<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">n9hKhQbvHWnmJmJ3NrzYkqx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001700645</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180232</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Structural Heart Interventional Imagers - The New Face of Cardiac Imaging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Dee Dee</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minneapolis Heart Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Abbott Northwestern Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Minneapolis</city>
          <state>Minnesota</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Minneapolis Heart Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis - Minnesota - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Valve Science Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Minneapolis</city>
          <state>Minnesota</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Valve Science Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Henry Ford Health System</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Center for Structural Heart Disease</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Detroit</city>
          <state>Michigan</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Center for Structural Heart Disease, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit - Michigan - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o L. Cavalcante</bold>, Minneapolis Heart Institute - 800 East 28th Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55407 Email: <email>joao.cavalcante@allina.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>645</fpage>
      <lpage>647</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiology/education</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiology/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Diffusion of Innovation</kwd>
        <kwd>Education, Medical, Graduate/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Multimodal Imaging/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement/economic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>With the aging of the world&#8217;s population, there has been a parallel growth of valvular heart disease. The development and establishment of less-invasive transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has provided a different framework to approach these patients through a multi-disciplinary heart team for planning and treatment. This multi-disciplinary heart team allows the sharing of different expertise and knowledge in order to improve patient care. Although TAVR is one example, many other transcatheter structural heart interventions for the mitral valve, left atrial appendage, paravalvular leak closure, and tricuspid valve, will continue to expand the armamentarium of less-invasive therapies for these typically high-risk patients.</p>
    <p>Within this context of continued expansion of devices and procedures, there has been increased demand for physicians with specific procedural-based skills and advanced cardiac imaging training in both echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography (CCT). However, the relative novelty of this subspecialty, brings many challenges. In the presence of poorly defined training requisites and skill-sets and lack of appropriate procedural reimbursement and recognition of the advanced level of peri-procedural imaging and medical care provided, there are many barriers to sustainability and expansion of this unique subspecialty.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Training in structural heart disease imaging</title>
      <p>Although training in multi-modality imaging has been well outlined,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> there are no specific training guidelines and/or requirements for SHD imagers as demonstrated by the results of a recent European survey.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Some of the challenges currently faced by cardiology fellows who look for SHD imaging training include finding training centers with enough high-risk clinical volume and exposure to a variety of high-risk procedures so they can train beyond traditional TAVR procedures. This brings an inevitable question of whether adequate SHD imaging training should therefore be reserved to a small number of centers with sufficient knowledge and experience in these procedures. What should constitute the minimal portfolio of procedures, their degree of complexity, the number of cases performed for procedural planning and for intraprocedural guidance to achieve adequate proficiency are some of the questions whose answers remain unclear.</p>
      <p>The majority of high-volume programs can provide comprehensive exposure for adequate training, particularly in TAVR, Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) and Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) closure procedures. Transcatheter mitral valve repair with MitraClip system (Abbott Vascular, Menlo Park, CA) is also becoming increasingly more commonly performed and should become a standard part of the SHD imager training. On the other hand, transcatheter procedures such as paravalvular leak closure, transcatheter mitral valve replacement and percutaneous tricuspid interventions are more complex and less frequently performed, and therefore should involve different expectations for what is considered the minimal requirement to achieve proficiency.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Important job attributes</title>
      <p>We have recently provided a brief outline including some of the main characteristics and attributes necessary for the success of Structural Heart Disease (SHD) imagers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> One of the key components is to have exquisite understanding of and training in these imaging modalities so the imager can integrate and succinctly present information to the heart team, as well as provide value for further recommendations in diagnostic testing and interpretation of data, particularly when there are conflicting reports.</p>
      <p>In pre-procedural planning, review and synthesis of serial imaging studies is required to evaluate for progressive changes in cardiac function, chamber size, and severity of valvular pathology. This is particularly important when multi-valvular disease is present, which can pose a challenge in both diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. More often than not, using multi-modality imaging and hemodynamic evaluation can be necessary to clarify the clinical question(s).</p>
      <p>During intraprocedural guidance, SHD imagers learn to be agile, focused, mindful and able to protect themselves from radiation exposure. The ability to apply multi-modality critical thinking to integrate and combine clinical information and imaging findings (fluoroscopy and TEE) implies a physician trained skill-set that imagers can develop overtime. Interventional imaging physician driving critical-thinking imaging becomes invaluable to procedural success, much more than any form of imaging overlay or fusion. In-depth knowledge of particular devices and procedural steps, as well as clear, succinct and timely communication with the interventional cardiologist and other team members are critical attributes of a successful SHD Imager, thus implying solid knowledge of the timing and importance of his/her role.</p>
      <p>Post-procedurally, SHD imagers must be able to correlate imaging findings with intraprocedural results and potential device complications. Exposure to a variety of SHD interventions is required in order to generate sufficient imaging experience, to allow the mitigation of complications and to promote safety during high-risk transcatheter procedures. A SHD imager who has developed these unique skill sets will be an indispensable asset to a SHD heart team and a key component to achieve excellent procedure safety and outcomes.</p>
      <p>Given the dynamic nature of this field, continued changes are expected on the standard training curriculum, reflecting important updates in the medical literature, device iterations and procedural changes. This can be done by attending annual meetings and industry-sponsored seminars, participating in online CME opportunities and structural imaging workshops, all of which can help refresh and enhance imaging skills.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Radiation exposure is a potential job hazard for the shd imager</title>
      <p>Although the issue of radiation exposure was not adequately studied until relatively recently,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> it certainly represents one of the most important job hazards for the SHD imager. Both publications<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> confirm that the SHD imager can be subject to very high levels of radiation exposure in structural cases.</p>
      <p>Therefore, given the increased complexity of these procedures, which demand more fluoroscopic and imaging guidance, one can only hope that it remains an important area for future research and technological development. At present time, a number of simple measures, such as the use of protective lead apron, portable ceiling-suspended lead shield and distancing from the X-ray source, can provide important strategies to minimize exposure and the potential risk associated with it.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Work environments and hospital management teams need to be supportive of and accomodating to providing the necessary resources that can minimize the potential consequences of excessive radiation exposure outlined by the authors.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Reimbursement and sustainability of work enviroment</title>
      <p>At the majority of programs in the United States, the SHD Interventional Imager is considered part of the non-invasive general cardiologist group. This occurs at private-practice groups, hospital-employed group-practices or at major academic centers. This creates a significant mismatch between the amount of time that is required to plan and guide complex SHD procedures, and the reimbursement currently allocated to the SHD imager. In the current model, the amount of work relative value units (wRVU) dictates the metrics for purposes of reimbursement and final wages. Simply put, the more procedures a physician does, the more studies he/she reads, the more he/she can charge.</p>
      <p>The current model does not reflect the time spent on procedural planning, the required skill-set to successfully guide complex SHD interventions, nor does it account for the potential adverse health-effects on the SHD imager, such as radiation exposure. Let&#8217;s take, for example, an uncomplicated MitraClip procedure. This Mitraclip procedure is dependent on intraprocedural transesophageal (TEE) guidance, and requires 90+ mins of uninterrupted real-time TEE 3D imaging procedural guidance. This is billed as one umbrella SHD intraprocedural TEE code (93355), with an associated wRVU measure of 4.66, therefore amounting to a $230 charge. Within the same time frame, another &#8220;non-invasive&#8221; cardiologist could have read 10-15 transthoracic echocardiograms (valued at 1.3 wRVU per study) or 3-4 TEEs (valued at 2.3 wRVU per study), which demonstrates, by traditional productivity metrics, more value to an institution than the Interventional Imaging physician functioning as a second operator in the Mitraclip procedure who is additionally getting radiation exposure. [source: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://asecho.org/2018-medicare-physician-fee-schedule-final-rule">http://asecho.org/2018-medicare-physician-fee-schedule-final-rule</ext-link>].</p>
      <p>SHD imagers must continue to advocate recognition for the unique requirements to thrive in this emerging subspecialty. Sustainability within a SHD imaging career track is directly dependent upon fair productivity metrics. Many graduating fellows show a clear interest in pursuing further SHD Interventional Imaging training. However, current reimbursement practice models will deter potential trainees from embracing this new subspecialty field of medicine. A salary-based model is more likely to facilitate a successful SHD imaging career, as opposed to the traditional wRVU productivity model. Until societal guidelines are established for this emerging field, differential procedural codes will continue to fall short on allocating and compensating SHD imaging time properly.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Future directions</title>
      <p>The presence of a skilled SHD imager is critical to the growth and success of any high-volume SHD program. The recent, strongly positive results of the COAPT trial<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> emphasize the opportunity for a multi-societal level discussion. In order to allow sustainable growth and continue to provide the imaging support necessary for patient safety and the success of these high-risk transcatheter procedures, it is necessary to revise the current structural and payment model which provides insignificant acknowledgement to the SHD imager; a Co-operator who is absolutely necessary to successfully execute this procedure.</p>
      <p>Together, these findings emphasize the critical need for and the opportunity to recognize SHD interventional imaging as a subspecialty within Cardiology and Cardiac Imaging and importantly, to legitimize the SHD imager as the second procedure operator, equally dedicated to exceptional patient care.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Chandrashekhar Y, Dilsizian V, Kramer CM, Marwick T, Min JK, Shaw L, et al. Implementing multimodality imaging in the future. <italic>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</italic>. 2016;9(2):91-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chandrashekhar</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dilsizian</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kramer</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Min</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Implementing multimodality imaging in the future</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>91</fpage>
          <lpage>98</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Grapsa J, Kunadian V, Capodanno D, Vidal-Perez R, Radu M, Christia P, et al. Joint EACVI HIT/EAPCI young survey/ESC CoT survey: training and education for 'multimodality imaging in structural interventions': the rise of a new sub-specialty? <italic>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</italic>. 2016;17(12):1432-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grapsa</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kunadian</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capodanno</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vidal-Perez</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Radu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christia</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Joint EACVI HIT/EAPCI young survey/ESC CoT survey: training and education for 'multimodality imaging in structural interventions': the rise of a new sub-specialty?</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1432</fpage>
          <lpage>1433</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Wang DD, Geske J, Choi AD, Khalique O, Lee J, Atianzar K, et al. Navigating a career in structural heart disease interventional imaging. <italic>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</italic>. 2018 Sep 6:pii:S1936-878X(18)30651-X [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geske</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khalique</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atianzar</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Navigating a career in structural heart disease interventional imaging</chapter-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <day>06</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="pii">S1936-878X(18)30651-X</pub-id>
          <comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Salaun E, Carles S, Bigand E, Pankert M, Aldebert P, Jaussaud N, et al. High Radiation Exposure of the imaging specialist during structural heart interventions with echocardiographic guidance. <italic>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</italic>. 2017;10(6):626-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salaun</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carles</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bigand</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pankert</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aldebert</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaussaud</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High Radiation Exposure of the imaging specialist during structural heart interventions with echocardiographic guidance</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>626</fpage>
          <lpage>627</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Crowhurst JA, Scalia GM, Whitby M, Murdoch D, Robinson BJ, Turner A,et al. Radiation exposure of operators performing transesophageal echocardiography during percutaneous structural cardiac interventions. <italic>J Am Coll Cardiol</italic>. 2018;71(11):1246-54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Crowhurst</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scalia</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whitby</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murdoch</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Radiation exposure of operators performing transesophageal echocardiography during percutaneous structural cardiac interventions</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1246</fpage>
          <lpage>1254</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Hirshfeld JW Jr, Ferrari VA, Bengel FM, Bergersen L, Chambers CE, Einstein AJ, et al. 2018 ACC/HRS/NASCI/SCAI/SCCT Expert Consensus Document on Optimal Use of Ionizing Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging: Best Practices for Safety and Effectiveness: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways. <italic>J Am Coll Cardiol</italic>. 2018;71(24):2829-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hirshfeld</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bengel</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergersen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chambers</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Einstein</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2018 ACC/HRS/NASCI/SCAI/SCCT Expert Consensus Document on Optimal Use of Ionizing Radiation in Cardiovascular Imaging: Best Practices for Safety and Effectiveness: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2829</fpage>
          <lpage>2855</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, Kar S, Lim DS, Mishell JM, et al. Weissman NJ, et al.and Investigators C. Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure. <italic>N Engl J Med</italic>. 2018 Sep 23 [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>GW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lim</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mishell</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <comment>Weissman NJ, et al.and Investigators C</comment>
          <article-title>Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <day>23</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
          <comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Especialistas em Imagens Intervencionistas do Cora&#231;&#227;o - A Nova Face da Imagem Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Dee Dee</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Minneapolis Heart Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis - Minnesota - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Valve Science Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Center for Structural Heart Disease, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit - Michigan - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o L. Cavalcante,</bold> Minneapolis Heart Institute - 800 East 28th Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55407 Email: <email>joao.cavalcante@allina.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiologia/educa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Compet&#234;ncia Cl&#237;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Difus&#227;o de Inova&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem Multimodal/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter/economia.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Com o envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial, tem havido, paralelamente, o crescimento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas valvares. O desenvolvimento e estabelecimento da substitui&#231;&#227;o valvular a&#243;rtica percut&#226;nea (TAVR, em ingl&#234;s) proporcionou uma nova estrutura para o tratamento desses pacientes por meio de uma equipe multidisciplinar de planejamento e tratamento. Esta equipe cardiovascular multidisciplinar permite o compartilhamento de diferentes conhecimentos e especialidades, com o intuito de melhorar o atendimento aos pacientes. Embora a TAVR seja um exemplo, muitas outras interven&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais percut&#226;neas para v&#225;lvula mitral, ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo, fechamento de escape paravalvar e v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide continuar&#227;o expandindo o arsenal de terapias menos invasivas para esses pacientes, tipicamente considerados como de alto risco.</p>
      <p>Dentro desse contexto de cont&#237;nua expans&#227;o de dispositivos e procedimentos, tem havido um aumento na demanda por m&#233;dicos com habilidades procedimentais espec&#237;ficas e treinamento avan&#231;ado em imagem card&#237;aca, tanto em ecocardiografia quanto em tomografia computadorizada card&#237;aca (TCC). Entretanto, a relativa novidade desta subespecialidade traz muitos desafios. Diante da escassa defini&#231;&#227;o dos requisitos de treinamento e conjuntos de habilidades, al&#233;m da falta de reembolso procedimental e reconhecimento adequados ao avan&#231;ado n&#237;vel de imagens peri-procedimentais e cuidados m&#233;dicos, h&#225; muitas barreiras &#224; sustentabilidade e expans&#227;o desta subespecialidade &#250;nica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Forma&#231;&#227;o em imagem de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais</title>
        <p>Embora a forma&#231;&#227;o em imageamento multimodal j&#225; tenha sido bem delineada,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> ainda n&#227;o h&#225; diretrizes espec&#237;ficas quanto &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o e/ou requisitos para especialistas em imagens de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas estruturais (DCE), conforme demonstrado pelos resultados de uma pesquisa recentemente realizada na Europa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Alguns dos desafios atualmente enfrentados pelos bolsistas de cardiologia que buscam forma&#231;&#227;o em imagem de DCE incluem a procura por centros de forma&#231;&#227;o com volume cl&#237;nico de alto risco suficiente e exposi&#231;&#227;o a uma variedade de procedimentos de alto risco, de modo a obter capacita&#231;&#227;o para al&#233;m dos procedimentos tradicionais de TAVR. Isto traz uma quest&#227;o inevit&#225;vel sobre se a forma&#231;&#227;o adequada em imagens de DEC deve, assim, ficar reservada a um pequeno n&#250;mero de centros com conhecimento e experi&#234;ncia suficientes em tais procedimentos. O que deve constituir o portf&#243;lio m&#237;nimo de procedimentos, seu grau de complexidade, o n&#250;mero de casos realizados para o planejamento de procedimentos e a orienta&#231;&#227;o intraprocedimental a fim de obter a profici&#234;ncia adequada s&#227;o algumas das perguntas cujas respostas permanecem obscuras.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos programas de alto volume &#233; capaz de oferecer uma exposi&#231;&#227;o abrangente, para uma forma&#231;&#227;o adequada, particularmente nos procedimentos de TAVR, fechamento de ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) e defeito do septo atrial (DSA). O reparo mitral percut&#226;neo com o sistema MitraClip (Abbott Vascular, Menlo Park, CA) tamb&#233;m est&#225; se tornando cada vez mais comumente realizado, e deve passar a integrar o treinamento padr&#227;o de especialistas em imagens de DCE. Por outro lado, procedimentos percut&#226;neos, tais como o fechamento de escape paravalvar, a troca valvar mitral transcateter e as interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas na v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, s&#227;o mais complexos e menos realizados e, portanto, devem envolver diferentes expectativas quanto ao que se considera como requisito m&#237;nimo para obten&#231;&#227;o de profici&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Importantes atribui&#231;&#245;es profissionais</title>
        <p>Recentemente, elaboramos um breve panorama de algumas das principais caracter&#237;sticas e atributos necess&#225;rios ao sucesso dos especialistas em imagem de doen&#231;as estruturais card&#237;acas (DCE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Um dos principais componentes consiste em possuir excelentes compreens&#227;o e forma&#231;&#227;o nessas modalidades de imagem, para que o profissional possa integrar e suscintamente apresentar as informa&#231;&#245;es &#224; equipe cardiovascular, bem como adicionar valor a outras recomenda&#231;&#245;es em testes diagn&#243;sticos e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de dados, particularmente quando h&#225; relatos conflitantes.</p>
        <p>No planejamento pr&#233;-procedimento, a revis&#227;o e s&#237;ntese de estudos de imagens seriadas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para se avaliar mudan&#231;as progressivas na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, no tamanho das c&#226;maras e na gravidade da patologia valvar. Isso &#233; particularmente importante quando h&#225; doen&#231;a multivalvar, podendo representar um desafio tanto para decis&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas quanto terap&#234;uticas. Frequentemente, o imageamento multimodal e a avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica podem ser necess&#225;rios ao esclarecimento de quest&#227;o(&#245;es) cl&#237;nica(s).</p>
        <p>Durante a orienta&#231;&#227;o intraprocedimental, os especialistas em imagens DCE aprendem a ser &#225;geis, focados, conscientes e capazes de se proteger da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. A capacidade de aplicar um pensamento cr&#237;tico multimodal para integrar e combinar informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e achados de imagem (fluoroscopia e ETE) implica em um conjunto de habilidades adquiridas em processos de forma&#231;&#227;o, que os especialistas em imagens podem desenvolver ao longo do tempo. O especialista em imagens intervencionistas que conduz a gera&#231;&#227;o de imagens com pensamento cr&#237;tico torna-se inestim&#225;vel ao sucesso do procedimento, muito mais do que qualquer forma de sobreposi&#231;&#227;o ou fus&#227;o de imagens. O conhecimento aprofundado de dispositivos espec&#237;ficos e etapas procedimentais, bem como a comunica&#231;&#227;o clara, sucinta e oportuna com o cardiologista intervencionista e outros membros da equipe, s&#227;o atributos cr&#237;ticos de um especialista em imagem DCE bem sucedido, implicando, assim, em um conhecimento s&#243;lido da import&#226;ncia de seu papel e dos momentos de exerc&#234;-lo.</p>
        <p>Em termos de p&#243;s-procedimento, os especialistas em imagem de DCE devem ser capazes de correlacionar achados de imagem com resultados intraprocedimentais e potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es do equipamento. A exposi&#231;&#227;o a uma variedade de interven&#231;&#245;es em DCE &#233; necess&#225;ria para gerar uma carga suficiente de experi&#234;ncia em imagens, de modo a permitir a mitiga&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es e promover a seguran&#231;a durante procedimentos transcateter de alto risco. Um especialista em imagens DCE que tenha desenvolvido tais conjuntos de habilidades exclusivas ser&#225; um recurso indispens&#225;vel para uma equipe cardiol&#243;gica de DCE, e um componente essencial para a excel&#234;ncia em resultados e seguran&#231;a de procedimentos.</p>
        <p>Dada a natureza din&#226;mica deste campo, podemos esperar mudan&#231;as cont&#237;nuas no curr&#237;culo de treinamento padr&#227;o, refletindo atualiza&#231;&#245;es importantes na literatura m&#233;dica, itera&#231;&#245;es de equipamentos e mudan&#231;as em procedimentos. Tais mudan&#231;as podem ser acompanhadas atrav&#233;s da participa&#231;&#227;o em encontros anuais e semin&#225;rios patrocinados pela ind&#250;stria, al&#233;m da participa&#231;&#227;o em cursos on-line de EMC e workshops de imagens estruturais, os quais podem ajudar a atualizar e melhorar as habilidades em imagem.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o &#233; um potencial risco laboral para o especialista em imagens de DCE</title>
        <p>Embora a quest&#227;o da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o apenas tenha come&#231;ado a ser adequadamente estudada h&#225; relativamente pouco tempo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> ela certamente representa um dos mais importantes riscos laborais ao especialista em imagens de DCE. Ambas as publica&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> confirmam que o especialista em imagens de DCE pode estar sujeito a n&#237;veis muito altos de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o em casos estruturais.</p>
        <p>Portanto, dado o aumento da complexidade desses procedimentos, que exigem mais orienta&#231;&#245;es fluorosc&#243;picas e de imagem, contamos apenas com a esperan&#231;a de que esta continue sendo uma &#225;rea importante para futuras pesquisas e desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico. Atualmente, uma s&#233;rie de medidas simples, como o uso de avental protetor de chumbo, escudos port&#225;teis de chumbo suspensos no teto e o afastamento da fonte de raios-X, podem representar estrat&#233;gias importantes para minimizar a exposi&#231;&#227;o e o risco potencial a ela associado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os ambientes de trabalho e a administra&#231;&#227;o dos hospitais precisam apoiar e proporcionar o fornecimento dos recursos necess&#225;rios a minimizar as consequ&#234;ncias potenciais da exposi&#231;&#227;o excessiva &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, como delineado pelos autores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A remunera&#231;&#227;o e a sustentabilidade do ambiente de trabalho</title>
        <p>Na maioria dos programas nos EUA, o especialista em imagens intervencionais de DCE &#233; considerado como parte do grupo de cardiologia geral n&#227;o invasiva. Isso ocorre em grupos de cl&#237;nicas particulares, cl&#237;nicas de grupo vinculadas a hospitais ou em grandes centros de pesquisa acad&#234;mica. Com isso, cria-se um significativo descompasso entre a quantidade de tempo necess&#225;ria para planejar e orientar procedimentos complexos em DCE e a remunera&#231;&#227;o atualmente alocada ao especialista em imagens de DCE. Atualmente, no sistema norte-americano, a quantidade de unidades de valor relativo de trabalho m&#233;dico (wRVUs) dita as m&#233;tricas para fins remunera&#231;&#227;o e sal&#225;rios finais. Simplificando, quanto mais procedimentos um m&#233;dico fizer, mais estudos ele ler&#225;, e mais ele/ela pode cobrar.</p>
        <p>O modelo atual n&#227;o reflete o tempo dispendido em planejamento procedimental e o conjunto de habilidades necess&#225;rios para orientar, de forma bem sucedida, interven&#231;&#245;es complexas em DCE, e tampouco considera os potenciais efeitos adversos &#224; sa&#250;de do especialista em imagens DCE, como a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o. Tomemos, por exemplo, um procedimento MitraClip relativamente simples. Este procedimento de Mitraclip &#233; dependente da orienta&#231;&#227;o intraprocedimental na ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE), e requer 90 minutos ou mais de orienta&#231;&#227;o procedimental ininterrupta em tempo real para a ETE-3D. Tudo isso &#233; faturado sob um mesmo c&#243;digo intraprocedimental de ETE para DCE (93355), ao qual se atribui um valor de wRVUs de 4,66, totalizando, assim, uma remunera&#231;&#227;o de US$230,00. No mesmo intervalo de tempo, outro cardiologista &#8220;n&#227;o invasivo&#8221; pode ter lido de 10 a 15 ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos (avaliados em 1,3 wRVU por estudo), ou 3 a 4 ETEs (avaliados em 2,3 wRVU por estudo), o que demonstra, pelas m&#233;tricas tradicionais de produtividade, mais valor para a institui&#231;&#227;o do que o especialista em imagens intervencionistas funcionando como segundo operador no procedimento Mitraclip, o qual, inclusive, fica exposto &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o [fonte: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://asecho.org/2018-medicare-physician-fee-schedule-final-rule">http://asecho.org/2018-medicare-physician-fee-schedule-final-rule</ext-link>].</p>
        <p>Os especialistas em imagens de DCE devem continuar a defender o reconhecimento dos requisitos exclusivos necess&#225;rios ao &#234;xito nesta subespecialidade emergente. A sustentabilidade da carreira profissional em imagens de DCE &#233; diretamente dependente da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;tricas justas de produtividade. Muitos bolsistas graduados demonstram claro interesse em buscar forma&#231;&#227;o adicional em imagem intervencionista de DCE. O mais prov&#225;vel &#233; que um modelo baseado em sal&#225;rio facilite uma carreira bem-sucedida em diagn&#243;stico por imagem de DCE, ao contr&#225;rio do modelo tradicional de produtividade por wRVUs. At&#233; que sejam estabelecidas diretrizes setoriais para esse campo emergente, os c&#243;digos de procedimentos diferenciais continuar&#227;o a ser uma falha na aloca&#231;&#227;o de remunera&#231;&#227;o do tempo do diagn&#243;stico por imagem de DCE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Direcionamentos futuros</title>
        <p>A presen&#231;a de um especialista em imagens de DCE &#233; fundamental para o crescimento e sucesso de qualquer programa com alto volume de DCE. Os resultados recentes e fortemente positivos do estudo COAPT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> enfatizam a oportunidade de uma discuss&#227;o em n&#237;vel multi-setorial. A fim de permitir o crescimento sustent&#225;vel e continuar a oferecer o suporte em diagn&#243;stico por imagem necess&#225;rio &#224; seguran&#231;a do paciente e ao sucesso dos supracitados procedimentos transcateter de alto risco, &#233; necess&#225;rio revisar o modelo estrutural e de remunera&#231;&#227;o atual, que oferece insignificante reconhecimento ao especialista em imagens de DCE, um co-operador absolutamente necess&#225;rio &#224; execu&#231;&#227;o bem sucedida destes procedimentos.</p>
        <p>Juntos, estes achados enfatizam a necessidade cr&#237;tica e a oportunidade de reconhecer a imagem intervencionista de DCE como uma subespecialidade da Cardiologia e do Diagn&#243;stico por Imagens Card&#237;acas - e, fundamentalmente, de legitimar o especialista em imagens de DCE como segundo operador de procedimentos, igualmente dedicado a um excepcional atendimento ao paciente.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
