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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">49BNfxWpjdDTnWk8pskGh9R</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001600616</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180200</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of Cardiac Dyssynchrony - An Unsolved Issue! How to improve selection and response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Fortaleza</city>
            <state>CE</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Arrais Rocha,</bold> Av. Padre Ant&#244;nio Tom&#225;s, 3535 / 1301. Postal Code 60192-120, Coc&#243;, Fortaleza, CE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>eduardoa@cardiol.br</email>, <email>eduardoarraisrocha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>616</fpage>
      <lpage>617</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Perfusion Imaging, Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Devices</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrodes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The authors Nascimento et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> published an important work demonstrating the value of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (SPECT-Gated) to identify cardiac dyssynchrony (CD) and with posterior implantation of left ventricle (LV) electrode in the area with higher dyssynchrony, with favorable correlation with clinical results and cardiac function. The study rises important issues in the attempt to reduce non-respondent rate (30-40%). These high rates are due to implants in very advanced or irreversible phases of the disease or to positioning of the LV electrode in areas with fibrosis or due to absence of dyssynchrony.</p>
    <p>All the current directives take the indication of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in consideration, based on electrical dyssynchrony criteria, in detriment of mechanical dyssynchrony criteria. The Echo CRT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> study confirmed the unfavorable results in patients submitted to CRT in absence of CD, minding it may be a deleterious therapy.</p>
    <p>Occurrence of CD is the pathophysiological base of CRT. Over 1/3 of patients with left branch blockade (LBB) may not suffer from CD, particularly those with QRS &lt; 150 ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> That number is higher in the other intraventricular conduction disorders. Thus, new techniques which may improve the selection of those patients and allow for implanting electrodes in the regions with a with higher level of contraction delay are welcome.</p>
    <p>However, several aspects deserve special attention. This work encompasses a subgroup of patients, from an ongoing multicentric VISION-CRT global study, which must bring a definitive answer on the value of perfusion scintigraphy in the selection of patients for CRT, thus helping to select the location to position the electrode in the coronary sinus.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Several imaging methods were and have still been described as important ones to identify and quantify CD. All of them show both advantages and disadvantages, and their studies, are mostly unicentric and performed with small populations and show non-reproducible results, with no direct correlation with relevant outcomes, such as mortality or, even, substitutive outcomes, such as response to CRT.</p>
    <p>Echocardiogram has classically become the standard and most used method, given its low cost, easy accessibility and repetition, when necessary for pacemaker (PC) reprogramming, however, in virtue of the lack of standardization of the best methodology, of the high intra- and inter-observer variability, of the need for a proper acoustic window and, mainly, due to the lack of favorable results in multicentric studies, such as PROSPECT trial, its trustworthiness and applicability were caused to decrease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
		</p>
    <p>New echocardiographic techniques emerged and have evolved in that sense, such as Speckle-tracking, the Septal Flash, the Apical Rocking and the 3D-echocardiogram, some of which already showing initial evidence of correlation with better prognosis after CRT, as shown in the study by Hoke and Bax JJ,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> on PREDICT -CRT<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and on TARGET<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> studies. As disadvantages, they are always dependent observers and, up to the moment, have not show favorable results in large series.</p>
    <p>Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy has appeared in the last decade, with the phase analysis technique, as an additional method for CD analysis. Its advantage lies on lower intra- and inter-observer variability, on high reproducibility and on allowing three-dimensional LV contraction analysis, also having the possibility of joint analysis of ischemia and fibrosis, however, it adds more costs than echocardiogram, radiation, higher acquisition time, lower possibility of repetitions for PC comparisons and reprogramming. Also, the benefits of its use in large series still require confirmation. Variations on protocols and cut-off values related to better evolution are also under discussion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> This method may present difficulty of analysis in cardiac segments with poor tissue perfusion, overestimating areas with extensive scarring, mainly, in dilated hearts and hearts with fine walls.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Magnetic resonance imaging has allowed a good assessment of CD and an excellent analysis of the cardiac function and its areas with fibrosis, the disadvantage being the long time of the exam, auditory noises, difficulty for claustrophobia, impossibility of use for patients with old PC who are going to be submitted to &#8220;up-grading&#8221;, high costs, lower availability and analyses of results achieved only in small series.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Imaging exams such as cardiac tomography arise as a perspective of combined use of several methods, aiming, besides CD analysis, at the identification of the anatomy of the coronary sinus, allowing to opt for the best surgical technique, such as lateral mini-thoracotomy, video-thoracoscopy or endocardial LV electrode implantation by transeptal puncture when necessary, due to the absence of tributary veins proper for its positioning in the regions with the highest degree of delay.</p>
    <p>Some issues seem defined: the importance of cardiac dyssynchrony as a first therapeutic target in cardiac resynchronization, the need for its identification, quantification and localization, the relevance of an ideal electrode positioning in the LV, in fibrosis-free areas with higher ventricular contraction delay. Confirmation for the data mentioned previously in multicentric studies, correlated with better prognosis outcomes, should clarify an effervescent area in artificial heart stimulation and it may cause such techniques to become widespread in medical guidelines and implemented in clinical practice. Thus, the study at hand shows positive perspectives in search for better results in cardiac resynchronization therapy.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Relationship of Electromechanical Dyssynchrony in Patients Submitted to CRT With LV Lead Implantation Guided by Gated Myocardial Perfusion Spect</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <name>
              <surname>Batista</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aplicabilidade da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o do sincronismo card&#237;aco</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol imagem cardiovasc</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>54</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise do Dissincronismo Card&#237;aco - Uma Quest&#227;o n&#227;o Resolvida! Como Melhorar a Sele&#231;&#227;o e a Resposta &#224; Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Arrais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Arrais Rocha,</bold> Av. Padre Ant&#244;nio Tom&#225;s, 3535 / 1301. CEP 60192-120, Coc&#243;, Fortaleza, CE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>eduardoa@cardiol.br</email>, <email>eduardoarraisrocha@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Imagem de Perfus&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispositivos de Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrodos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Os autores Nascimento et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> publicaram relevante trabalho demonstrando o valor da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (SPECT-Gated) na identifica&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo card&#237;aco (DC) e com posterior implante do eletrodo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) na &#225;rea de maior dissincronia, com correla&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel com resultados cl&#237;nicos e de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O estudo levanta quest&#245;es importantes na tentativa de reduzir a taxa de n&#227;o respondedores (30 a 40%). Estas elevadas taxas s&#227;o decorrentes de implantes em fases muito avan&#231;adas e irrevers&#237;veis da doen&#231;a, ou posicionamento de eletrodo do VE em &#225;reas com fibrose ou devido aus&#234;ncia de dissincronismo.</p>
      <p>Todas as diretrizes atuais consideram a indica&#231;&#227;o da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) com base em crit&#233;rios de dissincronismo el&#233;trico, em detrimento de crit&#233;rios de dissincronismo mec&#226;nico. O estudo <italic>Echo CRT</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> confirmou os resultados desfavor&#225;veis em pacientes submetidos &#224; TRC na aus&#234;ncia de DC, podendo ser uma terapia delet&#233;ria.</p>
      <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia do DC &#233; a base fisiopatol&#243;gica da TRC. Mais de 1/3 dos pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) podem n&#227;o ter DC, em especial com QRS &lt; 150 ms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Este n&#250;mero &#233; maior nos outros dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular. Portanto, novas t&#233;cnicas que melhorem a sele&#231;&#227;o destes pacientes e permitam implantes dos eletrodos nas regi&#245;es com maior grau de atraso na contra&#231;&#227;o intraventricular s&#227;o desejadas.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, diversos aspectos merecem considera&#231;&#227;o especial. O presente trabalho engloba um subgrupo de pacientes, de um estudo global multic&#234;ntrico <italic>VISION-CRT</italic>, em andamento, que dever&#225; trazer uma resposta definitiva sobre o valor da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para TRC, auxiliando no local de posicionamento do eletrodo no seio coron&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Diversos m&#233;todos de imagem foram e continuam sendo descritos como importantes na identifica&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do DC. Todos apresentam vantagens e desvantagens, sendo os estudos na grande parte, unic&#234;ntricos, realizados em popula&#231;&#245;es pequenas, com resultados n&#227;o reprodut&#237;veis e sem direta correla&#231;&#227;o com desfechos relevantes como mortalidade, ou mesmo com desfechos substitutos como a resposta &#224; TRC.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma, classicamente, tornou-se o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o e mais utilizado, em virtude do baixo custo, facilidade de acesso e repeti&#231;&#227;o, quando necess&#225;rio para reprograma&#231;&#245;es dos marca-passos (MP), entretanto, em virtude da falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o da melhor metodologia, da grande variabilidade intra- e inter-observador, da necessidade de janela ac&#250;stica adequada e, principalmente, devido &#224; falta de resultados favor&#225;veis em estudos multic&#234;ntricos como o PROSPECT trial, fez com que a sua confiabilidade e aplicabilidade fosse sendo reduzida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Novas t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas surgiram e tem evolu&#237;do neste aspecto, como o &#8220;<italic>Speckle-tracking</italic> &#8220;, o &#8220;<italic>Flash Septal</italic>&#8221;, o &#8220;<italic>Apical Rocking</italic>&#8221;, o ecocardiograma 3D, algumas j&#225; com evid&#234;ncias iniciais de correla&#231;&#227;o com melhor progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s a TRC, como demonstrando nos estudos de Hoke e Bax JJ,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> no <italic>PREDICT -CRT</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e no estudo <italic>TARGET.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Como desvantagens, s&#227;o sempre observadores dependentes e at&#233; o momento com resultados favor&#225;veis n&#227;o confirmados em grandes s&#233;ries.</p>
      <p>A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica de perfus&#227;o tem surgido na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, com a t&#233;cnica da an&#225;lise de fases, como um m&#233;todo adicional na an&#225;lise de DC. Tem como vantagem menor variabilidade intra- e inter-observador, alta reprodutibilidade e por permitir a an&#225;lise tridimensional da contra&#231;&#227;o do VE, com possibilidade ainda de an&#225;lise associada de isquemia e fibrose, entretanto, agrega maiores custos que o ecocardiograma, radia&#231;&#227;o, maior tempo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o, menor possibilidade de repeti&#231;&#245;es para compara&#231;&#245;es e reprograma&#231;&#245;es dos MP, necessitando ainda de confirma&#231;&#245;es do benef&#237;cio da sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em grandes s&#233;ries. Varia&#231;&#245;es de protocolos e nos valores de cortes relacionados com a melhor evolu&#231;&#227;o, tamb&#233;m est&#227;o em discuss&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Este m&#233;todo pode ter dificuldade de an&#225;lises em segmentos card&#237;acos com perfus&#227;o tecidual ruim, superestimar &#225;reas de cicatrizes extensas, principalmente, em cora&#231;&#245;es dilatados e com paredes finas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica tem permitido boa avalia&#231;&#227;o do DC e excelente an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e de suas &#225;reas de fibrose, tendo a desvantagem do elevado tempo do exame, ru&#237;dos auditivos, dificuldade para claustrof&#243;bicos, impossibilidade de uso para pacientes com MP antigos que v&#227;o submeter-se a &#8220;<italic>up-grading</italic>&#8221;, custos elevados, menor disponibilidade e com an&#225;lises de resultados realizados apenas em pequenas s&#233;ries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exames de imagens como a tomografia card&#237;aca surgem como uma perspectiva do uso combinado de v&#225;rios m&#233;todos, visando, al&#233;m da an&#225;lise do DC, tamb&#233;m a identifica&#231;&#227;o da anatomia do seio coron&#225;rio, permitindo a escolha da melhor t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de mini-toracotomia lateral, a v&#237;deo-toracoscopia ou o implante de eletrodo do VE endoc&#225;rdico por pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal quando necess&#225;rio, devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de veias tribut&#225;rias adequadas para seu posicionamento nas regi&#245;es de maior grau de atraso.</p>
      <p>Algumas quest&#245;es parecem certas: a import&#226;ncia do dissincronismo card&#237;aco como alvo terap&#234;utico inicial na ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a necessidade da sua identifica&#231;&#227;o, quantifica&#231;&#227;o e localiza&#231;&#227;o, a import&#226;ncia do posicionamento ideal do eletrodo no VE, em &#225;reas sem fibrose e com maior retardo de contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A confirma&#231;&#227;o dos dados mencionados anteriormente em estudos multic&#234;ntricos, correlacionados com desfechos de melhor progn&#243;stico, dever&#225; clarear uma &#225;rea em efervesc&#234;ncia na estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial, podendo assim, estas t&#233;cnicas serem amplamente difundidas nas diretrizes m&#233;dicas e implementadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Dessa maneira, o estudo em quest&#227;o, apresenta perspectivas positivas na busca de melhores resultados na terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Dissincronismo El&#233;trico e Mec&#226;nico em Pacientes Submetidos a TRC com Implante do Eletrodo de VE Orientado pela Cintilografia GATED SPECT</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
