<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ppsWWZqw7RKGtnn8yjHg8Hb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700656</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005016104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180188</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assessment of Subclinical Cardiac Alterations and Atrial Electromechanical Delay by Tissue Doppler Echocardiography in Patients with Nonfunctioning Adrenal Incidentaloma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sokmen</surname>
            <given-names>Gulizar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sahin</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tuzun</surname>
            <given-names>Dilek</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sokmen</surname>
            <given-names>Abdullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bolat</surname>
            <given-names>Hanife</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oguz</surname>
            <given-names>Ayten</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Doganer</surname>
            <given-names>Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacar</surname>
            <given-names>Huseyin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gul</surname>
            <given-names>Kamile</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Kahramanmara&#351;</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Kahramanmara&#351; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Kahramanmara&#351;</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kahramanmara&#351; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Endocrinology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Kahramanmara&#351;</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Kahramanmara&#351; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Kahramanmara&#351;</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Kahramanmara&#351; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Gulizar Sokmen,</bold> Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi, Tip Fakultesi, Kardiyoloji AD. 46000, Kahramanmaras - Turquia. E-mail: <email>guliz58@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sokmen G, Gul K; Acquisition of data: Sahin M, Tuzun D, Sokmen A, Bolat H, Oguz A, Nacar H; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sokmen G, Sahin M, Tuzun D, Sokmen A; Statistical analysis: Doganer A; Writing of the manuscript: Sokmen G, Sahin M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>656</fpage>
      <lpage>663</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Majority of the incidentally discovered adrenal masses, called adrenal incidentaloma (AI), are nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas. The appropriate management of AI is still a matter debate, so it is necessary to investigate their associated morbidity. However, data regarding morphological and functional cardiac alterations are limited in this group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>In this study, we aimed to assess cardiac structural and functional characteristics and atrial conduction properties in patients with nonfunctioning AI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Thirty patients with nonfunctioning AI and 46 properly matched control subjects were included in the study. After hormonal and biochemical analysis, all participants underwent transthoracic echocardiography to obtain systolic and diastolic parameters of both ventricles, in addition to atrial conduction times by tissue Doppler echocardiography. Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States) statistics, version 17.0 for Windows. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Left ventricular (LV) mass index and LV myocardial performance index were significantly increased in AI group. Among atrial conduction times, both intra- and interatrial electromechanical delays were significantly prolonged in patients with nonfunctioning AI. Other laboratory and echocardiographic findings were similar between groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Our study revealed that intra- and inter-atrial conduction times were prolonged, and LV mass index was increased in patients with nonfunctioning AI. These findings may be markers of subclinical cardiac involvement and tendency to cardiovascular complications. Close follow-up is necessary for individuals with nonfunctioning AI for their increased cardiovascular risk. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Incidental Findings</kwd>
        <kwd>Diastole/function</kwd>
        <kwd>Adrenocortical Adenoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic ,Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Conduction System Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Adrenal incidentaloma (AI) is defined as an adrenal mass, generally discovered in radiological interventions for indications other than adrenal disease. The classic definition excludes patients with clinically overt adrenal hormone secretion, and those with concurrent malignancy, known as metastasis to the adrenals . The prevalence of adrenal masses in general population has been reported to be as high as 6% at autopsy, and 2.5-4.2% on evaluation of abdomen and thorax by computerized tomography (CT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Majority of the incidentally discovered adrenal masses are nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The appropriate management of these patients is still a matter of debate, and it is necessary to investigate their associated morbidity. The presence of AI has been proposed as a new cause of metabolic syndrome and reported to increase cardiovascular disease risk. The burden of disturbances showed diversity from impaired glucose tolerance to increased epicardial fat thickness and intima-media thickness of common carotid arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, data regarding morphological and functional cardiac alterations are still limited in this particular group.</p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common arrhythmias observed in clinical practice. Several electrocardiographic and echocardiographic markers reflecting electrophysiological and electromechanical abnormalities of atria prone to develop AF have been studied with the aim of early identification of patients susceptible to develop AF. Atrial electromechanical delay (EMD) has been defined as the temporal delay between the onset of electrical activity and the mechanical activation of atrial myocardium. Tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) is a simple, noninvasive and reliable method to measure atrial EMD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Several studies report that atrial EMD measured by TDE is a valuable parameter to predict new onset AF or recurrence of AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are few studies evaluating cardiac functions in patients having nonfunctioning AI, but to our knowledge data concerning atrial electromechanical properties are lacking.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The aim of this study was to assess intra- and inter-atrial conduction times along with cardiac structural and functional characteristics in patients with nonfunctioning AI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>All subjects who were referred to the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, in Kahramanmaras, Turkey, with incidentally discovered adrenal tumors between March 2014 and November 2015 were recorded (n = 82). The study was approved by local Research Ethics Committee of the institution in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All of the participants gave written consent.</p>
        <p>At the first visit, all subjects underwent a CT or <italic>magnetic resonance imaging</italic> (MRI) scan to confirm the diagnosis. Adrenal adenoma was diagnosed if the following criteria were met:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>tumor size less than 4.0 cm;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>regular shape with well-defined margins;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>homogenous and attenuation value of 10 or less Hounsfield units on unenhanced CT scan, and 30 or less Hounsfield units on enhanced CT scan.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>After confirming the presence of adrenal adenoma, detailed physical examination and basal hormonal and dynamic tests were performed. Among participants, 30 patients having nonfunctional adrenal adenomas were included in the study. Totally 52 patients with uncompleted tests or hormone-secreting tumors - high levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), hyperaldosteronism, Cushing syndrome (CS), pheochromocytoma - and patients having large adrenal tumors (&gt;4 cm) with irregular borders and invasion to adjacent structures raising the suspicion of malignancy were excluded. Additionally, patients with known malignancies, coronary artery disease, valvular heart diseases, cardiomyopathies, thyroid dysfunction, chronic renal failure, liver failure, previous surrenal or hypophysial intervention or patients taking steroids were not included in the study. In an attempt to determine the hormonal activity of adrenal tumors, blood samples were collected at 8.30 am to analyze sodium (Na), potassium (K), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), DHEAS and plasma cortisol levels. For exclusion of CS, 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST), the most common screening test for CS, was performed to the patients. The suppression in overnight DST was adequate when morning cortisol level fell below 1.8 &#181;/dl. Blood samples for plasma renin and aldosterone measurements were collected after at least 4-6 hours of nocturnal resting, following two hours of standing or wandering, and after 15 minutes of resting, respectively. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC)/plasma renin activity (PRA) ratio was used as the screening test to exclude primary aldosteronism. PAC/PRA &#8804; 20 values were accepted as normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Moreover, patients were given a diet free of food containing phenolic acid for five days. Then, 24-hour urine specimens were collected for metanephrine and normetanephrine analyses. Pheochromocytoma was defined as elevated levels of urinary normetanephrine (normal range: 88-444 &#181;g/day) and/or urinary metanephrine (normal range: 52-341 &#181;g/day).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Age and sex matched 46 subjects without clinical suspicion of hypercortisolism, with normal DHEAS level (female 35-430 &#181;g/dl, male 80-560 &#181;g/dl), suppressed 1 mg DST (&#8804; 1.8 &#181;g/dl) and without adrenal mass on abdominal ultrasonography were taken as the control group. Blood pressure measurements of all subjects were taken from right arm in the sitting position after 5 minutes of resting. Height (meter) and weights (kg) of all participants were recorded, and body mass index (BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup>) was calculated.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conventional echocardiographic examination</title>
        <p>All participants were performed transthoracic echocardiography (Vivid 7 Pro, GE, Horten, Norway, 2-4 MHz phased array transducer), including two-dimensional, M-mode, pulsed, and color flow Doppler examinations by the same experienced cardiologist blinded to the clinical status of the subjects. Recordings were made on left lateral decubitus position by using standard parasternal, apical, and subcostal views. Left atrial dimension, left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, diastolic thickness of ventricular septum and posterior wall were measured from M-mode in parasternal long axis view according to the criteria of the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines. The early (E-wave) and late diastolic (A-wave) velocities of mitral inflow were measured from apical four chamber view with pulsed Doppler echocardiography by placing the sample volume at the tips of mitral leaflets, and E/A ratio was calculated. Ejection fraction was estimated by Simpson&#8217;s rule. LV mass was calculated by Devereux formula and indexed to the body surface area.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Right ventricular (RV) morphological and functional parameters including right atrial dimension, RV diameter, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were measured according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) was obtained from the maximum velocity of the regurgitant tricuspid jet, and pulmonary acceleration time (PAT) was measured as the time between the onset and peak of pulmonary velocity obtained by pulsed Doppler recording.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tissue doppler echocardiography and atrial electromechanical delay</title>
        <p>TDE was performed with transducer frequencies of 3.5-4.0 MHz using a 5 mm pulsed Doppler sample volume. Spectral Doppler signal filters were set to obtain a Nyquist limit of 15 to 20 cm/s with minimal optimal gain settings. The sweep speed was set at 50 to 100 mm/s. A single lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded simultaneously during measurements. In the apical four chamber view, the sample volume was subsequently placed at the level of LV lateral mitral annulus, septal mitral annulus and RV tricuspid annulus. The sampling window was positioned as parallel as possible to the myocardial segment of interest to obtain the optimal angle of imaging. Time intervals from the onset of P wave on the surface ECG to the beginning of the A wave (PA) representing atrial EMD were obtained from lateral mitral annulus, septal mitral annulus, and tricuspid annulus and named PA lateral, PA septum and PA tricuspid, respectively. The difference between PA lateral and PA tricuspid was defined as inter-atrial EMD (PA lateral-PA tricuspid), the difference between PA lateral and PA septum was defined as intra-atrial EMD (PA lateral-PA septum). Peak systolic (Sm), early diastolic (Em), late diastolic (Am) velocities, and isovolumic contraction time (ICTm; time interval between the end of Am and the beginning of Sm), isovolumic relaxation time (IRTm; time interval between the end of Sm and the beginning of Em), and ejection time (ETm; time interval between the beginning and the end of Sm) were obtained from mitral and tricuspid annulus. Em/Am ratio for both ventricle and E/Em for LV were calculated. The myocardial performance index (MPI), a noninvasive Doppler measurement of global ventricular function incorporating both systolic and diastolic function, was calculated by the formula of (ICTm+IRTm)/ETm for both ventricles.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Reproducibility</title>
        <p>Intraobserver variability was assessed in 20 subjects randomly chosen from the participants, and the echocardiographic measurements were repeated under the same basal conditions. Simple random sampling method was used in the selection of 20 subjects. <italic>1,96*(S<sub>w</sub>/&#8730;2n(m-1)) = confidence in the estimate</italic> formula was used to estimate the sample size for reproducibility. Reproducibility was evaluated by coefficient of variation. Intraobserver coefficients of variation were found to be nonsignificant (&lt; 5%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, Chicago, IL, United States) statistics, version 17.0 for Windows. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of distribution for continuous variables. Continuous variables were expressed as means &#177; standard deviation. Non-normal distributed variables were expressed as Median and quartiles (1.Quartile-3.Quartile). Categorical data were presented as numbers and percentages. Difference between groups was detected using &#967;<sup>2</sup> test for categorical variables. Mean values of continuous variables were compared between groups using Independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test, according to whether normally distributed or not. Correlation between continuous variables was evaluated by Pearson correlation tests. A linear regression analysis and generalized linear models were used to identify predictors of atrial EMD. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Clinical and laboratory data of the study groups are given in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Age, gender, BMI, systolic and diastolic pressures, heart rate, and ratio of diabetic and hypertensive subjects were similar between groups (p &gt; 0.05). ACTH and DHEAS levels were significantly lower in nonfunctioning AI group (p = 0.009 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Cortisol levels were similar, but suppression with 1 mg DST was pronounced significantly in the control group (p &lt; 0.001). Other laboratory data including fasting plasma glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride and insulin levels did not differ between groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of the study population</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left"> Characteristics </th>
              <th align="center">Non-functioning AI (n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 46)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (years)</td>
              <td align="center">51.77 &#177; 8.23</td>
              <td align="center">50.80 &#177; 6.62</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female sex<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">c</xref>, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (83.3)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (89.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">34.30 &#177; 4.63</td>
              <td align="center">32.43 &#177; 3,93</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">c</xref>, n ( %)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">c</xref>, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (17.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.94</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM and Hypertension<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">c</xref>, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (16.7)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (15.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic blood pressure<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">131.33 &#177; 16.49</td>
              <td align="center">125.85 &#177; 12.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic blood pressure<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">81.57 &#177; 10.36</td>
              <td align="center">78.46 &#177; 10.62</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center">82.93 &#177; 13.00</td>
              <td align="center">77.72 &#177; 9.19</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cortisol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (&#181;g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">12.88 &#177; 2.94</td>
              <td align="center">11.71 &#177; 3.80</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post DST cortisol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (&#181;g/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">1.11 &#177; 0.38</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 &#177; 0.26</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACTH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref> (pg/ml) Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">14,70(12,50&#8211;20,30)</td>
              <td align="center">22,40(13,70&#8211;35,70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DHEAS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref> (&#181;g/dl) Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">55,15(27,90&#8211;86,30)</td>
              <td align="center">113(73,80&#8211;157,00)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Fasting plasma glucose<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref> (mg/dl) Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">98(87,00&#8211;111,00)</td>
              <td align="center">97(84,00&#8211;113,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref> (mg/dl) Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">101,45(91,00&#8211;123,70)</td>
              <td align="center">109(91,90&#8211;135,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL cholesterol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref> (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">45.50 &#177; 9.10</td>
              <td align="center">45.57 &#177; 9.49</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">b</xref> (mg/dl) <italic>Median (Q1-Q3)</italic></td>
              <td align="center">116,50(84,00&#8211;153,00)</td>
              <td align="center">142(105,00&#8211;235,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Independent samples t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>c</label>
            <p>&#967;<sup>2</sup> test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>difference is statistically significant; AI: adrenal incidentaloma; BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; DST: dexamethasone supression test; ACTH: adrenocorticotrophic hormone; DHEAS: dedhydroepiandrostenedione sulphate; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Conventional echocardiographic parameters were shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. There were no significant differences between groups considering LV end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters, LV ejection fraction, diameter of left and right atrium, RV diameter, TAPSE and systolic PAP. Diastolic thickness of interventricular septum (IVS), posterior wall (PW) and LV mass index was significantly higher (p = 0.03, p = 0.03, and p = 0.004 respectively), and PAT was significantly lower (p = 0.004) in nonfunctioning AI group. Although mitral E/A ratio was lower in nonfunctioning AI compared to the control group, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.07).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of conventional echocardiographic parameters between groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left"> Variable </th>
              <th align="center">Non-functioning AI (n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 46)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV end-diastolic diameter<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">48.83 &#177; 3.70</td>
              <td align="center">46.93 &#177; 3.64</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV end-systolic diameter<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref> (mm) Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">27(26,00&#8211;28,00)</td>
              <td align="center">27(25,00&#8211;30,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> (%)</td>
              <td align="center">71.93 &#177; 7.54</td>
              <td align="center">72.26 &#177; 5.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IVS diastolic thickness<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref> (mm) Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">10(9,00&#8211;11,00)</td>
              <td align="center">9(8,00&#8211;11,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PW diastolic thickness<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref> (mm) Median(Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">11(9,00&#8211;12,00)</td>
              <td align="center">10(9,00&#8211;11,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV mass index<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">112.01 &#177; 26.93</td>
              <td align="center">95.33 &#177; 21.69</td>
              <td align="center">0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrial diameter<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">36.27 &#177; 2.79</td>
              <td align="center">35.59 &#177; 2.84</td>
              <td align="center">0.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mitral E/A ratio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 &#177; 0.25</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 &#177; 0.30</td>
              <td align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV basal diameter<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">32.14 &#177; 3.54</td>
              <td align="center">32.74 &#177; 3.91</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RA diameter<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">32.20 &#177; 4.71</td>
              <td align="center">32.61 &#177; 3.98</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TAPSE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">b</xref> (mm) Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">24(20,00&#8211;26,00)</td>
              <td align="center">22,50(21,00&#8211;27,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sPAP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">25.67 &#177; 3.45</td>
              <td align="center">26.11 &#177; 3.92</td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PAT<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">a</xref> (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">96.38 &#177; 22.08</td>
              <td align="center">113.48 &#177; 26.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Independent samples t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U test; Median (Q1-Q3): Median (1.Quartile-3.Quartile);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>difference is statistically significant; AI: adrenal incidentaloma; LV: left ventricular; IVS: interventricular septum; PW: posterior wall; RV: right ventricular; RA: right atrial; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; PAT: pulmonary acceleration time.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Comparison of tissue Doppler parameters and atrial conduction times were demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. LV lateral, LV septal, global LV Em/Am and RV Em/Am were decreased significantly in nonfunctioning AI group (p = 0.02, p = 0.03, p = 0.01, and p = 0.004, respectively). LV septal MPI and LV MPI were significantly higher in nonfunctioning AI group (p = 0.004 and p = 0.03, respectively), whereas LV lateral and RV MPI did not differ significantly between groups. There was no significant difference between groups with regard to Sm and E/Em. PA lateral, PA septum and PA tricuspid were not different between groups. Inter-atrial EMD and intra-atrial EMD were significantly higher in nonfunctioning AI group compared to the controls (p = 0.008 and p = 0.016, respectively).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of tissue Doppler parameters and atrial conduction times between groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Non-functioning AI (n = 30)</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 46)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LV lateral annulus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> (cm/s) Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">9(8,00&#8211;11,00)</td>
              <td align="center">10(8,00&#8211;11,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Em/Am<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,72(0,62&#8211;1,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0,93(0,79&#8211;1,20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/Em<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">6,77(5,29&#8211;8,33)</td>
              <td align="center">6,82(5,50&#8211;7,46)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MPI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,44(0,39&#8211;0,53)</td>
              <td align="center">0,46(0,42&#8211;,52)</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LV septal annulus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">8.80 &#177; 2.11</td>
              <td align="center">8.37 &#177; 1.43</td>
              <td align="center">0.43</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Em/Am<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,64(0,55&#8211;0,83)</td>
              <td align="center">0,73(0,63&#8211;1,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">E/Em<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">10.16 &#177; 3.36</td>
              <td align="center">10.18 &#177; 2.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MPI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.52 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.47 &#177; 0.11</td>
              <td align="center">0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>RV tricuspid annulus</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center">15.57 &#177; 3.57</td>
              <td align="center">14.35 &#177; 2.77</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Em/Am<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">0,58(0,46&#8211;0,67)</td>
              <td align="center">0,67(0,60&#8211;0,81)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MPI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.46 &#177; 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.43 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV Sm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> (cm/s) Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">9,00(7,50&#8211;10,00)</td>
              <td align="center">9,00(8,00&#8211;10,50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV Em/Am<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.76 &#177; 0.24</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 &#177; 0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV E/Em<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">7,85(6,25&#8211;10,00)</td>
              <td align="center">8,15(6,79&#8211;9,29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV MPI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.50 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.47 &#177; 0.12</td>
              <td align="center">0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Atrial conduction times</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lateral PA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">45.97 &#177; 10.95</td>
              <td align="center">42.35 &#177; 8.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septum PA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">30.87 &#177; 9.86</td>
              <td align="center">31.11 &#177; 7.21</td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tricuspid PA<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">b</xref> (ms) Median (Q1-Q3)</td>
              <td align="center">21,00(18,00&#8211;26,00)</td>
              <td align="center">22,00(18,00&#8211;26,00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intra-atrial EMD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">15.10 &#177; 7.97</td>
              <td align="center">11.24 &#177; 4.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.016<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Inter-atrial EMD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">a</xref> (ms)</td>
              <td align="center">23.53 &#177; 7.99</td>
              <td align="center">18.85 &#177; 5.79</td>
              <td align="center">0.008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>a</label>
            <p>Independent samples t test;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>b</label>
            <p>Mann-Whitney U test; Median (Q1-Q3): Median (1.Quartile-3Quartile);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>difference is statistically significant; AI: adrenal incidentaloma; LV: left ventricular; MPI: myocardial performance index; RV: right ventricular; PA: time interval from the onset of P wave on electrocardiogram (ECG) to the beginning of the A wave; EMD: electromechanical delay.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Bivariate correlation analysis revealed that inter-atrial EMD was negatively correlated with ACTH level (r = -0.29, p = 0.027), mitral E/A ratio (r = -0.33, p = 0.004), and RV Em/Am ratio (r = -0.29, p = 0.011), and positively correlated with LV mass index (r = 0.38, p = 0.001), left atrial diameter (r = 0.23, p = 0.04), age (r = 0.32, p = 0.004) and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.23, p = 0.04). Intra-atrial EMD was positively correlated with post DST cortisol level (r = 0.23, p = 0.04), LV mass index (r = 0.33, p = 0.004), age (r = 0.34, p = 0.003) and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.32, p = 0.004), and negatively correlated with mitral E/A ratio (r = -0.36, p = 0.002). Multivariate relationships of inter- and intra-atrial EMD with clinical parameters revealed that changes in post DST cortisol levels affected intra-atrial EMD significantly (Wald &#967;<sup>2</sup>= 3.810, p = 0.049) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). We also found that increase of post DST cortisol level by 1 &#181;g/dl lengthened intra-atrial EMD by 4.752 msec.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Assessment of subtle cortisol secretion related effects on intra-atrial electromechanical delay (EMD)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Hypothesis Test</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
              <th align="left">Parameter</th>
              <th align="center">B</th>
              <th align="center">Standard Error</th>
              <th align="center">Wald Chi-square</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intercept</td>
              <td align="center">13.121</td>
              <td align="center">4,0795</td>
              <td align="center">10.345</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Post DST cortisol</td>
              <td align="center">4.752</td>
              <td align="center">2.4347</td>
              <td align="center">3.810</td>
              <td align="center">0.049<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cortisol</td>
              <td align="center">-0.265</td>
              <td align="center">0.2642</td>
              <td align="center">1.004</td>
              <td align="center">0.316</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACTH</td>
              <td align="center">-0.090</td>
              <td align="center">0.0725</td>
              <td align="center">1.551</td>
              <td align="center">0.213</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DHEAS</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
              <td align="center">0.0167</td>
              <td align="center">0.258</td>
              <td align="center">0.611</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <p>Generalized Linear Models; &#945;: 0,05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>effect is statistically significant; DST: dexamathasone supression test; ACTH: adrenocorticotrophic hormone; DHEAS: dedhydroepiandrostenedione sulphate.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This is the first tissue Doppler echocardiographic study evaluating abnormalities of atrial conduction together with cardiac structure and function in nonfunctional adrenal incidentalomas. We obtained two important findings:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>LV mass increased significantly;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Intra- and inter-atrial conduction times were delayed significantly in these patients.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>It is well known that overt cortisol excess, as in Cushing syndrome, may lead to systemic complications responsible for increased cardiovascular risk (hypertension, obesity, impaired glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia) and cardiovascular complications such as coronary heart disease and congestive heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> It has also been shown previously that Cushing syndrome causes cardiac structural changes associated with LV dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, it is still a matter of debate whether nonfunctional AI increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and whether this type of adrenal tumor has some degree of autonomous adrenal function. In this study, we obtained some indirect evidence of subtle cortisol autonomy and cardiovascular risk in patients with nonfunctioning AI. There are few studies analyzing cardiac morphology and function in nonfunctional AI. Ermetici et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> reported the presence of LV hypertrophy and LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with nonfunctional AI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Iacobellis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> showed increased epicardial fat thickness and LV mass by transthoracic echocardiography in these subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Similarly, we found that LV mass index was increased significantly in patients with nonfunctional AI compared to the control group. The impact of LV hypertrophy on cardiac mortality and morbidity has been understood increasingly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> It has been suggested that cortisol production by AI may have a broad spectrum, ranging from normal to various degrees of excess daily production rate, and this may not be detectable by standard endocrine work-up.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In our study, basal cortisol levels of the groups were similar, but post DST cortisol levels were significantly elevated (not exceeding the cut-off, 1.8 &#181;g/dl), and DHEAS levels were significantly reduced (not below the cut-off, 40 &#181;g/dl) in nonfunctioning AI group. Additionally, post DST cortisol level was correlated with LV mass index. According to these findings, we speculated that subtle cortisol autonomy of adrenal adenoma might play a role in cardiac hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>Myocardial performance index is a parameter calculated from tissue Doppler echocardiographic measurements, and predicts both systolic and diastolic ventricular function. In our study, LV MPI was found to be increased in patients with AI indicating impaired global LV function. This impairment may be attributed largely to the impairment of LV diastolic function, because the predictors of LV systolic function such as LV EF and LV Sm were similar in both groups.</p>
      <p>Considering structural and functional parameters of RV, decreased RV Em/Am ratio might indicate the tendency to impairment of RV diastolic function. PAT was also shortened, indicating increased pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with AI.</p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice, and associated with significant mortality and morbidity due to hemodynamic impairment and thromboembolic events. Impaired atrial conduction is an important step in the pathophysiology of AF. Atrial conduction times can be evaluated by both invasive (electrophysiological study) and noninvasive (P wave dispersion on ECG and EMD on echocardiography) methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> It has been shown that impaired atrial conduction is an independent and strong predictor for development and recurrence of AF, and TDE is a useful and reliable technique to evaluate atrial electromechanical properties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Numerous studies demonstrated that atrial conduction time was prolonged in various diseases including obesity, thyroid diseases, chronic obstructive lung diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, acromegaly and diabetes mellitus (DM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Cushing disease is associated with many cardiovascular risk factors, including glucose intolerance, hypertension, LV hypertrophy, central obesity and metabolic syndrome, and may lead to cardiovascular events such as coronary heart disease, heart failure and arrhythmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> So, we hypothesized that AI might be associated with cardiac structural and functional changes, and increased risk of AF. Earlier studies showed increased epicardial fat, increased LV mass and LV diastolic dysfunction in AI similar to our results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, they did not study atrial conduction properties in this patient group.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this study showed for the first time that both intra- and inter-atrial EMD were impaired in patients with nonfunctioning AI. Moreover, atrial EMD was correlated significantly with post DST cortisol level, ACTH level, LV mass index, LV diastolic dysfunction, age and systolic blood pressure. Post DST cortisol level was an important predictor of intra-atrial EMD, such that 1 &#181;g/dl increase in post DST cortisol level caused the prolongation of intra-atrial EMD by 4.752 msec. We may explain these findings by a few mechanisms. First, subtle cortisol excretion can affect cardiac structure and function as mentioned previously, which in turn is supposed to have detrimental effects on atrial conduction. Secondly, AI and AF share common metabolic risk factors such as increased blood pressure, insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction and obesity. Lastly, low-level but long-standing subtle cortisol excretion may have direct toxic effect on myocardium by glucocorticoid receptors leading to myocardial fibrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Detection of prolonged atrial EMD in these patients may be an earlier sign of atrial dysfunction preceding AF.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The major limitation of the study was the relatively small number of the subjects in adenoma group, besides the inability to define the length of the disease owing to the lack of overt clinical features. Finally, our study lacks long-term follow-up data, since it is a cross-sectional study. The patients could not be followed for future arrhythmic episodes to see whether the ones with prolonged atrial EMD develop AF.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our study revealed that intra- and inter-atrial conduction times were prolonged and LV mass index was increased in patients with nonfunctioning AI. These findings may be markers of subclinical cardiac involvement and tendency to cardiovascular complications. Thus, individuals diagnosed to have nonfunctioning AI should be followed up closely for their increased cardiovascular risk.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University under the protocol number 2013/16-02. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Davenport C, Liew A, Doherty B, Win HH, Misran H, Hanna S, et al. The prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in routine clinical practice. Endocrine. 2011;40(1):80-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Davenport</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liew</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doherty</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Win</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Misran</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanna</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in routine clinical practice</article-title>
          <source>Endocrine</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>80</fpage>
          <lpage>83</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Yener S, Comlekci A, Yuksel F, Sevinc A, Ertilav S, Yesil S. Traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors in nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas. Eur J Intern Med. 2012;23(1):83-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yener</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Comlekci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuksel</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sevinc</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ertilav</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yesil</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors in nonfunctioning adrenal adenomas</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Intern Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>87</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Erbil Y, Ozbey N, Barbaros U, Unalp HR, Salmaslioglu A, Ozarmagan S. Cardiovascular risk in patients with nonfunctional adrenal incidentaloma: myth or reality? World J Surg. 2009; 33(10):2099-105.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erbil</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozbey</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbaros</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unalp</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salmaslioglu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozarmagan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular risk in patients with nonfunctional adrenal incidentaloma: myth or reality?</article-title>
          <source>World J Surg</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2099</fpage>
          <lpage>2105</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Yener S, Genc S, Akinci B, Secil M, Demir T, Comlekci A, et al. Carotid intima media thickness is increased and associated with morning cortisol in subjects with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentaloma. Endocrine. 2009;35(3):365-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yener</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Genc</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akinci</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Secil</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demir</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Comlekci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Carotid intima media thickness is increased and associated with morning cortisol in subjects with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentaloma</article-title>
          <source>Endocrine</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>365</fpage>
          <lpage>370</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Iacobellis G, Petramala L, Barbaro G, Kargi AY, Serra V, Zinnamosca L, et al. Epicardial fat thickness and left ventricular mass in subjects with adrenal incidentaloma. Endocrine. 2013;44(2):532-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Iacobellis</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petramala</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbaro</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kargi</surname>
              <given-names>AY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serra</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zinnamosca</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epicardial fat thickness and left ventricular mass in subjects with adrenal incidentaloma</article-title>
          <source>Endocrine</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>532</fpage>
          <lpage>536</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Di Dalmazi G, Vicennati V, Rinaldi E, Morselli-Labate AM, Giampalma E, Mosconi C, et al. Progressively increased patterns of subclinical cortisol hypersecretion in adrenal incidentalomas differently predict major metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes: a large cross-sectional study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012;166(4):669-77.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Di Dalmazi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vicennati</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rinaldi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morselli-Labate</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giampalma</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mosconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progressively increased patterns of subclinical cortisol hypersecretion in adrenal incidentalomas differently predict major metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes: a large cross-sectional study</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>166</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>669</fpage>
          <lpage>677</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Deniz A, Sahiner L, Aytemir K, Kaya B, Kabakci G, Tokgozoglu L, et al. Tissue Doppler echocardiography can be a useful technique to evaluate atrial conduction time. Cardiol J. 2012;19(5):487-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deniz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahiner</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aytemir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaya</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kabakci</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tokgozoglu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tissue Doppler echocardiography can be a useful technique to evaluate atrial conduction time</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>487</fpage>
          <lpage>493</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Calik AN, Ozcan KS, Cagdas M, G&#252;ng&#246;r B, Karaca G, G&#252;rkan U, et al. Electromechanical delay detected by tissue Doppler echocardiography is associated with the frequency of attacks in patients with lone atrial fibrillation. Cardiol J. 2014;21(2):138-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Calik</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozcan</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cagdas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;ng&#246;r</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karaca</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;rkan</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electromechanical delay detected by tissue Doppler echocardiography is associated with the frequency of attacks in patients with lone atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol J.</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>138</fpage>
          <lpage>143</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Den Uijl DW, Gawrysiak M, Tops LF, Trines SA, Zeppenfeld K, Schalij MJ, et al. Prognostic value of total atrial conduction time estimated with tissue Doppler imaging to predict the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency catheter ablation. Europace. 2011;13(11):1533-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Den Uijl</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gawrysiak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tops</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Trines</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeppenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schalij</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic value of total atrial conduction time estimated with tissue Doppler imaging to predict the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency catheter ablation</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1533</fpage>
          <lpage>1540</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Evranos B, Aytemir K, Oto A, Okutucu S, Karakulak U, &#350;ahiner L, et al. Predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence after atrial fibrillation ablation with cryoballoon. Cardiol J. 2013;20(3):294-303.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Evranos</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aytemir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oto</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okutucu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karakulak</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#350;ahiner</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence after atrial fibrillation ablation with cryoballoon</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>294</fpage>
          <lpage>303</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 De Vos CB, Weijs B, Crijins HJ, Cheriex EC, Palmans A, Habets J, et al. Atrial tissue Doppler imaging for prediction of new onset atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2009;95(10):835-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Vos</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weijs</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crijins</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheriex</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palmans</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Habets</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial tissue Doppler imaging for prediction of new onset atrial fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>835</fpage>
          <lpage>840</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Ermetici F, Dall&#8217;Asta C, Malavazos AE, Coman C, Morricone L, Montericcio V, et al. Echocardiographic alterations in patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentaloma. J Endocrinol Invest 2008;31(6):573-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ermetici</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dall&#8217;Asta</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malavazos</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coman</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morricone</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montericcio</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic alterations in patients with nonfunctioning adrenal incidentaloma</article-title>
          <source>J Endocrinol Invest</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>573</fpage>
          <lpage>577</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Comlekci A, Yener S, Ertilav S, Secil M, Akinci B, Demir T, et al. Adrenal incidentaloma, clinical, metabolic, follow-up aspects: single centre experience. Endocrine. 2010;37(1):40-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Comlekci</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yener</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ertilav</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Secil</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akinci</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demir</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adrenal incidentaloma, clinical, metabolic, follow-up aspects: single centre experience</article-title>
          <source>Endocrine</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>40</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Young WF. Primary aldosteronism: renaissance of a syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 2007;66(5):607-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Young</surname>
              <given-names>WF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Primary aldosteronism: renaissance of a syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Clin Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>607</fpage>
          <lpage>618</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: A report from the American Society of Echocardiography&#8217;s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18(12):1440-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for chamber quantification: A report from the American Society of Echocardiography&#8217;s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1440</fpage>
          <lpage>1463</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF 3rd, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29(4):227-314.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smiseth</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appleton</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byrd</surname>
              <given-names>BF</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dokainish</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edvardsen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>227</fpage>
          <lpage>314</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Devereux RB, Reiche N. Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man: Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 1977;55(4):613-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reiche</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man: Anatomic validation of the method</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1977</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>613</fpage>
          <lpage>618</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, et al. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in aduts. A report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23(7):685-713.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rudski</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lai</surname>
              <given-names>WW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hua</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handschumacher</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chandrasekaran</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in aduts. A report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>685</fpage>
          <lpage>713</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 De Leo M, Pivonello R, Auriemma RS, Cozzolino A, Vitale P, Simeoli C, et al. Cardiovascular disease in Cushing&#8217;s syndrome: heart vs vasculature. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;92(Suppl 1):50-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>De Leo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pivonello</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auriemma</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cozzolino</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vitale</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simeoli</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular disease in Cushing&#8217;s syndrome: heart vs vasculature</article-title>
          <source>Neuroendocrinology</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>54</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Muiesan ML, Lupia M, Salvetti M, Grigoletto C, Sonino N, Boscaro M, et al. Left ventricular structural and functional characteristics in Cushing&#8217;s syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(12):2275-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muiesan</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lupia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salvetti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grigoletto</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sonino</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boscaro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left ventricular structural and functional characteristics in Cushing&#8217;s syndrome</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2275</fpage>
          <lpage>2279</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Kamenicky P, Redheuil A, Roux C, Salenave S, Kachenoura N, Raissouni Z, et al. Cardiac structure and function in Cushing&#8217;s syndrome: A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):E2144-E55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kamenicky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redheuil</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roux</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salenave</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kachenoura</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raissouni</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac structure and function in Cushing&#8217;s syndrome: A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>E2144</fpage>
          <lpage>E2E55</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Daubert JC, Pavin D, Jauvert G, Mabo P. Intra- and inter-atrial conduction delay: Implications for cardiac pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27(4):507-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Daubert</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pavin</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jauvert</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mabo</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Intra- and inter-atrial conduction delay: Implications for cardiac pacing</article-title>
          <source>Pacing Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>507</fpage>
          <lpage>525</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Erdem FH, Ozturk S, Baltac&#305; D, Donmez I, Al&#231;elik A, Ayhan S, et al. Detection of atrial electromechanical dysfunction in obesity. Acta Cardiol. 2015;70(6):678-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erdem</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozturk</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baltac&#305;</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donmez</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al&#231;elik</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayhan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detection of atrial electromechanical dysfunction in obesity</article-title>
          <source>Acta Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>678</fpage>
          <lpage>684</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Sokmen A, Acar G, Sokmen G, Akcay A, Akkoyun M, Koroglu S, et al. Evaluation of atrial electromechanical delay and diastolic functions in patients with hyperthyroidism. Echocardiography 2013;30(10):1194-201.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sokmen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Acar</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sokmen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akcay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akkoyun</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koroglu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of atrial electromechanical delay and diastolic functions in patients with hyperthyroidism</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1194</fpage>
          <lpage>1201</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Acar G, Kahraman H, Akkoyun M, Kilinc M, Zencir C, Yusufoglu E, et al. Evaluation of atrial electromechanical delay and its relationship to inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Echocardiography. 2014;31(5):579-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Acar</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kahraman</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akkoyun</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilinc</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zencir</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yusufoglu</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of atrial electromechanical delay and its relationship to inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>579</fpage>
          <lpage>585</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Ozveren O, Izgi C, Eroglu E, Simsek MA, Turer A, Kucukdurmaz Z, et al. Doppler tissue evaluation of atrial conduction properties in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Ultrason Imaging. 2016;38(3):225-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ozveren</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izgi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eroglu</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simsek</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kucukdurmaz</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Doppler tissue evaluation of atrial conduction properties in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</article-title>
          <source>Ultrason Imaging</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>225</fpage>
          <lpage>235</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Yayla C, Canpolat U, Sahinarslan A, &#214;zkan &#199;, Ero&#287;lu Altinova A, Gayretli Yayla K, et al. The assessment of atrial electromechanical delay in patients with acromegaly. Can J Cardiol. 2015;31(8):1012-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yayla</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canpolat</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahinarslan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;zkan</surname>
              <given-names>&#199;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ero&#287;lu Altinova</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gayretli Yayla</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The assessment of atrial electromechanical delay in patients with acromegaly</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1012</fpage>
          <lpage>1018</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Demir K, Avc&#305; A, Kaya Z, Marakoglu K, Ceylan E, Yilmaz A, et al. Assessment of atrial electromechanical delay and P-wave dispersion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiol. 2016;67:378-83.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Demir</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avc&#305;</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaya</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marakoglu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceylan</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of atrial electromechanical delay and P-wave dispersion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <fpage>378</fpage>
          <lpage>383</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Oakley RH, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoid signaling in the heart: A cardiomyocyte perspective. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015 Sep;153:27-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oakley</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cidlowski</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Glucocorticoid signaling in the heart: A cardiomyocyte perspective</article-title>
          <source>J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol</source>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>153</volume>
          <fpage>27</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Altera&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas Subcl&#237;nicas e Atraso Eletromec&#226;nico Atrial por Ecocardiografia com Doppler Tecidual em Pacientes com Incidentaloma Adrenal N&#227;o Funcionante</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sokmen</surname>
            <given-names>Gulizar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sahin</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tuzun</surname>
            <given-names>Dilek</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sokmen</surname>
            <given-names>Abdullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bolat</surname>
            <given-names>Hanife</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oguz</surname>
            <given-names>Ayten</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Doganer</surname>
            <given-names>Adem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nacar</surname>
            <given-names>Huseyin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gul</surname>
            <given-names>Kamile</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Kahramanmara&#351; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kahramanmara&#351; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Kahramanmara&#351; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Kahramanmara&#351; - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gulizar Sokmen,</bold> Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi, Tip Fakultesi, Kardiyoloji AD. 46000, Kahramanmaras - Turquia. E-mail: <email>guliz58@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sokmen G, Gul K; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sahin M, Tuzun D, Sokmen A, Bolat H, Oguz A, Nacar H; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sokmen G, Sahin M, Tuzun D, Sokmen A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Doganer A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sokmen G, Sahin M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A maioria das massas adrenais descobertas incidentalmente, denominadas incidentaloma adrenal (IA), s&#227;o adenomas adrenais n&#227;o funcionantes. O manejo adequado da IA ainda &#233; um tema de debate, e por isso &#233; necess&#225;rio investigar suas morbidades associadas. Entretanto, dados referentes a altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais s&#227;o limitados nesse grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, objetivamos avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas e as propriedades de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trinta pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante e 46 controles adequadamente pareados foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise hormonal e bioqu&#237;mica, todos os participantes foram submetidos a ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico para obten&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros sist&#243;licos e diast&#243;licos de ambos os ventr&#237;culos, al&#233;m dos tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual. Os dados foram analisados com o <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS, Chicago, IL, Estados Unidos), vers&#227;o 17.0 para Windows. P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico do VE foram significativamente aumentados no grupo IA. Entre os tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial, os atrasos eletromec&#226;nicos intra- e interatriais foram significativamente prolongados em pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante. Outros achados laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram semelhantes entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nosso estudo revelou que os tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o intra- e interatrial estavam prolongados e o &#237;ndice de massa do VE estava aumentado em pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante. Esses achados podem ser marcadores de envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico e de tend&#234;ncia a complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Um acompanhamento rigoroso &#233; necess&#225;rio para indiv&#237;duos com IA n&#227;o funcionante, devido ao aumento do risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Achados Incidentais</kwd>
        <kwd>Di&#225;stole/fun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Adenoma Adrenocortical</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Dist&#250;rbios do Sistema de Condu&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os incidentalomas adrenais (IA) s&#227;o massas adrenais, geralmente descobertos em interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas para outras indica&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o a doen&#231;a adrenal. A defini&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica exclui pacientes com secre&#231;&#227;o hormonal adrenal clinicamente evidente e aqueles com malignidade concomitante, conhecida como met&#225;stase para as gl&#226;ndulas adrenais. A preval&#234;ncia de massas adrenais na popula&#231;&#227;o geral foi de 6% na aut&#243;psia e de 2,5 a 4,2% na avalia&#231;&#227;o de abd&#244;men e t&#243;rax por tomografia computadorizada (TC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A maioria das massas adrenais descobertas incidentalmente s&#227;o adenomas adrenais n&#227;o funcionantes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O manejo adequado desses pacientes ainda &#233; motive de debate, sendo necess&#225;ria a investiga&#231;&#227;o de suas morbidades associadas. A presen&#231;a de IA tem sido proposta como uma nova causa de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e relatada para aumentar o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A carga de dist&#250;rbios mostrou toler&#226;ncia diminu&#237;da &#224; glicose em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica e da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal das art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas comuns.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, os dados referentes &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais ainda s&#227;o limitados nesse grupo em particular.</p>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o arterial (FA) &#233; uma das arritmias mais comuns observadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Diversos marcadores eletro- e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que refletem anomalias eletrofisiol&#243;gicas e eletromec&#226;nicas de &#225;trios propensos a desenvolver FA t&#234;m sido estudados com o objetivo de identificar precocemente pacientes suscet&#237;veis ao esse desenvolvimento. O atraso eletromec&#226;nico atrial (AEA) foi definido como o retardo temporal entre o in&#237;cio de atividade el&#233;trica e a ativa&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do mioc&#225;rdio atrial. A ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual (EDT) &#233; um m&#233;todo simples, n&#227;o invasivo e confi&#225;vel para mensurar o AEA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> V&#225;rios estudos relatam que o AEA medido por &#233; um par&#226;metro valioso para prever o in&#237;cio ou a recorr&#234;ncia de FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existem poucos estudos avaliando as fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas em pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante, mas, at&#233; onde sabemos, faltam dados sobre propriedades eletromec&#226;nicas atriais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o intra- e interatrial, juntamente com caracter&#237;sticas estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas em pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram registrados todos os indiv&#237;duos (n = 82) encaminhados ao Departamento de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo da Universidade Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, em Kahramanmaras, Turquia, com tumores adrenais descobertos incidentalmente entre mar&#231;o de 2014 e novembro de 2015. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
          <p>Durante a primeira visita, todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a uma tomografia computadorizada ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) para a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico. O adenoma adrenal foi diagnosticado caso os seguintes crit&#233;rios fossem atendidos:</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p>Tamanho do tumor menor que 4,0 cm;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Forma regular com margens bem definidas;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Valor de homogeneidade e atenua&#231;&#227;o de 10 ou menos unidades de Hounsfield na tomografia computadorizada sem contraste e 30 ou menos unidades de Hounsfield na tomografia computadorizada com contraste.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
								</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de adenoma adrenal, foram realizados um exame f&#237;sico detalhado e testes hormonais e din&#226;micos basais. Entre os participantes, 30 pacientes com adenomas adrenais n&#227;o funcionantes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Foram exclu&#237;dos um total de 52 pacientes com exames incompletos ou com tumores secretores de horm&#244;nio - altos n&#237;veis de sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (DHEAS), hiperaldosteronismo, s&#237;ndrome de Cushing (SC), feocromocitona - e pacientes com tumores adrenais grandes (&gt; 4 cm) com bordas irregulares e invas&#227;o de estruturas adjacentes levantando a suspeita de malignidade. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo pacientes com malignidades conhecidas, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, valvopatias, cardiomiopatias, disfun&#231;&#227;o tireoidiana, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, interven&#231;&#227;o surrenal ou hipofis&#225;ria pr&#233;via ou pacientes em uso de esteroides. Numa tentativa de determinar a atividade hormonal dos tumores adrenais, amostras de sangue foram coletadas &#224;s 8h30 para an&#225;lise dos n&#237;veis de s&#243;dio (Na), pot&#225;ssio (K), horm&#244;nio adrenocorticotr&#243;fico (ACTH), DHEAS e cortisol plasm&#225;tico. Para a exclus&#227;o da SC, foi realizado o teste de supress&#227;o de 1 mg de dexametasona (DST), o teste de triagem mais comum para a SC. A supress&#227;o durante a noite foi adequada quando o n&#237;vel de cortisol matutino caiu abaixo de 1,8 &#181;/dl. Amostras de sangue para as medi&#231;&#245;es de renina e aldosterona no plasma foram coletadas ap&#243;s pelo menos 4 a 6 horas de descanso noturno, ap&#243;s duas horas em p&#233; ou caminhando, e ap&#243;s 15 minutos de repouso, respectivamente. A concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de aldosterona (CAP)/atividade de renina plasm&#225;tica (ARP) foi utilizada como teste de triagem para excluir o aldosteronismo prim&#225;rio. Valores de CPA/ARP &#8804; 20 foram aceitos como normais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes receberam uma dieta isenta de alimentos contendo &#225;cido fen&#243;lico durante cinco dias. Em seguida, amostras de urina de 24 horas foram coletadas para an&#225;lises de metanefrina e normetanefrina. Feocromocitoma foi definido como n&#237;veis elevados de normetanefrina urin&#225;ria (faixa normal: 88 a 444 &#181;g/dia) e/ou metanefrina urin&#225;ria (faixa normal: 52 a 341 &#181;g/dia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Foi considerado como grupo controle a sele&#231;&#227;o de 46 indiv&#237;duos, de acordo com idade e sexo, sem suspeita cl&#237;nica de hipercortisolismo, com n&#237;vel DHEAS normal (feminino 35-430 &#181;g/dl, masculino 80-560 &#181;g/dl), 1 mg de DST suprimido (&#8804; 1,8 &#181;g/dl) e sem massa adrenal em ultrassonografia abdominal. A press&#227;o arterial de todos os indiv&#237;duos foi medida pelo bra&#231;o direito na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada ap&#243;s 5 minutos de descanso. A altura (metro) e o peso (kg) de todos os participantes foram registrados, e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup>) foi calculado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico convencional</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes realizaram ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (Vivid 7 Pro, GE, Horten, Noruega, transdutor phased array de 2 a 4 MHz), incluindo os exames Doppler bidimensional, modo M, pulsado e com fluxo colorido pelo mesmo cardiologista experiente, cego para o estado cl&#237;nico dos indiv&#237;duos. As grava&#231;&#245;es foram feitas em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo usando as vistas paraesternais, apicais e subcostais. A dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda, os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), a espessura diast&#243;lica do septo ventricular e da parede posterior foram medidas no modo M na vis&#227;o do eixo longo paraesternal, segundo os crit&#233;rios da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>. As velocidades precoces (onda E) e diast&#243;lica tardia (onda A) do influxo mitral foram medidas a partir de quatro c&#226;maras apicais com ecocardiografia Doppler pulsada, colocando-se o volume da amostra na ponta dos folhetos mitrais e calculando-se a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foi estimada pela regra de Simpson. A massa do VE foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Devereux e indexada &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos e funcionais do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), incluindo a dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio direito, o di&#226;metro do VD e a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular da tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) foram medidos de acordo com as diretrizes da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica pulmonar (PAP) foi obtida a partir da velocidade m&#225;xima do jato tric&#250;spide regurgitante e o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (TAP) foi medido como o tempo entre o in&#237;cio e o &#225;pice da velocidade pulmonar obtido pelo registro de Doppler puls&#225;til.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia com doppler tecidual e atraso eletromec&#226;nico atrial</title>
          <p>O TDE foi realizado com frequ&#234;ncias de transdutor de 3,5 a 4,0 MHz, usando um volume de amostra com Doppler pulsado de 5 mm. Filtros de sinal de Doppler espectral foram ajustados para obter um limite de Nyquist de 15 a 20 cm/s com configura&#231;&#245;es m&#237;nimas de ganho &#243;timo. A velocidade de varredura foi definida em 50 a 100 mm/s. Um &#250;nico eletrocardiograma de eletrodo (ECG) foi registrado simultaneamente durante as medi&#231;&#245;es. No corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras, o volume da amostra foi posicionado posteriormente ao n&#237;vel do anel mitral lateral do VE, anel mitral septal e anel tric&#250;spide do VD. A janela de amostragem foi posicionada o mais paralela poss&#237;vel ao segmento mioc&#225;rdico de interesse para obter o &#226;ngulo ideal de imagem. Intervalos de tempo desde o in&#237;cio da onda P no ECG superficial at&#233; o in&#237;cio da onda A (PA) representando AEA atrial foram obtidos a partir do anel mitral lateral, anel mitral septal e anel tric&#250;spide e denominados PA lateral, septo PA e PA tric&#250;spide, respectivamente. A diferen&#231;a entre a PA lateral e a PA tric&#250;spide foi definida como AEA interatrial (PA lateral-PA tric&#250;spide), a diferen&#231;a entre a PA lateral e o septo de PA foi definida como AEA intra-auricular (PA septo-PA lateral). Velocidades sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima (Sm), diast&#243;lica precoce (Em), diast&#243;lica tardia (Am) e tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica (ICTm; intervalo de tempo entre o final da manh&#227; e in&#237;cio da Sm), tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (IRTm; intervalo de tempo entre o final da Sm e in&#237;cio da Em), e tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o (ETm; intervalo de tempo entre o in&#237;cio e o final da Sm) foram obtidos do anel mitral e tricusp&#237;deo. A raz&#227;o Em/Am para ambos os ventr&#237;culos e E/Em para o VE foi calculada. O &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico (IDM), uma medida n&#227;o-invasiva do Doppler da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular global incorporando a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de (TCIm+TRIm)/TEm para ambos os ventr&#237;culos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Reprodutibilidade</title>
          <p>A variabilidade intraobservador foi avaliada em 20 indiv&#237;duos escolhidos aleatoriamente entre os participantes, e as medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram repetidas sob as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es basais. O m&#233;todo de amostragem aleat&#243;ria simples foi utilizado na sele&#231;&#227;o de 20 sujeitos. A f&#243;rmula <italic>1,96*(S<sub>w</sub>/&#8730;2n(m-1)) = confian&#231;a na estimativa</italic> foi usada para estimar o tamanho da amostra para reprodutibilidade. A reprodutibilidade foi avaliada pelo coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o. Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o intraobservador foram considerados n&#227;o significativos (&lt; 5%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados com o <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS, Chicago, IL, Estados Unidos), vers&#227;o 17.0 para Windows. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para testar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis distribu&#237;das n&#227;o-normais foram expressas como mediana e quartis (1.Quartil-3.Quartil). Dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados em n&#250;meros e porcentagens. A diferen&#231;a entre grupos foi detectada usando o teste do &#967;<sup>2</sup> para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os valores m&#233;dios das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparados entre os grupos utilizando o teste t para amostras independentes ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney, de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou n&#227;o. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada pelos testes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear e modelos lineares generalizados foram utilizados para identificar os preditores de AEA atrial. Considerou-se estatisticamente significativo p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais dos grupos de estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>. Idade, sexo, IMC, press&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e propor&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos e hipertensos foram semelhantes entre os grupos (p &gt; 0,05). Os n&#237;veis de ACTH e DHEAS foram significativamente menores no grupo de IA n&#227;o funcionante (p = 0,009 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). Os n&#237;veis de cortisol foram semelhantes, mas a supress&#227;o com 1 mg de DST foi pronunciada significativamente no grupo controle (p &lt; 0,001). Outros dados laboratoriais, incluindo glicemia de jejum, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL), triglic&#233;rides e n&#237;veis de insulina n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas iniciais da popula&#231;&#227;o em estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">IA n&#227;o funcionante (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 46)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref> (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">51,77 &#177; 8,23</td>
                <td align="center">50,80 &#177; 6,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (89,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">34,30 &#177; 4,63</td>
                <td align="center">32,43 &#177; 3.93</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref> , n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM e hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">c</xref>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">131,33 &#177; 16,49</td>
                <td align="center">125,85 &#177; 12,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">81,57 &#177; 10,36</td>
                <td align="center">78,46 &#177; 10,62</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref> (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">82,93 &#177; 13,00</td>
                <td align="center">77,72 &#177; 9,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cortisol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref> (&#181;g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">12,88 &#177; 2,94</td>
                <td align="center">11,71 &#177; 3,80</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DST p&#243;s-cortisol<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref> (&#181;g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 &#177; 0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACTH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">b</xref> (pg/ml) <italic>Mediana (Q1-Q3)</italic></td>
                <td align="center">14,70(12,50&#8211;20,30)</td>
                <td align="center">22,40(13,70&#8211;35,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DHEAS<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">b</xref> (&#181;g/dl) <italic>Mediana (Q1-Q3)</italic></td>
                <td align="center">55.15(27.90&#8211;86.30)</td>
                <td align="center">113(73,80&#8211;157,00)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose plasm&#225;ticaem jejum<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">b</xref> (mg/dl) <italic>Mediana (Q1-Q3)</italic></td>
                <td align="center">98(87,00&#8211;111,00)</td>
                <td align="center">97(84,00&#8211;113,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol LDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">b</xref> (mg/dl) <italic>Mediana(Q1-Q3)</italic></td>
                <td align="center">101,45(91,00&#8211;123,70)</td>
                <td align="center">109(91,90&#8211;135,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Colesterol HDL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">a</xref> (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">45,50 &#177; 9,10</td>
                <td align="center">45,57 &#177; 9,49</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">b</xref> (mg/dl) <italic>Mediana (Q1-Q3)</italic></td>
                <td align="center">116.50(84,00&#8211;153,00)</td>
                <td align="center">142(105,00&#8211;235,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Teste t de amostras independentes;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney; Mediana (Q1-Q3): Mediana (1.Quartil-3.Quartil);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>c</label>
              <p>teste &#967;<sup>2</sup>;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a &#233; estatisticamente significativa; IA: incidentaloma adrenal; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DM: diabetes mellitus; DST: teste de supress&#227;o com dexametasona; ACTH: horm&#244;nio adrenocorticotr&#243;fico; DHEAS: sulfato dedhydroepiandrostenedione; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais foram mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos, considerando os di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico final e sist&#243;lico final do VE, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e direito, o di&#226;metro do VD, TAPSE e PAP sist&#243;lica. A espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular (SIV), da parede posterior (PP) e do &#237;ndice de massa do VE foram significativamente maiores (p = 0,03, p = 0,03 e p = 0,004, respectivamente), enquanto a TAP foi significativamente menor (p = 0,004) no grupo de IA n&#227;o funcionante. Embora a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A mitral tenha sido menor na IA n&#227;o funcionante em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,07).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais entre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">IA n&#227;o funcionante (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 46)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref> (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">48,83 &#177; 3,70</td>
                <td align="center">46,93 &#177; 3,64</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref> (mm) Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">27(26.00&#8211;28.00)</td>
                <td align="center">27(25.00&#8211;30.00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref> (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71,93 &#177; 7,54</td>
                <td align="center">72,26 &#177; 5,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura diast&#243;lica do SIV<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref> (mm) Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">10(9.00&#8211;11.00)</td>
                <td align="center">9(8.00&#8211;11.00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura diast&#243;lica da PP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref> (mm) Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">11(9.00&#8211;12.00)</td>
                <td align="center">10(9.00&#8211;11.00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa do VE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref> (gr/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">112,01 &#177; 26,93</td>
                <td align="center">95,33 &#177; 21,69</td>
                <td align="center">0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref> (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">36,27 &#177; 2,79</td>
                <td align="center">35,59 &#177; 2,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rela&#231;&#227; E/A mitral<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 &#177; 0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro basal do VD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref> (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">32,14 &#177; 3,54</td>
                <td align="center">32,74 &#177; 3,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do AD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref> (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">32,20 &#177; 4,71</td>
                <td align="center">32,61 &#177; 3,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">b</xref> (mm) <italic>Mediana (Q1-Q3)</italic></td>
                <td align="center">24(20.00&#8211;26.00)</td>
                <td align="center">22.50(21.00&#8211;27.00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAPs<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">25,67 &#177; 3,45</td>
                <td align="center">26,11 &#177; 3,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">a</xref> (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">96,38 &#177; 22,08</td>
                <td align="center">113,48 &#177; 26,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Teste t de amostras independentes;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney U; Mediana (Q1-Q3): Mediana (1.Quartil-3.Quartil);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a &#233; estatisticamente significativa; IA: incidentaloma adrenal; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SIV: septo interventricular; PP: parede posterior; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AD: &#225;trio direito; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide; PAPs: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica; TAP: tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros do Doppler tecidual e os tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial foi demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>. O VE lateral, o VE septal, o Em/Am m&#233;dio do VE e o Em/Am do VD diminu&#237;ram significativamente no grupo IA n&#227;o funcionante (p = 0,02, p = 0,03, p = 0,01 e p = 0,004, respectivamente). O IDM septal de VE e o IDM de VE foram significativamente maiores no grupo de IA n&#227;o funcionante (p = 0,004 e p = 0,03, respectivamente), enquanto o VE lateral e o IDM de VD n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significantes entre os grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a Sm e E/Em. A PA lateral, de septo e tric&#250;spide n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. Os AEA interatrial e intra-atrial foram significativamente maiores no grupo IA n&#227;o funcionante em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles (p = 0,008 e p = 0,016, respectivamente).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros do Doppler tecidual e tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial entre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">IA n&#227;o funcionante (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 46)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Anel lateral do VE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref> (cm/s) Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">9(8,00&#8211;11,00)</td>
                <td align="center">10(8,00&#8211;11,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Em/Am<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref> Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72(0,62&#8211;1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93(0,79&#8211;1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/Em<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref> Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,77(5,29&#8211;8,33)</td>
                <td align="center">6,82(5,50&#8211;7,46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IDM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref> Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44(0,39&#8211;0,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46(0,42&#8211;0,52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Anel septal do VE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref> (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">8,80 &#177; 2,11</td>
                <td align="center">8,37 &#177; 1,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Em/Am<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref> Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64(0,55&#8211;0,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73(0,63&#8211;1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/Em<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">10,16 &#177; 3,36</td>
                <td align="center">10,18 &#177; 2,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IDM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Anel tric&#250;spide do VD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref> (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">15,57 &#177; 3,57</td>
                <td align="center">14,35 &#177; 2,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Em/Am<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref> Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58(0,46&#8211;0,67)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67(0,60&#8211;0,81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IDM<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,46 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sm do VE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref> (cm/s) Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">9,00(7,50&#8211;10,00)</td>
                <td align="center">9,00(8,00&#8211;10,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Em/Am do VE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 &#177; 0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/Em do VE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref> Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">7,85(6,25&#8211;10,00)</td>
                <td align="center">8,15(6,79&#8211;9,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IDM do VE<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,50 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 &#177; 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA latera<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref> (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">45,97 &#177; 10,95</td>
                <td align="center">42,35 &#177; 8,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA septal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref> (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">30,87 &#177; 9,86</td>
                <td align="center">31,11 &#177; 7,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA tric&#250;spide<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">b</xref> (ms) Mediana (Q1-Q3)</td>
                <td align="center">21,00(18,00&#8211;26,00)</td>
                <td align="center">22,00(18,00&#8211;26,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AEA Intra-atrial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref> (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">15,10 &#177; 7,97</td>
                <td align="center">11,24 &#177; 4,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,016<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AEA Interatrial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">a</xref> (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">23,53 &#177; 7,99</td>
                <td align="center">18,85 &#177; 5,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,008<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>a</label>
              <p>Teste t de amostras independentes;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>b</label>
              <p>Teste U de Mann-Whitney U; Mediana (Q1-Q3): Mediana (1.Quartil-3.Quartil);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>diferen&#231;a &#233; estatisticamente significativa; IA: incidentaloma adrenal; LV: left ventricular; IDM: &#237;ndice de desempenho mic&#225;rdico; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; PA: intervalo de tempo desde o in&#237;cio da onda P no eletrocardiograma (ECG) at&#233; o in&#237;cio da onda A; AEA: atraso eletromec&#226;nico atrial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada revelou que o AEA interatrial foi negativamente correlacionado ao n&#237;vel de ACTH (r = -0,29, p = 0,027), &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o E/A mitral (r = -0,33, p = 0,004) e &#224; raz&#227;o Em/Am de VD (r = -0,29, p = 0,011), e correlacionado positivamente ao &#237;ndice de massa do VE (r = 0,38, p = 0,001), ao di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo (r = 0,23, p = 0,04), &#224; idade (r = 0,32, p = 0,004) e &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (r = 0,23, p = 0,04). O AEA intra-atrial correlacionou-se positivamente com o n&#237;vel de cortisol p&#243;s-DST (r = 0,23, p = 0,04), o &#237;ndice de massa do VE (r = 0,33, p = 0,004), a idade (r = 0,34, p = 0,003) e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (r = 0,32, p = 0,004), e negativamente correlacionada com a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A mitral (r = -0,36, p = 0,002). As rela&#231;&#245;es multivari&#225;veis de AEA inter- e intra-atrial com par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos revelaram que as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de cortisol p&#243;s-DST afetaram significativamente a AEA intra-atrial (Wald &#967;<sup>2</sup>= 3,810, p = 0,049) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Tamb&#233;m descobrimos que o aumento do n&#237;vel de cortisol p&#243;s-DST em 1 &#181;g/dl aumentou o AEA intra-atrial em 4,752 mseg.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos sutis relacionados &#224; secre&#231;&#227;o de cortisol no atraso eletromec&#226;nico atrial (AEA)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Teste de Hip&#243;tese</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-top-style:solid;border-top-width:thin">
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center">B</th>
                <th align="center">Erro Padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Wald &#967;<sup>2</sup></th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intercep&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">13,121</td>
                <td align="center">4,0795</td>
                <td align="center">10,345</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cortisol p&#243;s- DST</td>
                <td align="center">4,752</td>
                <td align="center">2,4347</td>
                <td align="center">3,810</td>
                <td align="center">0,049<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cortisol</td>
                <td align="center">-0,265</td>
                <td align="center">0,2642</td>
                <td align="center">1,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,316</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACTH</td>
                <td align="center">-0,090</td>
                <td align="center">0,0725</td>
                <td align="center">1,551</td>
                <td align="center">0,213</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DHEAS</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
                <td align="center">0,0167</td>
                <td align="center">0,258</td>
                <td align="center">0,611</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <p>Modelos Lineares Generalizados; &#945;: 0.05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>o efeito &#233; estatisticamente significativo; DST: teste de supress&#227;o com dexametasona; ACTH: horm&#244;nio adrenocorticotr&#243;fico; DHEAS: Sulfato dedhydroepiandrostenedione.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico de Doppler tecidual avaliando anormalidades da condu&#231;&#227;o atrial juntamente com estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em incidentalomas adrenais n&#227;o funcionantes. Obtivemos duas descobertas importantes:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>A massa do VE aumentou significativamente;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Os tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o intra- e interatrial foram significativamente atrasados nesses pacientes.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Sabe-se que o excesso de cortisol, como na s&#237;ndrome de Cushing, pode levar a complica&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas respons&#225;veis pelo aumento do risco cardiovascular (hipertens&#227;o, obesidade, metabolismo da glicose diminu&#237;do, dislipidemia) e complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares, como doen&#231;a coronariana e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi demonstrado anteriormente que a s&#237;ndrome de Cushing causa altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas associadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No entanto, ainda &#233; uma quest&#227;o de debate se o IA n&#227;o funcionante aumenta o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e se esse tipo de tumor adrenal tem algum grau de fun&#231;&#227;o adrenal aut&#244;noma. Neste estudo, obtivemos algumas evid&#234;ncias indiretas de autonomia sutil de cortisol e risco cardiovascular em pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante. Existem poucos estudos analisando a morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas em IA n&#227;o funcionante. Ermetici et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> relataram a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia do VE e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE em pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Iacobellis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> mostraram aumento da espessura da gordura epic&#225;rdica e da massa do VE pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico nesses sujeitos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Da mesma forma, descobrimos que o &#237;ndice de massa do VE aumentou significativamente em pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. O impacto da hipertrofia do VE na mortalidade e morbidade card&#237;aca tem sido compreendido cada vez mais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Foi sugerido que a produ&#231;&#227;o de cortisol por IA pode ter um amplo espectro, variando de normal a v&#225;rios graus de excesso de taxa de produ&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria, e isso pode n&#227;o ser detect&#225;vel pelo trabalho end&#243;crino padr&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis basais de cortisol dos grupos foram semelhantes, mas os n&#237;veis de cortisol ap&#243;s DST foram significativamente elevados (n&#227;o excedendo o ponto de corte, 1,8 &#181;g/dl), e os n&#237;veis de DHEAS foram significativamente reduzidos (n&#227;o abaixo do ponto de corte, 40 &#181;g/dl) no grupo IA n&#227;o funcionante. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#237;vel de cortisol p&#243;s-DST foi correlacionado ao &#237;ndice de massa do VE. De acordo com esses achados, especulamos que a autonomia sutil do cortisol do adenoma adrenal pode desempenhar um papel na hipertrofia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>O &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico &#233; um par&#226;metro calculado a partir das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas do Doppler tecidual e prediz a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica e a diast&#243;lica. Em nosso estudo, o IDM do VE foi encontrado aumentado em pacientes com IA, indicando preju&#237;zo na fun&#231;&#227;o global do VE. Esse comprometimento pode ser atribu&#237;do em grande parte ao comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, uma vez que os preditores da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, como a FE do VE e o Sm do VE, foram semelhantes nos dois grupos.</p>
        <p>Considerando par&#226;metros estruturais e funcionais do VD, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o Em/Am do VD pode indicar a tend&#234;ncia ao comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD. O TAP tamb&#233;m foi encurtado, indicando aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar em pacientes com IA.</p>
        <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; a arritmia mais comumente encontrada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e est&#225; associada a significativa mortalidade e morbidade por comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. A condu&#231;&#227;o atrial prejudicada &#233; um passo importante na fisiopatologia da FA. Os tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial podem ser avaliados pelos m&#233;todos invasivo (estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico) e n&#227;o invasivo (dispers&#227;o da onda P no ECG e AEA na ecocardiografia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Tem sido demonstrado que a condu&#231;&#227;o atrial prejudicada &#233; um preditor independente e forte para o desenvolvimento e a recorr&#234;ncia de FA, e a EDT &#233; uma t&#233;cnica &#250;til e confi&#225;vel para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das propriedades eletromec&#226;nicas atriais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Numerosos estudos demonstraram que o tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial foi prolongado em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, incluindo obesidade, doen&#231;as da tireoide, doen&#231;as pulmonares obstrutivas cr&#244;nicas, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica, acromegalia e diabetes mellitus (DM).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A doen&#231;a de Cushing est&#225; associada a muitos fatores de risco cardiovascular, incluindo intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, hipertens&#227;o, hipertrofia do VE, obesidade central e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, podendo levar a eventos cardiovasculares, como doen&#231;a coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Assim, hipotetizamos que o IA pode estar associado a altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas e ao aumento do risco de FA. Estudos anteriores mostraram aumento da gordura epic&#225;rdica, aumento da massa do VE e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE na IA, semelhante aos nossos resultados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No entanto, eles n&#227;o estudaram as propriedades de condu&#231;&#227;o atrial neste grupo de pacientes.</p>
        <p>Portanto, este estudo mostrou pela primeira vez que tanto o AEA intra- e interatriais foram prejudicados em pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante. Al&#233;m disso, o AEA atrial correlacionou-se significativamente com o n&#237;vel de cortisol, o n&#237;vel de ACTH, o &#237;ndice de massa do VE, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, a idade e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. O n&#237;vel de cortisol p&#243;s-DST foi um importante preditor de AEA intra-atrial, de tal forma que o aumento de 1 &#181;g/dl no n&#237;vel de cortisol p&#243;s-DST causou o prolongamento do AEA intra-atrial em 4,752 ms. Podemos explicar esses achados atrav&#233;s de alguns mecanismos. Em primeiro lugar, a excre&#231;&#227;o sutil de cortisol pode afetar a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas como mencionado anteriormente, o que, por sua vez, supostamente tem efeitos prejudiciais na condu&#231;&#227;o atrial. Em segundo lugar, o IA e a FA compartilham fatores de risco metab&#243;licos comuns, como aumento da press&#227;o arterial, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e obesidade. Por fim, a excre&#231;&#227;o sutil de cortisol de baixo n&#237;vel, mas de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, pode ter efeito t&#243;xico direto no mioc&#225;rdio por receptores de glicocortic&#243;ides que levam &#224; fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A detec&#231;&#227;o de AEA prolongado nesses pacientes pode ser um sinal precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial precedendo a FA.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi o n&#250;mero relativamente pequeno de sujeitos no grupo de adenoma, al&#233;m da incapacidade de definir a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a devido &#224; falta de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas evidentes. Por fim, nosso estudo carece de dados de seguimento de longo prazo, por se tratar de um estudo transversal. Os pacientes n&#227;o puderam ser acompanhados para futuros epis&#243;dios arr&#237;tmicos para verificar se os indiv&#237;duos com AEA prolongado desenvolvem FA.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo revelou que os tempos de condu&#231;&#227;o intra- e interatriais foram prolongados e o &#237;ndice de massa do VE estava aumentado em pacientes com IA n&#227;o funcionante. Esses achados podem ser marcadores de envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico e tend&#234;ncia a complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Assim, os indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com IA n&#227;o funcionante devem ser acompanhados de perto para o aumento do risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2013/16-02. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
