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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">64dhyGK5txPrJmgkqkFwFdQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700648</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005013105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180166</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Differences between Men and Women with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Data from a Brazilian Registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roque</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Alberto de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bossa</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biselli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana de Carvalho Andreucci Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina Feres de Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Grunspun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos V.</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#250;cio Tavares</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia - InCor - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital TotalCor</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital TotalCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Metropolitano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Serra</city>
          <state>ES</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano, Serra, ES - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro,</bold> Rua Jo&#227;o Moura, 870, apto 192b. Postal Code 05412-002, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Roque EAC; Acquisition of data: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Roque EAC, Biselli B, Leal TCAT, Soeiro MCFA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Soeiro AM, Bossa AS, Biselli B, Leal TCAT, Soeiro MCFA; Statistical analysis: Soeiro AM; Writing of the manuscript: Soeiro AM, Pitta FG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Soeiro AM, Serrano Jr. CV, Oliveira Jr. MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>648</fpage>
      <lpage>653</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Gender-related differences have been reported in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The description of this comparative finding in a Brazilian registry has not yet been documented.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare male vs. female patients regarding the baseline characteristics, coronary findings, treatment and in-hospital and long-term prognosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective, multicenter and observational study that included 3,745 patients (2,437 males and 1,308 females) between May 2010 and May 2015. The primary in-hospital outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcome consisted of combined events (cardiogenic shock, reinfarction, death, stroke and bleeding). The comparison between groups was performed using the chi-square and the t test, considering p &lt; 0.05 as significant. In the long term, mortality and combined events were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with a mean follow-up of 8.79 months.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The mean age was 60.3 years for males and 64.6 for females (p &lt; 0.0001). The most prevalent risk factor was systemic arterial hypertension in 72.9% of the women and 67.8% of the men (p = 0.001). Percutaneous coronary intervention was carried out in 44.9% of the males and 35.4% of the females (p &lt; 0.0001), and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was performed in 17% of the males and 11.8% of females (p &lt; 0.0001), with a higher prevalence of three-vessel coronary artery disease in males (27.3% vs. 16.2%, p &lt; 0.0001). Approximately 79.9% of the female patients received a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation, while in the male patients, this diagnosis was attained in 71.5% (p &lt; 0.0001). No significant differences were observed between the groups in the short and long term, regarding both mortality and the combined events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Several gender-related differences were observed in patients with acute coronary syndrome regarding the demographic characteristics, coronary artery disease pattern and implemented treatment. However, the prognostic evolution was similar between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome/epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Gender Indentify</kwd>
        <kwd>Multicenter Study</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary heart disease and, particularly Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the Western world, both in women and men. The benefits of early reperfusion therapy for ACS patients are well established. However, recent studies have shown that, according to gender, there may be variations in diagnosis, coronary stratification, and chosen reperfusion method. It has also been shown that women with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are less likely to undergo reperfusion strategies and clinical treatment than men, and there is a lack of risk awareness among women. Differences in survival between men and women, reported in some studies, may reflect not only the gender bias but also differences in coronary anatomy, age, and comorbidities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The description of these comparative data between men and women in a Brazilian registry has yet to be documented. This study was developed aiming at comparing ACS male vs. female patients regarding the baseline characteristics, coronary findings, treatment, in-hospital and medium-term prognosis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective, multicenter and observational study. A total of 3,745 patients with ACS admitted at an Emergency Sector between May 2010 and May 2015 were included. The patients were divided into two groups: male (n = 2,437) and female gender (n = 1,308). There was no exclusion criterion. All patients were submitted to a coronary angiography within 48 hours of admission.</p>
        <p>All patients who met the criteria established by the last Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) and American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines were considered to be SCA patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Non-ST elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS) was defined as the presence of chest pain associated with electrocardiographic changes, or rise/fall of troponin at hospitalization, or, in the absence of these, as clinical picture and risk factors compatible with unstable angina (chest pain at rest or at minimal effort, severe or occurring with a crescendo pattern). Major bleeding was defined by types 3 and 5 Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC)<sup>4</sup> score, and minor bleeding by types 1 and 2. Reinfarction was considered when there was chest pain recurrence associated with a new elevation in troponin levels. Ischemic cerebrovascular accident (iCVA) was considered when the patient had a new focal motor neurological deficit confirmed by cranial computed tomography. The heart failure outcome was considered when hospitalization was associated with the disease or symptoms with functional class &#8805; 2, according to the New York Heart Association classification.</p>
        <p>The following data were obtained: age, gender, body mass index, presence of diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, family history of early coronary disease, heart failure, previous coronary artery disease (AMI, angioplasty or previous CABG), hemoglobin, creatinine, troponin peak, Killip classification, left ventricular ejection fraction, systolic blood pressure, medications used in the first 24 hours of hospitalization and chosen coronary treatment.</p>
        <p>All patients were referred to the post-discharge consultation between 14 and 30 days, and to a new consultation in 6 months, undergoing ischemia or catheterization tests, requested according to the medical evaluation of the team in charge. Coronary reintervention was necessary in 7.2% of the male patients and 6.4% of the female patients at the follow-up (p = 0.48). The follow-up was carried out through telephone contact and medical record review. The study was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee. The Free and Informed Consent form was filled out by all the patients included in the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The primary in-hospital outcome was all-cause mortality. The secondary outcome consisted of combined events (cardiogenic shock, reinfarction, death, iCVA and bleeding). A descriptive analysis was performed using means and standard deviations, when using parametric tests, and median and interquartile intervals in non-parametric tests. The comparison between groups was performed using the chi-square test for categorical variables. The unpaired t-test was used for continuous variables, when the Komolgorov-Smirnov normality test showed a normal distribution, considering p &lt; 0.05 as significant. The Mann-Whitney U test was used when the distribution was non-normal. The multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression only when there was a significant difference between groups in some assessed outcome, considering p &lt; 0.05 as significant. All baseline characteristics shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> that showed a significant difference between the groups were considered as variables in the analysis.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline clinical characteristics of male vs. female patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                <th align="center">Male (n = 2,437)</th>
                <th align="center">Female (n = 1,308)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age</td>
                <td align="center">60.3 &#177; 11.6</td>
                <td align="center">64.7 &#177; 10.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI </td>
                <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 6.5</td>
                <td align="center">24.3 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus </td>
                <td align="center">1,041 (42.7)</td>
                <td align="center">627 (47.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAH </td>
                <td align="center">1,652 (67,8)</td>
                <td align="center">968 (72.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking </td>
                <td align="center">819 (33.6)</td>
                <td align="center">332 (25.4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FH positive for CAD </td>
                <td align="center">361 (14.8)</td>
                <td align="center">171 (12.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.113<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia </td>
                <td align="center">1,136 (46.6)</td>
                <td align="center">666 (50.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart failure </td>
                <td align="center">214 (8.8)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">0.778<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous iCVA </td>
                <td align="center">124 (5.1)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (5.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.925<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous AMI </td>
                <td align="center">819 (33.6)</td>
                <td align="center">378 (28.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous CABG </td>
                <td align="center">356 (14.6)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (10.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Previous CA </td>
                <td align="center">522 (21.4)</td>
                <td align="center">234 (17.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobin, mg/dL </td>
                <td align="center">14.6 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Peak troponin, ng/dL </td>
                <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL </td>
                <td align="center">1.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP, mmHg </td>
                <td align="center">134.2 &#177; 29.4</td>
                <td align="center">133.0 &#177; 27.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.104<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF,% </td>
                <td align="center">52.3 &#177; 19.9</td>
                <td align="center">51.8 &#177; 18.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip &#8805; 2 </td>
                <td align="center">212 (8.7)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (7.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.259<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ASA </td>
                <td align="center">2,383 (97.8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,267 (96.9)</td>
                <td align="center">0.081<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-blocker </td>
                <td align="center">2,149 (88.2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,105 (84.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GPI IIb/IIIa </td>
                <td align="center">202 (8.3)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (8.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.292<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Enoxaparin </td>
                <td align="center">1,859 (76.3)</td>
                <td align="center">981 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">0.405<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fondaparinux </td>
                <td align="center">258 (10.6)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (9.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Clopidogrel </td>
                <td align="center">1,772 (72.7)</td>
                <td align="center">920 (70.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.132<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statins </td>
                <td align="center">1,228 (50.4)</td>
                <td align="center">647 (49.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.768<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE inhibitor </td>
                <td align="center">1.694 (69.5)</td>
                <td align="center">870 (66.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.065<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>Results are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, median &#177; standard deviation or n (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>
                <sup>*</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Unpaired t test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>
                <sup>&#8224;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney U test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>
                <sup>&#8225;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>chi-square test. BMI: body mass index; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; FH: family history; CAD: coronary artery disease; iCVA: ischemic cerebrovascular accident; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CA: coronary angioplasty; SBP: systolic blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; GPI: glycoprotein inhibitor; ACE inhibitor: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The medium-term analysis was performed by Log-rank using Kaplan-Meier curves to assess the difference between the groups, with a mean follow-up of 8.79 months. A total of 274 patients were lost to follow-up. The evaluated outcomes were combined events (reinfarction, death and heart failure). A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. The multivariate adjustment was performed only when there was a significant difference between groups in some evaluated outcome.</p>
        <p>All calculations were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), version 10.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The mean age was 60.3 years for males and 64.6 for females (p &lt; 0.0001). The most prevalent risk factor was systemic arterial hypertension, observed in 72.9% of the women and 67.8% of the men (p = 0.001). The baseline characteristics of the study population are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the treatment, percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 44.9% of the males and 35.4% of female patients (p &lt; 0.0001). Coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 17.0% of the men vs. 11.8% of the women (p &lt; 0.0001). Regarding the coronary artery disease pattern and the clinical presentation, significant differences were observed between the male and female groups, with 27.3% vs. 16.2% with a three-vessel pattern (p &lt; 0.0001), 18.9% vs. 19.9% with a two-vessel pattern (p = 0.381), 28.5% vs. 20.1% of STE-ACS (p = 0.01) and 71.5% vs. 79.9% of non-ST elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS), respectively (p &lt; 0.0001).</p>
      <p>Regarding the comparison of in-hospital outcomes, there were no significant differences between the groups regarding mortality (3.1% vs. 3.7%, p = 0.293) and the combined events (12.2% vs. 12, 0%, p = 0.885), respectively, between males and females (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate analysis comparing different in-hospital outcomes between male vs. female patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Outcomes</th>
              <th align="center">Male (n = 2,437) n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Female (n = 1,308) n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reinfarction</td>
              <td align="center">24 (1.0)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.519 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Cardiogenic shock</td>
              <td align="center">107 (4.4)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (3.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.066 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Bleeding</td>
              <td align="center">73 (3.0)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.655 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">iCVA</td>
              <td align="center">17 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (0.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.678 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality</td>
              <td align="center">76 (3.1)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (3.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.293 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Combined events</td>
              <td align="center">297 (12.2)</td>
              <td align="center">157 (12.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.885 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <p>iCVA: ischemic cerebrovascular accident.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The medium-term follow-up did not show a significant difference regarding combined events in the male and female groups (31.3% vs. 27.7%, p = 0.769), or in relation to mortality, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Event-free survival and percentage of combined events in the medium-term comparison between males and females.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0648-80166-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of different medium-term outcomes between the groups of male vs. female patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Outcomes</th>
              <th align="center">Male (n = 2,256) n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Female (n = 1,215) n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reinfarction</td>
              <td align="center">183 (8.1)</td>
              <td align="center">77 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.980 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart Failure</td>
              <td align="center">359 (15.9)</td>
              <td align="center">204 (16.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.783 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mortality</td>
              <td align="center">165 (7.3)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (4.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.134 </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Combined events</td>
              <td align="center">706 (31.3)</td>
              <td align="center">337 (27.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.769 </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The study showed important data found in the Brazilian population, which are consistent with the results of recent publications in the literature. Significant differences were observed regarding the presence of a greater number of risk factors and older age in the female group. Higher rates of reperfusion (percutaneous or surgical) and ST-elevation ACS in men in comparison to women have also been reported as being significant. Regarding mortality and combined events, there were no significant differences between male and female patients in the short and medium-term.</p>
      <p>It is estimated that 43 million women have coronary artery disease, which is the leading cause of death in women, with approximately 400,000 deaths per year in the United States.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Nearly 43% of ACS patients are women, with approximately 360,000 women submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) only in 2007.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The number of women with ACS (34.9%) found in this study is proportionally lower than the data published in most international studies. One of the hypotheses for this fact is that there is still a reasonable index of diagnostic error regarding ACS in women, perhaps more pronounced in Brazil, due to the difficulty of access to health care services. Some studies make it clear that the clinical manifestations of coronary disease in women are sometimes non-specific and/or underrated, and a large number of female patients are discharged without a correct diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another interesting finding of this study was the fact that the group of women, in addition to being older, also had a higher number of comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Women, in most instances, are older when they exhibit their first manifestation of ACS, at a mean age of 71.8 years, compared to 65 years for men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The older age of onset in women, when compared to men, is probably due to the protective role of estrogen circulation in the vascular endothelium. This hypothesis derives mainly from the observation that the incidence of AMI increases substantially in postmenopausal women. The effects of estrogen on the vascular system include increased nitric oxide release, which leads to vasodilation, prostaglandin production regulation, and smooth muscle proliferation inhibition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Corroborating these data, a retrospective study in patients with STE-ACS showed that women were significantly older (70.9 years vs. 63 years, p &lt; 0.001) and more often had diabetes mellitus (36.2% vs. 21.0%, p &lt; 0.001) and hypertension (82.3% vs. 73.7%, p = 0.006).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As for the ACS presentation, due perhaps to the greater number of comorbidities and the older age at presentation, women classically had a higher proportion of NSTE-ACS when compared to men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In a retrospective cohort published in 2015, Worrall-Carter et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup> assessed 28,985 patients with ACS, showing that the diagnosis of NSTE-ACS was more prevalent among women than men (86% vs. 80%; p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In another study, with 7,304 patients, the higher prevalence of NSTE-ACS in women was repeated, accounting for 70.7% of the presentations in the female gender (p &lt; 0.01).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> As observed in our study, the findings in the Brazilian population follow the same global trends regarding the clinical/ electrocardiographic presentation of ACS between the genders.</p>
      <p>The coronary anatomy in female patients tends to be less complex, with a lower prevalence of three-vessel disease described in female patients, similarly to our results. The description of the three-vessel coronary artery pattern varies from 15.4% to 36.8% in females, and from 20.5% to 40.8% in males, always with a significant difference in the different analyses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, despite the theoretic simpler anatomy regarding the percutaneous coronary reperfusion approach, women are less frequently referred for appropriate treatment in comparison to men.</p>
      <p>Regardless the treatment strategy, either with thrombolytic therapy or PCI, women generally have worse outcomes than men. These data become controversial, as women have a more favorable outcome with PCI compared to thrombolytic therapy in the STE-ACS scenario and clearly benefit from an early invasive strategy in any situation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> As an example, a registry published in 2007 on patients with ACS showed that women underwent PCI less frequently than men (Odds Ratio - OR = 0.65; 95% Confidence Interval - 95%CI: 0,61-0,69), and their in-hospital mortality showed a worse index (10.7% vs. 6.3%, p &lt; 0.001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> This description in the literature is once again reinforced by the data from our study, showing higher rates of surgical and percutaneous revascularization in men. The most plausible explanation for this scenario is that women are more likely to have unusual pathophysiological mechanisms of coronary disease, such as spontaneous coronary artery dissection or coronary artery spasm. Furthermore, the fact that they have more comorbidities, such as diabetes and dyslipidemia, favors the occurrence of lesions in thinner vessels and more extensive lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Finally, in the present study, we did not find any prognostic differences, either in-hospital or in the medium term, between the genders in our population. Some studies follow the same line and also have not shown any significant differences between the genders regarding mortality in ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup> Reinforcing our finding, a study published in 2012 with 1,640 patients with ACS showed no differences in cardiovascular mortality according to gender (1.3% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.18) at the end of one year after PCI for men and women, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Finding similar mortality rates between men and women in a context of less invasive treatment in the female group may seem odd. However, drug treatment adequacy, early diagnosis and distinct pathophysiology between the genders may help to explain this finding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, in most studies, regardless of age, within 1 year after the first AMI, more women died when compared to men (26% vs. 19%), with similar results after 5 years (47% vs. 36%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> In one of the largest registries ever published on the subject, more than 2 million patients submitted to CABG were analyzed, comparing the prognosis between the genders. Unadjusted in-hospital mortality was higher in women (3.2% vs. 1.8%, p &lt; 0.001). The female gender remained an independent predictor of mortality after the multivariate adjustment (OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.36-1.43, p &lt; 0.001) in all age groups. However, an interesting result was the observation that in-hospital mortality declined at a faster rate in women (3.8% to 2.7%) than in men (2.2% to 1.6%) between 2003 and 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>Despite the large sample, this study is retrospective and has a much higher number of male patients in relation to the female group. Such differences are based on the actual incidence of ACS in the population and also on the failure to recognize the disease in women. Also, we do not have a description of the type of vascular access used, something that may influence the rate of bleeding associated with the percutaneous coronary intervention. Unusual manifestations of coronary disease, such as spasm or spontaneous dissection, were not described separately. The loss to follow-up of 7.3% of the patients may have influenced the results. Finally, patients with systemic diseases or neoplasias were not excluded, which could have influenced survival.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Multiple gender-related differences were observed in patients with acute coronary syndrome, regarding demographic characteristics, coronary artery disease pattern and implemented treatment. However, the in-hospital and medium-term prognostic evolution was similar between the groups.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CAPPesq under the protocol number 38511114.7.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferen&#231;as Progn&#243;sticas entre Homens e Mulheres com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda. Dados de um Registro Brasileiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roque</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Alberto de Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bossa</surname>
            <given-names>Aline Siqueira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biselli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana de Carvalho Andreucci Torres</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carolina Feres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Grunspun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos V.</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#250;cio Tavares</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Emerg&#234;ncia - InCor - HCFMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital TotalCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Metropolitano, Serra, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro,</bold> Rua Jo&#227;o Moura, 870, apto 192b. CEP 05412-002, Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Roque EAC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Soeiro AM, Silva PGMB, Roque EAC, Biselli B, Leal TCAT, Soeiro MCFA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Soeiro AM, Bossa AS, Biselli B, Leal TCAT, Soeiro MCFA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Soeiro AM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Soeiro AM, Pitta FG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Soeiro AM, Serrano Jr. CV, Oliveira Jr. MT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Existem diferen&#231;as relatadas entre pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, de acordo com o sexo. A descri&#231;&#227;o deste achado comparativo em registro brasileiro ainda n&#227;o foi documentada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar pacientes do sexo masculino vs. feminino quanto a caracter&#237;sticas basais, achados coronarianos, tratamento e progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar e em longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico e observacional, no qual foram inclu&#237;dos 3.745 pacientes (2.437 do sexo masculino e 1.308 do sexo feminino) entre maio de 2010 e maio de 2015. O desfecho prim&#225;rio intra-hospitalar foi mortalidade por todas as causas. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi eventos combinados (choque cardiog&#234;nico, reinfarto, morte, acidente vascular cerebral e sangramento). A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos foi realizada por meio de qui-quadrado e teste <italic>t</italic>, sendo considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05. Em longo prazo, foram avaliados a mortalidade e os eventos combinados pelo m&#233;todo Kaplan-Meier, com seguimento m&#233;dio de 8,79 meses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 60,3 anos no sexo masculino e 64,6 no feminino (p &lt; 0,0001). O fator de risco mais prevalente foi hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em 72,9% das mulheres e 67,8% nos homens (p = 0,001). Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea foi realizada em 44,9% no sexo masculino e 35,4% no feminino (p &lt; 0,0001), e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica em 17% no sexo masculino e 11,8% no feminino (p &lt; 0,0001), com maior preval&#234;ncia de padr&#227;o coronariano triarterial no sexo masculino (27,3% vs. 16,2%; p &lt; 0,0001). Cerca de 79,9% dos pacientes do sexo feminino enquadraram-se no diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, enquanto no sexo masculino este n&#250;mero foi de 71,5% (p &lt; 0,0001). Em curto e longo prazos n&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos, tanto em mortalidade quanto em eventos combinados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Observaram-se m&#250;ltiplas diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda no que se refere a caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, padr&#227;o coronariano e tratamento adotado. No entanto, a evolu&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica foi semelhante entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda/epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Identidade de G&#234;nero</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Multic&#234;ntrico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e, em particular, a S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda (SCA), &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade e morbidade no mundo ocidental, tanto em mulheres como em homens. Os benef&#237;cios do tratamento de reperfus&#227;o precoce para pacientes com SCA est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. No entanto, estudos recentes t&#234;m mostrado que, de acordo com o sexo, pode haver varia&#231;&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico, na estratifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e no m&#233;todo de reperfus&#227;o escolhido. Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que mulheres com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) s&#227;o menos propensas do que os homens a serem submetidas a estrat&#233;gias de reperfus&#227;o e tratamento cl&#237;nico, e que falta consci&#234;ncia do risco entre elas. Diferen&#231;as na sobrevida entre homens e mulheres, relatadas em alguns estudos, podem n&#227;o s&#243; refletir o vi&#233;s de sexo em quest&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m diferen&#231;as na anatomia coronariana, idade e comorbidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o destes dados comparativos entre homens e mulheres em registro brasileiro ainda n&#227;o foi documentada. Desenvolvemos este estudo com o objetivo de comparar pacientes do sexo masculino vs. feminino com SCA quanto a caracter&#237;sticas basais, achados coronarianos, tratamento e progn&#243;stico intra-hospitalar e em m&#233;dio prazo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, multic&#234;ntrico e observacional. Inclu&#237;ram-se 3.745 pacientes com SCA admitidos entre maio de 2010 a maio de 2015 em um setor de emerg&#234;ncia. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: sexo masculino (n = 2.437) e sexo feminino (n = 1.308). N&#227;o houve crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cineangiocoronariografia em at&#233; 48 horas da admiss&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Consideraram-se como SCA todos os pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pela &#250;ltima diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) e da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup> SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST foi definida como presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica associada &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, ou eleva&#231;&#227;o/queda de troponina na interna&#231;&#227;o, ou, na aus&#234;ncia destes, como quadro cl&#237;nico e fatores de risco compat&#237;veis com angina inst&#225;vel (dor tor&#225;cica ao repouso ou aos m&#237;nimos esfor&#231;os, severa ou ocorrendo em padr&#227;o em crescendo). Sangramento maior foi definido pelo escore <italic>Bleeding Academic Research Consortium</italic> (BARC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup> tipos 3 e 5, e sangramento menor pelos tipos 1 e 2. Reinfarto foi considerado quando houve recorr&#234;ncia da dor tor&#225;cica associada &#224; nova eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina. Acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico (AVCi) foi considerado quando o paciente apresentasse novo d&#233;fice neurol&#243;gico focal motor confirmado por tomografia computadorizada de cr&#226;nio. O desfecho de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi considerado quando houve interna&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; doen&#231;a ou sintomas com classe funcional &#8805; 2, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>.</p>
          <p>Os seguintes dados foram obtidos: idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, presen&#231;a de diabetes melito, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, tabagismo, dislipidemia, hist&#243;ria familiar para doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria precoce, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via (IAM, angioplastia ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica anterior), hemoglobina, creatinina, pico de troponina, classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas nas primeiras 24 horas da interna&#231;&#227;o e tratamento coronariano adotado.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram encaminhados &#224; consulta p&#243;s-alta entre 14 e 30 dias, e nova consulta em 6 meses, realizando testes de isquemia ou cateterismo, solicitados conforme avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica da equipe respons&#225;vel. Em 7,2% dos pacientes do sexo masculino e 6,4% dos pacientes do sexo feminino, houve a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o coronariana no seguimento (p = 0,48). O seguimento foi realizado por meio de contato telef&#244;nico e revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios.</p>
          <p>O trabalho foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa. O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foi preenchido por todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio intra-hospitalar foi mortalidade por todas as causas. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi eventos combinados (choque cardiog&#234;nico, reinfarto, morte, AVCi e sangramento). An&#225;lise descritiva foi realizada utilizando m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o, quando utilizados testes param&#233;tricos, e medianas e intervalos interquartis em testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos foi realizada por meio do teste qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, quando o teste de normalidade Komolgorov-Smirnov mostrava distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, empregou-se o teste <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareado, sendo considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05. Caso a distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seguisse o padr&#227;o de normalidade, utilizamos o teste Mann-Whitney U. A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica somente quando houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupos em algum desfecho avaliado, sendo considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05. Foram consideradas, como vari&#225;veis na an&#225;lise, todas as caracter&#237;sticas basais apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 1</xref>, nas quais houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais de pacientes do sexo masculino vs. feminino</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="15%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th align="center">Masculino (n = 2.437)</th>
                  <th align="center">Feminino (n = 1.308)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center">60,3 &#177; 11,6</td>
                  <td align="center">64,7 &#177; 10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC </td>
                  <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">24,3 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                  <td align="center">1.041 (42,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">627 (47,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">1.652 (67,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">968 (72,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">819 (33,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">332 (25,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HF positiva para DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">361 (14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (12,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,113<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.136 (46,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">666 (50,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">214 (8,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,778<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVCi pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,925<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">819 (33,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">378 (28,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CRM pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">356 (14,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ATC pr&#233;via </td>
                  <td align="center">522 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">234 (17,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hemoglobina, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pico de troponina, ng/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">134,2 &#177; 29,4</td>
                  <td align="center">133,0 &#177; 27,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,104<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">52,3 &#177; 19,9</td>
                  <td align="center">51,8 &#177; 18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Killip &#8805; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">212 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (7,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,259<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AAS</td>
                  <td align="center">2.383 (97,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.267 (96,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,081<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">2.149 (88,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.105 (84,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IGP IIb/IIIa</td>
                  <td align="center">202 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,292<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Enoxaparina</td>
                  <td align="center">1.859 (76,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">981 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,405<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fondaparinux</td>
                  <td align="center">258 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">1.772 (72,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">920 (70,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,132<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatinas</td>
                  <td align="center">1.228 (50,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">647 (49,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,768<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IECA</td>
                  <td align="center">1.694 (69,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">870 (66,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,065<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN06">
                <p>Resultados expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n (%).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <label>
                  <sup>*</sup>
                </label>
                <p>Teste t n&#227;o pareado;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <label>
                  <sup>&#8224;</sup>
                </label>
                <p>teste Mann-Whitney U;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <label>
                  <sup>&#8225;</sup>
                </label>
                <p>teste qui-quadrado. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HF: hist&#243;ria familiar; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ATC: angioplastia coron&#225;ria; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; IGP: inibidor de glicoprote&#237;na; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A an&#225;lise em m&#233;dio prazo foi realizada por Log-rank por meio de curvas de Kaplan-Meier, para avaliar a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, com seguimento m&#233;dio de 8,79 meses. Houve perda de 274 pacientes no seguimento. Os desfechos avaliados foram eventos combinados (reinfarto, morte e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). Foi considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05. O ajuste multivariado foi realizado somente quando houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre grupos em algum desfecho avaliado.</p>
          <p>Todos os c&#225;lculos foram realizados utilizando o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 10.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 60,3 anos no sexo masculino e 64,6 no sexo feminino (p &lt; 0,0001). O fator de risco mais prevalente foi hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, observado em 72,9% das mulheres e 67,8% nos homens (p = 0,001). As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada encontram-se na tabela 1.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento, foi realizada interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea em 44,9% no sexo masculino e 35,4% no feminino (p &lt; 0,0001). Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada em 17,0% dos homens vs. 11,8% das mulheres (p &lt; 0,0001). Quanto ao padr&#227;o arterial coron&#225;rio e &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos masculino e feminino, sendo 27,3% vs. 16,2% triarteriais (p &lt; 0,0001), 18,9% vs. 19,9% biarteriais (p = 0,381), 28,5% vs. 20,1% de SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST (p = 0,01) e 71,5% vs. 79,9% de SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST (p &lt; 0,0001), respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos quanto aos desfechos intra-hospitalares, n&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade (3,1% vs. 3,7%; p = 0,293) e aos eventos combinados (12,2% vs. 12,0%; p = 0,885), respectivamente, entre homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise univariada comparando diferentes desfechos intra-hospitalares entre os grupos de pacientes do sexo masculino vs. feminino</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                <th align="center">Masculino (n = 2.437) n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Feminino (n = 1.308) n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reinfarto</td>
                <td align="center">24 (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,519</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
                <td align="center">107 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sangramento</td>
                <td align="center">73 (3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,655</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVCi</td>
                <td align="center">17 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,678</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">76 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,293</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eventos combinados</td>
                <td align="center">297 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">157 (12,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,885</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>AVCi: acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O seguimento em m&#233;dio prazo n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa em eventos combinados nos grupos masculino e feminino (31,3% vs. 27,7%; p = 0,769), e nemem rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sobrevida e porcentagem livre de eventos combinados em m&#233;dio prazo comparativa entre os sexos masculino e feminino.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-05-0648-80166-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de diferentes desfechos em m&#233;dio prazo entre os grupos de pacientes do sexo masculino vs. feminino</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                <th align="center">Masculino (n = 2.256) n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Feminino (n = 1.215) n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reinfarto</td>
                <td align="center">183 (8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,980</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">359 (15,9)</td>
                <td align="center">204 (16,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,783</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">165 (7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Eventos combinados</td>
                <td align="center">706 (31,3)</td>
                <td align="center">337 (27,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,769</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo mostrou dados importantes reproduzidos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, que condizem com os resultados de publica&#231;&#245;es recentes na literatura. Observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de maior n&#250;mero de fatores de risco e maior idade no grupo feminino. Tamb&#233;m foram relatadas maiores taxas de reperfus&#227;o (percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica) e de SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST nos homens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres, de maneira significativa. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade e eventos combinados, n&#227;o se demonstraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre pacientes do sexo masculino e feminino em curto e m&#233;dio prazo.</p>
        <p>Estima-se que 43 milh&#245;es de mulheres tenham doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, que &#233; a principal causa de morte em mulheres, com cerca de 400 mil mortes por ano nos Estados Unidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Quase 43% dos pacientes com SCA s&#227;o mulheres, sendo que cerca de 360 mil mulheres foram submetidas &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea (ICP) somente em 2007.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O n&#250;mero de mulheres com SCA (34,9%) encontrado neste estudo proporcionalmente &#233; menor que os dados publicados na maioria dos estudos internacionais. Uma das hip&#243;teses para tal seria o fato de que ainda h&#225; um &#237;ndice razo&#225;vel de erro diagn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; SCA em mulheres, talvez mais acentuado no Brasil, devido &#224; dificuldade de acesso aos servi&#231;os de assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. Alguns estudos deixam claro que as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria nas mulheres por vezes s&#227;o inespec&#237;ficas e/ou subjulgadas, e um n&#250;mero elevado de pacientes do sexo feminino recebe alta hospitalar sem o diagn&#243;stico correto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outro achado interessante deste estudo foi o fato de que o grupo de mulheres, al&#233;m de ter idade mais avan&#231;ada, tamb&#233;m apresenta maior &#237;ndice de comorbidades, como diabetes melito, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia. As mulheres, na maioria das vezes, s&#227;o mais velhas quando apresentam sua primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o de SCA, com idade m&#233;dia de 71,8 anos, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 65 anos para homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A idade mais avan&#231;ada de in&#237;cio em mulheres, comparada aos homens, &#233; provavelmente devido ao papel protetor de circula&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nios no endot&#233;lio vascular. Esta hip&#243;tese &#233; derivada principalmente da observa&#231;&#227;o de que a incid&#234;ncia de IAM aumenta substancialmente em mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa. Os efeitos do estrog&#234;nio no sistema vascular incluem aumento da libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, que leva &#224; vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, regula&#231;&#227;o de produ&#231;&#227;o de prostaglandina e inibi&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;sculo liso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Corroborando estes dados, estudo retrospectivo em pacientes com SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST mostrou que as mulheres eram significativamente mais velhas (70,9 anos vs. 63 anos; p &lt; 0,001) e mais frequentemente apresentaram diabetes melito (36,2% vs. 21,0%; p &lt; 0,001) e hipertens&#227;o (82,3% vs. 73,7%; p = 0,006).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da SCA, talvez pelo maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades e pela idade mais avan&#231;ada na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, classicamente as mulheres apresentam propor&#231;&#227;o maior de SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST, quando comparadas aos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em uma coorte retrospectiva publicada em 2015, Worrall-Carter et al.,<sup>8</sup> avaliaram 28.985 pacientes com SCA, mostrando que o diagn&#243;stico de SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST foi mais prevalente entre mulheres do que em homens (86% vs. 80%; p &lt; 0,001).<sup>8</sup> Em outro estudo, com 7.304 pacientes, a preval&#234;ncia maior de SCA sem supradesnivelamento de ST em mulheres se repete, perfazendo 70,7% das apresenta&#231;&#245;es no sexo feminino vs. 4,7% no sexo masculino (p &lt; 0,01).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Conforme observado em nosso estudo, os achados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira seguem as mesmas tend&#234;ncias mundiais quanto &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica/eletrocardiogr&#225;fica da SCA entre sexos.</p>
        <p>A anatomia coronariana em pacientes do sexo feminino tende a ser menos complexa, com preval&#234;ncia descrita menor de pacientes triateriais, assim como encontrado em nossos resultados. A descri&#231;&#227;o de padr&#227;o coron&#225;rio triarterial varia entre 15,4% a 36,8%, no sexo feminino, e 20,5% a 40,8%, no sexo masculino, sempre com diferen&#231;a significativa nas diferentes an&#225;lises.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> No entanto, apesar da anatomia em teoria mais simples quanto &#224; abordagem relacionada &#224; reperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, as mulheres s&#227;o menos frequentemente encaminhadas para tratamento adequado, em compara&#231;&#227;o com homens. Independentemente da estrat&#233;gia de tratamento com terapia trombol&#237;tica ou ICP, as mulheres geralmente apresentam piores resultados do que os homens. Estes dados tornam-se controversos, uma vez que as mulheres t&#234;m resultado mais favor&#225;vel com ICP, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia trombol&#237;tica, no cen&#225;rio de SCA com supradesnivelamento de ST e beneficiam-se claramente de estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce em qualquer cen&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Como exemplo, registro publicado em 2007 com pacientes com SCA mostrou que as mulheres foram submetidas &#224; ICP com menos frequ&#234;ncia do que os homens (<italic>Odds Ratio</italic> &#8722; OR = 0,65; Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% &#8722; IC95%: 0,61-0,69), e sua mortalidade intra-hospitalar resultou em um &#237;ndice pior (10,7% vs. 6,3%; p &lt; 0,001).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Esta descri&#231;&#227;o em literatura mais uma vez &#233; refor&#231;ada pelos dados do nosso estudo, mostrando taxas maiores de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e percut&#226;nea em homens. A explica&#231;&#227;o mais plaus&#237;vel para este cen&#225;rio &#233; que mulheres s&#227;o mais propensas a ter mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos incomuns de doen&#231;a coronariana, como a dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ou espasmo de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Al&#233;m disso, o fato de terem mais comorbidades, como diabetes e dislipidemia, favorece a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#245;es em vasos mais finos e com les&#245;es mais extensas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por &#250;ltimo, no estudo apresentado, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as progn&#243;sticas, nem intra-hospitalar e nem em m&#233;dio prazo, entre os sexos em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Alguns estudos seguem a mesma linha e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mostram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os sexos quanto &#224; mortalidade em SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Refor&#231;ando nosso achado, estudo publicado em 2012 com 1.640 pacientes com SCA n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as de mortalidade cardiovascular de acordo com o sexo (1,3% vs. 2,7%; p = 0,18) ao final de 1 ano ap&#243;s a ICP para homens e mulheres, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Encontrar &#237;ndices semelhantes de mortalidade entre homens e mulheres em um contexto de menor tratamento invasivo no grupo feminino pode parecer estranho. No entanto, a adequa&#231;&#227;o do tratamento medicamentoso, o diagn&#243;stico precoce e a fisiopatologia distinta entre os sexos podem ajudar a explicar este achado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por&#233;m, na maior parte dos estudos, independentemente da idade, dentro de 1 ano ap&#243;s um primeiro IAM, mais mulheres do que homens morreram (26% vs. 19%), com resultados similares ap&#243;s 5 anos (47% vs. 36%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em um dos maiores registros j&#225; publicados sobre o assunto, mais de 2 milh&#245;es de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foram analisados, comparando-se o progn&#243;stico entre os sexos. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar n&#227;o ajustada foi maior em mulheres (3,2% vs. 1,8%; p &lt; 0,001). Sexo feminino permaneceu preditor independente de mortalidade ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado (OR = 1,40; IC95% 1,36-1,43; p &lt; 0,001) em todas as faixas et&#225;rias. No entanto, resultado interessante foi a observa&#231;&#227;o de que a mortalidade intra-hospitalar diminuiu a uma taxa mais r&#225;pida em mulheres (3,8% para 2,7%) do que nos homens (2,2% para 1,6%) entre 2003 a 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Apesar da grande casu&#237;stica, este estudo &#233; retrospectivo e apresenta um n&#250;mero muito maior de pacientes do sexo masculino em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo feminino. Tais diferen&#231;as se baseiam na pr&#243;pria incid&#234;ncia da SCA na popula&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m da falha no reconhecimento da doen&#231;a em mulheres. Tamb&#233;m, n&#227;o temos a descri&#231;&#227;o do tipo de acesso vascular utilizado, algo que pode influenciar na taxa de sangramento associado &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es incomuns de doen&#231;a coronariana, como espasmo ou dissec&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea, n&#227;o foram descritas separadamente. A perda de seguimento de 7,3% dos pacientes pode influenciar nos resultados. Por &#250;ltimo, n&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas ou neoplasias, podendo influenciar na sobrevida.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Observaram-se m&#250;ltiplas diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, no que se refere a caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, padr&#227;o coronariano e tratamento adotado. No entanto, a evolu&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica intra-hospitalar e em m&#233;dio prazo foi semelhante entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da CAPPesq sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 38511114.7.0000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
