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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">75HcKtLrvGPVQZFZDQF5jch</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700664</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180234</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nonfunctioning Adrenal Incidentalomas: The Search for Subclinical Cardiac Alterations</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena</bold>, P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais - Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275 - 1 andar Postal Code 30130-110 Centro, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil E-mail: <email>jlbpena@cardiol.br</email>, <email>jlpena.bh@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>664</fpage>
      <lpage>665</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Incidental Findings</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Hidrocortisone</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>By definition, an adrenal incidentaloma (AI) is an asymptomatic adrenal mass detected incidentally on imaging examination not performed for suspected adrenal diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The prevalence of AI has been estimated to be as high as 4.2% upon evaluation of abdomen or thorax by computed tomography (CT) scans. In most cases (85%), AIs are nonfunctioning.</p>
    <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Sokmen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> selected patients (Pts) following the European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. After confirming the presence of an adrenal adenoma through imaging tests, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging, they excluded Cushing Syndrome through 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST), pheochromocytoma by urinary fractionated metanephrine test, and primary aldosteronism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Patients with nonfunctioning AIs may have mild hypercortisolism, reduced insulin sensitivity, and increased blood pressure levels when compared to controls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Previous studies have demonstrated that insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, fatty liver disease, and metabolic syndrome were identified in Pts with nonfunctioning AIs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Current understanding is that nonfunctioning AIs may secrete small or undetectable amounts of cortisol that may cause mild systemic changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Adequate management and follow up of these Pts has yet to be established. Morphological and functional cardiac alterations have been insufficiently reported for this particular group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Echocardiography seems to be to most versatile noninvasive imaging technique to assess volumes, ejection fraction, myocardial mass index, diastolic function, right ventricular (RV) function, hemodynamics, and valvular regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This study by Sokmen et al. is important as it measures atrial electromechanical delay (EMD) by utilizing tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE). EMD has proven to be valuable in predicting new onset or recurrence of atrial fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common arrhythmias in clinical practice, associated with significant mortality, morbidity, and thromboembolic events. Several publications confirm the value of tissue Doppler when measuring EMD parameters to identify Pts susceptible to this condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In this particular AI group, atrial conduction times were measured.</p>
    <p>Both inter-atrial EMD and intra-atrial EMD were higher in the nonfunctioning AI group compared to controls. According to the authors, this is the first time these abnormal measurements have been demonstrated in the literature. The authors found some indirect evidence of autonomous adrenal secretion and identified that post-DST cortisol level was an important predictor of intra-atrial EMD. They deduced that the increase of post-DST cortisol level by 1 &#181;g/dL lengthened intra-atrial EMD by 4.752 ms.</p>
    <p>The anatomical and morphological findings demonstrated that diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum, posterior wall, and left ventricular (LV) mass index were significantly higher and pulmonary acceleration time significantly lower in the nonfunctioning AI group compared to the control group. Tissue Doppler Em/Am measurements in LV lateral, septal, global, and RV were significantly decreased in the nonfunctioning AI group, confirming tissue Doppler as a tool of both global and regional functions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The results would have been more robust if these Pts had been followed up for a longer period. The deformation indices (strain/strain rate) of both ventricles and atria could add important data to the study, as they are superior to tissue Doppler in detecting subclinical abnormalities. Notwithstanding, the authors demonstrated that indeed subclinical cardiac involvement exists in nonfunctioning AI Pts. Therefore, as they show increased cardiovascular risk, they should be followed up more frequently.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short editorial related to the article: Assessment of Subclinical Cardiac Alterations and Atrial Electromechanical Delay by Tissue Doppler Echocardiography in Patients with Nonfunctioning Adrenal Incidentaloma</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incidentalomas Adrenais N&#227;o-Funcionantes: A Busca Por Altera&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas Subcl&#237;nicas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pena</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Luiz Barros Pena</bold>, P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais - Alameda Ezequiel Dias, 275 - 1 andar CEP 30130-110 Centro, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil E-mail: <email>jlbpena@cardiol.br</email>, <email>jlpena.bh@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Achados Incidentais</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hidrocortisona</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Por defini&#231;&#227;o, um incidentaloma adrenal (IA) &#233; uma massa adrenal assintom&#225;tica detectada incidentalmente ao exame de imagem n&#227;o realizado por suspeita de doen&#231;as adrenais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Estima-se que a preval&#234;ncia de IA seja de at&#233; 4,2% na avalia&#231;&#227;o pela tomografia computadorizada (TC) do abd&#244;men ou do t&#243;rax. Na maioria dos casos (85%), os IAs s&#227;o n&#227;o-funcionantes.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Sokmen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> selecionaram pacientes de acordo com a Diretriz de Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica da <italic>European Society of Endocrinology</italic> em colabora&#231;&#227;o com a <italic>European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors</italic>. Ap&#243;s confirmar a presen&#231;a de adenoma adrenal atrav&#233;s de exames de imagem, tomografia computadorizada ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, excluiu-se a s&#237;ndrome de Cushing atrav&#233;s do teste de supress&#227;o com 1 mg de dexametasona (TSD), feocromocitoma pelo teste de metanefrina fracionada urin&#225;ria e aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os pacientes com IAs n&#227;o-funcionantes podem apresentar leve hipercortisolismo, redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade &#224; insulina e aumento dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos quando comparados aos controles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica foram identificadas em pacientes com IAs n&#227;o-funcionantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Atualmente entende-se que IAs n&#227;o-funcionantes podem secretar quantidades pequenas ou indetect&#225;veis de cortisol que podem causar altera&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas leves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O tratamento adequado e o acompanhamento desses pacientes ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. Os relatos de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais t&#234;m sido insuficientes para esse grupo espec&#237;fico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia parece ser a t&#233;cnica de imagem n&#227;o-invasiva mais vers&#225;til para avaliar volumes, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, &#237;ndice de massa mioc&#225;rdica, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), hemodin&#226;mica e regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Este estudo de Sokmen et al. &#233; importante, pois mede o atraso eletromec&#226;nico atrial (AEA), utilizando ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual (EDT). O AEA mostrou ser valioso na previs&#227;o de novo in&#237;cio ou recorr&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; uma das arritmias mais comuns na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, associada a significativa mortalidade, morbidade e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. Diversas publica&#231;&#245;es confirmam o valor do Doppler tecidual ao mensurar os par&#226;metros de AEA para identificar pacientes suscet&#237;veis a essa condi&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Neste grupo de IAs em particular, os tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial foram mensurados.</p>
      <p>Tanto o AEA inter-atrial quanto o intra-atrial foram maiores no grupo AI n&#227;o-funcionante em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles. De acordo com os autores, esta &#233; a primeira vez que essas medidas anormais s&#227;o demonstradas na literatura. Os autores encontraram algumas evid&#234;ncias indiretas de secre&#231;&#227;o adrenal aut&#244;noma e identificaram que o n&#237;vel de cortisol p&#243;s-TSD era um importante preditor de AEA intra-atrial. Eles deduziram que o aumento do n&#237;vel de cortisol p&#243;s-TSD de 1 &#181;g/dL aumentou o AEA intra-atrial em 4.752 ms.</p>
      <p>Os achados anat&#244;micos e morfol&#243;gicos demonstraram que a espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular, da parede posterior e do &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram significativamente maiores e o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi significativamente menor no grupo IA n&#227;o-funcionante do que no grupo controle. As medidas de Em/Am no Doppler tecidual do VE lateral, septal, global e VD estavam significativamente reduzidas no grupo de IA n&#227;o-funcionante, confirmando o Doppler tecidual como uma ferramenta de fun&#231;&#245;es globais e regionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os resultados teriam sido mais robustos se esses pacientes tivessem sido acompanhados por um per&#237;odo mais longo. Os &#237;ndices de deforma&#231;&#227;o (<italic>strain/strain rate</italic>) de ambos os ventr&#237;culos e &#225;trios poderiam acrescentar dados importantes ao estudo, pois s&#227;o superiores ao Doppler tecidual na detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades subcl&#237;nicas. No entanto, os autores demonstraram que, de fato, existe envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico em pacientes com IA n&#227;o-funcionante. Portanto, por apresentarem maior risco cardiovascular, esses pacientes devem ser acompanhados com maior frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Altera&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas Subcl&#237;nicas e Atraso Eletromec&#226;nico Atrial por Ecocardiografia com Doppler Tecidual em Pacientes com Incidentaloma Adrenal N&#227;o Funcionante</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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