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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pkt3dyGgsLgT3DdsShhJfBb</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001600587</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005014102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180178</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Independent Predictors of Late Presentation in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Juliane Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melleu</surname>
            <given-names>Karina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottschall</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Antonio Mascia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Schaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Porto Alegre</city>
            <state>RS</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Adress: Alexandre Schaan de Quadros,</bold> Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>quadros.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracap-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rodrigues JA, Quadros AS; Acquisition of data: Melleu K; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rodrigues JA, Schmidt MM, Quadros AS; Statistical analysis: Rodrigues JA, Schmidt MM; Writing of the manuscript: Rodrigues JA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gottschall CAM, Moraes MAP, Quadros AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>587</fpage>
      <lpage>593</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>In patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the time elapsed from symptom onset to receiving medical care is one of the main mortality predictors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To identify independent predictors of late presentation in patients STEMI representative of daily clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>All patients admitted with a diagnosis of STEMI in a reference center between December 2009 and November 2014 were evaluated and prospectively followed during hospitalization and for 30 days after discharge. Late presentation was defined as a time interval &gt; 6 hours from chest pain onset until hospital arrival. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of late presentation. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 1,297 patients were included, with a mean age of 60.7 &#177; 11.6 years, of which 71% were males, 85% Caucasians, 72% had a mean income lower than five minimum wages and 66% had systemic arterial hypertension. The median time of clinical presentation was 3.00 [1.40-5.48] hours, and approximately one-quarter of the patients had a late presentation, with their mortality being significantly higher. The independent predictors of late presentation were Black ethnicity, low income and diabetes mellitus, and a history of previous heart disease was a protective factor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Black ethnicity, low income and diabetes mellitus are independent predictors of late presentation in STEMI. The identification of subgroups of patients prone to late presentation may help to stimulate prevention policies for these high-risk individuals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
        <kwd>First Aid</kwd>
        <kwd>Time Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>In patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the time interval between symptom onset and hospital arrival (delta T) is one of the most consistent predictors of mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Most deaths occur at the start of disease manifestation, and in the 40% to 65% of the cases, death occurs within the first hour, and in 80%, within the first 24 hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The benefit of myocardial reperfusion is time-dependent, and the earlier the coronary flow is restored, the better the clinical evolution of the patient.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Although many advances have occurred in the last two decades, resulting in an important impact on morbidity and mortality, the postponing of treatment due to the delay in seeking medical attention is still a major problem in daily clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Evidence in the literature indicates that female gender, marital status, Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH), atrial fibrillation, and age are predictors of hospital arrival delay.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, there are few contemporary studies evaluating the predictors of late presentation in patients with AMI in the Brazilian setting. The identification of high-risk subgroups of late presentation in the general population could contribute to optimize strategies to reduce the time to access the health care system, with the potential to decrease adverse cardiac outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of late presentation in patients with STEMI that are representative of daily clinical practice.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design and population</title>
        <p>All patients with STEMI treated at our institution from December 2009 to November 2014 were consecutively and prospectively included. Patients who arrived at the hospital more than 12 hours after symptom onset, those transferred from another health care service and those who refused to participate in the study were excluded.</p>
        <p>The study was carried out in accordance with the Guidelines and Norms Regulating Research Involving Human Subjects and was approved by the Institution's Research Ethics Committee.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Logistics</title>
        <p>All patients were interviewed at the time of admission and followed during hospital stay, with clinical, angiographic and laboratory data being collected through a standard questionnaire. The occurrence of cardiovascular events was evaluated by the investigators in up to 30 days after the index event.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definitions</title>
        <p>STEMI was defined as typical chest pain at rest associated with ST-segment elevation of at least 1 mm of two contiguous leads of the frontal plane or 2 mm in the horizontal plane, or typical pain at rest in patients with a new, or presumably new, left bundle-branch block.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Late presentation was defined as a time interval until hospital arrival of more than 6 hours after the onset of the first STEMI related symptom. Previous heart disease was defined as prior STEMI or previous Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) or myocardial revascularization surgery (CABG).</p>
        <p>Major cardiovascular events (MCVE) were defined as a combination of all-cause mortality, new STEMI or stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> New STEMI was defined as recurrent chest pain, elevation of biological markers after the initial natural curve decline, with ST-segment elevation or new Q waves, according to the universal definition of myocardial infarction. Stroke was defined as a new focal neurological deficit with sudden onset, of presumably cerebrovascular cause, irreversible (or resulting in death) within 24 hours and not caused by another readily identifiable cause. The stroke was classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient treatment</title>
        <p>The patients were treated according to the institution&#8217;s routines, and the researchers did not interfere with any of the applied treatments. All patients with STEMI were referred to coronary angiography and primary PCI (PCIp) as reperfusion therapy, when appropriate, as recommended by the guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Our institution is a tertiary referral center in cardiology, and the Hemodynamics department operates 24 hours/day, 7 days a week, performing approximately 3,000 coronary angioplasties/year. The emergency department is open to patients who spontaneously seek the hospital, whereas patients who are transferred from other health institutions in the city, the metropolitan region and the countryside of the state are also accepted. In our study, the decisions regarding patient referral from the emergency service to the Hemodynamic laboratory and the percutaneous therapy were left to the attending physicians. Decisions related to the procedure, such as access route, administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, aspiration thrombectomy, direct stenting, post-dilatation, models and number of stents used, were made at the discretion of the operators.</p>
        <p>The medications used in the initial care followed an institutional routine: aspirin (300 mg), clopidogrel (300 to 600 mg) and anticoagulant (heparin 70 to 100 U/kg) administered at the emergency department immediately after admission.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0, and the level of significance of p &lt; 0.05 was considered for all the tests. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate data normality. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation for those with normal distribution, or as median and 25-75 percentiles. Categorical variables were described as absolute (n) and relative (%) numbers.</p>
        <p>The baseline characteristics of patients with late presentation were compared to those who arrived within the first 6 hours using the t-test for independent samples and chi-square test, as appropriate. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the multiple logistic regression method, with late presentation as the dependent variable, and the variables with a p value &#8804; 0.20 in the univariate analysis being included in the multivariate analysis.</p>
        <p>The WINPEPI program, version 11.43, was used to calculate the sample size, which was calculated as 1,076 patients considering a statistical power of 90%, significance level of 5%, proportion of late presentation of 40% and odds ratio of 1.5 for the female gender as a risk factor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> An addition of 10% was made to control possible losses and refusals, and the final sample size consisted of 1,200 patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Between December 2009 and November 2014, 1,297 individuals met the eligibility criteria and were included in the study. For 302 patients (23%), the time of arrival at the hospital since the chest pain onset was &gt; 6 hours, being considered as late presentation according to the criteria defined in the study protocol.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the population, according to the presence or not of late presentation. The median time of presentation was 3.0 [1.4-5.5] hours, being significantly higher in those considered as late presentation (8.5 [7.0-11.9] hours vs. 2.2 [1.0-3.7] hours). There was no statistically significant difference in relation to the mean age in the two groups. On the other hand, patients with late presentation were more often women of Black ethnicity with low income and lower educational level, when compared to those who arrived within the time window of the first 6 hours from pain onset.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Basal characteristics of patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
              <th align="center">Total n = 1.297</th>
              <th align="center">&lt; 6 horas n = 995</th>
              <th align="center">&#8805; 6 horas n = 302</th>
              <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sociodemographic data</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">60 .7 &#177; 11.6</td>
              <td align="center">60 &#177; 11.7</td>
              <td align="center">62 &#177; 11.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black ethnicity</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">0.009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Income &lt; 5 minimum wages</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">69</td>
              <td align="center">82</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Schooling &#8804; 8 (years)</td>
              <td align="center">52</td>
              <td align="center">50</td>
              <td align="center">60</td>
              <td align="center">0.008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Delta T (hours)</td>
              <td align="center">3. 00 [1.40-5.48]</td>
              <td align="center">2.16 [1.00-3.70]</td>
              <td align="center">8.50 [7.00-11.87]</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Risk factors for CAD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">66</td>
              <td align="center">65</td>
              <td align="center">68</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Active smoking</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">56</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Previous medical history</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CAD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Depression</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stroke</td>
              <td align="center">6.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.9</td>
              <td align="center">6.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">5.5</td>
              <td align="center">3.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.86</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic kidney disease</td>
              <td align="center">3.3</td>
              <td align="center">6.3</td>
              <td align="center">2.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip III/IV</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">6.9</td>
              <td align="center">7.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.75</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Statistical tests: t-test, Mann-Whitney and chi-square test. Results expressed in %, mean &#177; standard deviation, and median and 25-75 percentiles.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Previous CAD, acute myocardial infarction or prior myocardial revascularization. CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The two groups were overall similar regarding the presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD), but the percentage of patients with DM was significantly higher among those with late presentation. Regarding the comparisons between pre-hospitalization diagnoses, we observed that patients with late presentation less often had a prior diagnosis of CAD (STEMI or myocardial revascularization) and chronic renal failure, and the frequency of other comorbidities was not statistically different. Regarding the atherosclerotic disease burden, we did not observe statistically significant differences between the groups related to the time of clinical presentation. Most patients with late presentation had lesions in one vessel (48%), 31% had lesions in two vessels and 19% in three vessels - similar rates to those without late presentation (49%, 31% and 18%, respectively; p = 0.72).</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the odds ratios of the clinical characteristics and late presentation, before and after adjustment by multiple logistic regression analysis. The independent predictors of late presentation were Black ethnicity, income less than five minimum wages and DM, whereas prior CAD was a protective factor.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Uni- and multivariate analysis of characteristics associated with late presentation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">OR (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">Adjusted OR (95%CI)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female gender</td>
              <td align="center">1,42 (1,16-1,74)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center">1,13 (0,90-1,42)</td>
              <td align="center">0,28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,01)</td>
              <td align="center">0,99</td>
              <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,01)</td>
              <td align="center">0,99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Black ethnicity</td>
              <td align="center">1,41 (1,10-1,79)</td>
              <td align="center">0,005</td>
              <td align="center">1,43 (1,11-1,84)</td>
              <td align="center">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Income &lt; 5 minimum wages</td>
              <td align="center">1,81 (1,37-2,40)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              <td align="center">1,60 (1,19-2,15)</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Schooling &#8804; 8 years</td>
              <td align="center">1,33 (1,08-1,65)</td>
              <td align="center">0,007</td>
              <td align="center">1,05 (0,84-1,31)</td>
              <td align="center">0,66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Depression</td>
              <td align="center">1,17 (0,92-1,48)</td>
              <td align="center">0,19</td>
              <td align="center">1,15 (0,90-1,47)</td>
              <td align="center">0,25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">1,42 (1,15-1,74)</td>
              <td align="center">0,001</td>
              <td align="center">1,37 (1,10-1,71)</td>
              <td align="center">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CAD <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0,70 (0,55-0,89)</td>
              <td align="center">0,004</td>
              <td align="center">0,72 (0,55-0,94)</td>
              <td align="center">0,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">0,47 (0,24-0,91)</td>
              <td align="center">0,02</td>
              <td align="center">0,54 (0,26-1,13)</td>
              <td align="center">0,10</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Previous CAD, acute myocardial infarction or prior myocardial revascularization. OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; CAD: coronary artery disease.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows the median time of presentation in the patients&#8217; subgroups, according to different combinations of predictors of late presentation, showing a large difference in time regarding a certain combination of predictors. For instance, patients with all predictors of late presentation (Black ethnicity, low-income, DM patients, and no previous cardiovascular disease) had the highest median time of presentation, while those with none of the predictors (Caucasian ethnicity, high income, no DM and previous cardiovascular disease) had the lowest median time of presentation (p &lt; 0.001), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Median time of presentation, according to different combinations of late presentation predictors. C: caucasian; B: black; LI: low income (&lt; 5 minimum wages); HI:high income (= 5 minimum wages); DM: diabetes mellitus; NDM: does not have diabetes mellitus; PHD: previous heart disease; NPC: does not have previous heart disease.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0587-80178-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> shows the rates of cardiovascular events in 30 days in patients with late presentation or without. Patients with late presentation had significantly higher mortality rates (p &lt; 0.05), and comparisons between groups, considering the occurrence of other clinical outcomes, did not show statistically significant differences.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>outcomes in 30 days. STEMI: acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; MCVE: major cardiovascular events.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0587-80178-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study showed that the main predictors of hospital arrival delay in patients with STEMI, treated at a referral hospital in Cardiology in the Southern Region of Brazil, were Black ethnicity, low income and DM, whereas the presence of prior heart disease was associated with earlier arrival. Individuals with all predictors of late presentation had mean time of hospital arrival more than two-fold higher than those who had none of these characteristics. These findings are important, since the time from symptom onset to hospital arrival is one of the main determinants of mortality in STEMI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> as also demonstrated in our study.</p>
      <p>Black ethnicity was one of the independent predictors of late presentation in patients with STEMI in the present study. This finding is compatible with data from the CRUSADE (Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation) registry, which showed that Caucasians arrive earlier than Blacks while studying a population of more than 100,000 patients (Odds Ratio - OR -2.2; 95% Confidence Interval: 95%CI -4.2 - -0.3; p = 0.03).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> On the other hand, a large study involving more than 43,000 consecutive patients with STEMI from the ACTION-GWTG database showed that there is no significant difference regarding time of arrival between Black and Caucasian patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Racial differences could be explained by genetic or socioenvironmental characteristics, and we are unaware of studies that have showed differences in pain threshold according to ethnicity. On the other hand, individuals of Black ethnicity in Brazil show unfavorable socioeconomic and cultural status when compared to those of White ethnicity, which could explain our findings.</p>
      <p>From this perspective, low-wage income was also identified as an independent predictor of late presentation in our study. Nguyen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> performed a systematic review that also showed that patients with low socioeconomic status seek medical attention later.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Low income may be associated with the patient's recognition of their symptoms and pathology, inferring that people with better level of schooling seek emergency services earlier.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> On the other hand, Qian et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> analyzed 100 patients with STEMI in China, with no association of low wage income with late presentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our study, the diagnosis of DM was also an independent predictor of late presentation, which is compatible with the evidence available in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Patients with DM more frequently have silent ischemia, which may be explained by the presence of diabetic neuropathy and a higher pain threshold.</p>
      <p>Previous heart disease was considered a protective factor for late presentation, and the association between this characteristic and the time of presentation varied according to the studies. Kuno et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> demonstrated that patients who had been previously submitted to a percutaneous coronary intervention procedure had a shorter time of presentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In a cross-sectional study that included 335 patients and considered late presentation arriving at the hospital within 12 hours of pain onset, previous STEMI and revascularization did not show a statistically significant association with time of presentation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Our study did not include analyses of the associated mechanisms between the presence of predictors and the occurrence of late presentation, but it could be speculated that patients who had previous cardiac events or were submitted to myocardial revascularization procedures would be more familiarized and conscious about the disease and the need to seek medical attention quickly.</p>
      <p>Women showed significantly longer time until hospital arrival than men, but female gender did not remain an independent predictor of late presentation in the multivariate analysis. The association between female gender and hospital arrival delay after chest pain onset has also been reported in other studies, and it has been found that women more often have atypical symptoms than men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>In this study, we did not have available information regarding the distance between the patients and the hospital when they had the chest pain onset, a fact that may have an influence on hospital arrival delay. However, most of the patients who come spontaneously to our institution are city residents. Because it is located downtown, travel time does not exceed 30 minutes in most cases. It is important to emphasize that patients transferred from other hospitals and health institutions were excluded from our study, since the objective was to analyze the factors that influence spontaneous delay in search for medical care of patients with infarction, and not to analyze factors that have an impact on medical transfer time.</p>
        <p>We considered analyzing the association between the distance from the patients' home to our institution, but many patients were not at home at the time of pain onset, but at work or another location, and therefore this analysis was not included in the present report.</p>
        <p>We did not have available ventricular function information from all patients, because left ventriculography is not routinely performed during catheterization and primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) to minimize contrast volume. However, the percentage of patients with previous CHF who presented with Killip III/IV class at the time of STEMI was similar, suggesting that left ventricular function in both groups was not significantly different. This was a single-center study in a large tertiary cardiology hospital, and the results shown herein may not be valid for populations that are significantly different from ours.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>The independent predictors for late presentation to the hospital in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were Black ethnicity, low-income and DM, whereas a history of previous heart disease was a protective factor. Approximately one-fourth of the patients in this sample were late arriving at the hospital, and their mortality rate was significantly higher than those who arrived early. Patients who had all of the characteristics associated with late presentation showed a two-fold delay related to hospital arrival when compared to those without these characteristics, which illustrates the potential opportunity to decrease the mean time of arrival if public health interventions focused on these high-risk subgroups are carried out.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was partially funded by FAPERGS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul under the protocol number 466/12. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de Apresenta&#231;&#227;o Tardia em Pacientes com Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Juliane Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melleu</surname>
            <given-names>Karina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottschall</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Antonio Mascia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Antonieta Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Schaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - IC/FUC, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre Schaan de Quadros,</bold> Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>quadros.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>, <email>editoracap-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rodrigues JA, Quadros AS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Melleu K; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rodrigues JA, Schmidt MM, Quadros AS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rodrigues JA, Schmidt MM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rodrigues JA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gottschall CAM, Moraes MAP, Quadros AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST), o tempo decorrido desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a busca por atendimento m&#233;dico &#233; um dos principais preditores de mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar preditores independentes de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia em pacientes com IAMCSST representativos da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes admitidos com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST em um centro de refer&#234;ncia, no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2009 a novembro de 2014, foram avaliados e prospectivamente acompanhados, durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e por 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia foi definida como tempo maior que 6 horas desde o in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica at&#233; a chegada ao hospital. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla foi usada para identificar os preditores independentes de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia. Foi considerado estatisticamente significativo p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 1.297 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 60,7 &#177; 11,6 anos, 71% do sexo masculino, 85% da ra&#231;a branca, 72% com renda m&#233;dia menor que cinco sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos e 66% com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica. A mediana do tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica foi de 3,00 [1,40-5,48] horas, sendo que aproximadamente um quarto dos pacientes apresentou-se tardiamente, e a mortalidade deles foi significativamente maior. Os preditores independentes de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia foram ra&#231;a negra, baixa renda e diabetes melito, e hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via foi fator protetor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Ra&#231;a negra, baixa renda e diabetes melito s&#227;o preditores independentes de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia no IAMCSST. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de subgrupos de pacientes propensos &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia pode auxiliar a estimular pol&#237;ticas de preven&#231;&#227;o nestes indiv&#237;duos de alto risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Primeiros Socorros</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Tempo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST), o tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a chegada ao hospital (delta T) &#233; um dos preditores mais consistentes de mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A maioria dos &#243;bitos ocorre no in&#237;cio da manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a, sendo que 40% a 65% dos casos ocorrem na primeira hora, e 80% ocorrem dentro nas 24 horas iniciais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O benef&#237;cio da reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; tempo-dependente, e quanto mais precoce o fluxo coron&#225;rio for restabelecido, melhor a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Embora in&#250;meros avan&#231;os tenham ocorrido nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, resultando em um importante impacto na morbimortalidade, o atraso no in&#237;cio do tratamento devido &#224; demora em procurar atendimento m&#233;dico ainda &#233; um grande problema na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Evid&#234;ncias na literatura apontam que sexo feminino, estado civil, diabetes melito (DM), hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e idade s&#227;o preditores de retardo na chegada ao hospital.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, existem poucos estudos contempor&#226;neos avaliando os preditores de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia em pacientes com IAMCSST na realidade brasileira. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de subgrupos de alto risco para apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral poderia contribuir para otimizar estrat&#233;gias para reduzir o tempo de acesso ao sistema de sa&#250;de, com potencial de diminui&#231;&#227;o de desfechos card&#237;acos adversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar preditores de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia em pacientes com IAMCSST representativos da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos consecutivamente e prospectivamente todos os pacientes com IAMCSST atendidos em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2009 a novembro de 2014. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que chegaram ao hospital mais de 12 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, aqueles transferidos de outro servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de e que se recusaram a participar do estudo.</p>
          <p>O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com as Diretrizes e Normas Regulamentadoras de Pesquisas Envolvendo Seres Humanos, tendo sido aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Log&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram entrevistados no momento da admiss&#227;o e acompanhados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, sendo os dados cl&#237;nicos, angiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais coletados com um question&#225;rio padr&#227;o. A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares foi avaliada em at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice, pelos investigadores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>IAMCSST foi definido como dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica em repouso associada com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST de pelo menos 1 mm de duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas do plano frontal ou 2 mm no plano horizontal, ou dor t&#237;pica em repouso em pacientes com um novo, ou presumivelmente novo, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia foi definida como tempo de chegada ao hospital mais de 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do primeiro sintoma relacionado ao IAMCSST. Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via foi definida como IAMCSST pr&#233;vio ou interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) pr&#233;vias.</p>
          <p>Eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM) foram definidos como uma combina&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade por qualquer causa, novo IAMCSST ou acidente vascular cerebral (AVC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Novo IAMCSST foi definido por dor tor&#225;cica recorrente, eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores biol&#243;gicos, ap&#243;s o decl&#237;nio inicial da curva natural, com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST ou novas ondas Q, de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o universal de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. AVC foi definido como novo d&#233;fice neurol&#243;gico focal de in&#237;cio s&#250;bito de causa presumivelmente cerebrovascular, irrevers&#237;vel (ou resultando em morte) dentro de 24 horas e n&#227;o causado por uma outra causa prontamente identific&#225;vel. AVC foi classificado como isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tratamento dos pacientes</title>
          <p>Os pacientes foram atendidos de acordo com as rotinas da institui&#231;&#227;o, sendo que n&#227;o houve interfer&#234;ncia dos pesquisadores em nenhum dos tratamentos administrados. Todos os pacientes com IAMCSST foram encaminhados para angiografia coronariana e ICP prim&#225;ria (ICPp) como terapia de reperfus&#227;o, quando apropriado, conforme recomendado pelas diretrizes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nossa institui&#231;&#227;o &#233; um centro de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;rio em cardiologia, e o setor de Hemodin&#226;mica funciona 24 horas/dia, nos 7 dias da semana, realizando aproximadamente 3.000 angioplastias coronarianas por ano. O setor de emerg&#234;ncia &#233; aberto para pacientes que procuram espontaneamente o hospital, sendo que s&#227;o tamb&#233;m aceitos pacientes transferidos de outras institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de da cidade, da regi&#227;o metropolitana e do interior do Estado. Em nosso estudo, as decis&#245;es de encaminhamento do paciente do servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia ao laborat&#243;rio de Hemodin&#226;mica e da conduta terap&#234;utica percut&#226;nea ficaram a cargo dos m&#233;dicos assistentes. Aspectos relacionados ao procedimento, como via de acesso, administra&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa, trombectomia de aspira&#231;&#227;o, uso de stent direto, p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, modelos e quantidades de stents utilizados, ficaram a crit&#233;rio dos operadores.</p>
          <p>Os medicamentos utilizados no atendimento inicial seguiram rotina institucional: b&#243;lus de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (300 mg), clopidogrel (300 a 600 mg) e anticoagulante (heparina 70 a 100 U/Kg) administrados no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia imediatamente ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o do paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados pelo <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 22.0, sendo considerado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05 para todos os testes. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar a normalidade dos dados. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, para aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, ou como mediana e percentis 25-75. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas com n&#250;meros absolutos (n) e relativos (%).</p>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas de base dos pacientes que se apresentaram tardiamente foram comparadas com aqueles que chegaram nas primeiras 6 horas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras independentes e teste do qui-quadrado, conforme apropriado. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada pelo m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia como vari&#225;vel dependente, sendo inclu&#237;das, na an&#225;lise multivariada, as vari&#225;veis com valor de p &#8804; 0,20 na an&#225;lise univariada.</p>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho de amostra, foi utilizado o programa WINPEPI, vers&#227;o 11.43. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado em 1.076 pacientes considerando poder estat&#237;stico de 90%, n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, propor&#231;&#227;o de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia de 40% e raz&#227;o de chance de 1,5 para o sexo feminino como fator de risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Foram acrescidos 10% para controlar poss&#237;veis perdas e recusas, sendo que o tamanho final de amostra foi de 1.200 pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre dezembro 2009 a novembro de 2014, 1.297 indiv&#237;duos preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Em 302 pacientes (23%), o tempo de chegada at&#233; o hospital desde o in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica foi maior do que 6 horas, sendo considerados como apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia conforme os crit&#233;rios definidos no protocolo do estudo.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o, conforme a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia. A mediana do tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes foi de 3,0 [1,4-5,5] horas, sendo significativamente maior naqueles considerados como apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia (8,5 [7,0-11,9] horas vs. 2,2 [1,0-3,7] horas). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia de idade dos dois grupos. Por outro lado, os pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia eram mais frequentemente mulheres, da ra&#231;a negra, com baixa renda e menor escolaridade quando comparados com aqueles que chegaram na janela das primeiras 6 horas desde o in&#237;cio da dor.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center">Total n = 1.297</th>
                <th align="center">&lt; 6 horas n = 995</th>
                <th align="center">&#8805; 6 horas n = 302</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">60,7 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a negra</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renda &lt; 5 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">82</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escolaridade &#8804; 8 (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delta T (horas)</td>
                <td align="center">3, 00 [1,40-5,48]</td>
                <td align="center">2,16 [1,00-3,70]</td>
                <td align="center">8,50 [7,00-11,87]</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores de risco para DAC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo ativo</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pr&#233;via</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC pr&#233;via<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depress&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Killip III/IV</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Testes estat&#237;sticos: teste t, Mann-Whitney e qui-quadrado. Resultados expressos em %, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e mediana e percentis 25-75.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>DAC pr&#233;via, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;vios. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os dois grupos foram geralmente semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s compara&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de fatores de risco para Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC), mas o porcentual de pacientes portadores de DM foi significativamente maior dentre aqueles com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia. Quanto &#224;s compara&#231;&#245;es entre diagn&#243;sticos pr&#233;vios &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, observamos que os pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia tiveram menos frequentemente diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC (IAMCSST ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;vios) e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, sendo que a frequ&#234;ncia das outras comorbidades n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; carga de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos, conforme o tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A maioria dos pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia apresentava les&#227;o em um vaso (48%), sendo que 31% apresentava les&#245;es em dois vasos e 19% em tr&#234;s vasos - taxas semelhantes aqueles sem apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia (respectivamente, 49%, 31% e 18%; p = 0,72).</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref> podem ser observadas as raz&#245;es de chance das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia, antes e ap&#243;s ajuste por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. Os preditores independentes de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia foram ra&#231;a negra, renda menor que cinco sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos e DM, sendo que DAC pr&#233;via foi um fator protetor.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise uni e multivariada de caracter&#237;sticas associadas com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">RC (IC95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">RC (IC95%) ajustada</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 (1,16-1,74)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,90-1,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,99-1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ra&#231;a negra</td>
                <td align="center">1,41 (1,10-1,79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 (1,11-1,84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renda &lt; 5 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos</td>
                <td align="center">1,81 (1,37-2,40)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,60 (1,19-2,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escolaridade &#8804; 8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (1,08-1,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,84-1,31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depress&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,17 (0,92-1,48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,15 (0,90-1,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">1,42 (1,15-1,74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 (1,10-1,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC pr&#233;via<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 (0,55-0,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,72 (0,55-0,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">0,47 (0,24-0,91)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,54 (0,26-1,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>DAC pr&#233;via, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;vios. RC: raz&#227;o de chance; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 1</xref>, est&#227;o representadas as medianas dos tempos de apresenta&#231;&#227;o de subgrupos de pacientes, conforme diferentes combina&#231;&#245;es de preditores de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia, podendo observar-se grande diferen&#231;a neste tempo, com determinados agrupamentos de preditores. Por exemplo, pacientes com todos os preditores de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia (negros, de baixa renda, portadores de DM e sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via) tiveram a maior mediana do tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, enquanto que aqueles sem nenhum dos preditores (brancos, alta renda, sem DM e com doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via) tiveram a menor mediana do tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Medianas do tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o, conforme diferentes combina&#231;&#245;es de preditores de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia. B: ra&#231;a branca; N: ra&#231;a negra; RB: renda baixa (&lt; 5 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos); RA: renda alta (= 5 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos); DM: diabetes mellitus; NDM: n&#227;o apresenta diabetes mellitus; DCV &gt; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via; NDCV: n&#227;o apresenta doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0587-80178-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 2</xref> apresenta as taxas de eventos cardiovasculares em 30 dias em pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia ou n&#227;o. Os pacientes com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia tiveram mortalidade significativamente maior (p &lt; 0,05), sendo que as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos, considerando a ocorr&#234;ncia de outros desfechos cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos em 30 dias. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; ECVM: eventos cardiovasculares maiores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0587-80178-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo demonstramos que os principais preditores de atraso na chegada ao hospital em pacientes com IAMCSST atendidos em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em Cardiologia na Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil foram a ra&#231;a negra, a baixa renda salarial e o DM, sendo que a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via esteve associada com chegada mais precoce. Indiv&#237;duos com todos os preditores de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia tiveram tempo m&#233;dio de chegada ao hospital mais de duas vezes maior do que aqueles que n&#227;o tinham nenhuma destas caracter&#237;sticas. Estes achados s&#227;o importantes, pois o tempo do in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; a chegada ao hospital &#233; um dos principais determinantes de mortalidade no IAMCSST,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> como tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado em nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Ra&#231;a negra foi um dos preditores independentes de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia em pacientes com IAMCSST no presente estudo. Este achado &#233; compat&#237;vel com dados do registro CRUSADE (<italic>Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation</italic>), que, em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de mais de cem mil pacientes, evidenciou que os brancos chegam mais cedo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos negros (Odds Ratio &#8722; OR -2,2; Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95%: IC95% -4,2 - -0,3; p = 0,03).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Por outro lado, um grande estudo que inclui mais de 43 mil pacientes consecutivos com IAMCSST do banco de dados ACTION-GWTG demostrou que n&#227;o existe diferen&#231;a significativa no tempo de chegada entre pacientes da ra&#231;a negra e branca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Diferen&#231;as raciais poderiam ser explicadas por caracter&#237;sticas gen&#233;ticas ou socioambientais, sendo que n&#227;o conhecemos estudos que tenham demonstrado diferen&#231;as no limiar de dor conforme a ra&#231;a. Por outro lado, indiv&#237;duos da ra&#231;a negra no Brasil t&#234;m condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas e culturais desfavor&#225;veis, quando comparados aqueles da ra&#231;a branca, o que poderia explicar nossos achados.</p>
        <p>Dentro desta perspectiva, a baixa renda salarial foi tamb&#233;m identificada como preditor independente de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia em nosso estudo. Nguyen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> realizaram revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que tamb&#233;m evidenciou que pacientes com condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica baixa buscam mais tardiamente atendimento m&#233;dico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A baixa renda pode estar associada ao reconhecimento do paciente de seus sintomas e da patologia, inferindo que pessoas com mais tempo de educa&#231;&#227;o apresentam-se mais precocemente no servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Por outro lado, Qian et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> analisaram cem pacientes com IAMCSST na China, n&#227;o sendo observada associa&#231;&#227;o de baixa renda salarial com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, o diagn&#243;stico de DM foi tamb&#233;m um preditor independente de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia, o que &#233; compat&#237;vel com a evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Pacientes com DM apresentam mais frequentemente isquemia silenciosa, o que pode ser explicado pela presen&#231;a de neuropatia diab&#233;tica e um maior limiar de dor.</p>
        <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via foi considerada fator protetor para apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia, sendo que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre esta caracter&#237;stica e o tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tem variado conforme os estudos. Kuno et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> demonstraram que pacientes que j&#225; tinham sido submetidos previamente a um procedimento de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea tiveram tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o menor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Em estudo transversal que incluiu 335 pacientes e considerou apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia como a chegada ao hospital ap&#243;s 12 horas do in&#237;cio da dor, IAMCSST e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via n&#227;o tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com o tempo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Nosso estudo n&#227;o incluiu an&#225;lises dos mecanismos associados entre a presen&#231;a dos preditores e a ocorr&#234;ncia de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia, mas poderia ser especulado que pacientes que tiveram evento card&#237;aco pr&#233;vio ou foram submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica estariam mais familiarizados e esclarecidos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a e &#224; necessidade de procurar atendimento m&#233;dico com rapidez.</p>
        <p>As mulheres registraram tempo de chegada ao hospital significativamente maior do que os homens, mas o sexo feminino n&#227;o permaneceu como um preditor independente de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia na an&#225;lise multivariada. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre sexo feminino e demora na chegada ao hospital ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica tamb&#233;m tem sido relatada por outros estudos, tendo sido constatado que mulheres t&#234;m mais frequentemente sintomas at&#237;picos do que os homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o dispusemos de informa&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dist&#226;ncia dos pacientes at&#233; o hospital no momento em que eles apresentaram o in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica, fato que pode ter influ&#234;ncia no retardo a chegar no hospital. No entanto, a maioria dos pacientes que procura nossa institui&#231;&#227;o espontaneamente s&#227;o moradores da cidade. Por estar localizada em uma zona central da cidade, o tempo de deslocamento n&#227;o ultrapassa 30 minutos na maioria dos casos. &#201; importante ressaltar que pacientes transferidos de outros hospitais e institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de foram exclu&#237;dos do nosso estudo, j&#225; que o objetivo era analisar os fatores que influenciam na demora espont&#226;nea na busca por atendimento m&#233;dico de pacientes com infarto, e n&#227;o analisar fatores que impactam no tempo de transfer&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. N&#243;s consideramos analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia do domic&#237;lio dos pacientes at&#233; nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, mas foi muitos pacientes n&#227;o se encontravam em seu domic&#237;lio no momento do in&#237;cio da dor, mas em seu trabalho ou outra localiza&#231;&#227;o, e, portanto, esta an&#225;lise n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da no presente relato. N&#227;o dispusemos de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular de todos os pacientes, porque ventriculografia esquerda n&#227;o &#233; realizada de rotina durante o cateterismo e ICPp para minimizar o volume contraste. No entanto, o porcentual de pacientes que apresentava insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC) pr&#233;via e que apresentou-se com classe de Killip III/IV no momento do IAMCSST foi semelhante, o que sugere que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda dos dois grupos n&#227;o seja significativamente diferente. Este foi um estudo unic&#234;ntrico em um grande terci&#225;rio de cardiologia, sendo que os resultados apresentados podem n&#227;o ser v&#225;lidos para popula&#231;&#245;es significativamente distintas da nossa.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os preditores independentes para apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia ao hospital em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST foram ra&#231;a negra, baixa renda e DM, e hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca pr&#233;via foi fator protetor. Aproximadamente um quarto dos pacientes nesta amostra apresentou-se tardiamente ao hospital, e a mortalidade destes foi significativamente maior do que aqueles que chegaram precocemente. Pacientes que apresentaram as caracter&#237;sticas associadas com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia, como pacientes diab&#233;ticos, de ra&#231;a negra e de baixa renda, tiveram o dobro do tempo de chegada ao hospital em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem estas caracter&#237;sticas, o que ilustra a potencial oportunidade para diminui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia do tempo de chegada se interven&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica focadas nestes subgrupos de alto risco forem realizadas.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPERGS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 466/12. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
