheres tinham um risco bastante elevado de apresentar dist&#250;rbio de ansiedade. Deve-se ressaltar que a signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da ansiedade suscita discuss&#245;es, uma vez que alguns estudos sugerem que os sintomas de ansiedade p&#243;s-infarto n&#227;o constituem um fator de risco progn&#243;stico independente para novos eventos cardiovasculares ou morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Al&#233;m disso, segundo Hosseini et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> a ansiedade n&#227;o prediz a qualidade de vida em longo prazo dos sobreviventes de IM. De qualquer forma, acreditamos que a ansiedade p&#243;s-IM deve ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, j&#225; que foi demonstrado que n&#227;o apenas a depress&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m a ansiedade pr&#233;-mioc&#225;rdica nas duas horas precedentes aumentam as taxas de mortalidade em dez anos nos indiv&#237;duos acima de 65 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Al&#233;m disso, Paine et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> publicaram recentemente um artigo afirmando que mulheres com ansiedade e sem hist&#243;rico de DAC apresentaram taxas mais altas de isquemia do que mulheres sem ansiedade. Como as mulheres s&#227;o mais propensas &#224; ansiedade, &#233; importante mencionar que muitos sintomas de DAC (por exemplo, fadiga, dor no peito e falta de ar) se sobrep&#245;em aos sintomas de ansiedade e podem mascarar a DAC. Isso &#233; mais evidente nas mulheres do que nos homens, e contribui para o encaminhamento a outros especialistas e, portanto, para atrasos no diagn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora uma publica&#231;&#227;o recente de Feng et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> tenha determinado especificamente que mulheres entre 45 e 64 anos de idade apresentavam o maior risco de ansiedade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular, nossos achados n&#227;o corroboram essa conclus&#227;o. Em primeiro lugar, nosso estudo revelou que as mulheres tinham maior probabilidade de desenvolver ansiedade entre 68 e 75 anos de idade. Em segundo lugar, a an&#225;lise demonstrou que a idade n&#227;o teve qualquer influ&#234;ncia na preval&#234;ncia de ansiedade ou depress&#227;o entre as mulheres. Por outro lado, houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a idade dos homens e a preval&#234;ncia de sintomatologia depressiva, sendo demonstrado que uma popula&#231;&#227;o relativamente mais jovem, de 55 a 62 anos, apresentava o maior risco de desenvolver depress&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes do sexo masculino demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca significativa entre a idade e a gravidade da depress&#227;o e uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa fraca significativa entre a idade e a gravidade da ansiedade.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de fatores de risco cardiovascular mostrou que o escore de ansiedade foi identificado entre os pacientes do sexo masculino fumantes, enquanto o escore da HADS-A n&#227;o diferiu entre as mulheres fumantes e n&#227;o-fumantes. Da mesma forma, um escore significativamente maior da HADS-D foi encontrado em pacientes hipodin&#226;micos. Al&#233;m disso, uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre diabetes mellitus e o escore da HADS-D foi evidente, e homens diab&#233;ticos tamb&#233;m apresentaram um escore de depress&#227;o significativamente maior, enquanto pacientes do sexo feminino n&#227;o mostraram nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre diabetes mellitus e dist&#250;rbios emocionais. Embora nossa an&#225;lise n&#227;o tenha demonstrado associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o e dist&#250;rbios mentais, outro estudo relacionou a depress&#227;o a v&#225;rios fatores progn&#243;sticos conhecidos, como hist&#243;rico de tratamento da hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip avan&#231;ada e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 35% ou menos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Tamb&#233;m gostar&#237;amos de abordar a associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada entre n&#237;veis elevados de ansiedade e depress&#227;o em mulheres com hipercolesterolemia. Um estudo experimental bastante recente de Engel et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> teve como objetivo investigar essa liga&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica e concluiu que o comportamento depressivo em camundongos hipercolesterol&#234;micos era acompanhado por altera&#231;&#245;es no metabolismo monoamin&#233;rgico, fornecendo novas evid&#234;ncias sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipercolesterolemia e depress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>&#201; de suma import&#226;ncia mencionar a necessidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina para depress&#227;o, pois ela tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o aos medicamentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> e ao risco triplicado de abandono dos tratamentos m&#233;dicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Al&#233;m disso, ela leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da qualidade de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e a maiores custos com a sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Todos os pacientes devem ser avaliados no prazo de um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o IM. A AHA recomenda o uso do question&#225;rio <italic>Patient Health Questionnaire</italic>-2, que consiste em uma pergunta buscando identificar a depress&#227;o nas duas semanas anteriores e outra para a anedonia nas duas semanas precedentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Se a resposta for positiva para qualquer pergunta, ent&#227;o o paciente deve ser encaminhado para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais minuciosa por um profissional qualificado no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento de depress&#227;o ou ent&#227;o para ser avaliado atrav&#233;s do question&#225;rio <italic>Patient Health Questionnaire</italic>-9, que j&#225; mostrou ser diagnosticamente superior em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Em contraste, n&#227;o h&#225; diretrizes espec&#237;ficas da AHA para avalia&#231;&#227;o do dist&#250;rbio de ansiedade na doen&#231;a coronariana. Isso pode ocorrer, em parte, devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de sintomas de ansiedade na angina e IM. Al&#233;m disso, demonstrou-se que as escalas de avalia&#231;&#227;o da ansiedade t&#234;m escores falso-positivos relativamente altos, que resultam em menor custo-efetividade da avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento de ambas depress&#227;o e ansiedade incluem reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e terapia de exerc&#237;cios, programas de manejo das doen&#231;as, terapia cognitivo-comportamental e farmacoterapia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Dados do estudo <italic>Secondary Prevention in Uppsala Primary Health Care</italic> refor&#231;am o apoio aos benef&#237;cios da terapia cognitivo-comportamental mostrando que, no seguimento, o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o psicoterap&#234;utica apresentou 45% menos ataques card&#237;acos recorrentes e uma taxa 41% menor de eventos cardiovasculares recorrentes prim&#225;rios n&#227;o fatais e fatais do que o grupo que recebeu cuidados tradicionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Por outro lado, ainda existem discuss&#245;es em curso sobre o algoritmo de tratamento ideal, j&#225; que alguns estudos obtiveram resultados decepcionantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia comportamental.</p>
        <p>Como exemplo, o estudo ENRICHD descobriu que uma interven&#231;&#227;o de seis meses focada no tratamento da depress&#227;o dos pacientes fez os pacientes se sentirem melhor, mas n&#227;o houve impacto positivo na preven&#231;&#227;o de ataques card&#237;acos repetidos ou morte.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo incluem tamanhos de amostra desiguais entre os sexos, com o grupo masculino sendo maior. No entanto, essa desigualdade de g&#234;nero reflete as taxas reais de pacientes com IM admitidos nos hospitais na Litu&#226;nia. Em segundo lugar, a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle pode ser considerada uma limita&#231;&#227;o, embora tenhamos tentado atenuar isso discutindo e comparando nossos dados com resultados de estudos anteriores similares. Em terceiro lugar, o desenho do estudo n&#227;o incluiu uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de mental por um psiquiatra. Finalmente, nosso estudo n&#227;o foi longitudinal e os pacientes n&#227;o foram reavaliados v&#225;rias vezes para determinar uma associa&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo entre IM e doen&#231;a mental.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O IM est&#225; especialmente associado &#224; ansiedade e depress&#227;o. Mais de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio apresentaram uma comorbidade de depress&#227;o e/ou ansiedade no primeiro m&#234;s do IM. As mulheres demonstraram um risco elevado de dist&#250;rbios de ansiedade e/ou depress&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens. Al&#233;m disso, a gravidade de ambas a ansiedade e depress&#227;o mostrou tend&#234;ncia a ser maior nas mulheres. Al&#233;m disso, a gravidade da depress&#227;o aumentou com a idade entre os homens, enquanto a gravidade da ansiedade diminuiu. Em contraste, a gravidade da depress&#227;o e da ansiedade foi semelhante em mulheres de todas as idades ap&#243;s o IM. Um maior escore de depress&#227;o foi associado com diabetes e inatividade f&#237;sica, enquanto o escore mais alto de ansiedade foi associado ao tabagismo entre os homens. A hipercolesterolemia foi associada aos escores mais altos de ansiedade e depress&#227;o, enquanto o escore mais alto de depress&#227;o foi associado &#224; inatividade f&#237;sica entre mulheres.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do(a) Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee in Vilnius based at the Medical Faculty of Vilnius University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 158200-04-301-78, 2011-04-06. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>PS concebeu o estudo, escreveu o protocolo, projetou e adotou o sistema de banco de dados, e supervisionou a coleta de dados. PN, LL, AN realizaram a an&#225;lise dos dados estat&#237;sticos, escreveram o manuscrito e contribu&#237;ram para o desenho do estudo. RA, RS, AD contribu&#237;ram para o desenho do estudo, forneceram suporte t&#233;cnico e editaram o manuscrito. SG, ZP, RS supervisionaram a coleta de dados e editaram o manuscrito. Todos os autores aprovaram essa vers&#227;o para publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
