<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">f3W3hRJrtdPhvwGV6yhFChH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001600569</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180204</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rosuvastatin Decreases the Formation of Neointima by Increasing Apo J, Reducing Restenosis after Balloon Injury in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Magno Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Laborat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Experimental, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo Magno Martins Dourado,</bold> Rua Apinajes, 969, apto. 21. Postal Code 05017-000, Perdizes, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pmdourado@terra.com.br</email>, <email>pmagno@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>569</fpage>
      <lpage>570</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Clusterin/genetic</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Arteries</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Restenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The study by Yang et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> brings new light on the action of Apolipoprotein (Apo) J, also called clusterin (CLU), a heterodimeric glycoprotein consisting of &#945; and &#946; subunits linked by disulfide bond.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The coding gene of Apo J is located on chromosome 8p21-p12, encoding two main isoforms, including secreted (sCLU) and nuclear (nCLU)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> on restenosis following balloon percutaneous transluminal carotid angioplasty (PTCA) in an experimental model in rats; this was published in this edition of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, because there is a controversy in the literature whether Apo J, which is elevated in atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty, plays a protective or promoting role for restenosis. Apo J is involved in several important pathological processes in the transport of lipids, and in the differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), including cell death by apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cell adhesion, tissue remodeling, regulation of the immune system and oxidative stress, playing a role in the development of clinical atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In the process of attenuating atherosclerosis, Apo J can promote the export of cholesterol and phospholipids from foam cells of macrophages,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and show cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions interacting with many known inflammatory proteins that may act in the initial phase of clinical cardiovascular events, and may play an important role in mediating atherosclerotic disease, such as C-reactive protein, paraoxonase and leptin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> There are studies reporting that Apo J can stimulate the proliferation and migration of VSMC, and promote restenosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and there have been studies showing that overexpression of CLUs can inhibit migration and proliferation of VSMC, and inhibit cellular apoptosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In view of these controversial results, the authors sought to elucidate the role of Apo J in neointimal hyperplasia, using the rat carotid artery in vivo, with or without rosuvastatin.</p>
    <p>The results of the study published here suggest that rosuvastatin can inhibit intimal hyperplasia due to the high expression of Apo J in the active proliferation and migration phase of VSMC, after balloon injury in rats. In the present study, the authors evidenced an increase in the intimal/media (I/M) area rate after the balloon injury that reached the maximum value in the fourth week in the model group; in addition, I/M was increased at week 2, and such increase ceased after the administration of rosuvastatin. These results suggest that rosuvastatin can significantly reduce the degree of intimal hyperplasia in the balloon-injured carotid arteries in rats. The levels of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) and Apo J were increased in the carotid arteries in the group using rosuvastatin, when compared to the model group, reaching the maximum in the second week, earlier than in the model group, suggesting that rosuvastatin can inhibit intimal hyperplasia by increasing Apo J after balloon injury in rats. Therefore, Apo J has been identified as having a central role in the migration, adhesion and vascular proliferation process, and that it can contribute significantly to restenosis after vascular injury.</p>
    <p>The results of this study showed that Apo J can be an acute phase reagent after balloon injury in the carotid arteries of rats; therefore, it plays a favorable role, decreasing the development of restenosis, which in spite of all existing interventions remains as a challenge to be overcome. Rosuvastatin, a potent inhibitor of the HMG-CoA (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA) reductase enzyme, seems to reduce neointimal thickening after vascular endothelial injury in rats.</p>
    <p>This study opens new perspectives by highlighting possible mechanisms involved in the genesis of restenosis after percutaneous interventions, opening the way for clinical studies researching the action of Apo J as a new predictor and a therapeutic target for the protection of the vessel after PTCA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Effects of Rosuvastatin on Apolipoprotein J in Balloon-Injured Carotid Artery in Rats</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Rosuvastatina Diminui a Forma&#231;&#227;o de Neo&#237;ntima por Aumento de Apo J, Reduzindo a Reestenose ap&#243;s Les&#227;o com Bal&#227;o em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Magno Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Laborat&#243;rio de Hipertens&#227;o Experimental, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Magno Martins Dourado,</bold> Rua Apinajes, 969, apto. 21. CEP 05017-000, Perdizes, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pmdourado@terra.com.br</email>, <email>pmagno@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Clusterina/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Reestenose Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O estudo de Yang et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> traz novas luzes sobre a a&#231;&#227;o da Apolipoprote&#237;na (Apo) J, tamb&#233;m chamada de clusterina (CLU), uma glicoprote&#237;na heterodim&#233;rica composta por subunidades &#945; e &#946;, ligadas por uma ponte dissulfeto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O gene que codifica a Apo J est&#225; localizado no cromossomo 8p21-p12, e codifica duas principais isoformas - CLU secret&#243;ria (CLUs) e CLU nuclear (CLUn),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> na reestenose ap&#243;s angioplastia transluminal carot&#237;dea percut&#226;nea (ATCP) por bal&#227;o em um modelo experimental em ratos; este foi publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, pois existe uma controv&#233;rsia na literatura, se a Apo J, que se encontra elevada na aterosclerose e p&#243;s-angioplastia, exerce um papel protetor ou promotor da reestenose. A Apo J est&#225; envolvida em diversos processos patol&#243;gicos importantes no transporte dos lip&#237;dios e na diferencia&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso vascular (CMLV), incluindo a morte celular por apoptose, regula&#231;&#227;o do ciclo celular, ades&#227;o celular, remodela&#231;&#227;o tecidual, regula&#231;&#227;o do sistema imune e estresse oxidativo, exercendo um papel no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No processo de atenuar a aterosclerose, a Apo J pode promover a exporta&#231;&#227;o de colesterol e fosfolip&#237;dios de c&#233;lulas espumosas de macr&#243;fagos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e exibir a&#231;&#245;es citoprotetoras e anti-inflamat&#243;rias interagindo com muitas prote&#237;nas inflamat&#243;rias conhecidas que podem atuar na fase inicial de eventos cardiovasculares cl&#237;nicos e podem exercer papel importante na media&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, como prote&#237;na C-reativa, paraoxonase e leptina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> H&#225; estudos relatando que a Apo J pode estimular a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a migra&#231;&#227;o de CMLV e promove reestenose<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e h&#225; estudos que revelaram que a superexpress&#227;o de CLUs pode inibir a migra&#231;&#227;o e a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de CMLV e inibir a apoptose celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Em vista destes resultados controversos, os autores procuraram elucidar o papel da Apo J na hiperplasia neointimal, usando a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida de ratos <italic>in vivo</italic>, com ou sem rosuvastatina.</p>
      <p>Os resultados do estudo aqui publicado sugerem que a rosuvastatina pode inibir a hiperplasia intimal devido &#224; alta express&#227;o de Apo J na fase de prolifera&#231;&#227;o ativa e migra&#231;&#227;o de CMLV, ap&#243;s les&#227;o com bal&#227;o em ratos. No presente estudo, os autores evidenciaram aumento da raz&#227;o &#225;rea &#237;ntima/m&#233;dia (I/M) ap&#243;s a les&#227;o com bal&#227;o que atingiu o valor m&#225;ximo na quarta semana no grupo modelo; al&#233;m disso, I/M estava aumentada na semana 2 e tal aumento cessou ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o de rosuvastatina. Estes resultados sugerem que a rosuvastatina pode reduzir significativamente o grau de hiperplasia intimal nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas lesionadas com bal&#227;o em ratos. Os n&#237;veis do &#193;cido Ribonucleico mensageiro (mRNA) e da Apo J estavam aumentados nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas no grupo que utilizou a rosuvastatina quando comparados ao grupo modelo, atingindo o m&#225;ximo na segunda semana, mais cedo que no grupo modelo, sugerindo que a rosuvastatina pode inibir a hiperplasia intimal pelo aumento de Apo J ap&#243;s les&#227;o com bal&#227;o em ratos. Portanto, a Apo J foi identificada como tendo um papel central no processo de migra&#231;&#227;o, ades&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o vascular, e que pode contribuir significativamente na reestenose ap&#243;s les&#227;o vascular.</p>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a Apo J pode ser um reagente de fase aguda ap&#243;s les&#227;o com bal&#227;o nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas de ratos; portanto, exerce um papel favor&#225;vel, diminuindo o desenvolvimento da reestenose, que a despeito de todas as interven&#231;&#245;es existentes permanece como um desafio a ser suplantado. A rosuvastatina, um potente inibidor da enzima HMG-CoA (hidroximetilglutaril-CoA) redutase, parece reduzir o espessamento neointimal ap&#243;s les&#227;o endotelial vascular em ratos.</p>
      <p>Este estudo abre novas perspectivas ao evidenciar poss&#237;veis mecanismos envolvidos na g&#234;nese da reestenose p&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas, abrindo caminhos para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos cl&#237;nicos que visem a estudar a a&#231;&#227;o da Apo J como um novo preditor e um alvo terap&#234;utico na prote&#231;&#227;o do vaso p&#243;s-ATCP.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efeitos da Rosuvastatina sobre Apolipoprote&#237;na J em Art&#233;rias de Ratos Lesionadas com Bal&#227;o</p>
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