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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JDwcYfWKdLbKRqCpgWNX6bm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700654</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180210</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Gender Disparities and Outcomes Of Acute Coronary Syndromes In Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andrea De Lorenzo,</bold> Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code 22240-006, Rio de janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>andlorenzo@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>654</fpage>
      <lpage>655</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender Identity</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged, Women</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) was considered, for years, a "male disease&#8221;, a concept that influenced diagnostic and clinical decision-making processes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, currently there is consistent evidence showing that CAD is a leading cause of death in women. On the basis of pooled data from studies of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (1995-2012), it is estimated that within one year after a first myocardial infarction, 18% of males and 23% of females will die, and the median survival time is, at &#8805; 45 years of age, 8.2 years for males and 5.5 for females.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The underestimation of cardiovascular risk among women frequently resulted in a more conservative treatment and contributed to poorer outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In the last decade, several studies have assessed the issue of gender disparities in the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of acute coronary syndromes (ACS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> In this context, the study by Soeiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> contributes to the understanding of this issue by presenting data from a Brazilian registry of ACS.</p>
    <p>In this multicenter registry, the primary endpoint was in-hospital, all-cause mortality, and the secondary endpoint was the combination of cardiogenic shock, death, reinfarction, ischemic stroke and bleeding during a mean follow-up of 8 months. Just like any registry, it has limitations, such as the absence of data on other diseases like cancer, as well as on the differences in post-discharge management, adherence to treatment, among others, all which might influence survival in any group. Nonetheless, it has a large number of patients (2,437 men and 1,308 women) and may offer an interesting view of the Brazilian scenario of gender differences in ACS.</p>
    <p>Of note, at presentation, women less often had ST-elevation and multivessel CAD than men, but were older and more frequently diabetic, dyslipidemic and hypertensive. These data are in line with other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Unfortunately, data on symptoms at presentation are not available. It is known that, in ACS, women are less likely to present with classical angina symptoms, which may lead to under and/or misdiagnoses in women, and in turn may explain the worse outcomes, particularly in younger women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Accordingly, in the present study, it was noteworthy that percutaneous coronary interventions and coronary artery bypass grafting were more frequently performed in men than in women.</p>
    <p>Regarding outcomes, there were no significant differences between men and women. This contrasts to other studies in which women had worse outcome after ACS, what has been attributed, among other factors, to older age or the presence of more comorbidities in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> On the other hand, similar short-term outcomes in men and women have also been reported,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> especially after adjustment for clinical differences and the severity of angiographic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Gaui et al,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> in an analysis of Brazilian death certificates from 2004 to 2011, reported higher proportional mortality due to acute ischemic heart disease in women from the Northeastern region, aged 40-49 years, than in men, despite overall lower proportional mortality. Globally, this demonstrates that the outcomes of ACS in women are at least equivalent to those of men, if not worse.</p>
    <p>The longstanding &#8220;knowledge gap&#8221; on CAD in women, both on the part of physicians and of patients, has created inequalities in healthcare access and processes. However, fortunately, our understanding of gender-specific differences in the initial presentation, pathophysiology, treatment effectiveness, and clinical outcomes have changed. The currently presented data are important to underscore the need to increase knowledge about the importance of CAD in women, so that possible gender biases may be effectively avoided, and better results obtained for the cardiovascular health of women.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Shor Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Differences between Men and Women with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Data from a Brazilian Registry</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disparidades de G&#234;nero e Desfechos das S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea De</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andrea De Lorenzo,</bold> Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP 22240-006, Rio de janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>andlorenzo@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Identidade de G&#234;nero</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
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    </front-stub>
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      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) foi considerada durante anos uma &#8220;doen&#231;a masculina&#8221;, um conceito que tem influenciado processos de tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nicos e terap&#234;uticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No entanto, atualmente existem evid&#234;ncias consistentes mostrando que a DAC &#233; uma das principais causas de morte de mulheres. Com base em <italic>pools</italic> de dados de estudos do <italic>National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute</italic> (1995-2012), estima-se que no per&#237;odo de um ano ap&#243;s o primeiro infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, 18% dos homens e 23% das mulheres morrer&#227;o, e a mediana do tempo de sobrevida &#233;, acima de 45 anos de idade, 8,2 anos para homens e 5,5 para mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A subestima&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular em mulheres frequentemente resultou em um tratamento mais conservador e contribuiu para desfechos piores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>. Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, diversos estudos avaliaram a quest&#227;o das disparidades de g&#234;nero no diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e desfechos das s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Neste contexto, o estudo de Soeiro et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> contribui para a compreens&#227;o desse problema, apresentando dados de um registro brasileiro de SCA.</p>
      <p>Neste registro multic&#234;ntrico, o desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a mortalidade hospitalar por todas as causas, e o desfecho secund&#225;rio foi a combina&#231;&#227;o de choque cardiog&#234;nico, morte, reinfarto, acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e sangramento durante um seguimento m&#233;dio de 8 meses. Como qualquer registro, este apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, como a aus&#234;ncia de dados sobre outras doen&#231;as, tais como o c&#226;ncer, bem como dados sobre as diferen&#231;as no manejo p&#243;s-alta, ades&#227;o ao tratamento, entre outros, todos os quais podem influenciar a sobreviv&#234;ncia em qualquer grupo. No entanto, o registro possui um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes (2.437 homens e 1.308 mulheres), e pode oferecer uma vis&#227;o interessante do cen&#225;rio brasileiro a respeito das diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero nas SCA.</p>
      <p>&#201; digno de nota que, no momento da apresenta&#231;&#227;o, que mulheres apresentavam menos frequentemente supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e DAC multiarterial do que os homens, mas eram mais velhas e frequentemente mais diab&#233;ticas, dislipid&#234;micas e hipertensas. Esses dados est&#227;o de acordo com outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Infelizmente os dados sobre sintomas na apresenta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis. Sabe-se que &#233; menos prov&#225;vel que as mulheres apresentem sintomas cl&#225;ssicos de angina na SCA, o que pode levar a subdiagn&#243;sticos e/ou diagn&#243;sticos err&#244;neos em mulheres, o que, por sua vez, pode explicar os piores desfechos, particularmente em mulheres mais jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Nesse sentido, no presente estudo, destacou-se que as interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas e a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foram mais frequentemente realizadas em homens do que em mulheres.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre homens e mulheres. Isso contrasta com outros estudos em que as mulheres tiveram pior desfecho ap&#243;s a SCA, o que tem sido atribu&#237;do, entre outros fatores, &#224; idade avan&#231;ada ou &#224; presen&#231;a de mais comorbidades nas mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Por outro lado, resultados semelhantes em curto prazo em homens e mulheres tamb&#233;m foram relatados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> especialmente ap&#243;s o ajuste para diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas e a gravidade da doen&#231;a angiogr&#225;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Gaui et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> em uma an&#225;lise de atestados de &#243;bito brasileiros de 2004 a 2011, relataram maior mortalidade proporcional por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica aguda em mulheres da regi&#227;o Nordeste, com idade entre 40 e 49 anos, do que em homens, apesar da mortalidade global proporcional ser menor. De forma geral, isso demonstra que os desfechos da SCA em mulheres s&#227;o pelo menos equivalentes aos dos homens, ou at&#233; mesmo piores.</p>
      <p>A &#8220;lacuna de conhecimento&#8221; de longa data sobre a DAC nas mulheres, tanto por parte dos m&#233;dicos quanto dos pacientes, criou desigualdades no acesso e nos processos de cuidados de sa&#250;de. No entanto, felizmente, nossa compreens&#227;o das diferen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas de g&#234;nero na apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial, na fisiopatologia, na efic&#225;cia do tratamento e nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos mudou. Os dados atualmente apresentados s&#227;o importantes para ressaltar a necessidade de ampliar o conhecimento sobre a import&#226;ncia da DAC em mulheres, para que poss&#237;veis vieses de g&#234;nero possam ser efetivamente evitados e resultados melhores obtidos para a sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres.</p>
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          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Diferen&#231;as Progn&#243;sticas entre Homens e Mulheres com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda. Dados de um Registro Brasileiro</p>
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