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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4zbVV8MP3jDWT9JTgq5zFXH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700666</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005014101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180175</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortality for Critical Congenital Heart Diseases and Associated Risk Factors in Newborns. A Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Selma Alves Valente do Amaral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Fontes de Oliva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Acosta</surname>
            <given-names>Angelina Xavier</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sandes</surname>
            <given-names>Kyoko Abe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Maur&#237;cio Cardeal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Pediatria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Processos Interativos dos &#211;rg&#227;os e Sistemas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Processos Interativos dos &#211;rg&#227;os e Sistemas, Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Selma Alves Valente do Amaral Lopes,</bold> Largo do Terreiro de Jesus S/N, Centro Hist&#243;rico, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>selma.lopes@ufba.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Lopes SAVA; Acquisition of data: Lopes SAVA, Costa SFO; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Lopes SAVA, Mendes CMC; Obtaining financing: Lopes SAVA, Guimar&#227;es ICB; Writing of the manuscript: Lopes SAVA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Lopes SAVA, Mendes CMC, Acosta AX, Sandes KA, Costa SFO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>666</fpage>
      <lpage>673</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Congenital heart diseases are the most common type of congenital defects, and account for more deaths in the first year of life than any other condition, when infectious etiologies are ruled out.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate survival, and to identify risk factors in deaths in newborns with critical and/or complex congenital heart disease in the neonatal period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A cohort study, nested to a randomized case-control, was performed, considering the Confidence Interval of 95% (95% CI) and significance level of 5%, paired by gender of the newborn and maternal age. Case-finding, interviews, medical record analysis, clinical evaluation of pulse oximetry (heart test) and Doppler echocardiogram were performed, as well as survival analysis, and identification of death-related risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The risk factors found were newborns younger than 37 weeks (Relative Risk - RR: 2.89; 95% CI [1.49-5.56]; p = 0.0015), weight of less than 2,500 grams (RR: 2.33 [; 95% CI 1.26-4.29]; p = 0.0068), occurrence of twinning (RR: 11.96 [95% CI 1.43-99.85]; p = 0.022) and presence of comorbidity (RR: 2.27 [95% CI 1.58-3.26]; p &lt; 0.0001). The incidence rate of mortality from congenital heart disease was 81 cases per 100,000 live births. The lethality attributed to critical congenital heart diseases was 64.7%, with proportional mortality of 12.0%. The survival rate at 28 days of life decreased by almost 70% in newborns with congenital heart disease. The main cause of death was cardiogenic shock.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Preterm infants with low birth weight and comorbidities presented a higher risk of mortality related to congenital heart diseases. This cohort was extinguished very quickly, signaling the need for greater investment in assistance technology in populations with this profile.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects Congenital/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Infant Newborn/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Before the age of cardiac surgery, less than 50 years ago, just over 30% of children with severe Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD) survived into adulthood. This change was due to the evolution not only in the technique of cardiac surgery, and adaptation of cardiac catheterization to newborns, but also in the anesthetic technique, as well as the improvements in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units. Thus, the countries that have organized their care network, following this evolution pattern, have been able to considerably increase survival with quality of life for children with severe CHD. In these countries, mortality from heart disease has dropped dramatically, with up to 85% of these newborns surviving adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In spite of all this progress, CHDs are related to increased fetal losses,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> being present in up to 85% of the deaths in necropsy findings in stillbirths, newborns, and infants,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> being the main cause of cardiac arrest up to 24 years of age, ranging from 84% in the first two years to 21% in the second decade of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, CHD mortality has a great variability worldwide. Low-industrialized or developing countries, where access to health is precarious, have substantially higher mortality rates than developed countries, which are consistent with national studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In the statistics with more methodological strictness, it is expected that, for serious heart diseases, such as conotruncal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of large arteries, and truncus arteriosus, survival in the first year of life fluctuates from 62.8% to 79, 6%, with a worse result for truncus arteriosus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> For hypoplastic left heart syndrome, data are more discouraging even in the main centers, with neonatal mortality of 68%, and mortality up to 3 months of 81%, depending on the moment that this newborn is seen. The later the care in a reference center, the greater the mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The literature indicates that premature newborn infants with a low Apgar score, and who require invasive ventilatory support, are those who present higher risk of mortality when more complex procedures are required.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The objective of this article was to describe the mortality, fatality, and survival rates of CHD newborns in a Brazilian large urban center, as well as to characterize the associated risk and morbidity factors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>A nested case-control study cohort was performed, paired with newborns selected by lot, born in the city of Salvador (state of Bahia) and in its respective metropolitan region, from December 2014 to January 2016. The original sample was a case-control study paired by maternal age and newborn age, in which 52 cases of critical and complex CHD were selected in the neonatal period.</p>
      <p>Data were prospectively collected in the four largest public maternity hospitals in the city of Salvador. All newborns were placed in the process of regulation to a specialized center, but they did not undergo any interventional procedure until transfer, since none of the maternities had a cardiac surgery service. The follow-up and the recording of newborns monitoring were performed up to the moment of discharge from the maternity ward (due to clinical improvement, transference or death).</p>
      <p>The independent variables were: gestational age, low birth weight (weight less than &lt; 2,500 grams), pulse oximetry test (POT), cardiac auscultation (presence or absence of murmur or irregular heart rhythm), Apgar, twinning, and presence of comorbidities (neonatal sepsis, and respiratory insufficiency, with demand for invasive ventilatory support).</p>
      <p>The dependent variable was the occurrence of critical and/or complex CHD, and the secondary outcome was death.</p>
      <p>The CHD cases included were the critical CHD newborns, which were channel-type or shunt-dependent, or considered complex (those with three or more defects), born in the services included in the study, in the reported period. For the comparison group, the neonates without CHD were included, selected by lot, of the same gender of the case, with more than 24 hours of life who, on physical examination, did not present murmurs or arrhythmias, with pre- and post-ductal oximetry, and differential not exceeding 3% and above 95% saturation.</p>
      <p>Considering a possible fallibility of POT, and aiming at minimizing possible losses, these newborns were followed by telephone or at the childcare outpatient clinic up to 3 months after discharge from the maternity ward. In addition, in order to minimize possible losses, and to identify allocation errors, in the first year after completion of data collection, all newborns and infants entries were monitored in the only public high-complexity pediatric cardiac surgery service of the state of Bahia.</p>
      <p>Newborns whose only identified heart disease was the presence of Patent Arterial Duct (PAD), or other simple heart diseases; with pulmonary hypertension without structural heart disease; cases that were not characterized as CHD; newborns whose parents or guardians did not sign the Free and Informed Consent Form (FICF) were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of Hospital Ana Nery and by the local Ethics Committees of each hospital involved (CAAE: 17970413200000045). The FICF was used to make the child&#8217;s legal guardian aware of the process.</p>
      <p>For the proportional mortality calculations, mortality data were used in the neonatal period, for the same sampled population and period studied.</p>
      <p>Sample size estimation was performed primarily for the case-control study, considering the proportion of exposed cases within of 20%; proportion of exposed, among controls/comparison group of 11.11%,%; Odds Ratio (OR) 2; and significance level of 5% (test power: 80%).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>For the direct estimation of gross relative risks, we chose to perform simple Poisson regression modeling, associated to the robust estimation of standard errors, aiming to control some possible average violation of the assumption of equality between mean and variance of the distribution of Poisson, and consequent more adequate estimation of the model p values, and level of significance of 5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> For the calculation of the Confidence Intervals of 95% (95% CI), the use of the Delta 2 method was added. The model goodness of fit was evaluated by analyzing the residual <italic>deviance</italic> and the <italic>Akaike</italic> Information Criterion (AIC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In the Kaplan-Meier survival curves analysis, Cox regression modeling with right censorship was used to obtain survival probability and hazard ratio (HR), assuming proportionality risk. For the comparison of the survival curves, Log rank test was used. The database was created in Epidata,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> version 3.1, and the statistical analyzes were performed in the statistical package R, version 3.2.3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Fifty-two cases of CHD newborns with critical and complex congenital heart disease and their respective comparison groups, in the maternity hospitals studied, were identified and monitored. The most frequent heart diseases were formation of aortic arch defects, which depended on the ductus arteriosus (62 cases/100,000 live births), followed by pulmonary atresia with or without hypoplasia of the right ventricle (53 cases/100,000 births), and transposition of the great arteries (38 cases/100,000 live births).</p>
      <p>As a consequence of gender pairing, the distribution was equal between the groups (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.67-1.27]). In the initial data, there was one case of ambiguous genitalia; however, during follow-up it was confirmed that it was a female newborn.</p>
      <p>The risk of death among newborn infants with CHD was twice as high among premature infants (RR: 2.14; 95% CI [1.22-3.75]; p = 0.003), with low birth weight (RR: 2.14; 95% CI [1.22-3.75]; p &lt; 0.0001) and Apgar &lt; 7 in the first minute of life (RR: 2.08; 95% CI [1.13-3.82]; p = 0.017). The presence of some comorbidity, besides CHD, was associated with the outcome, and increased the risk by almost three times (p &lt; 0.0001). There was a higher proportion of twins among the cases (9.9%) (RR: 13.1; 95% IC [1.59-109.1]; p = 0.018) than newborns without heart disease (2.2%), and for this condition, the risk of death was 12 times higher among twin newborns with CHD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between congenital heart disease and factors related to the newborn</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Factor</th>
              <th align="center">RR <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">CI 95%</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">AIC&#167;</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gender</td>
              <td align="center">Female</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Male</td>
              <td align="center">0.92</td>
              <td align="center">0.66-1.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
              <td align="center">301.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Weight</td>
              <td align="center">Above &gt; 2,500 g</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Low Weight (&lt; 2,500 g)</td>
              <td align="center">2.33</td>
              <td align="center">1.26-4.29</td>
              <td align="center">0.0068</td>
              <td align="center">170.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gestational Age</td>
              <td align="center">&gt; 37 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&lt; 37 weeks</td>
              <td align="center">2.89</td>
              <td align="center">1.49-5.56</td>
              <td align="center">0.0015</td>
              <td align="center">157.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Apgar 1st minute</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 7</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Less than &lt; 7</td>
              <td align="center">2.35</td>
              <td align="center">1.25-4.45</td>
              <td align="center">0.0084</td>
              <td align="center">163.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Apgar 5<sup>th</sup> minute</td>
              <td align="center">&#8805; 7</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&lt;7</td>
              <td align="center">9.49</td>
              <td align="center">1.09-82.85</td>
              <td align="center">0.042</td>
              <td align="center">43.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Twinning</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">11.96</td>
              <td align="center">1.43-99.85</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
              <td align="center">48.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Heart auscultation alteration</td>
              <td align="center">Normal</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Changed</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
              <td align="center">11.83-596.21</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">112.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="2">Comorbidities</td>
              <td align="center">No</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">2.27</td>
              <td align="center">1.58-3.26</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">215.5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Gross RR by Poisson regression; p value - Z statistic. RR: relative risks; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; AIC: Akaike Information Criterion.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Clinical data on changed cardiac auscultation were found in 72% of cases and in only 1% of infants without CHD. The difference of this finding was related to the higher risk for CHD (p &lt; 0.0001). Pulse oximetry was recorded even for cases of CHD with intrauterine diagnosis or in those in which another finding was the clinical suspicion and where the diagnosis had been made before 24 hours of life. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>illustrates the differential distribution density of pulse oximetry measurements among newborns with and without CHD. Some records below the cut-off level are noted for newborns without CHD, for whom the echocardiogram was required, and the possibility of CHD was ruled out.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of recording density of pre- and post-ductal pulse oximetry levels, according to the presence or absence of congenital heart diseases (CHD).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0666-80175-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of death in CHD cases was 81/100 thousand live births. The case fatality rate attributed to CHD was 64.7%, with proportional mortality of 12.0% (17/142). The main cause of death was cardiogenic shock in 41.1% of the cases, followed by sepsis (17.6%) in three newborns with Double Right Ventricular Outflow Tract (DRVOT), and impossibility of therapy for cardiopathy (17.6%) - CHD anatomy was not consistent with any surgical procedure available, progressing to refractory hypoxemia followed by death - in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and untreatable ill-defined cardiac defects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Causes of death, according to the type of cardiopathy</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Type of cardiopathy</th>
              <th align="center">Cause of death</th>
              <th align="center">n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PVA, IVCa, PVAD, HLV, GAT, AVI, and TrA</td>
              <td align="center">Cardiogenic shock</td>
              <td align="center">7 (41,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ebstein's anomaly</td>
              <td align="center">Supraventricular tachycardia</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RVDO</td>
              <td align="center">Sepsis</td>
              <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LHHS, pentalogy of Cantrell</td>
              <td align="center">Through CHD (basic cause/palliative care)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PVAD, GAT</td>
              <td align="center">Ill-defined causes</td>
              <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>PVA: post-varicella angiopathy; IVC: interventricular communication; PVAD: Pulmonary vein anomalous drainage; HLV: hypoplasic left ventricle; GAT: great arteries transposition; AVI: aortic valve insufficiency; TrA: Truncus arteriosus; RVDO: right ventricle double outlet; CHD: congenital heart disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The median hospital stay was 75 days, with an increased risk of death of 0.4 to 0.8 (HR: 0,4-&gt;0.8). Still in the neonatal period, 25% of CHD newborns had already died (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier Curves and Cumulative Risk Function for Global Mortality for Congenital Heart Diseases.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0666-80175-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>There was no statistical difference for survival rates when the death event was compared between those who died from CHD and due to other causes (p = 0.076). Although survival in these newborns has declined by more than 50% in the first 10 days of life and within the neonatal period, this survival declined by more than 60% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>) before newborns achieved 28 days of life.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier curves, according to deaths related or not to heart disease. CHD: congenital heart defects.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0666-80175-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>CHD newborns presented higher morbidity attributed to prematurity, low birth weight, some degree of intrauterine fetal distress, both due to physical examination and changed pulse oximetry. The literature has drawn attention to the greater morbidity, especially of premature newborn infants, who already present a range of other pathologies due to their constitution, which can substantially aggravate these patients progress.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For both post-ductal (RR: 46; 95% CI [11.54-184.0]) and pre-ductal (RR: 39; 95% CI [9.72-157.5]) variable oximetry, the differences between groups were well established. This data not only reinforced the validation of the controls, but also confirmed the importance of making this screening test universal. On the other hand, the physical examination had low specificity (40%) and regular sensitivity, a little higher than the POT (89%), but, alone, it was insufficient to rule out the possibility of CHD. The literature states that when the physical examination is performed by a well-trained and experienced pediatrician, there is an increase in the sensitivity of the POT by up to 20%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> optimizing the detection capacity when they are appropriately associated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The finding of a low Apgar score in the first minute denoted the importance of knowing that some cardiopathies may be active in the uterus, impairing the blood flow that would allow adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus, which may affect the morbidity and mortality of this newborn; this reinforces the importance of adequate prenatal diagnosis and follow-up. Studies in Brazil have already indicated that low access to prenatal and/or at birth diagnosis makes the treatment of CHD considerably difficult, which leads to a worse clinical condition at birth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The frequency of twin pregnancies among the cases was proportionally higher within the comparison group. This data was reported with controversy in other studies, due to the difficulty of concomitantly evaluating the association of other risk factors, but for the outcome death, this finding was determinant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The early and high mortality rate found here was one of the most discordant data in the world literature. In developed countries, it is expected that the CHD fatality in the neonatal period will only exceed 60% for the late diagnoses of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS); for the other types of CHD, the expected fatality rate does not exceed 40%, when the diagnosis of CHD is made before hospital discharge.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Countries with socioeconomic classification similar to that of Brazil, although also coping with glaring regional differences in relation to neonatal care, have an overall incidence rate of CHD deaths of 20 to 30/100,000 births.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Fixler et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> measured the mortality rate according to the time of referral, considering first day, up to 5 days, 4 to 27 days, and no referral after 27 days, and found mortality near 38% when the newborn was not referred before 27 days of life. In addition, mortality increased considerably at 3 months, getting close to 80% for HLHS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The literature has shown a significant improvement in the quality of care, which has led to a decrease in morbidity and mortality in developed countries,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> but this is not a reality for developing countries, as can be seen in the high mortality and lethality rate despite the same incidence of CHD described herein.</p>
      <p>Neonatal deaths due to congenital defects are classified by some authors,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> and by the Brazilian Ministry of Health as avoidable, because they may be reduced for some conditions, if adequate and prompt assistance is offered to the pregnant woman and the newborn, aiming at the diagnosis and treatment, associated with adequate support by other spheres of the government - other than health services.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> In addition, pathologies with this classification have the possibility of reducing mortality by such actions, depending on the condition considered.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Ministry of Health recently launched a project to extend care to CHD children,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> to reduce the mortality from these defects, which is in agreement with the findings in this study. This mobilization was necessary because it was estimated, within the national context, that up to 80% of newborns with CHD require a surgical procedure at some point in their development. Not infrequently, there is some demand for a surgical approach until late adolescence and early adulthood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> These data, while they may be underestimated,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> should be monitored by independent and prospectively validated scientific investigations as the policy in question is being implemented.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>Although the minimum sample size was calculated, considering the local prevalence of CHD in a pilot study, some variables could not be included in the regression model due to the numerical insufficiency, a consequence of the multivariate approach. The absence of statistical difference for survival rates, when the death event was compared within those who died from CHD and other causes (p = 0.076), is possibly related to the numerical insufficiency of this subgroup. In addition, in the period from September 2015 to January 2016, there was a substantial reduction in the number of occurrences of CHD from not yet well specified causes (data from the Department of Information Technology of the National Unified Health System - DATASUS, and direct observation in the collection of data), which resulted in longer collection time.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The high lethality rate of the disease in question demands critical attention for structuring a specialized care network, which can adequately serve the volume of neonates with congenital heart disease, as well as provide real investments in training and care technology, even within the neonatal age group. As an example, we can cite the policies that are directed to actions, aiming to deepen the scientific knowledge about the cardiopathies and their clinical interpellations.</p>
      <p>The neonatal mortality rate from critical congenital heart diseases was higher in this study than in countries with the same economic classification. In addition, this cohort was very quickly extinguished, which is very concerning, considering that death was the main outcome in very young patients, who did not have the opportunity to receive the specialized treatment. These findings point to the need for greater investment in care technology in populations with this profile.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by Foundation for Research Support of Bahia, with funds from the PPSUS 2013 award, and fellowships for Scientific Initiation, as well as by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) - scholarships for Scientific Initiation.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Selma Alves Valente do Amaral Lopes, from Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Ana Nery under the protocol number CAAE: 17970413200000045. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Processos Interativos dos &#211;rg&#227;os e Sistemas, Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Selma Alves Valente do Amaral Lopes,</bold> Largo do Terreiro de Jesus S/N, Centro Hist&#243;rico, Salvador, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>selma.lopes@ufba.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Lopes SAVA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Lopes SAVA, Costa SFO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lopes SAVA, Mendes CMC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lopes SAVA, Guimar&#227;es ICB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Lopes SAVA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Lopes SAVA, Mendes CMC, Acosta AX, Sandes KA, Costa SFO.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas configuram o tipo mais comum de defeitos cong&#234;nitos, sendo respons&#225;veis por mais mortes no primeiro ano de vida do que em qualquer outra condi&#231;&#227;o, quando etiologias infecciosas s&#227;o exclu&#237;das.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a sobrevida e identificar os fatores de risco nos &#243;bitos em rec&#233;m-nascidos com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita cr&#237;tica e/ou complexa no per&#237;odo neonatal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Realizou-se um estudo de coorte, aninhado a um caso-controle aleatorizado, considerando Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%) e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, pareado por sexo do rec&#233;m-nascido e idade materna. Foram feitas buscas ativas de casos, entrevistas, an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rio, avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da oximetria de pulso (teste do cora&#231;&#227;ozinho) e do ecoDopplercardiograma, bem como an&#225;lise de sobrevida e identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco relacionados ao &#243;bito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os fatores de risco encontrados foram rec&#233;m-nascidos com menos de 37 semanas (Risco Relativo &#8722; RR: 2,89; IC95% 1,49-5,56; p = 0,0015), peso inferior a 2.500 g (RR: 2,33; IC95% 1,26-4,29; p = 0,0068), ocorr&#234;ncia de gemelaridade (RR: 11,96; IC95% 1,43-99,85; p = 0,022) e presen&#231;a de comorbidade (RR: 2,27; IC95% 1,58-3,26; p &lt; 0,0001). A taxa de incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade por cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas foi de 81 casos por 100 mil nascidos vivos. A letalidade atribu&#237;da &#224;s cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas cr&#237;ticas foi de 64,7%, com mortalidade proporcional de 12,0%. A taxa de sobrevida aos 28 dias de vida diminuiu em quase 70% nos rec&#233;m-nascidos com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. A principal causa de &#243;bito foi o choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Rec&#233;m-nascidos prematuros, com baixo peso e presen&#231;a de comorbidades apresentaram maior risco de mortalidade relacionada &#224;s cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas. Esta coorte se extinguiu muito rapidamente, sinalizando para a necessidade de maior investimento em tecnologia assistencial em popula&#231;&#245;es com este perfil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m Nascido/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Sobrevida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Antes da era da cirurgia card&#237;aca, menos de 50 anos atr&#225;s, pouco mais de 30% das crian&#231;as com Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas (CCG) graves conseguiam sobreviver at&#233; a vida adulta. Esta mudan&#231;a deveu-se &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#243; na t&#233;cnica da cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca e &#224; adapta&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo card&#237;aco para rec&#233;m-nascidos, como tamb&#233;m &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica anest&#233;sica, al&#233;m das melhorias em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal e pedi&#225;trica. Os pa&#237;ses que assim organizaram sua rede de assist&#234;ncia, seguindo este padr&#227;o de evolu&#231;&#227;o, conseguiram aumentar consideravelmente a sobrevida com qualidade de vida para crian&#231;as com CCG graves. Nestes pa&#237;ses, a mortalidade por cardiopatias caiu drasticamente, com expectativa que at&#233; 85% destes rec&#233;m-natos sobrevivam &#224; vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar de todo este avan&#231;o, as CCG est&#227;o relacionadas ao aumento de perdas fetais,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> estando presentes em at&#233; 85% dos &#243;bitos em achados de necr&#243;psia em natimortos, rec&#233;m-nascidos e lactentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> e sendo a principal causa de parada card&#237;aca at&#233; os 24 anos de idade, variando de 84%, nos primeiros 2 anos de idade, a 21% na segunda d&#233;cada da vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ainda, a mortalidade por CCG t&#234;m grande variabilidade mundial. Pa&#237;ses pouco industrializados ou em desenvolvimento, onde o acesso &#224; sa&#250;de &#233; prec&#225;rio, apresentam taxas de mortalidade substancialmente mais altas que pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, dados estes concordantes com estudos nacionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nas estat&#237;sticas com maior rigor metodol&#243;gico, espera-se que, para cardiopatias graves, como os defeitos conotruncais tipo tetralogia de Fallot, transposi&#231;&#227;o de grandes art&#233;rias e <italic>truncus arteriosus</italic>, a sobrevida no primeiro ano de vida oscile de 62,8% a 79,6%, com pior resultado para <italic>truncus arteriosos</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Para s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico, os dados s&#227;o mais desanimadores at&#233; nos principais centros, com mortalidade neonatal de 68% e mortalidade at&#233; os 3 meses de 81%, a depender do momento que este rec&#233;m-nascido for abordado. Quanto mais tardia a assist&#234;ncia em centro de refer&#234;ncia, maior a mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A literatura sinaliza que rec&#233;m-nascidos prematuros, com baixo escore de Apgar e que demandem suporte ventilat&#243;rio invasivo s&#227;o os que apresentam maior risco de mortalidade, quando procedimentos mais complexos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Objetivou-se, neste artigo, descrever as taxas de mortalidade, letalidade e sobrevida de rec&#233;m-nascidos com CCG em um grande centro urbano brasileiro, bem como caracterizar os fatores de risco e de morbidade associados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Realizou-se uma coorte aninhada a um estudo de caso-controle, pareada, com rec&#233;m-nascidos selecionados por sorteio, nascidos na cidade de Salvador (BA) e respectiva regi&#227;o metropolitana, no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2014 a janeiro de 2016. A amostra original foi um estudo de caso-controle pareado por idade materna e sexo do rec&#233;m-nascido, no qual foram selecionados 52 casos de CCG cr&#237;tica e complexa no per&#237;odo neonatal.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados prospectivamente nas quatro maiores maternidades p&#250;blicas em volume de partos da cidade de Salvador. Todos os rec&#233;m-nascidos foram colocados em processo de regula&#231;&#227;o para centro especializado, mas n&#227;o realizaram qualquer procedimento intervencionista at&#233; a transfer&#234;ncia, pois nenhuma das maternidades possu&#237;a servi&#231;o de cirurgia card&#237;aca. O seguimento e o registro de acompanhamento dos rec&#233;m-nascidos foram feitos at&#233; o momento da alta da maternidade (por melhora cl&#237;nica, transfer&#234;ncia ou &#243;bito).</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis independentes foram idade gestacional, baixo peso ao nascer (peso &lt; 2.500 g), teste da oximetria de pulso (TOP), ausculta card&#237;aca (presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de sopro ou ritmo card&#237;aco irregular), Apgar, gemelaridade e presen&#231;a de comorbidades (sepse neonatal e insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, com demanda por suporte ventilat&#243;rio invasivo).</p>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel dependente foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de CCG cr&#237;tica e/ou complexa, e o desfecho secund&#225;rio foi o &#243;bito.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos como casos de CCG rec&#233;m-nascidos com CCG cr&#237;ticas, do tipo canal ou <italic>shunt</italic> dependente, ou consideradas complexas (aquelas com tr&#234;s ou mais defeitos), nascidos nos servi&#231;os inclu&#237;dos no estudo, no per&#237;odo informado. Para o grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o, foram inclu&#237;dos os rec&#233;m-nascidos sem CCG, selecionados por sorteio, do mesmo sexo que o caso, com mais de 24 horas de vida, que, ao exame f&#237;sico, n&#227;o apresentassem sopros ou arritmias, com saturimetria pr&#233; e p&#243;s-ductal, diferencial n&#227;o superior a 3% e acima de 95% de satura&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Considerando uma poss&#237;vel falibilidade do TOP e com o intuito de minimizar poss&#237;veis perdas, estes rec&#233;m-nascidos foram acompanhados por telefone ou no ambulat&#243;rio de puericultura at&#233; 3 meses ap&#243;s a alta da maternidade. Al&#233;m disso, para minimizar poss&#237;veis perdas e se identificarem erros de aloca&#231;&#227;o, no primeiro ano ap&#243;s finaliza&#231;&#227;o da coleta de dados, foi feito o acompanhamento de todas as entradas de rec&#233;m-nascidos e lactentes no &#250;nico servi&#231;o p&#250;blico de cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica de alta complexidade do Estado da Bahia.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os rec&#233;m-nascidos cuja &#250;nica cardiopatia identificada foi a presen&#231;a de Persist&#234;ncia do Canal Arterial (PCA) ou outras cardiopatias simples; com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar sem cardiopatia estrutural; casos que n&#227;o caracterizaram CCG; e rec&#233;m-nascidos cujos pais ou respons&#225;veis n&#227;o assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) do Hospital Ana Nery e pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica locais de cada hospital envolvido (CAAE: 17970413200000045). O TCLE foi utilizado para ci&#234;ncia do respons&#225;vel legal pela crian&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Para os c&#225;lculos de mortalidade proporcional, foram utilizados os dados de mortalidade no per&#237;odo neonatal, para mesma popula&#231;&#227;o amostrada e per&#237;odo estudado.</p>
        <p>Foi realizada a estimativa de tamanho da amostra primariamente para o estudo de caso-controle, considerando a propor&#231;&#227;o de expostos entre os casos de 20%; propor&#231;&#227;o de expostos entre controles/grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o de 11,11%; <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR) 2; e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (poder do teste: 80%).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para a estimativa direta dos riscos relativos brutos, optou-se pela realiza&#231;&#227;o de modelagem por regress&#227;o simples de <italic>Poisson</italic>, associada &#224; estimativa robusta dos erros-padr&#227;o, visando ao controle de alguma poss&#237;vel viola&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia ao pressuposto de igualdade entre m&#233;dia e vari&#226;ncia da distribui&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Poisson</italic> e consequente estimativa mais adequada dos valores de p do modelo e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Para o c&#225;lculo dos Intervalos de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%), acresceu-se o emprego do m&#233;todo Delta 2. A bondade de ajuste do modelo foi avaliada mediante a an&#225;lise dos desvios residuais (<italic>deviance residual</italic>) e do Crit&#233;rio de Informa&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Akaike</italic> (AIC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise das curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier, usou-se a modelagem por regress&#227;o de Cox, com censura &#224; direita, para a obten&#231;&#227;o das probabilidades de sobreviv&#234;ncia e taxa de risco (<italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> &#8722; HR), assumindo o pressuposto de proporcionalidade dos riscos. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o das curvas de sobrevida, usou-se o teste Log-rank. O banco de dados foi criado no EpiData,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> vers&#227;o 3.1, e as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram efetuadas no pacote estat&#237;stico R, vers&#227;o 3.2.3.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram identificados e acompanhados 52 casos de rec&#233;m-nascidos com CCG cr&#237;ticas e complexas, e seus respectivos grupos de compara&#231;&#227;o, nas maternidades estudadas. As cardiopatias mais incidentes foram os defeitos de forma&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico, que dependiam do canal arterial (62 casos/100 mil nascidos vivos), seguidos por atresia pulmonar com ou sem hipoplasia do ventr&#237;culo direito (53 casos/100 mil nascimentos) e a transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias (38 casos/100 mil nascidos vivos).</p>
        <p>Como consequ&#234;ncia do pareamento por sexo, a distribui&#231;&#227;o foi igual entre os grupos (OR: 0,92; IC95% 0,67-1,27). Nos dados iniciais, havia um caso como genit&#225;lia amb&#237;gua, entretanto, durante seguimento foi confirmado tratar-se de um rec&#233;m-nascido do sexo feminino.</p>
        <p>O risco de &#243;bito entre os rec&#233;m-nascidos com CCG foi duas vezes maior entre prematuros (RR: 2,14; IC95% 1,22-3,75; p = 0,003), com baixo peso ao nascer (RR: 2,14; IC95% 1,22-3,75; p &lt; 0,0001) e Apgar &lt; 7 no primeiro minuto de vida (RR: 2,08; IC95% 1,13-3,82; p = 0,017). A presen&#231;a de alguma comorbidade, al&#233;m da CCG, foi associada ao desfecho e aumentou o risco em quase tr&#234;s vezes (p &lt; 0,0001). Houve propor&#231;&#227;o maior de g&#234;meos entre os casos (9,9%) (RR: 13,1; IC95% 1,59-109,1; p = 0,018) que os rec&#233;m-nascidos sem cardiopatia (2,2%) e, para esta condi&#231;&#227;o, o risco de &#243;bito foi 12 vezes maior entre rec&#233;m-nascidos com CCG gemelares (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e fatores relacionados ao rec&#233;m-nascido</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Fator</th>
                <th align="center">RR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></th>
                <th align="center">AIC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,66-1,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
                <td align="center">301,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Peso</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 2.500 g</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&lt; 2.500 g</td>
                <td align="center">2,33</td>
                <td align="center">1,26-4,29</td>
                <td align="center">0,0068</td>
                <td align="center">170,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Idade gestacional</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 37 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&lt; 37 semanas</td>
                <td align="center">2,89</td>
                <td align="center">1,49-5,56</td>
                <td align="center">0,0015</td>
                <td align="center">157,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Apgar 1&#186; minuto</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 7</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&lt; 7</td>
                <td align="center">2,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,25-4,45</td>
                <td align="center">0,0084</td>
                <td align="center">163,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Apgar 5&#186; minuto</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 7</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&lt; 7</td>
                <td align="center">9,49</td>
                <td align="center">1,09-82,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
                <td align="center">43,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Gemelaridade</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">11,96</td>
                <td align="center">1,43-99,85</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">48,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Altera&#231;&#227;o ausculta card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">Normal</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">11,83-596,21</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">112,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2">Comorbidades</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,58-3,26</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">215,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>RR bruto por regress&#227;o de Poisson;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>valor de p - estat&#237;stica Z. RR: riscos relativos; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; AIC: Crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos de ausculta card&#237;aca alterada foram encontrados em 72% dos casos e em apenas 1% dos rec&#233;m-nascidos sem CCG. A diferen&#231;a desse achado foi relacionada ao maior risco para CCG (p &lt; 0,0001). A saturimetria de pulso foi registrada, mesmo para casos de CCG com diagn&#243;stico intra&#250;tero ou naqueles em que outro achado foi a suspeita cl&#237;nica e que o diagn&#243;stico tivesse sido feito antes de 24 horas de vida. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 1</xref> ilustra a densidade diferencial de distribui&#231;&#227;o das medidas da saturimetria de pulso entre rec&#233;m-nascidos com e sem CCG. Notam-se alguns registros abaixo do n&#237;vel de corte para rec&#233;m-nascidos sem CCG, para os quais foram necess&#225;rios fazer o ecocardiograma e afastar a possibilidade de CCG.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da densidade de registro dos n&#237;veis de saturimetria de pulso pr&#233; e p&#243;s-ductal, segundo presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas (CCG).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0666-80175-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bito nos casos de CCG foi de 81/100 mil nascidos vivos. A taxa de letalidade atribu&#237;da &#224;s CCG foi de 64,7%, com mortalidade proporcional de 12,0% (17/142). A principal causa de &#243;bito foi o choque cardiog&#234;nico em 41,1% dos casos, seguido por sepse (17,6%) em tr&#234;s rec&#233;m-nascidos com Dupla Via de Sa&#237;da do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (DVSVD) e impossibilidade terap&#234;utica pela cardiopatia (17,6%) &#8722; a anatomia da CCG n&#227;o era compat&#237;vel com nenhum procedimento cir&#250;rgico dispon&#237;vel, evoluindo para hipoxemia refrat&#225;ria seguida de &#243;bito &#8722; em rec&#233;m-nascidos com s&#237;ndrome do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo hipopl&#225;sico e defeito card&#237;aco mal definido intrat&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Causas do &#243;bito, segundo tipo de cardiopatia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Tipo de cardiopatia</th>
                <th align="center">Causa do &#243;bito</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">APV, CIVa, DAVP, VEH, TGA, IAO e TrA</td>
                <td align="center">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                <td align="center">7 (41,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anomalia de Ebstein</td>
                <td align="center">Taquicardia supraventricular</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DVSVD</td>
                <td align="center">Sepse</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SCEH, pentalogia de Cantrell</td>
                <td align="center">Pela CCG (causa base/cuidados paliativos)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAVP, TGA</td>
                <td align="center">Causas mal definidas</td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>APV: Atresia pulmonar cr&#237;tica; CIVa: comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular ampla com acelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo pulmonar; DAVP: drenagem an&#244;malas de veias pulmonares; SCHE/VEH: Hipoplasia do VE; TGA: Transposi&#231;&#227;o de grande art&#233;rias; IAO: Interrup&#231;&#227;o do arco a&#243;rtico; TrA: Truncus; DVSVD: Dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito; CCG: cardiopatia cong&#234;nita.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A mediana de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar foi de 75 dias, com aumento do risco para &#243;bito de 0,4 para 0,8 (HR: 0,4-&gt;0,8). Ainda no per&#237;odo neonatal, 25% dos rec&#233;m-nascidos com CCG j&#225; tinham morrido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier e de fun&#231;&#227;o de risco acumulado para a mortalidade global para cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0666-80175-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica para as taxas de sobrevida quando se comparou o evento &#243;bito entre aqueles que morreram por CCG e por outras causas (p = 0,076). Embora a sobrevida nesses rec&#233;m-nascidos tenha deca&#237;do a mais de 50% nos primeiros 10 dias de vida e dentro do per&#237;odo neonatal, esta sobrevida decaiu a mais de 60% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>) antes dos rec&#233;m-nascidos completarem 28 dias de vida.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier, segundo &#243;bitos relacionados ou n&#227;o &#224; cardiopatia. *Teste log-rank para diferen&#231;a entre as curvas de sobrevida. CCG: cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0666-80175-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os rec&#233;m-nascidos com CCG apresentaram maior morbidade atribu&#237;da a prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer, algum grau de sofrimento fetal intra&#250;tero e achado tanto do exame f&#237;sico, quanto da oximetria de pulso alterada. A literatura tem chamado aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; maior morbidade, em especial de rec&#233;m-nascidos prematuros, que j&#225; apresentam uma gama de outras patologias pr&#243;prias de sua constitui&#231;&#227;o, o que pode agravar substancialmente a evolu&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Tanto para a vari&#225;vel saturimetria p&#243;s-ductal (RR:46; IC95% 11,54-184,0), quanto pr&#233;-ductal (RR:39; IC95% 9,72-157,5), as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram bem estabelecidas. Este dado n&#227;o s&#243; refor&#231;ou a valida&#231;&#227;o dos controles, bem como corroborou a import&#226;ncia de tornar universal este teste de rastreio. Por sua vez, o exame f&#237;sico teve baixa especificidade (40%) e sensibilidade regular, um pouco maior que o TOP (89%), mas, isoladamente, foi insuficiente para se excluir a possibilidade de CCG. A literatura afirma que quando o exame f&#237;sico &#233; realizado por pediatra bem treinado e experiente, h&#225; aumento da sensibilidade do TOP em at&#233; 20%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> otimizando a capacidade de detec&#231;&#227;o, quando adequadamente associados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O achado de Apgar baixo no primeiro minuto denotou a import&#226;ncia de se conhecer que algumas cardiopatias podem ser ativas intra&#250;tero, com comprometimento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo que permita a adequada oferta de nutriente e de oxig&#234;nio para o feto, o que pode comprometer a morbimortalidade deste rec&#233;m-nascido, e refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico e do acompanhamento pr&#233;-natal adequados. Estudos no Brasil j&#225; sinalizaram que o baixo acesso ao diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal e/ou ao nascimento dificultam consideravelmente o tratamento das CCG, o que leva a uma pior condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ao nascimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de gesta&#231;&#227;o gemelar entre os casos foi proporcionalmente maior entre o grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o. Este dado foi relatado com controv&#233;rsia em outros trabalhos, devido &#224; dificuldade de se avaliar concomitantemente a associa&#231;&#227;o de outros fatores de risco, mas, para o desfecho &#243;bito, este achado foi determinante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A precoce e elevada taxa de mortalidade aqui encontrada foi um dos dados mais discordantes da literatura mundial. Em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, espera-se que a letalidade por CCG no per&#237;odo neonatal s&#243; ultrapasse a casa de 60% para os diagn&#243;sticos tardios de SCHE ; para os demais tipos de CCG, a taxa de letalidade esperada n&#227;o ultrapassa 40%, quando o diagn&#243;stico de CCG &#233; feito antes da alta hospitalar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Pa&#237;ses com classifica&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica semelhante &#224; do Brasil, embora tamb&#233;m convivam com diferen&#231;as regionais gritantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; assist&#234;ncia neonatal, apresentam taxa global de incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos por CCG na casa de 20 a 30/100 mil nascimentos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Fixler et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> mediram a taxa de mortalidade segundo o momento de referenciamento, considerando primeiro dia, at&#233; 5 dias, 4 a 27 dias e nenhum referenciamento ap&#243;s 27 dias, e encontraram mortalidade pr&#243;xima de 38% quando o rec&#233;m-nascido n&#227;o era referenciado antes dos 27 dias de vida. Al&#233;m disto, a mortalidade aumentava consideravelmente aos 3 meses, ficando pr&#243;xima de 80% para SCEH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A literatura tem apontado melhora significativa na qualidade assistencial, o que culmina com diminui&#231;&#227;o da morbidade e da mortalidade em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> mas esta n&#227;o &#233; uma realidade para pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, como se pode ver na alta taxa de mortalidade e letalidade a despeito de igual incid&#234;ncia de CCG aqui descrito.</p>
        <p>Os &#243;bitos neonatais por defeitos cong&#234;nitos s&#227;o classificados por alguns autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> e pelo Minist&#233;rio de Sa&#250;de do Brasil como evit&#225;veis, por serem pass&#237;veis de redu&#231;&#227;o para algumas condi&#231;&#245;es, se assist&#234;ncia adequada e pronta forem ofertadas &#224; gestante e ao rec&#233;m-nascido, visando ao diagn&#243;stico e ao tratamento, associados ao suporte adequado por outras esferas do governo &#8722; que n&#227;o s&#243; os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Ainda, patologias com esta classifica&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m possibilidade de redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por tais a&#231;&#245;es, a depender da condi&#231;&#227;o considerada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de lan&#231;ou recentemente projeto para amplia&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia &#224; crian&#231;a com CCG,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> com o intuito de diminuir a demanda pela redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por estes defeitos que v&#234;m ao encontro dos achados neste estudo. Esta mobiliza&#231;&#227;o se fez necess&#225;ria por se estimar, dentro da realidade nacional, que at&#233; 80% dos rec&#233;m-nascidos com CCG demandam algum procedimento cir&#250;rgico em algum momento de seu desenvolvimento. N&#227;o raramente, ocorre alguma demanda de abordagem cir&#250;rgica at&#233; o final da adolesc&#234;ncia e in&#237;cio da vida adulta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Por outro lado, at&#233; metade destes casos deveria, n&#227;o raramente, ser diagnosticada e operada ainda no primeiro ano de vida. Tais dados, embora possam estar subestimados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> devem ser monitorados por investiga&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas independentes e validados de forma prospectiva, a medida que a pol&#237;tica em quest&#227;o esteja sendo implementada.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Embora tenha sido feito c&#225;lculo do tamanho m&#237;nimo de amostra, considerando a preval&#234;ncia local de CCG em estudo-piloto, algumas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o puderam ser inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o, devido &#224; insufici&#234;ncia num&#233;rica, consequente da abordagem multivariada. A aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica para as taxas de sobrevida, quando se comparou o evento &#243;bito entre aqueles que morreram por CCG e por outras causas (p = 0,076) possivelmente est&#225; relacionada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia num&#233;rica deste subgrupo. Al&#233;m disso, no per&#237;odo de setembro de 2015 a janeiro de 2016, houve redu&#231;&#227;o substancial no n&#250;mero de ocorr&#234;ncias de CCG de causa ainda n&#227;o bem especificada (dados do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de &#8722; DATASUS e observa&#231;&#227;o direta na coleta de dados), o que resultou em tempo maior de coleta.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A alta taxa de letalidade da doen&#231;a em quest&#227;o demanda aten&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica para estrutura&#231;&#227;o de rede de assist&#234;ncia especializada, que possa atender adequadamente o volume de neonatos com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, al&#233;m de prover investimentos reais em treinamento e tecnologia assistencial, ainda dentro da faixa et&#225;ria neonatal. Como exemplo, citam-se as pol&#237;ticas que se direcionem para a&#231;&#245;es, visando aprofundar o conhecimento cient&#237;fico sobre as cardiopatias e suas interpela&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        <p>A taxa de mortalidade neonatal por cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas cr&#237;ticas foi maior neste estudo do que em pa&#237;ses de mesma classifica&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica. Ainda, esta coorte se extinguiu muito rapidamente, o que &#233; um dado muito preocupante, considerando que o &#243;bito foi o desfecho principal em paciente ainda muito jovens, os quais n&#227;o tiveram a oportunidade de receber o tratamento especializado. Estes achados sinalizam para a necessidade de maior investimento em tecnologia assistencial em popula&#231;&#245;es com este perfil.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa da Bahia, com recursos advindos do edital PPSUS 2013 e bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica, bem como pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico CNPq (bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Selma Alves Valente do Amaral Lopes pelo Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Ana Nery sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 17970413200000045. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
