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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KTHPX7W3BgxDrFdD8VjH8Zz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001600578</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005012102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180156</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predictors of Family Enrollment in a Genetic Cascade Screening Program for Familial Hypercholesterolemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>P&#227;mela Rodrigues de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jannes</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthia Elim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Theo G. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#243;mez</surname>
            <given-names>Luz Marina G&#243;mez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: P&#227;mela Rodrigues de Souza Silva,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pam_r_s@usp.br</email>, <email>pam_r_s@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>578</fpage>
      <lpage>584</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Genetic cascade screening is the most cost-effective method for the identification of individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), but the best strategies for the enrollment of at-risk individuals in a FH screening program are not fully known.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study is to identify the best predictors of familial enrollment into genetic screening, using features derived from tested probands.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>One hundred and eighty-three index-cases (ICs) with a positive genetic result that had relatives screened from 01/2011 to 07/2015 were included. The response variable was the number of relatives for each enrolled IC. All variables in the study were based on ICs&#8217; derived clinical and socioeconomical features. The effect size of predictor variables were obtained through a general linear model using a negative binomial regression link function. Significance was considered with a p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean IC age when enrolling into the program was 50 years old; 78.1% of individuals reported knowledge of relatives with dyslipidemia. Mean baseline LDL-cholesterol level was 316 &#177; 90 mg/dL. Referral origin through the cascade program website vs. tertiary care, IC LDL-cholesterol and familial history of high LDL-cholesterol levels were independent predictors associated with a higher number of enrolled relatives.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Our data suggest that FH cascade screening programs can predict family enrollment based on IC features. This information may be useful for devising better and more effective screening approaches for at-risk individuals.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypelipoproteinemia Type II/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Mass Screening</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypercholesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Testing</kwd>
        <kwd>Cholesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease characterized by elevated blood LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. FH is usually caused by mutations in the gene encoding the LDL receptor (<italic>LDLR</italic>) and less frequently (~5% of cases) by mutations in genes coding for apolipoprotein-B (<italic>APOB</italic>) or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (<italic>PCSK9</italic>). Individuals carrying these mutations are exposed to high lipid levels and, thus, have a higher risk of developing early atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The worldwide prevalence of heterozygous FH ranges between 1:200 and 1:500 individuals, varying in a few countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> FH is an underdiagnosed disease and, therefore, most affected individuals do not have access to proper treatment until later in life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>FH diagnosis usually involves the identification of typical clinical signs of the disease such as high levels of LDL-C (&gt; 190 mg/dL), tissue cholesterol deposition (e.g. tendon xanthomas and corneal arcus when detected in individuals less than 45 years old), a family history of high blood cholesterol and or early atherosclerotic disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In many instances, a typical FH index case (IC) is clinically diagnosed after the onset of an atherosclerotic cardiovascular event. Due to its autosomal dominant transmission, FH can and must be diagnosed early in asymptomatic relatives to start LDL-C lowering treatment with the aim of preventing cardiovascular disease onset. Genetic testing is important not only for diagnostic confirmation of index cases and in relatives, but also as a prognostic tool since recent evidence confirmed that the presence of FH-causing mutations implicates in higher cardiovascular risk even in comparison with other hypercholesterolemic individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Currently, cascade genetic screening is the most cost-effective method for FH diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The screening begins with the clinical and genetic diagnosis of an IC, of which all first-degree relatives are screened for the same mutation. After the identification of all affected relatives, the cascade gives sequence to all 2<sup>nd</sup>-degree relatives, and then successively. Most importantly, the higher the number of screened relatives, the more cost-effective the cascade becomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Interestingly, despite being recognized as the most cost-effective strategy for population-wide FH identification, little is known about the best strategies for maximizing the enrollment of at-risk individuals in a cascade screening program. One can argue that this information is even more important than devising ways to identify index-cases to be tested from the overall population.. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the main predictors of family enrollment into cascade screening using the IC as a starting point.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The Brazilian FH screening program (HipercolBrasil) is performed by the Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology at the Heart Institute (InCor) of the University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School Hospital. This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee (CAPPesq 3757/12/013). All participants read and signed an informed consent form authorizing the study.</p>
      <p>Participants included in our analysis were previously registered in the HipercolBrasil Program and were referred to the program by institutional physicians or by other collaborators. Individuals that spontaneously contacted the program by phone or website were also included. Once the inclusion criteria were met, participants were referred to molecular genetic testing.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population and inclusion criteria</title>
        <p>The inclusion criterion for program enrollment was the presence of a baseline LDL-C value &#8805; 210 mg/dL. However, some individuals with LDL-C &lt; 210 mg/dL were also enrolled when suggestive signs of FH were detected by the physicians. All genetic positive ICs (individuals in which a pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations were identified) who authorized the screening of relatives from January 2011 to July 2015 were included in the present study.</p>
        <p>Whole blood was collected after a physical exam was performed and a standardized questionnaire was applied by trained personnel from the HipercolBrasil team. In case of a positive genetic result, the IC was contacted and informed about the importance of the genetic results and the possibility of free family screening. After a comprehensive explanation of the disease risks and early diagnosis benefits, the IC was asked to provide information on all at-risk first-degree relatives. These were then contacted by phone and invited to join the cascade program by trained specialized health professionals. The screening in relatives is restricted to the same mutation found in the IC, despite the presence or not of FH clinical features. All relatives also signed the informed consent form and were submitted to the same standardized questionnaire application.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study variables</title>
        <p>Possible predictor variables from ICs were obtained before the genetic test results were available. The standardized questionnaire consisted of socioeconomic, clinical and biochemical variables.</p>
        <p>Information regarding employment status consisted of three categories: employed (working age, individual currently working); unemployed (working age, individual not currently working) and inactive (students, elderly and/or retired individuals and those with special needs unable to work). Educational level was defined as: illiterate, elementary education, high-school education, and college/university.</p>
        <p>IC origin was defined according to whom or from where the patient was referred to the program. ICs could have been referred by physicians from the Lipid Clinic of the Heart Institute (the lipids referral center closely associated with the HipercolBrasil program); from partner centers located at other tertiary care institutions; from private physicians; by the patient itself through the program website (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hipercolesterolemia.com.br">www.hipercolesterolemia.com.br</ext-link>); or by a primary health care unit. Enrollment criteria were the same for all ICs regardless of origin. The participation of other partner centers in the study was approved by the institutional ethics committee (CAAE 00594212.0.0000.0068/n&#186;:1.213.994).</p>
        <p>Required clinical information was: occurrence of atherosclerotic or familial history of early atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and/or altered lipid levels; clinical stigmata such as corneal arcus, xanthelasmas or xanthomas. Biochemical exams were obtained from medical records or from previous exams brought by the patient. The following values were recorded: total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides (TG) and fasting glucose. The Dutch Lipid Clinic Network (DLNC) score and Simon Broome criteria were calculated using the available information at the baseline visit. Whenever possible, the baseline value of LDL-C was used. In case of a patient receiving lipid-lowering treatment with unavailable baseline LDL-C values, the current value was used to calculate the score. Those clinical scores were applied only with the intention of collecting and storing data and were not used as criteria for program enrollment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Genetic testing</title>
        <p>IC samples were sequenced for six FH-related genes: <italic>LDLR</italic>, <italic>APOB</italic>, <italic>PCSK9</italic>, <italic>LDLRAP1</italic>, <italic>LIPA</italic> and <italic>APOE</italic>. Target regions were considered as coding exons plus 10bp of introns up and downstream and captured using a specially designed enrichment reagent. Templates were prepared on Ion One Touch System and sequenced in Ion Torrent PGM&#174; platform, with 32 samples per run in a 316v2 Ion Chip. Bioinformatics analyses were performed in CLC Genomics Workbench 9.5 (QIAGEN) in a custom pipeline. Minimum quality requirements for variant call were: Base quality of PhredQ &#8805; 20; Target-region coverage &#8805; 10x; Frequency of variant allele &#8805; 20% and bidirectional presence of variant allele.</p>
        <p>After filtering for a MAF &#8804; 0.002 with control populations (NHLBI-ESP6500, AbraOM, ExAC and 1000Genomes), all potential mutations were consulted for previous description in ClinVar, Human Genome Mutation Database (HGMD), British Heart Foundation and Jojo Genetics databases. Functional impact prediction was performed with SIFT, PROVEAN and PolyPhen-2 and mutations without a previous description should be indicated as damaging in at least two algorithms to be considered as potentially pathogenic. Individuals with negative results were also screened for large insertions and deletions via MLPA (MRC-Holland). Point mutations found in ICs were screened in relatives through Sanger sequencing, and large insertions/deletions via MLPA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The response variable of this study consisted in the number of family members enrolled in the program by each family, starting from a positive IC. The response variable consists of count data, which would suggest the application of a Poisson model. However, as the dependent variable variance was higher than the mean value, the most adequate model in this situation was the negative binomial model, due to data overdispersion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Predictive variables were based on the IC&#8217;s clinical and socioeconomic characteristics. We initially performed a distribution analysis on the response variable and the model that appropriately fit this variable was one using a negative binomial distribution. Thus, the estimate for predictor variables for the number of enrolled relatives was derived through a general linear model using a negative binomial regression link function. The following variables were included in the initial model: age, family history of high cholesterol levels, DLNC score, Simon Broome Score, baseline lipid-lowering treatment, employment situation, baseline LDL-C or highest level during treatment, educational level and origin. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for continuous variables. Significance was considered at a p &lt; 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS v19.0 (IBM) and R software (Package gamlss, version 3.3.1).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>QQ Plot for the general linear model using a negative binomial distribution.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0578-80156-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>A total of 183 ICs were analyzed, of which 2316 relatives were contacted and 1605 agreed to enroll in the program (overall enrollment rate of 69.3%). Eighty-seven families were excluded from the study after model adjustment for multiple regression analysis. These were related to 87 ICs that had missing data in at least one of the variables included in the final model. Clinical characteristics of the ICs are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics of Index cases</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="60%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th>n</th>
              <th>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">183</td>
              <td align="center">47 &#177; 18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Male sex (%)</td>
              <td align="center">84</td>
              <td align="center">45.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Tendon xanthomas (%)</td>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="center">14.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Corneal Arcus (%)</td>
              <td align="center">49</td>
              <td align="center">26.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Early coronary disease (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">54</td>
              <td align="center">29.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history of early coronary disease (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">72</td>
              <td align="center">39.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history of increased LDL-C levels(%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8225;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">98</td>
              <td align="center">53.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Current pharmacological treatment (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#167;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">145</td>
              <td align="center">79.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>DLCN Score (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Definitive</td>
              <td align="center">74</td>
              <td align="center">40.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Probable</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">26.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Possible</td>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="center">18.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <bold>Simon Broome (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Definitive</td>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="center">15.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Probable</td>
              <td align="center">124</td>
              <td align="center">67.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Baseline TC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">//</xref> mg/dL (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">104</td>
              <td align="center">405 &#177; 112</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TC mg/dL (Mean&#177;SD) highest level during treatment</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">305 &#177; 124</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Baseline LDL-C mg/dL (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">104</td>
              <td align="center">326 &#177; 111</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-C mg/dL (Mean &#177; SD) highest level during treatment</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">238 &#177; 122</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Baseline HDL-C mg/dL (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">102</td>
              <td align="center">47 &#177; 15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>HDL-C mg/dL (Mean&#177;SD) highest level during treatment</td>
              <td align="center">64</td>
              <td align="center">43 &#177; 10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Baseline TG<sup>&#182;</sup> mg/dL (Mean &#177; SD)</td>
              <td align="center">99</td>
              <td align="center">144 &#177; 63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>TG mg/dL (Mean &#177; SD) highest level during treatment</td>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="center">132 &#177; 77</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Coronary disease in men aged &lt; 55 years or women aged &lt; 60 years.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Family history of coronary disease (e.g.. heart attack) in first or second degree relatives (men aged &lt; 55 years and women &lt; 60 years).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>First or second degree relatives with TC &gt; 260 mg/dl or LDL &gt; 160 mg/dL in children (&gt; 16 years old) or TC &gt; 290 mg/dL or LDL &gt; 190 mg/dL in adults (pre-treatment levels or the highest level during treatment).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>Current use of lipid-lowering drugs (e.g. statins).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>//</label>
            <p>TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides. SD:standard deviation; DLCN: Dutch Lipid Clinic Network; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the educational level, 30.6% of ICs had college, 25.1% high-school, 22.4% elementary education and 4.9% were illiterate. The greatest percentage of ICs is currently employed (41.0%). Most of ICs were referred by local physicians (81.4%), followed by 7.7% of patients that reached the program via the website. The other 5% were referred from partner centers located at other tertiary care institutions and 3.3% from private physicians.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the univariate negative binomial regression calculated for all the variables in the study. Only family history of altered lipid levels and referral of patients via the website were significantly associated with the number of relatives brought into the program.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Parameters associated with relatives&#8217; inclusion in the cascade screening according to univariate negative binomial regression analysis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Predictors</th>
              <th align="center">Estimate</th>
              <th align="center">Std. Error</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">0.005</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">0.141</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Early coronary disease<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.024</td>
              <td align="center">0.143</td>
              <td align="center">0.867</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DLCN<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8225;</xref> Score (Probable)</td>
              <td align="center">0.117</td>
              <td align="center">0.415</td>
              <td align="center">0.777</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>DLCN Score (Possible)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.158</td>
              <td align="center">0.600</td>
              <td align="center">0.792</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history of early coronary disease</td>
              <td align="center">0.136</td>
              <td align="center">0.171</td>
              <td align="center">0.425</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history of increased LDL-C levels</td>
              <td align="center">0.395</td>
              <td align="center">0.201</td>
              <td align="center">0.048</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Educational level (Elementary)</td>
              <td align="center">0.460</td>
              <td align="center">0.326</td>
              <td align="center">0.159</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Educational level (High School)</td>
              <td align="center">0.355</td>
              <td align="center">0.324</td>
              <td align="center">0.273</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Educational level (College)</td>
              <td align="center">0.219</td>
              <td align="center">0.320</td>
              <td align="center">0.494</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Employment Situation (Unemployed)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.175</td>
              <td align="center">0.247</td>
              <td align="center">0.479</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Employment Situation (Inactive)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.204</td>
              <td align="center">0.150</td>
              <td align="center">0.174</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Origin<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#167;</xref> (Rio de Janeiro)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.751</td>
              <td align="center">0.400</td>
              <td align="center">0.060</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Origin (website<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">//</xref>)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.745</td>
              <td align="center">0.245</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Current pharmacological treatment</td>
              <td align="center">0.179</td>
              <td align="center">0.190</td>
              <td align="center">0.346</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.112</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Coronary disease in men aged &lt; 55 years or women aged &lt; 60 years.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>DLCN: Dutch Lipid Clinic Network.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#167;</label>
            <p>IC origin was defined according to whom or from where the patient was referred to the program.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>//</label>
            <p>Website: by the patient itself via the program website. LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Results after model adjustment are outlined in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>. Family history of high LDL-C levels was an independent predictor associated with a higher number of enrolled relatives, with an increasing estimate of 1.76-fold when comparing ICs with and without family history of dyslipidemia. IC baseline LDL-Cvalues were also associated with a higher number of enrolled relatives.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Parameters associated with relatives&#8217; inclusion in the cascade screening according to multiple negative binomial regression analysis</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Predictors</th>
              <th align="center">Estimate</th>
              <th align="center">Std. Error</th>
              <th align="center">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Origin (website)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-0.846</td>
              <td align="center">0.339</td>
              <td align="center">0.012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Family history of increased LDL-C levels</td>
              <td align="center">0.565</td>
              <td align="center">0.210</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>LDL-C</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>IC origin was defined according to whom or from where the patient was referred to the program. Website: by the patient itself via the program website. LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The IC referral origin also significantly influenced the number of relatives in the program. When comparing the origin of ICs, for those enrolled via website the expected number of relatives decreased by 0.42-fold when compared to ICs referred from inside a referral center.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to assess the predictors that might influence enrollment of relatives in a genetic FH cascade screening program, considering clinical, demographic and socioeconomic features of ICs as the main source. Currently, for every IC with a pathogenic variant identified by molecular genetic testing, around 69.3% of eligible relatives are enrolled in our cascade screening program. For each positive IC we identified 1.8 affected relatives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Based on ICs&#8217; characteristics, the factor that most influences the inclusion of relatives in the program is a reported family history of dyslipidemia. High levels of LDL-C in ICs also contributed to the enrollment of relatives in the cohort, suggesting that some measure of the IC dyslipidemia severity also modulates the relatives&#8217; willingness to enroll in disease screening.</p>
      <p>Once enrolled in the program, ICs are provided with systematic recommendations about the importance of family screening, mainly due to the possible identification of at-risk individuals, which makes genetic testing of great importance. Genetic testing not only confirms the ICs&#8217; clinical diagnosis, but also elucidates the family history of dyslipidemia and the existence of at-risk relatives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Relatives frequently underestimate the disease risks and are not aware of their condition, increasing the chance of early atherosclerotic cardiovascular event onset.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Sometimes, even though embodied with knowledge of the importance of genetic testing, they remain reluctant to participate due to the lack of motivation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The cascade effectiveness depends on the ICs&#8217; agreement to recruit relatives through the program and on the actual enrollment of these relatives, so that the ideal scenario is the enrolment of all eligible individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> To find the best strategy for familial enrollment in a cascade screening program is relevant and impacts the overall cascade&#8217;s cost-effectiveness. The Dutch FH cohort reported the obstacles in recruiting relatives after 5 years of cascade screening,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> even with a relatively efficient rate of enrollment. Some of the most important raised points are the social and ethical questions surrounding genetic testing, but also the fact that many participants died before having the chance to enroll in the cascade. Many countries have already implemented this form of detection, revealing its feasibility<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> which is considered the gold-standard method referred by the NICE guidelines.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recruiting ICs via website was a factor that decreased the chance of familial enrollment when compared to ICs referred from the Lipid Clinic of the Heart Institute, a tertiary referral center. This result is probably related to both the amount of information that ICs receive and the severity of the ICs&#8217; condition. Those recruited by specialists of tertiary health centers are more conscious about their risks as well as for their relatives. On the other hand, those recruited via website are only guided by the screening program. Therefore, the amount of information delivered by the screening program only might not be enough for the ICs to understand the importance of family enrollment, suggesting that awareness should be emphasized even after several visits.</p>
      <p>Unexpectedly, we did not observe a significant effect of the educational level on family enrollment prediction. This observation deserves further study, since it may suggest new ways for educational and awareness programs to be developed.</p>
      <p>One limitation of our study is that it is based on a genetic-screening cascade and that the identified predictors may not apply to biochemical-based cascades, since the genetic cascade is only performed for those individuals with a pathogenic variant of FH.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Early diagnosis through cascade screening is important for the prevention of risk factors, because over time individuals would be diagnosed early in their lives or even in childhood, thus allowing adequate treatment and prevention of additional risks. With cascade screening, the relatives are diagnosed at a younger age, which is the main factor that characterizes the effectiveness of this diagnostic method. We conclude that after four years of screening, family history of dyslipidemia, as well as high LDL-C levels are the factors that most influenced the inclusion of relatives in the genetic cascade. A professional approach certainly plays an important role in family adherence and our results laid the foundations for the planning of specific intervention trials designed to test new approaches for increasing family enrollment.</p>
      <p>The funding of Sociedade Hospital Samaritano and Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (PROADI-SUS; SIPAR: 25000.180.672/2011-81) and FAPESP (grant n. 2013/17368-0) are gratefully acknowledged.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>The authors would like to thank all the patients who participated in the cohort and the entire professional staff of Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology of the Heart Institute (InCor)/University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School Hospital.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores de Recrutamento Familiar em um Programa de Rastreamento Gen&#233;tico em Cascata para Hipercolesterolemia Familiar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>P&#227;mela Rodrigues de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jannes</surname>
            <given-names>Cinthia Elim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Theo G. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#243;mez</surname>
            <given-names>Luz Marina G&#243;mez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Raul D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica de L&#237;pides do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: P&#227;mela Rodrigues de Souza Silva,</bold> Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pam_r_s@usp.br</email>, <email>pam_r_s@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata &#233; o m&#233;todo mais economicamente vi&#225;vel para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com hipercolesterolemia familiar, mas as melhores estrat&#233;gias para o recrutamento de indiv&#237;duos em risco em um programa de rastreamento deste tipo n&#227;o s&#227;o inteiramente conhecidas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar os melhores preditores de recrutamento familiar em rastreamento gen&#233;tico, usando caracter&#237;sticas derivadas de probandos testados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inscritos 183 casos &#237;ndices com resultado gen&#233;tico positivo, que tiveram familiares rastreados de janeiro de 2011 a julho de 2015. A vari&#225;vel de resposta foi o n&#250;mero de familiares para cada caso &#237;ndice inscrito. Todas as vari&#225;veis do estudo foram baseadas em caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e socioecon&#244;micas derivadas dos casos &#237;ndices. O tamanho do efeito das vari&#225;veis preditoras foi obtido de modelo linear geral utilizando fun&#231;&#227;o de associa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o binomial negativa. A signific&#226;ncia foi considerada com p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos casos &#237;ndices ao ingressar no programa foi de 50 anos; 78,1% dos indiv&#237;duos relataram conhecimento de familiares com dislipidemia. O n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de LDL-colesterol inicial foi de 316 &#177; 90 mg/dL. Origem de refer&#234;ncia por meio do <italic>site</italic> do programa em cascata vs. cuidados terci&#225;rios, LDL-colesterol do caso &#237;ndice e hist&#243;ria familiar de n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-colesterol foram preditores independentes associados a um maior n&#250;mero de familiares inscritos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Programas de rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata da hipercolesterolemia familiar podem prever o recrutamento da fam&#237;lia com base nas caracter&#237;sticas do caso &#237;ndice. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o pode ser &#250;til para criar abordagens de rastreamento melhores e mais eficazes para indiv&#237;duos em risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Programas de Rastreamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias / gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipercolesterolemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Testes Gen&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Colesterol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Hipercolesterolemia Familiar (HF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica caracterizada por n&#237;veis elevados de Lipoprote&#237;na de Baixa Densidade-Colesterol (LDL-c) no sangue. &#201; geralmente causada por muta&#231;&#245;es no gene que codifica o Receptor do LDL (LDLR) e menos frequentemente (~ 5% dos casos) por muta&#231;&#245;es em genes que codificam a Apolipoprote&#237;na-B (APOB) ou da Pr&#243;-Prote&#237;na Convertase Subtilisina/Kexina Tipo 9 (PCSK9). Indiv&#237;duos portadores destas muta&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o expostos a altos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos e apresentam maior risco de desenvolver doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica e mortalidade precoces.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia mundial da HF em sua forma heterozig&#243;tica est&#225; entre 1:200 e 1:500 indiv&#237;duos, variando em alguns pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A HF &#233; uma doen&#231;a subdiagnosticada, e os indiv&#237;duos mais afetados n&#227;o t&#234;m acesso ao tratamento adequado at&#233; mais tarde na vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico da HF geralmente envolve a identifica&#231;&#227;o de sinais cl&#237;nicos t&#237;picos da doen&#231;a, como n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-c (&gt; 190 mg/dL), deposi&#231;&#227;o de colesterol nos tecidos (por exemplo, xantomas tendinosos e arcos corneais quando detectados em indiv&#237;duos com menos de 45 anos), hist&#243;ria familiar de altos n&#237;veis de colesterol e/ou doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica precoce.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Muitas vezes, um Caso &#205;ndice (CI) t&#237;pico de HF &#233; diagnosticado clinicamente ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio de um evento cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tico. Devido &#224; sua transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante, a HF pode e deve ser diagnosticada precocemente em familiares assintom&#225;ticos para iniciar o tratamento de redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c, com o objetivo de prevenir o in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Testes gen&#233;ticos s&#227;o importantes n&#227;o apenas para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de casos &#237;ndice e em familiares, mas tamb&#233;m como ferramenta progn&#243;stica, uma vez que evid&#234;ncias recentes confirmam que a presen&#231;a de muta&#231;&#245;es causadoras de HF implica maior risco cardiovascular, mesmo em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros indiv&#237;duos hipercolesterol&#234;micos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Atualmente, o rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata &#233; o m&#233;todo mais custo-efetivo para o diagn&#243;stico da HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Ele tem in&#237;cio com o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e gen&#233;tico de um CI; em seguida, todos os familiares de primeiro grau s&#227;o rastreados para a mesma muta&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o de todos os familiares afetados, a cascata d&#225; sequ&#234;ncia a todos os familiares de segundo grau, e assim sucessivamente. Mais importante ainda, quanto maior o n&#250;mero de familiares rastreados, mais custo-efetiva a cascata se torna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Curiosamente, apesar de ser reconhecida como a estrat&#233;gia mais eficaz, em termos de custo para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da HF em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o, pouco se sabe sobre as melhores estrat&#233;gias para maximizar o recrutamento de indiv&#237;duos em risco em um programa de rastreamento em cascata. Pode-se argumentar que esta informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; ainda mais importante do que planejar formas de identificar casos &#237;ndices a serem testados da popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os principais preditores de recrutamento familiar em um rastreamento em cascata, utilizando o CI como ponto de partida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O programa de rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata para HF no Brasil (Hipercol Brasil) &#233; realizado pelo Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica institucional (CAPPesq 3757/12/013). Todos os participantes leram e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Informado autorizando o estudo.</p>
        <p>Os participantes inscritos em nossa an&#225;lise foram previamente cadastrados no programa Hipercol Brasil, tendo sido encaminhados por m&#233;dicos institucionais ou por outros colaboradores. Indiv&#237;duos que contataram espontaneamente o programa por telefone ou pelo <italic>site</italic> tamb&#233;m foram inscritos. Quando os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram atendidos, os participantes foram encaminhados para testes gen&#233;ticos moleculares.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o para participar do programa foi a presen&#231;a de um valor de LDL-c basal &#8805; 210 mg/dL. No entanto, alguns indiv&#237;duos com LDL-c &lt; 210 mg/dL tamb&#233;m foram inscritos, quando sinais sugestivos de HF foram detectados pelos m&#233;dicos. Todos os CI com testes gen&#233;ticos positivos (indiv&#237;duos nos quais foram identificadas muta&#231;&#245;es patog&#234;nicas ou prov&#225;veis muta&#231;&#245;es patog&#234;nicas) que autorizaram o rastreamento de seus familiares de janeiro de 2011 a julho de 2015 foram inscritos no presente estudo.</p>
          <p>Uma amostra de sangue total foi coletada ap&#243;s o exame f&#237;sico, e um question&#225;rio padronizado foi aplicado por pessoal treinado da equipe do Hipercol Brasil. No caso de um resultado gen&#233;tico positivo, o CI foi contatado e informado da import&#226;ncia dos resultados gen&#233;ticos e da possibilidade de rastreamento familiar livre de custo. Ap&#243;s explica&#231;&#227;o abrangente dos riscos da doen&#231;a e dos benef&#237;cios do diagn&#243;stico precoce, solicitou-se ao CI que fornecesse informa&#231;&#245;es sobre todos os familiares de primeiro grau em risco. Estes foram, ent&#227;o, contatados por telefone e convidados a participar do programa em cascata por profissionais de sa&#250;de especializados e treinados. O rastreamento em familiares &#233; restrito &#224; mesma muta&#231;&#227;o encontrada no CI, apesar da presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da HF. Todos os familiares tamb&#233;m assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Informado e foram submetidos &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do mesmo question&#225;rio padronizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis do estudo</title>
          <p>Poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis preditoras dos CIs foram obtidas antes que os resultados dos testes gen&#233;ticos estivessem dispon&#237;veis. O question&#225;rio padronizado consistiu em vari&#225;veis socioecon&#244;micas, cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas.</p>
          <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a situa&#231;&#227;o de emprego consistiam em tr&#234;s categorias: empregado (idade ativa, indiv&#237;duo atualmente trabalhando); desempregados (idade ativa, indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o trabalham atualmente) e inativos (estudantes, idosos e/ou aposentados, e pessoas portadoras de necessidades especiais, impossibilitados de trabalhar). O n&#237;vel educacional foi definido como analfabeto, Ensino Fundamental, Ensino M&#233;dio e Ensino Superior.</p>
          <p>A origem dos CI foi definida de acordo com quem encaminhou o paciente para o programa ou de onde ele foi encaminhado. Os CI podiam ter sido encaminhados por m&#233;dicos da Cl&#237;nica de Lip&#237;deos do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; um centro de refer&#234;ncia de lip&#237;deos estreitamente associado ao programa Hipercol Brasil; de centros parceiros localizados em outras institui&#231;&#245;es de atendimento terci&#225;rio; de m&#233;dicos particulares; pelo pr&#243;prio paciente, por meio do <italic>site</italic> do programa (www.hipercolesterolemia.com.br); ou por uma unidade de cuidados prim&#225;rios de sa&#250;de. Os crit&#233;rios de recrutamento foram os mesmos para todos os CI, independentemente da origem. A participa&#231;&#227;o de outros centros parceiros no estudo foi aprovada pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional (CAAE 00594212.0.0000.0068/n:1.213.994).</p>
          <p>A informa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica solicitada foi: ocorr&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica ou de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica precoce familiar e/ou altera&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos; sinais cl&#237;nicos, como arco c&#243;rneo, xantelasmas ou xantomas. Os resultados de exames bioqu&#237;micos foram obtidos de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos ou de exames pr&#233;vios trazidos pelo paciente. Os seguintes valores foram registrados: Colesterol Total (CT), LDL-c, Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade-Colesterol (HDL-c), Triglicer&#237;deos (TG) e glicemia de jejum. O escore <italic>Dutch Lipid Clinic Network</italic> (DLNC) e os crit&#233;rios de Simon Broome foram calculados utilizando as informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis na consulta inicial. Sempre que poss&#237;vel, o valor basal do LDL-c foi utilizado. No caso de um paciente recebendo tratamento hipolipemiante com valores basais de LDL-c indispon&#237;veis, o valor atual foi utilizado para calcular o escore. Esses escores cl&#237;nicos foram aplicados apenas com a inten&#231;&#227;o de coletar e armazenar dados, n&#227;o tendo sido utilizados como crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o no programa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Testes gen&#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Amostras de CI foram sequenciadas para seis genes relacionados &#224; HF: <italic>LDLR</italic>, <italic>APOB</italic>, <italic>PCSK9</italic>, <italic>LDLRAP1</italic>, <italic>LIPA</italic> e <italic>APOE</italic>. As regi&#245;es-alvo foram consideradas como &#233;xons de codifica&#231;&#227;o mais 10pb de &#237;ntrons <italic>upstream</italic> e <italic>downstream</italic>, e capturadas utilizando reagente enriquecedor especialmente criado. Os modelos foram preparados no sistema Ion OneTouch e sequenciados na plataforma Ion Torrent PGM, com 32 amostras por corrida em um Ion Chip 316v2. As an&#225;lises de bioinform&#225;tica foram realizadas em um CLC Genomics Workbench 9.5 (QIAGEN) utilizando <italic>pipeline</italic> personalizado. Os requisitos m&#237;nimos de qualidade para a identifica&#231;&#227;o das variantes foram: qualidade de base de PhredQ &#8805; 20; cobertura da regi&#227;o-alvo &#8805; 10 vezes; frequ&#234;ncia do alelo variante &#8805; 20% e presen&#231;a bidirecional do alelo variante.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a filtragem utilizando MAF (frequ&#234;ncia do alelo menos comum) &#8804; 0,002 com popula&#231;&#245;es-controle (NHLBI-ESP6500, AbraOM, ExAC e 1000Genomes), todas as muta&#231;&#245;es potenciais foram consultadas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua descri&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via nas bases de dados ClinVar (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/</ext-link>), Human Genome Mutation Database (HGMD&#174;; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/index.php">http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/index.php</ext-link>), British Heart Foundation (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.bhf.org.uk">https://www.bhf.org.uk</ext-link>) e Jojo Genetics (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.jojogenetics.nl/wp/">http://www.jojogenetics.nl/wp/</ext-link>). A predi&#231;&#227;o do impacto funcional foi realizada com SIFT (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://sift.jcvi.org">http://sift.jcvi.org</ext-link>), <italic>Protein Variation Effect Analyzer</italic> (PROVEAN) e Polymorphism Phenotyping v2 (PolyPhen-2), e muta&#231;&#245;es sem descri&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via precisavam ser indicadas como danosas em pelo menos dois algoritmos para serem consideradas potencialmente patog&#234;nicas. Indiv&#237;duos com resultados negativos tamb&#233;m foram examinados para a presen&#231;a de grandes inser&#231;&#245;es e dele&#231;&#245;es via Amplifica&#231;&#227;o Multiplex de Sondas Dependente de Liga&#231;&#227;o (MLPA; MRC-Holland). Muta&#231;&#245;es de ponto encontradas em CI foram rastreadas em familiares por meio do sequenciamento de Sanger e grandes inser&#231;&#245;es/dele&#231;&#245;es via MLPA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A vari&#225;vel de resposta deste estudo consistiu no n&#250;mero de familiares inscritos no programa por cada fam&#237;lia, a partir de um CI positivo. A vari&#225;vel de resposta consiste em dados de contagem, o que sugere a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um modelo de Poisson. Por&#233;m, como a vari&#226;ncia da vari&#225;vel dependente foi maior do que a m&#233;dia, o modelo mais adequado nessa situa&#231;&#227;o foi o binomial negativo, devido &#224; superdispers&#227;o dos dados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). As vari&#225;veis preditivas foram baseadas nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e socioecon&#244;micas do CI. Inicialmente, realizamos an&#225;lise de distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel resposta, e o modelo que se ajustou adequadamente a essa vari&#225;vel foi um que utilizou uma distribui&#231;&#227;o binomial negativa. Assim, a estimativa de vari&#225;veis preditoras para o n&#250;mero de familiares inscritos foi derivada de um modelo linear geral utilizando fun&#231;&#227;o de associa&#231;&#227;o de regress&#227;o binomial negativa. As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;das no modelo inicial: idade, hist&#243;ria familiar de n&#237;veis elevados de colesterol, escore DLNC, crit&#233;rios de Simon Broome, tratamento basal hipolipemiante, situa&#231;&#227;o de emprego, n&#237;vel basal de LDL-c ou n&#237;vel mais alto durante o tratamento, n&#237;vel educacional e origem. A m&#233;dia e o desvio padr&#227;o foram calculados para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A signific&#226;ncia foi considerada com valor de p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com os <italic>softwares Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 19.0 (IBM) e R (Package gamlss, vers&#227;o 3.3.1).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Gr&#225;fico de QQ-plot para o modelo linear geral utilizando distribui&#231;&#227;o binomial negativa.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0578-80156-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Um total de 183 CI foram analisados, dos quais 2.316 familiares foram contatados e 1.605 concordaram em participar do programa (taxa total de inclus&#227;o de 69,3%). Foram exclu&#237;das do estudo 87 fam&#237;lias, ap&#243;s ajuste do modelo para an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla. Elas eram relacionadas a 87 CI que possu&#237;am dados faltantes em pelo menos uma das vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo final. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos CI s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 1</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel educacional, 30,6% dos CI cursaram o Ensino Superior, 25,1% o Ensino M&#233;dio, 22,4% o Ensino Fundamental e 4,9% eram analfabetos. A maior porcentagem de CI estava empregada (41,0%). A maioria dos CI foi encaminhada por m&#233;dicos locais (81,4%), seguidos por 7,7% dos pacientes que chegaram ao programa por meio do <italic>site</italic>. Os outros 5% foram encaminhados de centros parceiros localizados em outras institui&#231;&#245;es de atendimento terci&#225;rio e 3,3% de m&#233;dicos particulares.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos casos &#237;ndice</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="60%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>n</th>
                <th>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">183</td>
                <td align="center">(47 &#177; 18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">84</td>
                <td align="center">(45,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Xantomas tendinosos</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">(14,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arco c&#243;rneo</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">(26,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana precoce<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">(29,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana precoce<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">(39,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de n&#237;veis de LDL-c aumentados<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">(53,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico atual<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#167;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">145</td>
                <td align="center">(79,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escore DLCN</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Definitivo</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">(40,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prov&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">(26,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Poss&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">(18,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Crit&#233;rios Simon Broome</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Definitivos</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">(15,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prov&#225;veis</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
                <td align="center">(67,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT mg/dL basal (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">(405 &#177; 112)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CT mg/dL no n&#237;vel mais alto durante o tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">(305 &#177; 124)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c mg/dL basal (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">(326 &#177; 111)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c mg/dL no n&#237;vel mais alto durante o tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">(238 &#177; 122)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c mg/dL basal (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">(47 &#177; 15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-c mg/dL no n&#237;vel mais alto durante o tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">(43 &#177; 10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG mg/dL basal (M&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">(144 &#177; 63)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TG mg/dL no n&#237;vel mais alto durante o tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">(132 &#177; 77)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria em homens com idade &lt; 55 anos ou mulheres com idade &lt; 60 anos</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana (por exemplo, ataque card&#237;aco) em familiares de primeiro ou segundo grau (homens com &lt; 55 anos e mulheres &lt; 60 anos)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>familiares de primeiro ou segundo grau com CT &gt; 260 mg/dL ou LDL &gt;160 mg/dL em crian&#231;as (&gt; 16 anos) ou CT &gt; 290 m /dL ou LDL &gt; 190 mg/dL em adultos (n&#237;veis pr&#233;-tratamento ou o n&#237;vel mais alto durante o tratamento)</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>uso atual de medicamentos hipolipemiantes (por exemplo, estatinas). DP: desvio padr&#227;o; LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol; DLCN: Dutch Lipid Clinic Network; CT: colesterol total; HDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade-colesterol; TG: triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabela 2</xref> mostra a regress&#227;o binomial negativa univariada calculada para todas as vari&#225;veis do estudo. Apenas a hist&#243;ria familiar de n&#237;veis alterados de lip&#237;deos e o encaminhamento de pacientes por meio do <italic>site</italic> foram significativamente associados ao n&#250;mero de familiares inscritos no programa.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros associados &#224; inclus&#227;o de familiares no rastreamento em cascata, de acordo com a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o binomial negativa univariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Preditores</th>
                <th align="center">Estimativa</th>
                <th align="center">Erro-padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,141</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana precoce<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,024</td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
                <td align="center">0,867</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore DLCN prov&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">0,117</td>
                <td align="center">0,415</td>
                <td align="center">0,777</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore DLCN poss&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center">-0,158</td>
                <td align="center">0,600</td>
                <td align="center">0,792</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana precoce</td>
                <td align="center">0,136</td>
                <td align="center">0,171</td>
                <td align="center">0,425</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de n&#237;veis de LDL-c aumentados</td>
                <td align="center">0,395</td>
                <td align="center">0,201</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino Fundamental</td>
                <td align="center">0,460</td>
                <td align="center">0,326</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino M&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center">0,355</td>
                <td align="center">0,324</td>
                <td align="center">0,273</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ensino Superior</td>
                <td align="center">0,219</td>
                <td align="center">0,320</td>
                <td align="center">0,494</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desempregado</td>
                <td align="center">-0,175</td>
                <td align="center">0,247</td>
                <td align="center">0,479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inativo</td>
                <td align="center">-0,204</td>
                <td align="center">0,150</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rio de Janeiro<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,751</td>
                <td align="center">0,400</td>
                <td align="center">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Website</italic>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">&#167;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center">-0,745</td>
                <td align="center">0,245</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tratamento farmacol&#243;gico atual</td>
                <td align="center">0,179</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor de p &lt; 0,05</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>doen&#231;a coronariana em homens com idade &lt; 55 anos ou mulheres com idade &lt; 60 anos</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>a origem do caso &#237;ndice foi definida de acordo com quem encaminhou o paciente/de onde o paciente foi encaminhado ao programa</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>&#167;</label>
              <p>website: pelo pr&#243;prio paciente, por meio do website do programa. DLCN: Dutch Lipid Clinic Network; LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados ap&#243;s o ajuste do modelo s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 3</xref>. A hist&#243;ria familiar de n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-c foi preditor independente associado a maior n&#250;mero de familiares inscritos, com estimativa crescente de 1,76 vez quando se compararam os CI com e sem hist&#243;ria familiar de dislipidemia. Os valores de LDL-c basais dos CI tamb&#233;m foram associados a um maior n&#250;mero de familiares inscritos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros associados &#224; inclus&#227;o de familiares no rastreamento em cascata, de acordo com a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o binomial negativa m&#250;ltipla</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Preditores</th>
                <th align="center">Estimativa</th>
                <th align="center">Erro-padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Origem <italic>website</italic><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,846</td>
                <td align="center">0,339</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de n&#237;veis de LDL-c aumentados</td>
                <td align="center">0,565</td>
                <td align="center">0,210</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor de p &lt; 0,05</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>a origem do caso &#237;ndice foi definida de acordo com quem encaminhou o paciente/de onde o paciente foi encaminhado ao programa. Website: pelo pr&#243;prio paciente, por meio do website do programa. LDL-c: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade-colesterol.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A origem de encaminhamento do CI tamb&#233;m influenciou significativamente no n&#250;mero de familiares no programa. Ao comparar a origem dos CI, o n&#250;mero esperado de familiares diminuiu 0,42 vez para os registrados pelo <italic>website</italic> quando comparado aos CI encaminhados dentro de um centro de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo &#233;, at&#233; onde sabemos, o primeiro a avaliar os preditores que podem influenciar no recrutamento de familiares em um programa de rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata da HF, considerando as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e socioecon&#244;micas dos CI como a principal fonte. Atualmente, para cada CI com uma variante patog&#234;nica identificada por testes gen&#233;ticos moleculares, cerca de 69,3% dos familiares eleg&#237;veis est&#227;o inscritos em nosso programa de rastreamento em cascata. Para cada CI positivo, identificamos 1,8 familiar afetado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Com base nas caracter&#237;sticas dos CI, o fator que mais influencia na inclus&#227;o de familiares no programa &#233; a hist&#243;ria familiar de dislipidemia. Altos n&#237;veis de LDL-c nos CI tamb&#233;m contribu&#237;ram para o recrutamento de familiares na coorte, sugerindo que alguma medida da gravidade da dislipidemia do CI tamb&#233;m modula a disposi&#231;&#227;o dos familiares de se inscreverem no programa de rastreamento da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Uma vez inscritos no programa, os CI recebem recomenda&#231;&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas sobre a import&#226;ncia do rastreamento familiar, principalmente devido &#224; poss&#237;vel identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos em risco, o que torna o teste gen&#233;tico de grande import&#226;ncia. O teste gen&#233;tico n&#227;o apenas confirma o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico dos CI, mas tamb&#233;m esclarece a hist&#243;ria familiar de dislipidemia e a exist&#234;ncia de familiares em risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os familiares frequentemente subestimam os riscos da doen&#231;a e n&#227;o est&#227;o cientes de sua condi&#231;&#227;o, aumentando a chance de in&#237;cio precoce de eventos cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> &#192;s vezes, embora tenham conhecimento da import&#226;ncia do teste gen&#233;tico, eles permanecem relutantes em participar, devido &#224; falta de motiva&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A efetividade da cascata depende da concord&#226;ncia dos CI para recrutar familiares por meio do programa e da real inclus&#227;o destes, de modo que o cen&#225;rio ideal &#233; a inscri&#231;&#227;o de todos os indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Encontrar a melhor estrat&#233;gia para a inclus&#227;o familiar em um programa de rastreamento em cascata &#233; relevante e tem impacto no custo-benef&#237;cio da cascata geral. A coorte do DLCN em HF relatou os obst&#225;culos encontrados no recrutamento de familiares ap&#243;s 5 anos de rastreamento em cascata,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> mesmo com taxa relativamente eficiente de inscritos.</p>
        <p>Alguns dos pontos levantados mais importantes s&#227;o as quest&#245;es sociais e &#233;ticas que cercam os testes gen&#233;ticos, mas h&#225; tamb&#233;m o fato de que muitos participantes morreram antes de terem a chance de se inscrever na cascata. Muitos pa&#237;ses j&#225; implementaram esta forma de detec&#231;&#227;o, demonstrando sua viabilidade,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> que &#233; considerada o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro relatado pelas diretrizes do <italic>National Institute fot Health and Care Excellence</italic> (NICE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O recrutamento de CI pelo <italic>website</italic> foi um fator que diminuiu a chance de inscri&#231;&#227;o familiar quando comparado aos CI encaminhados pela Cl&#237;nica de Lip&#237;deos do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o. Este resultado provavelmente est&#225; relacionado &#224; quantidade de informa&#231;&#245;es que os CI recebem e &#224; gravidade das condi&#231;&#245;es deles. Aqueles recrutados por especialistas de centros terci&#225;rios de sa&#250;de est&#227;o mais conscientes de seus riscos, bem como para seus familiares. Por outro lado, os recrutados pelo <italic>website</italic> s&#227;o orientados apenas pelo programa de rastreamento. Portanto, a quantidade de informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelo programa de rastreamento pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para que os CI compreendam a import&#226;ncia da inscri&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia, sugerindo que a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o deve ser enfatizada mesmo ap&#243;s v&#225;rias consultas.</p>
        <p>Inesperadamente, n&#227;o observamos um efeito significativo do n&#237;vel educacional na predi&#231;&#227;o de inscri&#231;&#245;es familiares. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o merece um estudo mais aprofundado, pois pode sugerir novas formas de desenvolvimento de programas educacionais e de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; que ele &#233; baseado em um programa de rastreamento gen&#233;tico em cascata, e que os preditores identificados podem n&#227;o se aplicar a cascatas baseadas em bioqu&#237;mica, uma vez que a cascata gen&#233;tica &#233; realizada apenas em indiv&#237;duos com uma variante patog&#234;nica da HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico precoce por meio do rastreamento em cascata &#233; importante para a preven&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco, pois, ao longo do tempo, os indiv&#237;duos seriam diagnosticados precocemente em suas vidas ou mesmo na inf&#226;ncia, permitindo tratamento adequado e preven&#231;&#227;o de riscos adicionais. Com o rastreamento em cascata, os familiares s&#227;o diagnosticados em uma idade mais jovem, que &#233; o principal fator que caracteriza a efic&#225;cia deste m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico. Ap&#243;s 4 anos de rastreamento, a hist&#243;ria familiar de dislipidemia e os n&#237;veis elevados de LDL-c s&#227;o os fatores que mais influenciaram na inclus&#227;o de familiares na cascata gen&#233;tica. Uma abordagem profissional certamente desempenha um papel importante na ades&#227;o da fam&#237;lia, e nossos resultados lan&#231;aram as bases para o planejamento de estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;ficos destinados a testar novas abordagens para aumentar a inclus&#227;o familiar.</p>
        <p>O apoio financeiro da Sociedade Hospital Samaritano e do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (PROADI-SUS; SIPAR: 25000.180.672/2011-81) e da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), concess&#227;o n&#186; 2013/17368-0, &#233; reconhecido com agradecimentos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>A todos os pacientes da coorte e a toda equipe profissional do Laborat&#243;rio de Gen&#233;tica e Cardiologia Molecular do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
