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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JS4FWBwvvgJdS86RHHsjNgd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001600596</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005013101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180162</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Factors Associated with Inadequate Management of Antiplatelet Agents in Perioperative Period of Non-Cardiac Surgeries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Maria Dantas Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Pamella de Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Martins Gonzaga do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Aracaju</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Tiradentes</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Aracaju</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Para Pr&#225;ticas Seguras no Uso de Medicamentos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Para Pr&#225;ticas Seguras no Uso de Medicamentos, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Aracaju</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Aracaju</city>
          <state>SE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Juliana Maria Dantas Mendon&#231;a,</bold> Rua Poeta Vinicius de Moraes, 60, apt 704. Postal Code 49037-490, Aracaju, SE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>jumariapharma@gmail.com</email>, <email>judantas20@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Borges JMDM, AlmeidaPA, Nascimento MMG, Barreto Filho JAS, Rosa MB, Sousa ACS; Acquisition of data: Borges JMDM, Almeida PA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Borges JMDM, Nascimento MMG, Barreto Filho JAS, Rosa MB, Sousa ACS; Statistical analysis: Borges JMDM, Nascimento MMG, Barreto Filho JAS, Sousa ACS; Obtaining financing: Borges JMDM, Sousa ACS; Writing of the manuscript: Borges JMDM, Nascimento MMG, Rosa MB, Sousa ACS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Borges JMDM, Nascimento MMG, Barreto Filho JAS, Rosa MB, Sousa ACS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>596</fpage>
      <lpage>604</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The current guidelines dispose recommendations to manage antiplatelet agents in the perioperative period; however, the daily medical practices lack standardization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To asses factors associated with inadequate management of antiplatelet agents in the perioperative period of non-cardiac surgeries.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional Study conducted in hospital from October 2014 to October 2016. The study dependent variable was a therapy that did not comply with the recommendations in the Brazilian Association of Cardiology (SBC) guidelines. The independent variables included some characteristics, the people in charge of the management and causes of lack of adherence to those guidelines. Variables were included in the multivariate model. Analysis was based on the odds ratio (OR) value and its respective 95% confidence interval (CI) estimated by means of logistic regression with 5% significance level.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The sample was composed of adult patients submitted to non-cardiac surgeries and who would use acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) or clopidogrel (n = 161). The management failed to comply with the recommendations in the guidelines in 80.75% of the sample. Surgeons had the highest number of noncomplying orientations (n = 63). After multivariate analysis it was observed that patients with a higher level of schooling (OR = 0.24; CI95% 0.07-0.78) and those with a previous episode of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (OR = 0.18; CI95% 0.04-0.95) had a higher probability of using a therapy complying with the guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Positive association between patients&#8217; schooling level, or those with a history of previous AMI, with management of the use of aspirin and clopidogrel in the perioperative period of non-cardiac surgeries. However, diverging conducts stress the need of having internal protocol defined.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Surgery/perioperative care</kwd>
        <kwd>Intraoperative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Platelet Aggregation</kwd>
        <kwd>Adults</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Educational Status</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>A study published in 20018 by the World Health Organization (WHO) informed that in 2012 313 million surgeries had been performed worldwide, thus evidencing a 38% increase in eight years. During that period in Brazil approximately 6 thousand surgeries per 100.000 inhabitants were performed, summing up about 10 to 13 million surgical procedures in 2012,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and the rate of non-cardiac surgeries was estimated at 3 million per year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> These figures still are bound to increase due to several factors, such as the growing and ageing population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In 2014, Botto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> stated that cardiac complications are the main cause of post-operation deaths of patients submitted to non-cardiac surgeries. These are alarming data once in the world over 10 million adults every year have at least one cardiac complication in the first 30 days following a non-cardiac surgical procedure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Among the cardiac complications arising from these types of procedure the most common is acute myocardial infarction (AMI),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> which is also associated with long-term mortality, although often enough it is detected earlier during clinical screening.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Due to the key role performed by platelets in pathogenesis of atherothrombotic events, using antiplatelet agents is of the essence for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> However, although the use of antiplatelet agents has increased cardiovascular safety of many patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> when they need a non-cardiac surgery, surgeons and anesthesiologists frequently have to face the decision of whether to interrupt or not antiplatelet therapy in those patients during the perioperative period considering the risks of the occurrence of thrombi or bleedings, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, in order to help physicians make decisions in the perioperative period referring to antiplatelet therapy, the recommendations of the American association of thorax physicians (2012) and of the Brazilian (2013), European and American cardiology societies of cardiology (2014) are supposed to serve as basis of clinical evidence to help perioperative conducts and, consequently, to guarantee more safety to patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this sense, this study is an attempt to assess the factors associated with inadequate management of antiplatelet agents in the perioperative period of non-cardiac surgeries based on the existing Brazilian guidelines.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study outline, sample and data collection</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a high-complexity hospital, which is reference in cardiology and has internal hospital accreditation. That hospital unit contains 150 beds and, during the study period, 650 non-cardiac surgeries per month were performed on average.</p>
        <p>In the study patients submitted to non-cardiac surgeries and who previously and regularly used at least one platelet agent for primary or secondary prevention were included, which composed a sample obtained by convenience instead of probabilistic, composed of adult patients (18 years old or older).</p>
        <p>Data were collected from October 2014 to October 2016 by means of interviews with patients, or with their companions, before they were submitted to surgical procedures, using a questionnaire specific to obtain data. The interviews were held by a team of professionals and academics previously trained who attended the Departments of Pharmacy and Medicine of a public university and the Department of Pharmacy of a private university.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variables and data analysis</title>
        <p>Descriptive analysis of the variables was done by determining absolute and relative frequencies for qualitative variables, and the means for quantitative variables. In the univariate and multivariate analyses the preoperative therapy with aspirin or clopidogrel was defined the dependent variable, which is inadequate according to the SBC recommendations (yes or no), once the study was conducted in Brazil. For this variable firstly was determined whether the patients had used antiplatelet agent for primary and secondary prevention, and then whether the recommendations disposed in the SBC guidelines referring to antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants in cardiology had been met, those adopted by the institution as reference at the time of the study, as presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Box 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Box 01</label>
          <caption>
            <title>SBC recommendation (2013) as to using aspirin and clopidogrel in the preoperative period of non-cardiac surgery</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="70%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indications</th>
                <th align="center">References</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Patients using aspirin for secondary prevention in schedule of non-cardiac operations should keep using aspiring in a smaller dose<break/>(75 to 100 mg/day), except in neurosurgeries and transurethral resection of the prostate.</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">25,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Patients using aspirin for primary prevention should suspend it 7 days before the procedure.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">For patients using clopidogrel as primary prevention, its use should be suspended 5 days before the surgical procedure.</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">For patients using clopidogrel for secondary prevention, the bleeding risk should be considered. When the bleeding risk is moderate or<break/>high, clopidogrel should be suspended 5 days before the procedure, but when the bleeding risk is low, the antiplatelet agent should be<break/>maintained.</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>ASPIRIN: acetylsalicylic acid.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Independent variables are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Patients were deemed to have a history of revascularization procedure if they had already been submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention or surgical revascularization. Patients were deemed dyslipidemic when they used medicines such as statins, resins, ezetimibe or fibrates, which the V Brazilian Guideline of Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis Prevention (2013) deems treatments of choice for dyslipidemia,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> additionally, patients were deemed hypertensive when at their medical records there was this information and because they used anti-hypertensive medicines, as described in the 7<sup>th</sup> Brazilian Guideline of Arterial Hypertension (2016).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> For the Body Mass Index (BMI), patients who had 18.5- 24.9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> BMI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> were considered having normal weight. As to a surgery&#8217; intrinsic risk of cardiac complications, the 3<sup>rd</sup> SBC Guideline of Perioperative Cardiovascular Assessment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> was adopted as reference<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sample characteristics (n = 161). High-complexity hospital, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil, 2014-2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Total n(%)</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Noncomplying with recommendations<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Value p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06"><sup>&#167;</sup></xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">No(%)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Yes (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Gender</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">73(45.3)</td>
                <td align="center">23.3</td>
                <td align="center">76.7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">88(54.7)</td>
                <td align="center">15.9</td>
                <td align="center">84.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.237</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Age</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40-69 years</td>
                <td align="center">85(52.8)</td>
                <td align="center">15.3</td>
                <td align="center">84.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.178</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70-99 years</td>
                <td align="center">76(47.2)</td>
                <td align="center">23.7</td>
                <td align="center">76.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Schooling</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Up to high-school</td>
                <td align="center">65(40.4)</td>
                <td align="center">12.3</td>
                <td align="center">87.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.180</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Primary School &#8211; complete &#8211; incomplete</td>
                <td align="center">40(24.8)</td>
                <td align="center">25.0</td>
                <td align="center">75.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">University &#8211;complete or incomplete</td>
                <td align="center">56(34.8)</td>
                <td align="center">23.2</td>
                <td align="center">76.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Married</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">63(39.1)</td>
                <td align="center">20.6</td>
                <td align="center">79.4</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.722</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">98(60.9)</td>
                <td align="center">18.4</td>
                <td align="center">81.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Works</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">126(78.3)</td>
                <td align="center">23.0</td>
                <td align="center">77.0</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">35(21.7)</td>
                <td align="center">5.7</td>
                <td align="center">94.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Has children</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">10(6.2)</td>
                <td align="center">10.0</td>
                <td align="center">90.0</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.443</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">151(93.8)</td>
                <td align="center">19.9</td>
                <td align="center">80.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Body Mass Index<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Up to 29</td>
                <td align="center">115(71.3)</td>
                <td align="center">20.2</td>
                <td align="center">79.8</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.687</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 or more</td>
                <td align="center">46(28.7)</td>
                <td align="center">17.4</td>
                <td align="center">82.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Number of diseases<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0-2</td>
                <td align="center">120(74.5)</td>
                <td align="center">20.8</td>
                <td align="center">79.2</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.385</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3-4</td>
                <td align="center">41(25.5)</td>
                <td align="center">14.6</td>
                <td align="center">85.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Previous revascularization procedure<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>#</sup></xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">124(77.0)</td>
                <td align="center">19.4</td>
                <td align="center">80.6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.953</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">37(23.0)</td>
                <td align="center">18.9</td>
                <td align="center">81.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Acute Myocardial Infarct</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">132(82.0)</td>
                <td align="center">15.9</td>
                <td align="center">84.1</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">29(18.0)</td>
                <td align="center">34.5</td>
                <td align="center">65.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Stroke</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">152(94.4)</td>
                <td align="center">18.4</td>
                <td align="center">81.6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">9(5.6)</td>
                <td align="center">33.3</td>
                <td align="center">66.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">94(58.4)</td>
                <td align="center">25.5</td>
                <td align="center">74.5</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">67(41.6)</td>
                <td align="center">10.5</td>
                <td align="center">89.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Systemic Arterial Hypertension</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">No</td>
                <td align="center">43(26.7)</td>
                <td align="center">16.3</td>
                <td align="center">83.7</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.563</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Yes</td>
                <td align="center">118(73.3)</td>
                <td align="center">20.3</td>
                <td align="center">79.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Continuation</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Time using aspirin or clopidogrel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1-4 years</td>
                <td align="center">72(44.7)</td>
                <td align="center">19.4</td>
                <td align="center">80.6</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.956</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5 years or more</td>
                <td align="center">89(55.3)</td>
                <td align="center">19.1</td>
                <td align="center">80.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Surgeon expertise</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">General or digestive system</td>
                <td align="center">67(41.6)</td>
                <td align="center">80.6</td>
                <td align="center">19.4</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.770</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urologist</td>
                <td align="center">11(6.8)</td>
                <td align="center">16.1</td>
                <td align="center">83.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Orthopedist</td>
                <td align="center">24(14.9)</td>
                <td align="center">83.3</td>
                <td align="center">16.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Other</td>
                <td align="center">59(36.7)</td>
                <td align="center">78.0</td>
                <td align="center">22.0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>ASPIRIN: acetylsalicylic acid; SBC: Brazilian Society of Cardiology;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>
                <sup>*</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Therapy according or noncomplying with the use of aspirin or clopidogrel therapy in the preoperative period, according to the SBC;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>
                <sup>&#8224;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Body Mass Index = (weight in Kg) : (height in meters<sup>2</sup>);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>
                <sup>&#8225;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Number of diseases documented in the medical records and confirmed by patients on the date they were admitted for surgery;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>
                <sup>#</sup>
              </label>
              <p>history of percutaneous coronary intervention or surgical revascularization;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>
                <sup>&#167;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Obtained with Pearson chi-square test, significant when &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We conducted univariate analyses using the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher exact test with expected frequency equal or lower than five. All variables were included in the multivariate model which, on its turn, was done with logistic regression. Multivariate analysis was based on the odds ratio (OR) value and its respective 95% confidence interval (CI<sup>95%</sup>), estimated by logistic regression. A 5% level of statistical significance was the criterion adopted to identify characteristics independently associated with the dependent variable. The likelihood-ratio test was used to compare the models, and the final models&#8217; properness was assessed with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. All statistical analyses were done with the Stata&#174; statistic software package, version 12.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>This investigation was registered in the National Council of Ethics in Research - CONEP with the Certificate of Submission for Ethical Appreciation - CAAE no. 33899914.2.0000.5546, in compliance with the norms for scientific research involving human beings in Brazil. All individuals included in the study agreed to participate in the research by signing a free and informed consent (FIC).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Out of the total number of patients interviewed (n = 1,200), 161 were included in this study because they reported using at least one antiplatelet agent: Aspirin (156) and clopidogrel (5). Among those, 48 used antiplatelet agent for primary prevention (29.8%) and 113 for secondary prevention (70.2%). The patients were 69.5 years old on average (minimum = 42; maximum = 99; SD = &#177;10.5) and the majority was female (54.7%), in addition to having an average AMI of 27.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (minimum = 17.3; maximum = 46.3; SD = &#177;5.5) and number of diseases 1.8 on average (minimum = 0; maximum = 4; SD = &#177;0.9). The majority had schooling up to high-school (40.4%) and the mean time of daily use of aspirin and/or Clopidogrel was 6.3 years (minimum = 1; maximum = 40; SD = &#177;6.8). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the characteristics of the sample in detail:</p>
      <p>Out of the whole sample, 80.7% of the sample failed to comply with the SBC cardiology guidelines. As to types of noncomplying therapies, most of them occurred in cases where platelet agents was suspended as recommended, but within a longer period of time to that recommended in the guidelines, as detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of noncompliance with the SBC recommendations for using aspirin and clopidogrel in preoperative periods of non-cardiac surgeries (n = 161) in high-complexity Hospital, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil, 2014-2016</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="56%"/>
            <col width="27%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Therapy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</th>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Frequency n(%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Compliance</td>
              <td align="left">
							</td>
              <td align="center">31(19.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">Non compliance</td>
              <td align="center">It was not suspend; it was supposed to be suspended</td>
              <td align="center">30(18.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">It was suspended; it was not supposed to be suspended</td>
              <td align="center">37(23.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">It was suspended; it was supposed to be suspended, but for a period longer than recommended</td>
              <td align="center">42(26.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">It was suspended; it was supposed to be suspended, but for a period lower than recommended</td>
              <td align="center">21(13.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Total</td>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <td align="center">161(100)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <p>ASPIRIN: acetylsalicylic acid; SBC: Brazilian Society of Cardiology;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <label>
              <sup>*</sup>
            </label>
            <p>Therapy according or noncomplying with the use recommended by the SBC for using aspirin or clopidogrel in preoperative periods according to the SBC.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As to the people in charge of rendering orientation for the management of antiplatelet agents, 85.1 % of the surgeons who rendered instructions to patients, in addition to 63.2% of the cardiologists, did it in disagreement with the recommendations in the SBC guidelines as to the use of aspirin or clopidogrel in the preoperative period of non-cardiac surgeries. As to the cardiac risks in surgical procedures to which the patients were submitted, according to the SBC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> guidelines for perioperative cardiovascular assessment, the majority (58%) of the procedures was classified as low cardiac risk (&lt;1%), and none was classified high risk in this study.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> presents the results of multivariate analyses of the characteristics associated to the therapy lacking compliance with the recommendations for using aspirin or clopidogrel in preoperative period according to the SBC. After multiple adjustments, schooling up to university, complete or incomplete (OR 0.24; CI95% 0.7-0.78), and previous history of AMI (OR 0.18: CI95% 0.04-0.95) remained independently associated with the therapy lacking compliance with the SBC. .</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Results of the multivariate analysis of the characteristics associated with the therapy lacking compliance with the recommendations of use of aspirin or clopidogrel in preoperative periods according to SBC (n = 161) in high-complexity Hospital, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil, 2014-2016</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center">OR (CI<sup>95%</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>*</sup></xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center">Value p<italic><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref></italic></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Gender</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female</td>
              <td align="center">2.22(0.74-6.68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.155</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">40-69 years</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">70-99 years</td>
              <td align="center">0.63(0.24-1.65)</td>
              <td align="center">0.354</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Schooling</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Up to high school</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Primary school complete or incomplete</td>
              <td align="center">0.46(0.13-1.66)</td>
              <td align="center">0.237</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">University complete incomplete</td>
              <td align="center">0.24(0.07-0.78)</td>
              <td align="center">0.018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Married</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1.28(0.47-3.48)</td>
              <td align="center">0.631</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Work outside the home</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">4.80(0.92-25.11)</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Has children</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">0.60(0.06-5.73)</td>
              <td align="center">0.655</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Body Mass Index<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Up to 29</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30 or more</td>
              <td align="center">1.24(0.43-3.54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.689</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Number of diseases<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14"><sup>&#167;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.72(0.65-4.56)</td>
              <td align="center">0.279</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Previous revascularization procedure<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>#</sup></xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">2.08(0.58-7.49)</td>
              <td align="center">0.261</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Acute Myocardial Infarction</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">0.18(0.04-0.95)</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Stroke</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">0.21(0.03-1.66)</td>
              <td align="center">0.138</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">1.00(0.24-4.17)</td>
              <td align="center">0.999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Systemic Arterial Hypertension</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes</td>
              <td align="center">0.22(0.04-1.27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.090</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Time using aspirin or clopidogrel</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1-4 years</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5 years or more</td>
              <td align="center">0.90(0.35-2.36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.837</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Surgeon expertise</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General or digestive system</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urologist</td>
              <td align="center">3.30(0.33-33.09)</td>
              <td align="center">0.310</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Orthopedist</td>
              <td align="center">1.38(0.32-5.88)</td>
              <td align="center">0.665</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Other</td>
              <td align="center">0.75(0.28-2.03)</td>
              <td align="center">0.578</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN09">
            <p>ASPIRIN: acetylsalicylic acid; SBC: Brazilian Society of Cardiology;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>
              <sup>*</sup>
            </label>
            <p>Odds Ratio (CI<sup>95%</sup>) estimated with the logistic regression method;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>
              <sup>&#8224;</sup>
            </label>
            <p>Logistic regression significant when &lt; 0.05;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>
              <sup>&#8225;</sup>
            </label>
            <p>Body Mass Index = (weight in Kg) : (height in meters)<sup>2</sup>;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <label>
              <sup>#</sup>
            </label>
            <p>History of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention or surgical revascularization;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <label>
              <sup>&#167;</sup>
            </label>
            <p>Number of diseases documented in medical records and confirmed by patient on the date they were admitted for surgery &#8211; continuous variable.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The rather expressive frequency of therapies with aspirin and clopidogrel lacking compliance with the SBC guidelines&#8217; recommendations (2013) in the perioperative period of non-cardiac surgeries was not observed in other studies once, as far as we are aware, this is the first one conducted in Brazil on this subject. However, the lack of organization of standardization of medical conducts in the management of antiplatelet agents is well known, i.e., there are groups of physicians who advocate the suspension of those medicines before surgeries in order to avoid bleedings, while others advocate their maintenance in order to avoid thrombotic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Brazilian guidelines say that in cases where aspirin or clopidogrel is used for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases, they should be suspended, respectively seven and five days before a non-cardiac surgical procedure. However, in this study, the majority of the noncompliance with the Brazilian guidelines happened due to their suspension for periods longer than those disposed for aspirin and clopidogrel. This conduct can potentially expose patients to cardiac complications in the perioperative period once the literature evidences that those medicines, after being suspended for 8-10 days, lose their antiplatelet agent&#8217;s effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Cases where the conduct of suspending the drug was correct were also observed, but for a period shorter than that recommended in the guidelines and, so, the goal of losing the pharmacological effect of the antiplatelet agent is never reached once that effect at platelet level is irreversible, and the time they remain active is approximately 10 days.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Therefore, although the conduct of suspending the antiplatelet agent was correct, it is possible to infer that the suspension of the antiplatelet agent for longer or shorter periods than those recommended by the guidelines occurred because the hospital does not have its own assistance protocols focused on this matter, and, as such, diverging conducts strengthen the need of defining internal conducts, more divulgation of the guidelines used as reference at that institution, and continued education. Double checking conducts according to internal protocols of an institution can also be an important choice to ensure patients&#8217; safety.</p>
      <p>Other important datum in this study, and one that draws attention, is that a significant number of noncomplying therapies occurred resulting from having patients oriented to suspend antiplatelet agents when the Brazilian guidelines state the opposite for cases where patients use aspirin and clopidogrel for secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> except for clopidogrel, which depends of the procedure&#8217;s bleeding risk;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> but in this case, all 5 patients who had been using this drug were submitted to low bleeding-risk surgeries. According to some authors, an increased bleeding risk related to the effect of the antiplatelet action of those drugs is well known,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> mainly in the ageing population,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> which stands for the majority in this study.</p>
      <p>However, other studies, as much as the SBC orientations (2013), except for neurosurgeries and transurethral resection of the prostate, advocate that the benefits of secondary prevention substantially exceeds the bleeding risks those drugs may cause<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> once the AMI is the main cause of death in old patients after non-cardiac surgeries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A successful surgery depends on the aptitude and technical skills of the surgeon, on the indication and previous preparation, on the perioperative period management and care dimensioning the risks, on preventing and treating complications.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> In other words, a surgeon operates trying to avoid surgical complications during the procedure as much as possible, and among them one can be highlighted among general complications, whose universal example is hemorrhage.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Those statements can justify the results of this study because the medical expertise representing the majority of the results noncomplying with the guidelines was surgery.</p>
      <p>As to the association with patients&#8217; characteristics, it was observed that patients with more schooling and those who at some moment had an AMI episode have more chance of using antiplatelet therapy in the preoperative period of non-cardiac surgeries according to the SBC (2013). No studies with this type of association were found in the literature.</p>
      <p>However, on this matter, in a research done in the United States, its findings strongly suggest that the level of schooling is able to affect the risk of an individual developing cardiovascular diseases, regardless of any cardiovascular risk factor defined, i.e., patients with less than 12-year schooling ran significantly higher risk of AMI than those with 12-year or more schooling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> As much as other authors, we understand that a higher schooling level enables patients to understand better the doctor&#8217;s orientations as to managing medicines and their health condition, as much as to have more access to information,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> once nowadays patients would rather participate more and more in the decision-making process with their doctors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As to patients who already had an AMI episode and are in the group where the antiplatelet therapy complies more with the guidelines in the perioperative period, one can understand that surgeons and doctors in charge of this medicine management look for avoiding reinfarction, and so they instruct their patients not to suspend aspirin or clopidogrel in the preoperative period of non-cardiac surgeries, thus abiding by the recommendations in the guidelines and advocated by other authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations once the information obtained about management of antiplatelet therapy was rendered by the very patients, or by their companions, who in some situations said that opinions diverged between surgeon and cardiologist, or between surgeon and anesthetist, for instance, which would lead the very patients, or their companions, to decide which orientations should be followed. Additionally, the answers were written down on the patients&#8217; reports, and physicians did not have the opportunity of confirming them. In addition, the study is limited to assessing simultaneously the two types of revascularization procedures (angioplasty and coronary revascularization) referring to the management of the antiplatelet agents, and it just does not assess the clinical impact of the antiplatelet therapy after the preoperative period. Therefore, we suggest that future studies address this prospective approach in order to size up the occurrence of thrombotic or hemorrhagic events during and after surgery.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>General surgeons stand for a group of physicians which follows the least the guidelines for managing antiplatelet agents in perioperative periods of non-cardiac surgeries. Divergences in conducts seem to stress the need of defining internal protocols, to divulge guidelines and continued education to ensure patients&#8217; safety. Additionally, it was concluded that patients with more schooling, or a previous history of AMI, agree more with the cardiology guidelines, i.e., patients who have less schooling should be better accompanied in the management of the medicine therapy, and also to have more access to information about their health condition. However, fear of the possibility of a new infarction in a patient leads physicians no to hesitate to suspend the antiplatelet agent in non-cardiac surgical procedures when they are not neurosurgeries or transurethral resection of the prostate.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPITEC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </label>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Juliana Maria Dantas Mendon&#231;a, from N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe under the protocol number 33899914.2.0000.5546. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores Associados com o Manejo Inadequado de Antiagregantes Plaquet&#225;rios em Perioperat&#243;rio de Cirurgias n&#227;o Card&#237;acas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Maria Dantas Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Pamella de Assis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Martins Gonzaga do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Para Pr&#225;ticas Seguras no Uso de Medicamentos, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, SE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Juliana Maria Dantas Mendon&#231;a,</bold> Rua Poeta Vinicius de Moraes, 60, apt 704. CEP 49037-490, Aracaju, SE - Brasil E-mail: <email>jumariapharma@gmail.com</email>, <email>judantas20@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Borges JMDM, Almeida PA, Nascimento MMG, Barreto Filho JAS, Rosa MB, Sousa ACS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Borges JMDM, Almeida PA, Nascimento MMG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Borges JMDM, Barreto Filho JAS, Rosa MB, Sousa ACS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Borges JMDM, Nascimento MMG, Barreto Filho JAS, Sousa ACS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Borges JMDM, Sousa ACS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Borges JMDM, Nascimento MMG, Rosa MB, Sousa ACS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Borges JMDM, Nascimento MMG, Barreto Filho JAS, Rosa MB, Sousa ACS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As diretrizes atuais apresentam recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios em perioperat&#243;rio, entretanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria h&#225; falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o das condutas m&#233;dicas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os fatores associados ao manejo inadequado de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios em perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal, realizado de outubro de 2014 a outubro de 2016, em hospital. A vari&#225;vel dependente do estudo foi a terapia divergente das recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC). As vari&#225;veis independentes inclu&#237;ram algumas caracter&#237;sticas, os respons&#225;veis pelo manejo e as causas de n&#227;o ades&#227;o &#224;s diretrizes. As vari&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado. A an&#225;lise se baseou no valor de <italic>oddsratio</italic> (OR) e seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%, estimados por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A amostra foi composta de pacientes adultos submetidos a cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas e que faziam uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) ou clopidogrel (n = 161). O manejo esteve em desacordo com aquele preconizado pelas diretrizes em 80,75% da amostra. Os cirurgi&#245;es realizaram o maior n&#250;mero (n = 63) de orienta&#231;&#245;es em desacordo. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise multivariada, observou-se que os pacientes com n&#237;vel de escolaridade superior (OR = 0,24; IC95% 0,07-0,78) e aqueles com epis&#243;dio pr&#233;vio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) (OR = 0,18; IC95% 0,04-0,95) possuem maior chance de utilizar a terapia em concord&#226;ncia com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o n&#237;vel de escolaridade dos pacientes ou hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de IAM com o manejo do uso de AAS e clopidogrel em perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Por&#233;m as diverg&#234;ncias nas condutas refor&#231;am a necessidade de defini&#231;&#227;o de protocolos internos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cirurgia/assist&#234;ncia perioperat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados Intraoperat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Agrega&#231;&#227;o Plaquet&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Adultos</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Escolaridade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudo publicado em 2016 pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) divulgou que, no ano de 2012, ocorreram aproximadamente 313 milh&#245;es de cirurgias em n&#237;vel global, demonstrando um aumento de 38% em oito anos. Nesse mesmo estudo verificou-se, no Brasil, a ocorr&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 6 mil cirurgias a cada 100.000 habitantes, contabilizando uma estimativa de 10 a 13 milh&#245;es de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos no ano de 2012,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> sendo que a taxa de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas foi estimada em 3 milh&#245;es por ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Estes n&#250;meros tendem ainda a aumentar em decorr&#234;ncia de diversos fatores, como o crescimento e envelhecimento populacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 2014 Botto et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> afirmaram que as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas s&#227;o a principal causa de morte p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Dado alarmante, uma vez que no mundo, mais de 10 milh&#245;es de adultos, a cada ano, apresentam pelo menos uma complica&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimento cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas decorrentes destes tipos de procedimento, a mais comum &#233; o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> que tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado a mortalidade em longo prazo, apesar de muitas vezes ser detectado precocemente durante o rastreio cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devido ao papel chave desempenhado pelas plaquetas na patog&#234;nese de eventos aterotromb&#243;ticos, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios &#233; essencial na preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria dos eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Por&#233;m, embora a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios tenha aumentado a seguran&#231;a cardiovascular de muitos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> frente &#224; necessidade de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas, os cirurgi&#245;es e os anestesiologistas s&#227;o confrontados frequentemente com a decis&#227;o de interromper ou n&#227;o a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria desses pacientes durante o per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio, visto os riscos da ocorr&#234;ncia de trombos ou de sangramento, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Desta forma, para auxiliar profissionais m&#233;dicos na tomada de decis&#227;o no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio no tocante &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria, foram publicadas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do col&#233;gio americano de m&#233;dicos do t&#243;rax (2012) e das sociedades brasileira (2013), europeia e americana de cardiologia (2014), as quais devem servir como bases de evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas para ajudar na conduta perioperat&#243;ria e, consequentemente, garantir maior seguran&#231;a aos pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste sentido, este estudo buscou avaliar os fatores associados ao manejo inadequado de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios em perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas, fundamentado nas diretrizes brasileiras existentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo, amostra e coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal realizado em um hospital de alta complexidade, o qual &#233; refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia e possui acredita&#231;&#227;o hospitalar internacional. Esta unidade hospitalar cont&#233;m 150 leitos e, durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 650 cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas foram realizadas em m&#233;dia por m&#234;s.</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes submetidos a cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas e que faziam uso pr&#233;vio e regular de pelo menos um antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio, para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria, que constitu&#237;ram uma amostra obtida por conveni&#234;ncia e n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica, composta por pacientes adultos (com 18 anos ou mais).</p>
          <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada de outubro de 2014 a outubro de 2016 mediante entrevista com os pacientes ou seus acompanhantes, antes de os pacientes serem submetidos aos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, com aplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rio espec&#237;fico para obten&#231;&#227;o de dados. As entrevistas foram realizadas por uma equipe de profissionais e acad&#234;micos previamente treinados, participantes dos Departamentos de Farm&#225;cia e Medicina de Universidade P&#250;blica e do Departamento de Farm&#225;cia de Universidade privada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis e an&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis foi realizada com a determina&#231;&#227;o das frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas para vari&#225;veis qualitativas, e da m&#233;dia para vari&#225;veis quantitativas. Nas an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada, definiu-se como vari&#225;vel dependente a terapia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria com AAS ou clopidogrel, inadequada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da SBC (sim <italic>vs</italic> n&#227;o), j&#225; que o estudo foi realizado no Brasil. Para atender a esta vari&#225;vel, primeiramente foi identificado se o paciente utilizava o antiagragante plaquet&#225;rio para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria, e depois foi avaliada a adequa&#231;&#227;o conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es propostas pelas diretrizes de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios e anticoagulantes em cardiologia da SBC, adotadas na institui&#231;&#227;o como refer&#234;ncia &#224; &#233;poca do estudo, conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Quadro 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Quadro 01</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es da SBC (2013) para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de AAS e Clopidogrel em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="70%"/>
                <col width="30%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                  <th align="center">Refer&#234;ncias</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pacientes em uso de AAS para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria em programa&#231;&#227;o de opera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o card&#237;acas devem manter o uso do AAS<break/>em dose reduzida (75 a 100 mg/dia), exceto nas neurocirurgias e ressec&#231;&#227;o transuretral de pr&#243;stata.</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">25,28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Pacientes em uso de AAS para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, devem suspender 7 dias antes.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Para pacientes que usam clopidogrel como preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, seu uso deve ser suspenso 5 dias antes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Para pacientes que usam o clopidogrel para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, considerar o risco de sangramento. Quando o risco de<break/>sangramento for moderado ou alto, deve-se suspender o Clopidogrel 5 dias antes do procedimento, mas quando o risco de<break/>sangramento for baixo, deve-se manter o antiagregante no perioperat&#243;rio.</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN30">
                <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis independentes est&#227;o descritas da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref>. Foi considerado que o paciente apresentava hist&#243;rico de procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o se j&#225; houvesse sido submetido &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Os pacientes foram considerados dislipid&#234;micos quando usavam medicamentos como estatinas, resinas, ezetimibe ou fibratos, que s&#227;o considerados pela V Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose (2013) como tratamentos de escolha para dislipidemias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> al&#233;m disso foram considerados hipertensos quando em prontu&#225;rio constava essa informa&#231;&#227;o e por usarem medicamentos da classe dos anti-hipertensivos, conforme descritos na 7&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (2016).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Para o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), considerou-se com peso normal o paciente que apresentava IMC de 18,5- 24,9 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Quanto ao risco intr&#237;nseco da cirurgia de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, foi adotado como refer&#234;ncia a 3&#170; Diretriz de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Perioperat&#243;ria da SBC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra (n = 161). Hospital de alta complexidade, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brasil, 2014-2016</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="18%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="17%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Total n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="2">Fora das recomenda&#231;&#245;es<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21"><sup>&#167;</sup></xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left">N&#227;o (%)</th>
                  <th align="center">Sim (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">73(45,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,3</td>
                  <td align="center">76,7</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">88(54,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9</td>
                  <td align="center">84,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,237</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">40-69 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">85(52,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,3</td>
                  <td align="center">84,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,178</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">70-99 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">76(47,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,7</td>
                  <td align="center">76,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">At&#233; ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">65(40,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">87,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,180</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fundamental completo ou incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">40(24,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,0</td>
                  <td align="center">75,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Superior completo ou incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center">56(34,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,2</td>
                  <td align="center">76,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Casado(a)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">63(39,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,6</td>
                  <td align="center">79,4</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,722</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">98(60,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,4</td>
                  <td align="center">81,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Trabalha</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">126(78,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,0</td>
                  <td align="center">77,0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">35(21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">94,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tem filho(s)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">10(6,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">90,0</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,443</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">151(93,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,9</td>
                  <td align="center">80,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">At&#233; 29</td>
                  <td align="center">115(71,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,2</td>
                  <td align="center">79,8</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,687</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">30 ou mais</td>
                  <td align="center">46(28,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4</td>
                  <td align="center">82,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>N&#250;mero de doen&#231;as<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">0-2</td>
                  <td align="center">120(74,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,8</td>
                  <td align="center">79,2</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,385</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3-4</td>
                  <td align="center">41(25,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6</td>
                  <td align="center">85,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>#</sup></xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">124(77,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,4</td>
                  <td align="center">80,6</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,953</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">37(23,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,9</td>
                  <td align="center">81,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">132(82,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9</td>
                  <td align="center">84,1</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">29(18,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,5</td>
                  <td align="center">65,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">152(94,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,4</td>
                  <td align="center">81,6</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,270</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">9(5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,3</td>
                  <td align="center">66,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">94(58,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,5</td>
                  <td align="center">74,5</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">67(41,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">89,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">43(26,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">83,7</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,563</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">118(73,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,3</td>
                  <td align="center">79,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Continua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Tempo de uso do AAS ou clopidogrel</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">1-4 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">72(44,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,4</td>
                  <td align="center">80,6</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,956</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">5 anos ou mais</td>
                  <td align="center">89(55,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,1</td>
                  <td align="center">80,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Especialidade do cirurgi&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Geral ou do sistema digest&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">67(41,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">80,6</td>
                  <td align="center">19,4</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,770</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Urologista</td>
                  <td align="center">11(6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,1</td>
                  <td align="center">83,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ortopedista</td>
                  <td align="center">24(14,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,3</td>
                  <td align="center">16,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">59(36,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">78,0</td>
                  <td align="center">22,0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; SBC: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>
                  <sup>*</sup>
                </label>
                <p>Terapia de acordo ou em desacordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de AAS ou clopidogrel em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, segundo a SBC;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>
                  <sup>&#8224;</sup>
                </label>
                <p>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal = (peso em Kg) : (altura em metros)</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>
                  <sup>&#8225;</sup>
                </label>
                <p>N&#250;mero de doen&#231;as documentadas no prontu&#225;rio e confirmadas pelo paciente no dia da admiss&#227;o para cirurgia;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>
                  <sup>#</sup>
                </label>
                <p>hist&#243;rico de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <label>
                  <sup>&#167;</sup>
                </label>
                <p>Obtido pelo qui&#8209;quadrado de Pearson, significativo quando &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As an&#225;lises univariadas foram realizadas utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher, na presen&#231;a de pelo menos uma frequ&#234;ncia esperada igual ou inferior a cinco. Todas as vari&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado que, por sua vez, foi realizado mediante regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. A an&#225;lise multivariada se baseou no valor de <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) e seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC<sup>95%</sup>), estimados por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% foi o crit&#233;rio adotado para identificar caracter&#237;sticas independentemente associadas &#224; vari&#225;vel dependente. Utilizou-se o teste de raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a para comparar os modelos, e a adequa&#231;&#227;o dos modelos finais foi avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no pacote estat&#237;stico do software Stata&#174; vers&#227;o 12.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o est&#225; registrada no Conselho Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa-CONEP com o Certificado de Apresenta&#231;&#227;o para Aprecia&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica- CAAE de n&#250;mero 33899914.2.0000.5546, em concord&#226;ncia com as normas sobre pesquisa cient&#237;fica envolvendo seres humanos no Brasil. Todos os indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos no estudo concordaram em participar da pesquisa assinando o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Do total de pacientes entrevistados (n = 1.200), 161 foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo por relatarem o uso de pelo menos um antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio: AAS (156) e clopidogrel (5). Dentre esses, 48 utilizavam o antiagregante para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (29,8%) e 113 para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria (70,2%). Os pacientes tinham em m&#233;dia 69,5 anos (m&#237;nimo = 42; m&#225;ximo = 99; DP = &#177;10,5) e eram, na sua maioria, do sexo feminino (54,7%), al&#233;m de apresentarem uma m&#233;dia de IMC de 27,8 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (m&#237;nimo = 17,3; m&#225;ximo = 46,3; DP = &#177;5,5) e n&#250;mero de doen&#231;as em m&#233;dia de 1,8 (m&#237;nimo = 0; m&#225;ximo = 4; DP = &#177;0,9). A maioria apresentava escolaridade at&#233; o ensino m&#233;dio (40,4%) e quanto &#224; m&#233;dia do tempo de uso di&#225;rio do AAS e/ou Clopidogrel, era de 6,3 anos (m&#237;nimo = 1; m&#225;ximo= 40; DP = &#177;6,8). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 1</xref> mostra de forma detalhada a caracter&#237;stica da amostra:</p>
        <p>Estava em desacordo com as diretrizes de cardiologia da SBC para cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas 80,7% da amostra. Quanto aos tipos de terapias discordantes, a maior parte se deu nos casos onde o antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio foi suspenso como recomendado, por&#233;m em um tempo superior ao recomendado pelas diretrizes, conforme detalhado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados das discord&#226;ncias com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da SBC para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de AAS ou clopidogrel em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas (n=161) em Hospital de alta complexidade, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brasil, 2014-2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="56%"/>
              <col width="27%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Terapia*</th>
                <th align="center">Frequ&#234;ncia n(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">De acordo</td>
                <td align="center">31(19,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Em Desacordo</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o suspendeu; era para suspender</td>
                <td align="center">30(18,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Suspendeu; n&#227;o era para suspender</td>
                <td align="center">37(23,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Suspendeu; era para suspender, mas o tempo de suspens&#227;o foi superior ao recomendado</td>
                <td align="center">42(26,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Suspendeu; era para suspender, mas o tempo de suspens&#227;o foi inferior ao recomendado</td>
                <td align="center">21(13,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">Total</td>
                <td align="center">161(100)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; SBC: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>
                <sup>*</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Terapia de acordo ou em desacordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de AAS ou clopidogrel em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio segundo a SBC.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No que se refere aos respons&#225;veis pela orienta&#231;&#227;o do manejo dos antiagregantes, 85,1 % dos cirurgi&#245;es que orientaram os pacientes, assim como 63,2% dos cardiologistas, fizeram-no em desacordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes da SBC para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de AAS ou clopidogrel em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Quanto aos riscos card&#237;acos dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos aos quais os pacientes foram submetidos, de acordo com as diretrizes de avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular perioperat&#243;ria da SBC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> a maioria (58%) dos procedimentos foi classificada como de baixo risco card&#237;aco (&lt; 1%), e nenhum foi classificado como de alto risco neste estudo.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref> s&#227;o apresentados os resultados das an&#225;lises multivariadas das caracter&#237;sticas associadas &#224; terapia em desacordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de AAS ou clopidogrel em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio segundo a SBC. Ap&#243;s o ajustamento m&#250;ltiplo, permaneceram independentemente associadas &#224; terapia em desacordo com a SBC a escolaridade com n&#237;vel superior completo ou incompleto (OR 0,24; IC95% 0,7-0,78) e hist&#243;ria previa de IAM (OR 0,18: IC95% 0,04-0,95).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultado da an&#225;lise multivariada das caracter&#237;sticas associadas &#224; terapia em desacordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de AAS ou clopidogrel em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, segundo a SBC (n = 161) em Hospital de alta complexidade, Aracaju, Sergipe, Brasil, 2014-2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">OR (IC<sup>95%</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center">Valor p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>&#8224;</sup></xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">2,22(0,74-6,68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">40-69 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70-99 anos</td>
                <td align="center">0,63(0,24-1,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,354</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">At&#233; ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fundamental completo ou incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">0,46(0,13-1,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Superior completo ou incompleto</td>
                <td align="center">0,24(0,07-0,78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Casado(a)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,28(0,47-3,48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,631</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Trabalha</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">4,80(0,92-25,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Possui filho(s)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">0,60(0,06-5,73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,655</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal<italic><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27"><sup>&#8225;</sup></xref></italic></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">At&#233; 29</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">1,24(0,43-3,54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de doen&#231;as <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29"><sup>&#167;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,72(0,65-4,56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,279</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN28"><sup>#</sup></xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2,08(0,58-7,49)</td>
                <td align="center">0,261</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">0,18(0,04-0,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Acidente Vascular Encef&#225;lico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">0,21(0,03-1,66)</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,00(0,24-4,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">0,22(0,04-1,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tempo de uso do AAS ou clopidogrel</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1-4 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5 anos ou mais</td>
                <td align="center">0,90(0,35-2,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,837</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Especialidade do cirurgi&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Geral ou do sistema digest&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Urologista</td>
                <td align="center">3,30(0,33-33,09)</td>
                <td align="center">0,310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ortopedista</td>
                <td align="center">1,38(0,32-5,88)</td>
                <td align="center">0,665</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Outros</td>
                <td align="center">0,75(0,28-2,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,578</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <p>AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; SBC: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>
                <sup>*</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Odds Ratio (IC<sup>95%</sup>) estimado pelo m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>
                <sup>&#8224;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, significativo quando &lt; 0,05;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <label>
                <sup>&#8225;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal = (peso em Kg) : (altura em metros)<sup>2</sup>;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <label>
                <sup>#</sup>
              </label>
              <p>hist&#243;rico de Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <label>
                <sup>&#167;</sup>
              </label>
              <p>N&#250;mero de doen&#231;as documentadas no prontu&#225;rio e confirmado pelo paciente no dia da admiss&#227;o para cirurgia &#8211; vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia muita expressiva das terapias com AAS e Clopidogrel discordantes com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es nas diretrizes da SBC (2013) no perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas encontrada no presente estudo n&#227;o foi observada em outros estudos, uma vez que, at&#233; onde temos conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro realizado no Brasil neste sentido. Entretanto, &#233; conhecida a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o das condutas m&#233;dicas no manejo de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, ou seja, h&#225; grupos de m&#233;dicos que defendem a suspens&#227;o destes medicamentos antes das cirurgias para evitar eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, j&#225; outros defendem a manuten&#231;&#227;o, para evitar eventos tromb&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As diretrizes brasileiras orientam que, nos casos de uso de AAS ou Clopidogrel para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de DCV, estes devem ser suspensos, respectivamente, sete e cinco dias antes do procedimento cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o card&#237;aco. Entretanto, neste estudo, a maioria das discord&#226;ncias com as diretrizes brasileiras se deu pela suspens&#227;o a um per&#237;odo superior aos dias preconizados para o AAS e Clopidogrel. Esta conduta possui potencial de expor os pacientes a complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas no perioperat&#243;rio, uma vez que a literatura demonstra que estes medicamentos, ap&#243;s 8-10 dias de suspens&#227;o, t&#234;m seus efeitos de antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria anulados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Tamb&#233;m foram observados casos onde a conduta de suspender o medicamento foi correta, mas em tempo inferior ao recomendado pelas diretrizes, sendo que dessa maneira n&#227;o atinge o objetivo de anular o efeito farmacol&#243;gico do antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio, j&#225; que o efeito deste f&#225;rmaco em n&#237;vel plaquet&#225;rio &#233; irrevers&#237;vel e o seu tempo de a&#231;&#227;o persiste por aproximadamente 10 dias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, apesar da conduta de suspender o antiplaquet&#225;rio ter sido correta, sup&#245;e-se que a suspens&#227;o do antiplaquet&#225;rio por tempo superior ou inferior ao recomendado pelas diretrizes ocorreu porque n&#227;o h&#225; protocolos assistenciais pr&#243;prios da institui&#231;&#227;o hospitalar com este foco, de maneira que as diverg&#234;ncias nas condutas refor&#231;am a necessidade da defini&#231;&#227;o de condutas internas, divulga&#231;&#227;o mais ampliada das diretrizes utilizadas como refer&#234;ncia na institui&#231;&#227;o, e educa&#231;&#227;o continuada. Checagem dupla de condutas conforme protocolos internos da institui&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m podem ser uma op&#231;&#227;o importante para garantir a seguran&#231;a do paciente.</p>
        <p>Outro dado importante deste estudo, e que chama a aten&#231;&#227;o, &#233; que boa parte das terapias discordantes foram em decorr&#234;ncia dos pacientes terem sido orientados a suspender os antiagregantes, quando as diretrizes brasileiras orientam o contr&#225;rio para os casos em que os pacientes fazem uso do AAS e Clopidogrel para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de DCV,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> com ressalva para o Clopidogrel, que depende do risco hemorr&#225;gico do procedimento;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> mas neste caso, todos os 5 pacientes que faziam uso deste medicamento, foram submetidos a cirurgias de baixo risco hemorr&#225;gico. Segundo alguns autores, o risco aumentado de sangramento relacionado ao efeito da a&#231;&#227;o antiplaquet&#225;ria destes medicamentos &#233; bem conhecido,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> principalmente na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> que representa a maioria do nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>No entanto, outros estudos, assim como as orienta&#231;&#245;es da SBC (2013), com exce&#231;&#227;o para as neurocirurgias e ressec&#231;&#227;o transuretral de pr&#243;stata, defendem que os benef&#237;cios da preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria excedem substancialmente os riscos hemorr&#225;gicos que estes medicamentos podem causar,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> uma vez que o IAM &#233; a principal causa de &#243;bitos em idoso ap&#243;s cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sucesso da cirurgia depende da aptid&#227;o e da habilidade t&#233;cnica do cirurgi&#227;o, da indica&#231;&#227;o e do preparo pr&#233;vio, do manejo e do cuidado perioperat&#243;rio dimensionando os riscos, prevenindo e tratando complica&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Ou seja, o cirurgi&#227;o opera buscando evitar ao m&#225;ximo a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es cirurgias durante o procedimento, dentre elas destaca-se a complica&#231;&#227;o geral, que tem como exemplo universal, a hemorragia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Tais afirmativas podem justificar o resultado do presente estudo, pois a especialidade m&#233;dica que representou a maioria dos resultados discordantes com as diretrizes foi a de cirurgia.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, observou-se que os pacientes com n&#237;vel superior de escolaridade, e aqueles que j&#225; tiveram em algum momento epis&#243;dio de IAM, possuem uma chance maior de utilizar a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria em pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas em concord&#226;ncia com a SBC (2013). N&#227;o foram encontrados na literatura estudos com estes tipos de associa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Entretanto, neste sentido, em pesquisa realizada nos Estados Unidos, seus resultados sugerem fortemente que o n&#237;vel de escolaridade pode afetar o risco de um indiv&#237;duo desenvolver DCV independentemente de fatores de risco cardiovascular definidos, ou seja, pessoas com menos de 12 anos de escolaridade apresentaram significativamente maior risco de IAM fatal do que aqueles com 12 ou mais anos de educa&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Assim como outros autores, entendemos que o maior n&#237;vel de escolaridade propicia ao paciente melhor entendimento das orienta&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas quanto ao manejo dos medicamentos e seu estado de sa&#250;de, bem como maior acesso &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> considerando-se que hoje os pacientes preferem cada vez mais participar da tomada de decis&#227;o com seus m&#233;dicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto aos pacientes que j&#225; tiveram epis&#243;dio de IAM e est&#227;o no grupo com maior concord&#226;ncia da terapia do antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio no perioperat&#243;rio, entende-se que os cirurgi&#245;es e m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis pelo manejo destes medicamentos buscam evitar o reinfarto, e ent&#227;o orientam os pacientes a n&#227;o suspenderem o AAS ou Clopidogrel no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas, assim seguindo o que &#233; determinado pelas diretrizes e defendido por outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es, pois as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas quanto ao manejo da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria foram fornecidas pelos pr&#243;prios pacientes, ou por seus acompanhantes, que em algumas situa&#231;&#245;es revelaram que havia discord&#226;ncia de opini&#227;o entre o cirurgi&#227;o e o cardiologista, ou entre o cirurgi&#227;o e o anestesista, por exemplo, o que levava os pr&#243;prios pacientes, ou seus acompanhantes, a decidir quais orienta&#231;&#245;es deveriam ser seguidas. Al&#233;m disto, as respostas foram anotadas nos relatos deles, n&#227;o havendo confirma&#231;&#227;o pelos m&#233;dicos a respeito das informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas. Adicionalmente, o estudo se limita a avaliar simultaneamente os dois tipos procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (angioplastia e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana) quanto ao manejo de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, e tamb&#233;m se limita a n&#227;o avaliar o impacto cl&#237;nico da terapia de antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria posterior ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Sugerimos, portanto, que estudos futuros contemplem essa abordagem prospectiva para dimensionar a ocorr&#234;ncias de eventos adversos tromb&#243;ticos ou hemorr&#225;gicos durante ou ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os cirurgi&#245;es gerais representam o grupo de m&#233;dicos que menos segue as diretrizes para manejo de antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios em perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Entende-se que as diverg&#234;ncias nas condutas refor&#231;am a necessidade de definir protocolos internos, de divulgar as diretrizes e de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada para garantir a seguran&#231;a do paciente. Al&#233;m disto, concluiu-se que os pacientes com n&#237;vel superior de escolaridade, ou hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM, apresentam maior concord&#226;ncia com as diretrizes de cardiologia, ou seja, os pacientes que n&#227;o possuem n&#237;vel superior de escolaridade precisam de maior acompanhamento quanto a manejo da terapia medicamentosa, bem como mais acesso &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es sobre seu estado de sa&#250;de. Entretanto, o receio da possibilidade de um novo infarto no paciente leva os m&#233;dicos a n&#227;o hesitarem em n&#227;o suspender o antiagregante plaquet&#225;rio nos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos n&#227;o card&#237;acos quando estes n&#227;o s&#227;o neurocirurgias, nem ressec&#231;&#227;o transuretral de pr&#243;stata.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPITEC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Juliana Maria Dantas Mendon&#231;a Borges pelo N&#250;cleo de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Sergipe sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 33899914.2.0000.5546. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
