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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5gzdqCWZFMBfccYSySW77Vq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001600607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005012103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180159</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship of Electromechanical Dyssynchrony in Patients Submitted to CRT With LV Lead Implantation Guided by Gated Myocardial Perfusion Spect</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Erivelton Alessandro do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Cigagna Wiefels</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Baptista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Niter&#243;i</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Erivelton Alessandro do Nascimento,</bold> Rua Gil Ferreira, 182. Postal Code 27283-570, Jardim Primavera, Volta Redonda, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>hpcrates7@gmail.com</email>, <email>hpcrates@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Statistical analysis: Nascimento EA, Reis CCW, Mesquita CT; Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nascimento EA, Reis CCW, Ribeiro FB, Alves CR, Silva EN, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Nascimento EA, Reis CCW, Silva EN, Mesquita CT; Obtaining financing: Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>607</fpage>
      <lpage>615</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure (HF) affects more than 5 million individuals in the United States, with more than 1 million hospital admissions per year. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) can benefit patients with advanced HF and prolonged QRS. A significant percentage of patients, however, does not respond to CRT. Electrical dyssynchrony isolated might not be a good predictor of response, and the last left ventricular (LV) segment to contract can influence the response.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess electromechanical dyssynchrony in CRT with LV lead implantation guided by GATED SPECT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This study included 15 patients with functional class II-IV HF and clinically optimized, ejection fraction of 35%, sinus rhythm, left bundle-branch block, and QRS &#8805; 120 ms. The patients underwent electrocardiography, answered the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), and underwent gated myocardial perfusion SPECT up to 4 weeks before CRT, being reassessed 6 months later. The primary analysis aimed at determining the proportion of patients with a reduction in QRS duration and favorable response to CRT, depending on concordance of the LV lead position, using chi-square test. The pre- and post-CRT variables were analyzed by use of Student t test, adopting the significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We implanted 15 CRT devices, and 2 patients died during follow-up. The durations of the QRS (212 ms vs 136 ms) and the PR interval (179 ms vs 126 ms) were significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.001). In 54% of the patients, the lead position was concordant with the maximal delay site. In the responder group, the lateral position was prevalent. The MLHFQ showed a significant improvement in quality of life (p &lt; 0.0002).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>CRT determines improvement in the quality of life and in electrical synchronism. Electromechanical synchronism relates to response to CRT. Positioning the LV lead in the maximal delay site has limitations.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrodes,Implanted</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Radionuclide Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) affects more than 5 million individuals in the United States. Approximately 550,000 new cases are diagnosed annually, and decompensated HF accounts for over 1 million hospital admissions per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Projections show that HF prevalence will increase by 46% from 2012 to 2030, resulting in more than 8 million individuals with HF aged 18 years and older.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> As a consequence of this epidemiological transition, of the advances in healthcare and of population aging, the prevalence of coronary artery disease, systemic arterial hypertension, obesity and diabetes mellitus is increasing and will have a significant impact on HF incidence in developing countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has become an option to treat advanced symptomatic HF with: (A) left ventricular dysfunction; (B) electrical dyssynchrony; and (C) optimized clinical therapy. The technique has shown a significant improvement in <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> functional class (NYHA FC) and in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of individuals with severe ventricular dysfunction and left bundle-branch block (LBBB).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, a significant group of patients does not respond favorably to CRT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Patients with coronary artery disease and previous acute myocardial infarction are less likely to respond, because of the presence of fibrosis. The selection criteria for CRT currently used do not seem ideal, because previous studies on CRT using those criteria have found a significant percentage of patients (20% to 40%) who did not benefit from the therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Electrocardiogram has been used to detect patients with dyssynchrony due to the correlation of the QRS complex prolongation (electrical dyssynchrony) with the presence of mechanical dyssynchrony. Thus, it is worth studying the ventricular synchronism before CRT to estimate the patient&#8217;s response, because the procedure involves high costs. Phase analysis to assess left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony has been incorporated into gated myocardial perfusion SPECT (GATED SPECT).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> In addition to the synchronism parameters and in a highly reproducible way, phase analysis provides the assessment of the last ventricular segment to contract. Patients with LBBB tend to begin LV mechanical contraction earlier in the cardiac cycle in the septal wall, and later in other myocardial regions because of the deceleration of the nervous impulse propagation along the conduction system, causing late activation, the most common last site of contraction being located in the posterolateral wall.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study aimed at assessing the ability to analyze LV synchronism by use of GATED SPECT to predict the response to CRT and guide LV lead implantation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The present study contains national data that are part of the international multicenter project VISION CRT, which assesses the value of phase analysis by use of GATED SPECT in patients who will be submitted to CRT, coordinated in multiple countries by the International Atomic Energy Agency. It is a non-blind clinical trial that included consecutive patients, who underwent 12-lead electrocardiogram at rest immediately before undergoing GATED SPECT and speckle-tracking echocardiography. In addition, the patients answered the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) within 4 weeks before the implantation of the CRT device and 6 &#177; 1 months after that implantation for comparison. Thus, the scintigraphic parameters of ventricular function [LVEF, end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), LV mass] were assessed, as were the parameters to assess dyssynchrony by use of phase analysis. The analysis of GATED SPECT with the software ECT Synctool, version 3.0, used the following parameters for mechanical dyssynchrony: standard deviation (SD) &gt; 43&#176; and histogram bandwidth (HBW) &gt; 135&#176;.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: patients stable and older than 18 years, in NYHA FC &#8805; II, with LVEF &#8804; 35% of ischemic or non-ischemic cause, sinus rhythm, QRS duration &#8805; 120 ms, LBBB morphology, being followed up at or referred to two tertiary institutions of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Patients with cardioverter-defibrillator implanted for primary or secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death were included.</p>
      <p>Patients with any of the following characteristics were excluded: severe disease and life expectancy shorter than 1 year; right bundle-branch block; pregnancy or breastfeeding; acute coronary syndromes; coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention within 3 months from study entrance and up to 6 months after CRT.</p>
      <p>The definition of &#8216;responder to CRT&#8217; considered the presence of two of the following findings: 1. improvement of at least one NYHA FC; 2. improvement of at least 5 points in the MLHFQ; 3. improvement of LVEF &#8805; 5%; 4. reduction in ESV &#8805; 15%; 5. reduction in HBW &lt; 51&#176;. The categorical variables were presented in nominal and ordinal forms.</p>
      <p>The LV pacing lead position was classified as follows: 1. concordant, when positioned in the maximally delayed segment; 2. adjacent, when located in up to one segment away from the maximal delay site; and 3. remote, when located more than one segment away from the maximal delay site.</p>
      <p>This project was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the Ant&#244;nio Pedro University-affiliated Hospital/Fluminense Federal University (No 884844).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed with EXCEL (2010, Microsoft Corporation) and SPSS software, version 21.0 (2012, IBM Corporation), and data were shown as means and standard deviations. The categorical variables were compared by use of Fisher exact and chi-square tests, while paired Student <italic>t</italic> test was used for numerical variables. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed the normal distribution of the continuous variables. Pearson&#8217;s linear correlation coefficient was calculated for the continuous variables. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From July 2014 to August 2016, 15 patients were included in the study and 2 patients were lost to follow-up because of death (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Mean follow-up was 193 &#177; 16 days.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>General baseline characteristics of the patients submitted to cardiac resynchronization device implantation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Demographic characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">N or mean &#177; SD</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Total of patients</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">63.21 &#177; 7.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">26.92 &#177; 5.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous coronary artery disease</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Previous infarction</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Coronary artery bypass grafting</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Percutaneous coronary intervention</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NYHA functional class II</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NYHA functional class III</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>NYHA functional class IV</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Beta-blocker</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angiotensin-receptor blocker</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diuretics</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Statin</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Aldosterone antagonist</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Digoxin</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All QRS intervals had a duration longer than 150ms and LBBB morphology. After CRT, a significant reduction was observed in the duration of QRS intervals (212 ms <italic>vs</italic> 136 ms; p &lt; 0.001) and of PR intervals (179 ms <italic>vs</italic> 126 ms; p &lt; 0.001). No change was observed in the QT interval after CRT.</p>
      <p>The impact of CRT on the quality of life was recorded by use of the MLHFQ, with significant response (p=0.0002) when comparing the mean score before and after CRT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the mean score of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire before and after cardiac resynchronization therapy, using Student t test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Analysis with HBW (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) showed that the longer the QRS duration, the higher the HBW value, showing that HBW and SD also have a direct relationship, because their linear correlation coefficient is good (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT with analysis of ventricular synchronism in a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy and left bundle-branch block, showing marked dyssynchrony with HBW of 245&#176; and SD of 97&#176;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between SD and HBW before cardiac resynchronization therapy (R<sup>2</sup>: 0.78)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The group of patients with a significant improvement in LVEF 6 months after CRT (6 patients) had a lower pre-CRT LVEF than that of non-responders (7 patients) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the mean pre- and post-cardiac resynchronization therapy left ventricular ejection fraction according to clinical response to implantation. Pre-CRT LVEF PRE: pre-cardiac resynchronization therapy left ventricular ejection fraction; Post-CRT LVEF: post-cardiac resynchronization therapy left ventricular ejection fraction; RESPOND: responder group; NONRESPOND: non-responder group. (Student t test).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When assessing the electrocardiographic parameters associated with clinical response to the CRT device, the responder group showed a significant reduction in the PR interval in ms (p &lt; 0.0001), which did not reach significance in the non-responder group (p = 0.09). This is influenced by the need for constant ventricular stimulation in CRT, which normally leads to more reduced PR intervals.</p>
      <p>When classifying the patients as responders and non-responders, the SD and HBW values were higher in responders than in non-responders. The HBW difference between the groups showed statistical significance by use of Student <italic>t</italic> test (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the mean pre-cardiac resynchronization therapy SD and HBW according to clinical response. SD: standard deviation; HBW: histogram bandwidth (Student t test).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>During follow-up, 2 patients without mechanical dyssynchrony before the CRT device implantation became non-responders in the reassessment 6 months after CRT. Thus, we deduced that patients with exclusive electrical dyssynchrony do not respond to CRT on GATED SPECT because they have no change suggestive of mechanical dyssynchrony on baseline tests. Likewise, patients with severe mechanical dyssynchrony and changes on baseline tests show a marked improvement in the GATED SPECT parameters after CRT, mainly HBW.</p>
      <p>Of the group of responders, 77.7% had the pacing lead implanted in the lateral region, 11.1% in the posterolateral region, and 11.1% in the posteroseptal region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Response to cardiac resynchronization therapy according to the left ventricular lead implantation site. Post Lat - posterolateral region; Post Sep - posteroseptal region.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When assessing synchronism by use of myocardial perfusion imaging, concordant LV lead positioning was achieved in 54% of the cases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 7</xref> illustrates a concordant implantation), the major reason for not reaching concordance being the anatomical variability of the veins related to coronary sinus, as well as the absence of tributaries reaching the site determined by myocardial perfusion imaging. One of the patients had an aneurysmal coronary sinus, which prevented the lead from being anchored. Thus, the LV lead implantation was converted to the epicardial pathway, in the maximally delayed site.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluoroscopy during implantation of the cardiac resynchronization device with left ventricular lead implanted in the maximal delay site determined on GATED SPECT.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our study, we observed that CRT led to patients&#8217; clinical improvement and to a reduction in electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony. Although CRT is associated with the improvement of several clinical parameters, not every patient benefited from that, and longer QRS duration on the electrocardiogram and increased SD and HBW on GATED SPECT were markers of higher likelihood of clinical response. In addition, we observed that GATED SPECT could identify the last myocardial segment to contract, the ideal LV lead implantation site on CRT. However, because of anatomical limitations, that identification led to concordant implantation in only 54% of the cases.</p>
      <p>The population of the present study reflects the profile of patients normally treaded at high-complexity hospitals, and most of them had coronary artery disease. As shown in previous studies, most of our patients had NYHA FC III or IV at the time of CRT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The clinical-functional assessments of the present study, NYHA FC and MLHFQ, confirmed the benefit of CRT reported previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In this study, 77.8% of the patients had a reduction of at least one NYHA FC and a significant improvement in their quality of life, as shown on the MLHFQ after CRT. Although the MLHFQ assesses subjective data, it refers to the patients&#8217; perception of their symptoms, which is aligned with the results of a previous study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In most patients, CRT is associated with clinical benefits. Some electrocardiographic parameters are considered predictors of a higher chance of response to treatment, such as the longer QRS duration, and the benefit increases even more when QRS duration is &gt; 150 ms, as reported by Poole et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In our study, all patients had QRS duration &gt; 150 ms (mean QRS duration, 212 ms), which increased the likelihood of response. Supporting such data, the COMPANION study has shown no benefit of CRT for patients with QRS duration &lt; 147 ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> when assessing the primary outcome of death or hospitalization due to any cause. However, the RAFT study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> assessing the primary outcome of death or hospitalization due to HF, has found a higher benefit of CRT in individuals with QRS duration &gt; 150 ms.</p>
      <p>Our sample did not include patients with non-LBBB morphology, nonspecific intraventricular conduction disorders and/or right bundle-branch block, which might have led to the clinical benefit observed. Those findings have also been reported in several recent studies,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> which have shown a reduction or even absence of CRT benefit in that group of patients. It is worth noting that our study, even recruiting all patients with LVEF &lt; 35%, QRS duration &gt; 150 ms and LBBB morphology, identified 27% of them as non-responders (clinical criteria/death). Those figures are aligned with those reported in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>We could not demonstrate that patients with higher PR interval had higher benefit, which might be due to the small size of our sample. However, the responder group showed a significant reduction in the PR interval (from 178 ms before CRT to 125 ms 6 months after).</p>
      <p>On GATED SPECT, SD and HBW could assess mechanical dyssynchrony before CRT. On the assessment 6 months after CRT, those variables showed no significance, probably because not all patients had the LV lead positioned in the maximally delayed segment. On GATED SPECT, the significant cardiac function data were LV ESV and LV mass, probably due to reverse remodeling determined by CRT.</p>
      <p>In the search for a relationship between responders to CRT and the presence of mechanical dyssynchrony on myocardial perfusion imaging, responders had higher SD and HWB values as compared to non-responders (HBW of 177&#176; <italic>vs</italic> 76&#176;, and SD of 62&#176; <italic>vs</italic> 36&#176;, respectively). Such findings are aligned with those reported by Henneman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> whose study showed significantly higher values of dyssynchrony parameters in responders as compared to non-responders (HBW of 175&#176; <italic>vs</italic> 117&#176;, and SD of 56&#176; <italic>vs</italic> 37&#176;, respectively). In addition, responders had longer QRS duration than non-responders, supported by the finding of the direct relationship between them.</p>
      <p>When assessing the maximal delay site of LV activation, the presence of fibrosis in the site and adjacent to it can be determined, which can influence the response to CRT. Daoulah et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> have shown that the presence of transmural fibrosis in the posterolateral region before CRT is associated with a 75% lower chance of echocardiographic or clinical response to that therapy. In our study, 11.1% of the patients had the lead implanted in the posterolateral region; however, no fibrosis was reported in that region in our sample, and 7 patients had history of previous myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>The LV lead implantation in the viable maximal delay site could increase the frequency of reverse remodeling and decrease symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the limitation of LV lead positioning in the last activation site, the vascular technique has some benefits: 1. less invasive procedure with smaller peri- and postoperative complications; 2. lower chronic stimulation thresholds; and 3. shorter hospital length of stay. One strategy to overcome the limitation of stimulating the maximal delay site in LV contraction is the possibility of using multipoint pacing. This stimulation has been made possible with the development of technologies of multipolar leads that stimulate the left ventricle in several sites, generating several possibilities of stimulating vectors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In addition, GATED SPECT can identify the last LV activation site at the same time it identifies if the area has fibrosis, contributing, thus, to select patients for CRT.</p>
      <p>Of the limitations of our study, we highlight the small number of patients assessed and the lack of quadripolar LV leads, which increase the likelihood of LV resynchronization as compared to the use of unipolar leads.</p>
      <p>Considering the present study&#8217;s findings, it seems that the use of electrocardiography in isolation, based on QRS duration and its morphology to select patients for CRT, is not a good isolated preditor; however, the association of the duration and morphology criteria with the imaging criteria of mechanical dyssynchrony can provide a better response to CRT.</p>
      <p>The benefit of using imaging techniques, especially GATED SPECT with phase analysis, to detect mechanical dyssynchrony and to guide lead positioning in the site of maximal conduction delay should increase the number of responders, but larger studies with LV lead positioning guided by imaging techniques are required to draw definite conclusions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Patients submitted to CRT have a good clinical response, with a reduction in electrical dyssynchrony assessed on electrocardiography and a reduction in mechanical dyssynchrony assessed on GATED SPECT.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Responders to CRT have longer QRS duration before the implantation of the CRT device as compared to non-responders. In addition, responders had a significant reduction in the PR interval duration as compared to non-responders.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Electrical dyssynchrony is not necessarily associated with mechanical dyssynchrony, as shown on GATED SPECT.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The phase analysis of GATED SPECT showed that the parameters SD and HBW are associated with higher likelihood of responding to CRT.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Although GATED SPECT indicates the last myocardial segment to contract for the LV lead positioning in this site, that is not always possible because of anatomical variability (tributaries) and caliber of the coronary sinus.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Erivelton Alessandro do Nascimento, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro under the protocol number 884.844. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Dissincronismo El&#233;trico e Mec&#226;nico em Pacientes Submetidos a TRC com Implante do Eletrodo de VE Orientado pela Cintilografia GATED SPECT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Erivelton Alessandro do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Cigagna Wiefels</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Baptista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Christiane Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Nani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Erivelton Alessandro do Nascimento,</bold> Rua Gil Ferreira, 182. CEP 27283-570, Jardim Primavera, Volta Redonda, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>hpcrates7@gmail.com</email>, <email>hpcrates@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nascimento EA, Reis CCW, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nascimento EA, Reis CCW, Ribeiro FB, Alves CR, Silva EN, Ribeiro ML, Mesquita CT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nascimento EA, Reis CCW, Silva EN, Mesquita CT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Mesquita CT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) afeta mais de 5 milh&#245;es de pessoas nos Estados Unidos, com mais de 1 milh&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es/ano. A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o (TRC) pode beneficiar pacientes com IC avan&#231;ada e QRS alargado; entretanto, percentual significativo de pacientes n&#227;o respondem &#224; TRC. O dissincronismo el&#233;trico isolado pode n&#227;o representar um bom preditor de resposta, e o local da &#250;ltima ativa&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) pode influenciar na resposta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o dissincronismo eletromec&#226;nico na TRC com o implante do eletrodo do VE orientado por GATED SPECT.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Inclu&#237;dos 15 pacientes com IC classe funcional II-IV, otimizados clinicamente, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 35%, ritmo sinusal, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, QRS &#8805; 120 ms. Realizaram eletrocardiograma, Question&#225;rio Minnesota Vivendo com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (MLHFQ) e cintilografia GATED SPECT at&#233; 4 semanas antes do implante. Reavaliados 6 meses ap&#243;s. An&#225;lise prim&#225;ria visou determinar a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e resposta favor&#225;vel &#224; TRC dependendo da concord&#226;ncia ou n&#227;o na posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo, utilizando teste Qui-Quadrado. An&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis pr&#233; e p&#243;s TRC foi feita atrav&#233;s do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, assumindo signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Realizamos 15 implantes com 2 &#243;bitos no seguimento. As redu&#231;&#245;es das dura&#231;&#245;es do QRS (212 ms vs 136 ms) e do IPR (179 ms vs 126 ms) foram significativas (p &lt; 0,001). Em 54%, o eletrodo foi concordante com o local de maior atraso. No grupo respondedor, a posi&#231;&#227;o lateral foi prevalente. O MLHFQ mostrou melhora significativa da qualidade de vida (p &lt; 0,0002).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A TRC determina melhora da qualidade de vida e do sincronismo el&#233;trico. O sincronismo eletromec&#226;nico relaciona-se com a resposta &#224; TRC. O posicionamento do eletrodo de VE no s&#237;tio de maior retardo tem limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrodos Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cintilografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) afeta mais de 5 milh&#245;es de pessoas nos Estados Unidos. Cerca de 550 mil casos novos s&#227;o diagnosticados anualmente e a IC descompensada &#233; respons&#225;vel por mais de 1 milh&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Proje&#231;&#245;es mostram que a preval&#234;ncia de IC aumentar&#225; em 46% de 2012 a 2030, resultando em mais de 8 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos acima de 18 anos com IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Como consequ&#234;ncia dessa transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica, dos avan&#231;os nos cuidados da sa&#250;de e do envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o, as preval&#234;ncias de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, obesidade e diabetes mellitus est&#227;o aumentando e ter&#227;o um impacto significativo na incid&#234;ncia de IC nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) tem se tornado uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento da IC sintom&#225;tica avan&#231;ada em que estejam presentes: (A) disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, (B) dissincronismo el&#233;trico e (C) terap&#234;utica cl&#237;nica otimizada. Essa t&#233;cnica mostrou significativa melhora da classe funcional <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (CF NYHA) e da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) em indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Entretanto, um grupo significativo de pacientes n&#227;o responde de forma favor&#225;vel &#224; TRC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana e passado de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio t&#234;m menor chance de responder, devido &#224; presen&#231;a de fibrose. Sendo assim, os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o usados atualmente n&#227;o parecem ser ideais, uma vez que, em estudos anteriores de TRC usando esses crit&#233;rios, um percentual significativo de pacientes (20% a 40%) n&#227;o se beneficiou da terapia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma tem sido utilizado como m&#233;todo para detec&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com dissincronismo devido &#224; correla&#231;&#227;o do alargamento do complexo QRS (dissincronismo el&#233;trico) com a presen&#231;a de dissincronismo mec&#226;nico. Portanto, &#233; de grande valia estudar o sincronismo ventricular previamente &#224; TRC de maneira a estimar a sua resposta, j&#225; que esse &#233; um procedimento que envolve elevados custos. A an&#225;lise de fase para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foi incorporada pela cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com GATED SPECT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A an&#225;lise de fase permite avaliar, al&#233;m dos par&#226;metros do sincronismo e de forma altamente reprodut&#237;vel, o &#250;ltimo segmento ventricular a se contrair. Pacientes com BRE tendem a ter o in&#237;cio da contra&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do VE de forma mais precoce no ciclo card&#237;aco na parede septal, e mais tardiamente nas outras regi&#245;es do mioc&#225;rdio por causa da desacelera&#231;&#227;o da propaga&#231;&#227;o do impulso nervoso pelo sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, causando uma ativa&#231;&#227;o tardia, com o &#250;ltimo s&#237;tio de contra&#231;&#227;o mais comum localizado na parede p&#243;stero-lateral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade da an&#225;lise do sincronismo do VE pelo GATED SPECT para prever a resposta &#224; TRC e orientar o implante do eletrodo de VE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O presente estudo cont&#233;m dados nacionais que fazem parte do projeto multic&#234;ntrico internacional (VISION CRT), que estuda o valor da an&#225;lise de fase pelo GATED SPECT em pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos &#224; TRC, coordenado em m&#250;ltiplos pa&#237;ses pela Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica. Seu desenho &#233; de um ensaio cl&#237;nico n&#227;o cego que incluiu pacientes consecutivos, que realizaram eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es de repouso imediatamente antes de serem estudados pelo GATED SPECT e pelo ecocardiograma com Speckle-tracking e responderam ao Question&#225;rio Minnesota Vivendo com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (MLHFQ) dentro de at&#233; 4 semanas antes do implante do ressincronizador e 6 &#177; 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s o implante para compara&#231;&#227;o. Analisaram-se, assim, os valores cintilogr&#225;ficos da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular [FEVE, volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF), volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF), massa do VE] e os valores que avaliam o dissincronismo pela an&#225;lise de fase. A an&#225;lise do GATED SPECT pelo programa ECT Synctool, vers&#227;o 3.0, utilizou como par&#226;metros para dissincronismo mec&#226;nico o desvio-padr&#227;o (SD, do ingl&#234;s <italic>standard deviation</italic>) &gt; 43&#176; e a largura de banda do histograma (HBW, do ingl&#234;s <italic>histogram bandwidth</italic>) &gt; 135&#176;.</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: Pacientes em acompanhamento ou referenciados &#224;s duas institui&#231;&#245;es terci&#225;rias do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, est&#225;veis e maiores de 18 anos em CF NYHA &#8805; II, que tinham FEVE &#8804; 35% de causa isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, ritmo sinusal, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#8805; 120 ms, com morfologia de BRE. Os pacientes com implante de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: Paciente com doen&#231;a grave com expectativa de vida menor que 1 ano, bloqueio de ramo direito, gravidez ou amamenta&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses antes da inscri&#231;&#227;o e no prazo de 6 meses ap&#243;s a TRC.</p>
        <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de respondedor &#224; TRC levou em considera&#231;&#227;o a presen&#231;a de dois dos seguintes achados: 1. melhora de pelo menos uma CF NYHA; 2. melhora de pelo menos 5 pontos no MLHFQ; 3. melhora da FEVE &#8805; 5%; 4. redu&#231;&#227;o do VSF &#8805; 15%; 5. redu&#231;&#227;o da HBW &lt; 51&#176;. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas de formas nominais e ordinais.</p>
        <p>A posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo de VE foi classificada como: 1. concordante, quando no segmento de maior retardo; 2. adjacente, quando localizado em at&#233; um segmento distante do ponto de maior retardo; e 3. remoto, quando localizado mais de um segmento al&#233;m do ponto de maior retardo.</p>
        <p>Este projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro/Universidade Federal Fluminense sob n&#250;mero 884844.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica nos softwares EXCEL (2010, Microsoft Corporation) e SPSS, vers&#227;o 21.0 (2012, IBM Corporation), com a demonstra&#231;&#227;o dos dados em m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#245;es. A compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi realizada com teste exato de Fisher e qui-quadrado, e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado foi usado para vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal conforme a an&#225;lise pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas empreendeu o c&#225;lculo do coeficiente de rela&#231;&#227;o linear de Pearson. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 15 pacientes no per&#237;odo de julho 2014 a agosto de 2016 com perda de seguimento de 2 pacientes por &#243;bito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante um tempo m&#233;dio de 193 &#177; 16 dias.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais basais dos pacientes submetidos ao implante do ressincronizador.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas</th>
                <th align="center">n ou m&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Total de pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">63,21 &#177; 7,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">26,92 &#177; 5,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRVM</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCI</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe funcional NYHA II</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe funcional NYHA III</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Classe funcional NYHA IV</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antagonista da Aldosterona</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digoxina</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; CRVM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do intervalo QRS demonstrou que todos tinham dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 150ms com morfologia de BRE. Observamos redu&#231;&#227;o significativa tanto da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (212 ms <italic>vs</italic> 136 ms; p &lt; 0,001) como do intervalo PR (IPR: 179 ms <italic>vs</italic> 126 ms; p &lt; 0,001) ap&#243;s a TRC. O intervalo QT n&#227;o apresentou modifica&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a TRC.</p>
        <p>O impacto da TRC na qualidade de vida foi registrado atrav&#233;s do MLHFQ, com resposta significativa (p = 0,0002) ao compararmos a m&#233;dia de pontua&#231;&#227;o antes e ap&#243;s a TRC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do Escore de Minnesota pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-TRC (utilizando teste t de Student).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Quando analisado com a HBW, como visto na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 2</xref>, observamos tamb&#233;m que quanto maior a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, maior o valor da HBW. Isso demonstra que a HBW e o SD tamb&#233;m t&#234;m uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta, pois t&#234;m bom coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o linear conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cintilografia GATED SPECT com an&#225;lise do sincronismo ventricular em paciente com cardiopatia dilatada e bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, demonstrando acentuado dissincronismo com HBW: 245&#176; e SD: 97&#176;.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre SD e HBW pr&#233;-TRC (R2: 0,78).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O grupo de pacientes que apresentou melhora significativa da FEVE ap&#243;s 6 meses de TRC (6 pacientes) teve uma FEVE pr&#233;-TRC menor do que a dos n&#227;o respondedores (7 pacientes) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia da FEVE pr&#233; e p&#243;s implante de acordo com a resposta cl&#237;nica ao implante. FEVE PRE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pr&#233; implante; FEVE POS: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo p&#243;s implante; RESPOND: grupo respondedor; N&#195;O RESPOND: grupo n&#227;o respondedor. (teste t de Student).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ao analisarmos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos associados &#224; resposta cl&#237;nica ao ressincronizador, observamos que o IPR em ms apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no grupo respondedor (p &lt; 0,0001), enquanto que n&#227;o alcan&#231;ou signific&#226;ncia no grupo n&#227;o respondedor (p = 0,09). Esse dado &#233; influenciado pela necessidade de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular constante na TRC, o que normalmente leva a IPR mais reduzidos.</p>
        <p>Ao classificar os pacientes em respondedores e n&#227;o respondedores, observamos que os valores de SD e HBW foram mais elevados para os respondedores do que para os n&#227;o respondedores. A diferen&#231;a entre a HBW dos dois grupos apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do SD e da HBW pr&#233;-TRC de acordo com a resposta cl&#237;nica. SD: desvio-padr&#227;o; HBW: largura de banda (teste t de Student).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em nosso seguimento, tivemos 2 pacientes que n&#227;o apresentavam dissincronismo mec&#226;nico previamente ao implante do ressincronizador, e que na reavalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 6 meses passaram a figurar no grupo de n&#227;o respondedores. Sendo assim, podemos deduzir que os pacientes com dissincronismo el&#233;trico exclusivo n&#227;o respondem cintilograficamente &#224; TRC por n&#227;o apresentarem altera&#231;&#227;o sugestiva de dissincronismo mec&#226;nico nos exames basais. Da mesma forma, pacientes com acentuado dissincronismo mec&#226;nico e altera&#231;&#245;es nos exames basais demonstram melhora acentuada dos par&#226;metros cintilogr&#225;ficos ap&#243;s TRC, principalmente da HBW.</p>
        <p>Do grupo de pacientes respondedores, 77,7% tiveram o eletrodo implantado em regi&#227;o lateral, 11,1% em regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-lateral e 11,1% em regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resposta &#224; TRC de acordo com o local de implante do eletrodo de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Post Lat: regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-lateral; Post Sep: regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-septal; Respond: respondedor; N&#227;o Respond: n&#227;o respondedor.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A exequibilidade do posicionamento do eletrodo do VE concordante com o &#250;ltimo segmento a se contrair na avalia&#231;&#227;o do sincronismo pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica foi alcan&#231;ada em 54% dos casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 7</xref> ilustra um implante concordante), sendo o principal motivo do insucesso da concord&#226;ncia a variabilidade anat&#244;mica das veias relacionadas ao seio coronariano, bem como a aus&#234;ncia de tribut&#225;rias que alcan&#231;avam o s&#237;tio determinado pela cintilografia. Uma das pacientes analisadas apresentava o seio coronariano aneurism&#225;tico, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel o ancoramento do eletrodo do seio coronariano, sendo convertido para implante do eletrodo de VE para via epic&#225;rdica, sendo ent&#227;o implantado no s&#237;tio de maior atraso para contra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluoroscopia durante o implante do ressincronizador com eletrodo de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo implantado em s&#237;tio de maior retardo determinado pelo Gated SPECT.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0607-80159-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O nosso estudo observou que a TRC leva &#224; melhoria cl&#237;nica dos pacientes e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo el&#233;trico e mec&#226;nico. Apesar de a TRC estar associada com melhora de diversos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, nem todos os pacientes se beneficiam, sendo que maior dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS no eletrocardiograma e aumento do SD e HBW na cintilografia foram marcadores de maior probabilidade de resposta cl&#237;nica. Tamb&#233;m observamos que o GATED SPECT foi capaz de identificar o &#250;ltimo segmento mioc&#225;rdico a se contrair, s&#237;tio ideal de implante do eletrodo ventricular esquerdo na TRC; por&#233;m, devido a limita&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas, essa identifica&#231;&#227;o levou a implante concordante em apenas 54% dos casos.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada reflete o perfil de pacientes normalmente tradados em hospitais de alta complexidade, sendo sua maior parte portadora de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Como observado em estudos pr&#233;vios, a maior parte dos pacientes deste estudo apresentou-se para a TRC em CF NYHA III ou IV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> As avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nico-funcionais no presente estudo, CF NYHA e MLHFQ, corroboraram o benef&#237;cio da TRC j&#225; observado em diversos estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No presente trabalho, foi observado que 77,8% dos pacientes tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o de ao menos uma CF NYHA e melhoria significativa da qualidade de vida, conforme avaliado pelo MLHFQ ap&#243;s a TRC. Apesar de avaliar dados subjetivos, o MLHFQ remete &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o do paciente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus sintomas, semelhante ao resultado encontrado em estudo pr&#233;vio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A TRC est&#225; associada a benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico na maioria dos pacientes. Alguns par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o considerados preditores de maior chance de resposta ao tratamento, como uma maior dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, sendo que o benef&#237;cio se torna ainda maior quando a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &#233; superior a 150 ms, conforme achados de Poole et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Em nosso estudo, todos os pacientes demonstraram dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS superior a 150 ms (dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do QRS de 212 ms), conferindo maior probabilidade de resposta. Corroborando esses dados, o estudo COMPANION n&#227;o mostrou benef&#237;cio em favor da TRC nos pacientes que tinham dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS menor que 147 ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> ao avaliar desfecho prim&#225;rio de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por qualquer causa, enquanto que o estudo RAFT,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> avaliando desfecho prim&#225;rio de morte ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, encontrou maior benef&#237;cio da TRC naqueles com dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS maior que 150 ms.</p>
        <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com morfologia n&#227;o BRE, dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular inespec&#237;ficos e/ou bloqueio de ramo direito, o que pode ter levado ao benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico observado. Esses achados foram tamb&#233;m vistos em estudos recentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> que mostram redu&#231;&#227;o ou mesmo aus&#234;ncia do benef&#237;cio da TRC nesse grupo de pacientes. Vale a pena ressaltar que o nosso estudo, mesmo recrutando todos os pacientes com FEVE &lt; 35%, dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS superior a 150 ms e morfologia de BRE, identificou que 27% dos nossos pacientes foram n&#227;o respondedores (crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos/morte). Esses valores s&#227;o superpon&#237;veis com os observados na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o conseguimos demonstrar que os pacientes com maiores IPR tinham maior benef&#237;cio, o que pode ser devido &#224; pequena amostra. Observamos, entretanto, que o grupo respondedor apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do IPR (de 178 ms antes da TRC para 125 ms em 6 meses).</p>
        <p>Na cintilografia, o SD e a HBW foram capazes de avaliar o dissincronismo mec&#226;nico antes da TRC. Ap&#243;s 6 meses da TRC, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dessas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o mostrou signific&#226;ncia, o que pode ser devido ao fato de que nem todos os pacientes tiveram o eletrodo do VE posicionado no local de maior retardo da contra&#231;&#227;o. Os dados significantes na avalia&#231;&#227;o cintilogr&#225;fica da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foram o VSF do VE e a massa do VE, por prov&#225;vel remodelamento reverso determinado pela TRC.</p>
        <p>Na busca de uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes que responderam &#224; TRC e a presen&#231;a de dissincronismo mec&#226;nico pela cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica, observamos que os respondedores tinham valores mais elevados de SD e HWB em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o respondedores (HBW de 177&#176; <italic>vs</italic> 76&#176; e SD de 62&#176; <italic>vs</italic> 36&#176;, respectivamente). Tais achados est&#227;o de acordo com os do estudo de Henneman et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> onde os valores dos par&#226;metros de dissincronismo foram significativamente superiores nos respondedores em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o respondedores (HBW de 175&#176; <italic>vs</italic> 117&#176; e SD de 56&#176; <italic>vs</italic> 37&#176;, respectivamente). Os respondedores tinham ainda QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o maior que os n&#227;o respondedores, corroborado pelos achados de rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre eles.</p>
        <p>Ao avaliar o s&#237;tio de maior retardo na ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel determinar a presen&#231;a de fibrose nesse s&#237;tio e adjacente a ele, o que pode influenciar na resposta &#224; TRC. Daoulah et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> demonstraram que a presen&#231;a de fibrose transmural na regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-lateral pr&#233;-TRC est&#225; associada com 75% menos chance de resposta ecocardiogr&#225;fica ou cl&#237;nica com essa terapia. Em nosso estudo, 11,1% dos pacientes apresentaram implante do eletrodo em regi&#227;o p&#243;stero-lateral; entretanto, n&#227;o houve relatos de fibrose nessa regi&#227;o na nossa amostra, sendo que 7 pacientes tinham hist&#243;ria de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio.</p>
        <p>J&#225; foi descrito previamente que o implante do eletrodo do VE no local de maior atraso vi&#225;vel foi capaz de aumentar a frequ&#234;ncia de remodelamento reverso e diminuir sintomas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da limita&#231;&#227;o do posicionamento do eletrodo no &#250;ltimo sitio de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, a t&#233;cnica vascular traz consigo alguns benef&#237;cios: 1. procedimento menos invasivo agregando menores complica&#231;&#245;es per- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias; 2. limiares cr&#244;nicos de estimula&#231;&#227;o mais baixos; e 3. menor per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Uma estrat&#233;gia para superar a limita&#231;&#227;o imposta em estimular o s&#237;tio de maior retardo na contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda consiste na possibilidade do uso de estimula&#231;&#227;o multipolar. Essa estimula&#231;&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel com o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de eletrodos multipolares que possibilitam o est&#237;mulo ventricular esquerdo em v&#225;rios s&#237;tios, com a gera&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias possibilidades de vetores de estimula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A cintilografia com GATED SPECT &#233; capaz de identificar tamb&#233;m o s&#237;tio de &#250;ltima ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular ao mesmo tempo em que identifica se essa &#225;rea alberga fibrose, tendo, por esse motivo, grande contribui&#231;&#227;o na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para TRC.</p>
        <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo, destacamos o pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes analisados e a aus&#234;ncia de eletrodos quadripolares no VE, que aumentam a probabilidade de ressincronizar o VE em compara&#231;&#227;o com o uso de eletrodos unipolares.</p>
        <p>Perante os achados do presente estudo, parece-nos que o uso da eletrocardiografia de forma isolada, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e sua morfologia para sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para TRC, n&#227;o representa um bom preditor isolado; por&#233;m, aqueles que possuem os crit&#233;rios de dura&#231;&#227;o e morfologia associados aos crit&#233;rios de imagem de dissincronismo mec&#226;nico podem apresentar uma resposta mais positiva &#224; TRC.</p>
        <p>O benef&#237;cio do uso de t&#233;cnicas de imagem, em especial do GATED SPECT com an&#225;lise de fase, na detec&#231;&#227;o de dissincronismo mec&#226;nico e na orienta&#231;&#227;o da coloca&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo no local de maior retardo na condu&#231;&#227;o deve aumentar o n&#250;mero de respondedores, havendo, por&#233;m, necessidade de estudos maiores com o posicionamento do eletrodo do VE guiado pelos dados obtidos por t&#233;cnicas de imagem para conclus&#245;es definitivas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Os pacientes submetidos &#224; TRC apresentam boa resposta cl&#237;nica, com redu&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo el&#233;trico avaliado pela eletrocardiografia e redu&#231;&#227;o do dissincronismo mec&#226;nico conforme avaliado pelo GATED SPECT.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Os respondedores &#224; TRC apresentam maior dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS pr&#233; implante do ressincronizador em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#227;o respondedores. Al&#233;m disso, os respondedores tiveram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do IPR em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o respondedores.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dissincronismo el&#233;trico n&#227;o est&#225; associado necessariamente com dissincronismo mec&#226;nico, conforme avaliado pelo GATED SPECT.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A an&#225;lise de fase do GATED SPECT demonstrou que os par&#226;metros SD e HBW est&#227;o associados com maior probabilidade de resposta &#224; TRC.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Apesar de o GATED SPECT indicar o &#250;ltimo segmento mioc&#225;rdico a se contrair para o posicionamento do eletrodo do VE nesse local, isso nem sempre &#233; exequ&#237;vel em virtude da variabilidade anat&#244;mica (tribut&#225;rias) e do calibre do seio coronariano.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Ag&#234;ncia Internacional de Energia At&#244;mica.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Erivelton Alessandro do Nascimento pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 884.844. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
