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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Ld9GPGsTzyhB8f53vgGzjNd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001600553</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005015103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180184</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Up to 15-Year Survival of Men and Women after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Paid by the Brazilian Public Healthcare System in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salis</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Helena Alvares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica Sergio Arouca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica Sergio Arouca - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>RJ</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Mailing Address: Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e Silva, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 225 - 8&#186; andar - Cidade Universit&#225;ria. Postal Code 21941-913, Ilha do Fund&#227;o, RJ - Brazil. E-mail: <email>christina.g.dss@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: de Souza e Silva CG, Klein CH, Godoy PH, Salis LHA, de Souza e Silva NA; Acquisition of data: Klein CH, Godoy PH, de Souza e Silva NA; Statistical analysis: de Souza e Silva CG, Klein CH; Writing of the manuscript: de Souza e Silva CG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Klein CH, Godoy PH, Salis LHA, de Souza e Silva NA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>553</fpage>
      <lpage>561</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the most frequently used invasive therapy for ischemic heart disease (IHD). Studies able to provide information about PCI's effectiveness should be conducted in a population of real-world patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives: </title>
          <p>To assess the survival rate of IHD patients treated with PCI in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Administrative (1999-2010) and death (1999-2014) databases of dwellers aged &#8805; 20 years old in the state of RJ submitted to one single PCI paid by the Brazilian public healthcare system (<italic>SUS</italic>) between 1999 and 2010 were linked. Patients were grouped as follows: 20-49 years old, 50-69 years old and &#8805; 70 years old, and PCI in primary PCI, with stent and without stent placement (bare metal stent). Survival probabilities in 30 days, one year and 15 years were estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox hazards regression models were used to compare risks among sex, age groups and types of PCI. Test results with a p-value &lt; 0.05 were deemed statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Data of 19,263 patients (61 &#177; 11 years old, 63.6% men) were analyzed. Survival rates of men vs. women in 30 days, one year and 15 years were: 97.3% (97.0-97.6%) vs. 97.1% (96.6-97.4%), 93.6% (93.2-94.1%) vs. 93.4% (92.8-94.0%), and 55.7% (54.0-57.4%) vs. 58.1% (55.8-60.3%), respectively. The oldest age group was associated with lower survival rates in all periods. PCI with stent placement had higher survival rates than those without stent placement during a two-year follow-up. After that, both procedures had similar survival rates (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.82-1.00).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In a population of real-world patients, women had a higher survival rate than men within 15 years after PCI. Moreover, using a bare-metal stent failed to improve survival rates after a two-year follow-up compared to simple balloon angioplasty. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the most frequent cause of death in adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and, although its age-standardized mortality rate has decreased over the last decades,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> IHD is still the cause of about 20% of all deaths worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The most frequent invasive therapy for IHD is percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Since it was first performed,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> this procedure has been increasingly utilized, more expensive and possibly overused,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> although the majority of the studies conducted have evidenced just a few scenarios where PCI can be beneficial in IHD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Moreover, the information that guides physicians' decisions regarding its indication is mostly based on randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT), which usually enroll younger patients with fewer comorbid conditions than patients in the real-world, and exclude many treatment-related issues faced in clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Therefore, extrapolating PCI's effectiveness observed in RCTs to the real world-population may not be entirely appropriate.</p>
      <p>This study aims at providing information about PCI's effectiveness in a real-world population by assessing short-, medium- and long-term survival rates of IHD patients treated with one single PCI, from 1999 to 2010, and paid by the Brazilian public healthcare system (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic> - <italic>SUS</italic>) in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study population and data collection</title>
        <p>Data on PCI obtained at administrative databases of the state of RJ were analyzed retrospectively. The <italic>DATASUS</italic> administrative database of Authorization for Hospital Admission (<italic>Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar</italic> - <italic>AIH</italic>) was consulted to gather data on PCI performed in public or private hospitals paid by the <italic>SUS</italic> between 1999 and 2010.</p>
        <p><italic>SUS</italic> is the Brazilian public healthcare system. It is funded from general government revenues, it is single, universal, hierarquical and integrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><italic>DATASUS</italic> contains data of the Department of Healthcare Information of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and it manages <italic>SUS</italic>' healthcare and financial information.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><italic>AIH</italic> is a registry system<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> for any admissions that occurs in any public or private hospital that maintain a convenant with the <italic>SUS</italic>.</p>
        <p>Patient inclusion criteria: people who lived in the state of RJ, &#8805; 20 years old, submitted to one single PCI between 1999 and 2010. Patient exclusion criteria: individuals submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting during the study period.</p>
        <p>From the <italic>AIH</italic> database were obtained patients' name, date of birth, hospital admission and discharge, sex, address, mother&#180;s name and type of PCI.</p>
        <p>PCI procedures were classified according to the <italic>AIH</italic> database codes as described in a previous study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> as follows: a) PCI without stent placement (PCI-WS); b) PCI with stent placement (PCI-S); and c) primary PCI (PCI-P). During the study period the <italic>SUS</italic> would not pay for drug-eluting stents; therefore, PCI-S refers to the use of bare-metal stents.</p>
        <p>The post-procedure outcome was death from any cause, and information on patients' death was obtained at the death database of the state of RJ from 1999 to 2014. In order to match information from both databases, <italic>AIH</italic> and deaths, Stata(r)14 probabilistic record linkage (Reclink) was used, once there is no common identification field between these two databases, and this essentially consists of a fuzzy merge. This method allows matching weights for each pre-defined variable, thus creating a new variable to hold the matching score in a zero-to-one scale, which indicates the probability that the pairs formed refer to the same patient. The pre-defined variables were patient&#180;s name, date of birth and sex.</p>
        <p>Pairs that scored = 1.00 (perfect matches) were considered the same patient. Pairs that scored &#8805; 0.99 and &lt; 1.00 were considered possible matches and were manually reviewed using mother&#180;s name and address to define whether or not they were going to be considered the same patient. Pairs with lower scores were considered a "non-match".</p>
        <p>In order to test the sensitivity and specificity of the probabilistic linkage method used, in-hospital deaths found at the <italic>AIH</italic> database were compared to the matching information from the death database. Out of a total of 357 in-hospital deaths found at the <italic>AIH</italic> database, 307 were found with the linkage process with the death database, and no false positives were detected. Therefore, the estimated sensitivity and specificity were 86% and 100%, respectively.</p>
        <p>After the linkage process, patients were classified according to sex and the age groups 20-49, 50-69 and &#8805; 70 years old. Underlying causes of death were obtained at the death database and classified according to the 10<sup>th</sup> revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> as IHD (codes I20 to I25) or non-IHD (any other code).</p>
        <p>As the <italic>AIH</italic> database contains no information about the exact date of the PCI procedure, only the date of the patients` hospital admission and discharge, and as the average stay of these patients was 2 days,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> to analyze the survival rate the discharge date was considered day one. Short- and medium-term survival rates were defined as the probability of survival until day 30 and one year after discharge, respectively. As there are two possible discharge types at the <italic>AIH</italic> database - hospital discharge or death - short-term outcomes included in-hospital mortality rates. Long-term survival was defined as the probability of survival up to 10 or 15 years after hospital discharge for comparisons among types of PCI or between age groups and sex, respectively.</p>
        <p>The study was approved by the ethics committee of <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho</italic> (<italic>Faculdade de Medicina - UFRJ</italic>) on 10/18/2012 (1148/12).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed based on data distribution. As the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests showed that age was not normally distributed, age distributions were described as median and interquartile ranges (P25-P75). Distribution of categorical variables was described as relative frequencies. The differences among groups were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables or chi-square test for categorical variables. Probabilities of short-, medium- and long-term survival rates were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier survival method. Survival models were estimated with Cox proportional hazards regression to compare risks among age groups, sex and type of PCI; 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to express the degree of uncertainty associated with the statistics for all analyses of subgroups. Stata 14<sup>(r)</sup> was used for all analyses. Test results with a p-value &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Out of 22,735 patients, 3,472 were excluded and 19,263 were selected (63.6% men). Median (P25-P75) ages for men and women were 60 (52-68) and 62 (54-70) years, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). The frequency distribution of the age groups 20-49, 50-69 and &#8805;70 years old for men and women was 16.2% and 13.1%, 63.9% and 60.1%, and 19.9% and 26.8%, respectively (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>Minimum and maximum follow-up were 4.0 and 15.0 years, respectively, and 5,433 patients (65.1% men) died during follow-up. Probabilities of survival and 95% CI for men and women were, respectively, short-term: 97.3% (97.0-97.6%) and 97.1% (96.6-97.4%), medium-term: 93.6% (93.2-94.1%) and 93.4% (92.8-94.0%), and long-term: 55.7% (54.0-57.4%) and 58.1% (55.8-60.3%). Men aged 20-49 years tended to have higher probability of survival in a 9-year follow-up, after which this tendency would reverse (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Men and women aged 50-69 years had the same probability of survival in a 180-day follow-up, after which women tended to have a higher probability of survival (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). In the oldest age group men tended to have higher probability of survival, up to 180 days, after which that tendency would also reverse (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> show Kaplan-Meier curves and estimates of survival according to sex and age group in one-year and 15-year follow-up, respectively. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows Cox proportional hazards risks and 95% CI referring to age group and sex.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Suvival proprabilities of patients submitted to a single percutaneous coronary intervention in the state of Rio de Janeiro paid by SUS between 1999-2010 according to age group and sex</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="14%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="4">Follow-up</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">20-49 years old</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">50-69 years old</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#8805;70 years old</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Men</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Women</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Men</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Women</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Men</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Women</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 1,987)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 917)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 7,819)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 4,224)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 2,435)</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 1,881)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">[% (95%Cl)]</th>
              <th align="center">[% (95%Cl)]</th>
              <th align="center">[% (95%Cl)]</th>
              <th align="center">[% (95%Cl)]</th>
              <th align="center">[% (95%Cl)]</th>
              <th align="center">[% (95%Cl)]</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1 day</td>
              <td align="center">98.9 (98.3-99.3)</td>
              <td align="center">98.6 (97.6-99.2)</td>
              <td align="center">98.5 (98.2-98.8)</td>
              <td align="center">98.5 (98.1-98.9)</td>
              <td align="center">96.8 (96.0-97.4)</td>
              <td align="center">96.4 (95.4-97.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">30 days</td>
              <td align="center">98.2 (97.5-98.7)</td>
              <td align="center">98.0 (96.9-98.8)</td>
              <td align="center">97.7 (97.3-98.0)</td>
              <td align="center">97.7 (97.2-98.1)</td>
              <td align="center">95.3 (94.4-96.1)</td>
              <td align="center">95.2 (94.1-96.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">180 days</td>
              <td align="center">97.1 (96.3-97.8)</td>
              <td align="center">95.8 (94.2-96.9)</td>
              <td align="center">96.1 (95.7-96.5)</td>
              <td align="center">96.1 (95.5-96.6)</td>
              <td align="center">91.2 (90.0-92.3)</td>
              <td align="center">91.1 (89.7-92.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1 year</td>
              <td align="center">96.2 (95.3-97.0)</td>
              <td align="center">95.0 (93.4-96.2)</td>
              <td align="center">94.5 (94.0-95.0)</td>
              <td align="center">94.7 (94.0-95.4)</td>
              <td align="center">88.7 (87.3-89.9)</td>
              <td align="center">89.6 (88.2-90.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2 years</td>
              <td align="center">94.4 (93.3-95.3)</td>
              <td align="center">93.2 (91.4-94.7)</td>
              <td align="center">92.3 (91.6-92.8)</td>
              <td align="center">92.7 (91.9-93.5)</td>
              <td align="center">83.0 (81.5-84.4)</td>
              <td align="center">86.2 (84.6-87.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3 years</td>
              <td align="center">92.9 (91.7-94.0)</td>
              <td align="center">91.7 (89.7-93.3)</td>
              <td align="center">89.7 (89.0-90.3)</td>
              <td align="center">90.7 (89.8-91.6)</td>
              <td align="center">77.7 (76.0-79.3)</td>
              <td align="center">82.6 (80.8-84.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">4 years</td>
              <td align="center">91.1 (89.8-92.3)</td>
              <td align="center">90.1 (88.0-91.8)</td>
              <td align="center">87.4 (86.6-88.1)</td>
              <td align="center">88.4 (87.4-89.4)</td>
              <td align="center">73.7 (71.9-75.4)</td>
              <td align="center">79.2 (77.3-80.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">5 years</td>
              <td align="center">89.4 (87.9-90.7)</td>
              <td align="center">88.4 (86.2-90.3)</td>
              <td align="center">84.9 (84.0-85.6)</td>
              <td align="center">85.9 (84.8-86.9)</td>
              <td align="center">69.5 (67.7-71.3)</td>
              <td align="center">75.8 (73.8-77.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">6 years</td>
              <td align="center">87.8 (86.2-89.2)</td>
              <td align="center">86.7 (84.2-88.8)</td>
              <td align="center">82.4 (81.5-83.2)</td>
              <td align="center">83.5 (82.3-84.6)</td>
              <td align="center">64.1 (62.1-66.0)</td>
              <td align="center">71.9 (69.8-74.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">7 years</td>
              <td align="center">85.7 (84.0-87.2)</td>
              <td align="center">84.9 (82.3-87.1)</td>
              <td align="center">79.9 (79.0-80.9)</td>
              <td align="center">81.4 (80.2-82.6)</td>
              <td align="center">59.9 (57.8-62.0)</td>
              <td align="center">68.5 (66.2-70.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">8 years</td>
              <td align="center">83.5 (81.6-85.1)</td>
              <td align="center">82.8 (79.9-85.2)</td>
              <td align="center">76.7 (75.6-77.7)</td>
              <td align="center">79.4 (78.0-80.7)</td>
              <td align="center">55.5 (53.2-57.6)</td>
              <td align="center">65.4 (63.0-67.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">9 years</td>
              <td align="center">81.9 (80.0-83.7)</td>
              <td align="center">81.7 (78.7-84.2)</td>
              <td align="center">73.7 (72.5-74.8)</td>
              <td align="center">77.4 (76.0-78.8)</td>
              <td align="center">51.6 (49.3-53.9)</td>
              <td align="center">61.8 (59.3-64.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">10 years</td>
              <td align="center">79.3 (77.1-81.3)</td>
              <td align="center">79.3 (76.1-82.1)</td>
              <td align="center">70.6 (69.3-71.8)</td>
              <td align="center">74.6 (73.0-76.1)</td>
              <td align="center">47.9 (45.5-50.3)</td>
              <td align="center">55.8 (53.0-58.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">11 years</td>
              <td align="center">77.5 (75.2-79.6)</td>
              <td align="center">78.2 (74.9-81.2)</td>
              <td align="center">67.8 (66.4-69.1)</td>
              <td align="center">71.8 (70.0-73.5)</td>
              <td align="center">44.3 (41.8-46.8)</td>
              <td align="center">51.8 (48.9-54.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">12 years</td>
              <td align="center">75.9 (73.4-78.1)</td>
              <td align="center">77.3 (73.9-80.4)</td>
              <td align="center">64.7 (63.1-66.1)</td>
              <td align="center">68.8 (66.9-70.7)</td>
              <td align="center">42.3 (39.6-44.9)</td>
              <td align="center">47.9 (44.7-51.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">13 years</td>
              <td align="center">73.8 (71.1-76.3)</td>
              <td align="center">75.5 (71.7-78.9)</td>
              <td align="center">61.4 (59.7-63.1)</td>
              <td align="center">66.5 (64.3-68.6)</td>
              <td align="center">39.1 (39.6-42.0)</td>
              <td align="center">45.8 (42.4-49.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">14 years</td>
              <td align="center">71.4 (68.2-74.4)</td>
              <td align="center">73.2 (68.6-77.3)</td>
              <td align="center">59.7 (57.8-61.6)</td>
              <td align="center">64.2 (61.7-66.6)</td>
              <td align="center">35.6 (32.3-39.0)</td>
              <td align="center">44.6 (41.1-48.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">15 years</td>
              <td align="center">69.6 (65.8-73.1)</td>
              <td align="center">72.3 (67.3-76.7)</td>
              <td align="center">57.7 (55.4-60.0)</td>
              <td align="center">61.9 (58.9-64.9)</td>
              <td align="center">35.6 (32.3-39.0)</td>
              <td align="center">42.0 (37.5-46.4)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CI: confidence interval; SUS: Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de - Brazilian Public Healthcare System</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cox proportional hazards risks and 95% confidence interval after short, medium and long-term follow-up in patients submitted to a single percutaneous coronary intervention in the state of Rio de Janeiro paid by SUS between 1999-2010 according age group, sex and type of procedure</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Short-term</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Medium-term</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Long-term</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">HR (95% Cl)</th>
              <th align="center">HR (95% Cl)</th>
              <th align="center">HR (95% Cl)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Age group</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(50-69 years)/(20-49 years)</td>
              <td align="center">1.30 (0.97-1.75)</td>
              <td align="center">1.33 (1.09-1.61)</td>
              <td align="center">1.45 (1.32-1.58)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(&#8805;70 years)/(20-49 years)</td>
              <td align="center">2.67 (1.97-3.62)</td>
              <td align="center">2.74 (2.24-3.35)</td>
              <td align="center">2.87 (2.61-3.16)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(&#8805;70 years)/(50-69 years)</td>
              <td align="center">2.05 (1.71-2.46)</td>
              <td align="center">2.07 (1.84-2.33)</td>
              <td align="center">2.01 (1.89-2.13)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sex<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women/Men - 20-49 years old</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 (0.59-1.88)</td>
              <td align="center">1.32 (0.91-1.92)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 (0.83-1.19)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women/Men - 50-69 years old</td>
              <td align="center">0.99 (0.78-1.27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 (0.81-1.13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.81-0.94)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Women/Men - &#8805;70 years old</td>
              <td align="center">1.03 (0.79-1.36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.91 (0.76-1.10)</td>
              <td align="center">0.78 (0.71-0.86)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Type of PCI<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(PCI-S)/(PCI-WS)</td>
              <td align="center">0.71 (0.59-0.85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.77-0.98)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98 (0.92-1.04)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(PCI-P)/(PCI-WS)</td>
              <td align="center">3.34 (2.55-4.37)</td>
              <td align="center">2.32 (1.87-2.87)</td>
              <td align="center">1.32 (1.13-1.55)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(PCI-P)/(PCI-S)</td>
              <td align="center">4.72 (3.62-6.15)</td>
              <td align="center">2.68 (2.18-3.30)</td>
              <td align="center">1.38 (1.18-1.60)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Cl: confidence interval; PCI-P: primary percutaneous coronary intervention; PCI-S: percutaneous coronary intervention with stent placement; PCI-WS: percutaneous coronary intervention without stent placement; Medium-term: until 1 year of follow-up; Short-term: until 30 days of follow-up;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Long-term: until 15 years of follow-up;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Long-term: until 10 years of follow-up</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier survival estimates of patients submitted to one single percutaneous coronary intervention paid by SUS between 1999 and 2010 according to sex and age group in a one-year follow-up.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0553-80184-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier survival estimates of patients submitted to one single percutaneous coronary intervention paid by SUS between 1999 and 2010 according to sex and age group until 15 years of follow-up.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0553-80184-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Concerning the type of PCI, patients who underwent PCI-P, PCI-WS and PCI-S were aged 61 &#177; 11, 60 &#177; 11, and 61 &#177; 10 years old, respectively (p &lt; 0.05). A total of 175, 2,652 and 2,606 deaths occurred among patients submitted to PCI-P, PCI-WS, and PCI-S, respectively. Short-, medium- and long-term probabilities of survival for PCI-WS (n = 6,967) were 96.9% (96.5-97.3%), 93.4% (92.7-93.9%) and 68.6% (67.4-69.6%), respectively; for PCI-S (n = 11,600) were 97.8% (97.5-98.1%), 94.2% (93.7-94.6%) and 68.4% (67.0-69.7%), respectively; and for PCI-P (n = 696) were 89.8% (87.3-91.8%), 85.2% (82.3-87.6%) and 59.7% (49.8-68.2%), respectively. As PCI-S and PCI-P started to be paid by <italic>SUS</italic> in 2000 and 2004, respectively, long-term survival for the three procedures were measured in a 10-year follow-up for comparison purposes. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> shows Kaplan-Meier curves and estimates of survival and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> presents Cox proportional hazards risks and 95% CI according to the type of PCI. In short- and medium-term follow-up, patients submitted to PCI-S had higher probability of survival than those submitted to PCI-WS, but after 2 years of follow-up their probabilities of survival became similar (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.82-1.00, p = 0.062).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Kaplan-Meier estimates of survival for patients submitted to one single percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) paid by SUS between 1999 and 2010 according to PCI type.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0553-80184-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>IHD was considered the underlying cause of death of 66.7%, 44.1% and 26.9% of the deaths that occured within 30 days, one year and 15 years after hospital discharge, respectively. During the entire follow-up period, PCI-P had the higher percentage of deaths due to IHD (49.1%) compared to PCI-WS (25.9%) and PCI-S (26.4%), p &lt; 0.05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study has led to some important findings: 1) women tended to have slightly lower short- and medium-term probability of survival, but better long-term survival rates; 2) older patients had lower probabilities of survival; 3) differences in probability of survival changed slightly over time when PCI-P was compared to PCI with and without stent placement because the difference in the probability of survival was concentrated in the immediate period after the procedure; 4) although short- and medium-term survival rates were higher for patients submitted to PCI-S than for those submitted to PCI-WS, no difference was observed in the long-term survival rates between them; 5) the probabilities of survival observed were lower than those observed in RCTs.</p>
      <p>Additionally, this study has some major strengths. First, it addressed a large number of patients (19,263) accompanied for more than 15 years, thus enabling the observation of important outcomes of interest in the future. Second, although only data from PCI paid by <italic>SUS</italic> were analyzed and, therefore, they could not mirror those observed with PCI paid exclusively with private resources, in the state of RJ the PCI paid by <italic>SUS</italic> accounts for the majority of the PCI procedures performed. Only about 25,3% and 33,5% of the population of the state of RJ in 2000 and 2010, respectively, had private health insurance,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> so at least 7 out of 10 of the PCI procedures performed in the state of RJ between 1999 and 2010 were certainly paid by <italic>SUS</italic>. Third, the data analyzed were from the third most populous Brazilian state and from 23 hospitals in the state of RJ, enabling the assessment of a broad range of patients and a high number of hospitals, which represent patients treated in a regular medical practice.</p>
      <p>As to sex, former studies have examined the differences in survival or mortality rates between sex after a PCI. Although most agree that women present a higher prevalence of clinical risk factors and comorbidities when submitted to a PCI,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> there is conflicting evidence as to whether being a woman faces an independent risk of survival or mortality after a PCI. Data collected from German hospitals on PCI with or without stent placement in stable and acute coronary syndromes show that, after adjusting for age, women had higher in-hospital mortality rates than men only when the PCI was performed in the setting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> In the CLARIFY study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> similar rates of death for all causes after a one-year follow-up were observed for men and women with stable coronary artery disease submitted to PCI, after adjustment for baseline characteristics. On the other hand, data from the United Kingdom and Sweden<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> showed that, when adjusting for age, being a woman was an independent predictor for all-cause mortality at 30 days and at one year after PCI performed for stable or acute coronary syndromes. In this study, even when clinical differences at baseline were not adjusted, women aged &#8805;50 years old tended to have lower survival rates than men the same age group in a 180-day follow-up, and in the youngest age group, women tended to have a lower survival probability even after over a 1-year follow-up.</p>
      <p>As to long-term survival rates, most of the studies have shorter follow-up periods compared to those in this study. Berger et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> followed 4,284 patients in New York City for 3 years on average. Although men and women had the same in-hospital mortality rates, being a woman was independently associated with a reduction in hazards of long-term mortality. Similarly, the BARI study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> showed that when adjusting for baseline risk status, women had higher survival rates in a 5-year follow-up when treated with PCI for multivessel coronary artery disease. In the present study women also tended to have higher long-term survival rates, even though for the youngest age group this tendency only occurred after a 10-year follow-up.</p>
      <p>The 2015 life table shows that in the general population in the state of RJ, women&#180;s live expectancy is higher than men&#180;s at the age groups addressed in this study: 22.6 and 18.8 years for women and men aged 60 years old, respectively, and 9.1 and 8.0 years for women and men aged &#8805; 80 years old, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> However, it is not known if the survival of Brazilian men and women with coronary artery disease differ. In a study conducted in Norway with patients admitted to a hospital who had suffered a first episode of acute myocardial infarction, no age-adjusted sex-specific differences were observed in 28-day, one-year or 10-year case-fatality rate for patients aged &lt;60 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> However, in patients aged &#8805;60 years, for the same periods, a lower case-fatality rate was evidenced in women. In Sweden, women that presented myocardial infarction, whether or not admitted to a hospital, over a 23-year period showed a 9% higher survival rate.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Several attempts have been made in order to explain these conflicting results, such as biological attributes and social behaviors; however, those explanations are largely speculative. Regardless the causes, based on our results it seems that PCI reduces the gap in survival rates favoring women over men mainly among the cases involving younger patients (&lt;50 years), and after some years following the intervention women have again a better probability of survival as observed in the general population.</p>
      <p>As in other studies, here also older individuals had lower probabilities of survival than younger ones. The New York State Angioplasty Registry's data of patients submitted to emergency or elective PCI showed that when stratified by age group, overall in-hospital mortality rate in patients aged &#8805; 80 years old was threefold higher than in patients aged 60-79 years, and sevenfold higher than in patients aged &lt;60 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A collaborative analysis from ten randomized trials,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> with a median follow-up of surviving patients of 5.9 years showed a 16% overall mortality rate of patients submitted to PCI done with balloon angioplasty or with bare-metal stents. As by age group, mortality rate in patients aged &lt;55, 55-64 and &#8805; 65 years old was 8%, 14% and 20%, respectively, showing a gradual effect of age in mortality.</p>
      <p>Regarding the differences in outcomes after PCI with or without stent placement, while there is no doubt that bare-metal stent placement reduces the rate of restenosis and revascularization,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> most RCTs have failed to show any advantage as to mortality rates of bare-metal stent placement over simple balloon angioplasty. The BENESTENT group has found no differences in in-hospital mortality and mortality rates at 7 months, one year and 5 years, in patients with stable angina submitted to PCI-S or simple balloon angioplasty.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> A meta-analysis of RCTs comparing both procedures in the setting of non-acute coronary artery disease have shown just a small benefit in overall mortality rates with the routine use of stent, corresponding to an average of three, five and six additional lives saved per 1,000 patients treated at 30 days, 6 months and 12 months, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> However, it was not possible to guarantee that this small additional benefit related to mortality rates was due to stent placement instead of to unbalanced co-interventions once more aggressive post-intervention therapy was observed in the stent group. As for acute myocardial infarction, Suryapranata et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> showed that in a follow-up of 24 months the rates of reinfarction and of subsequent target-vessel revascularization were higher in patients submitted to simple balloon angioplasty, but no difference was observed in mortality rates between the stent group and the balloon group.</p>
      <p>As for observational studies, the analysis of the New York State&#180;s Coronary Angioplasty Reporting System data<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> showed that in-hospital mortality rates were not different between PCI with and without stent placement, but the gap between the mortality rates in the two procedures widened about six months after the procedure, favoring PCI-S, and after that the gap remained constant for a two-year follow-up. Our study also observed a higher survival rate for patients submitted to PCI-S; however, the survival rate gap between the two procedures was larger at the beginning of the follow-up, getting narrower in longer follow-up periods and, finally, from 2 to 10 years no more differences in the survival rates were observed. Therefore, after these results, future studies should be conducted to address whether PCI using drug-eluting stents shows different results when compared to bare-metal stent or simple balloon angioplasty, and whether stent placement is cost-effective against simple balloon angioplasty for the public healthcare system in the state of RJ.</p>
      <p>Finally, the death rates observed in this study are higher than those in RCTs. In a RCT conducted in the United States and in Canada with patients with stable or unstable coronary artery disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> 0.4% and 1.2% of the patients submitted to PCI-S and simple balloon angioplasty died, respectively, compared to 4.3% and 5.2%, respectively, in our study at 6 months of follow-up. Boden et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> showed a 7.6% cumulative death rate in 4.6 years of follow-up in patients with stable coronary artery disease submitted to PCI, (~3% with drug-eluting stent), while in our study 16.3% of the patients submitted to PCI-S died until 5 years of follow-up. In a continued follow-up of 53% of the original population from the former study, Sedlis et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> showed that 25% of the patients submitted to PCI died within 15 years against 28.2% of deaths observed in this study. These discrepancies are likely to be explained by the problematic extrapolation of RCTs' findings to the general population because of their restrictive inclusion and exclusion criteria. Therefore, this observational study is more likely to provide an indication of what is being achieved in the daily medical practice with a population of patients assisted by the Brazilian public healthcare system and, thus, observational studies should be deemed complementary to RCTs' results. So, indications of PCI, especially in cases of stable IHD and in older patients, have to be questioned once the survival rates observed in such cases were lower than those expected when just clinical treatment has been used. We have to stress that the cases selected were submitted to one single procedure during the study period and they probably represent cases of better prognosis in the large spectrum of clinical presentations of IHD.</p>
      <p>Some limitations inherent to observational studies should be highlighted. The data provided were limited to those included in the <italic>AIH</italic> database. The <italic>AIH</italic> database was created for administrative purposes and hence it does not include some important clinical information such as comorbidities, medications prescribed, number of vessels affected and patients' socioeconomic status, which might have influenced our results. Furthermore, these secondary databases did not follow strict data collection protocols and may be considered of lower quality in comparison to the data collected in RCTs. Yet, today the <italic>AIH</italic> database is the best tool available in Brazilian&#180;s public healthcare system for this type of study due to its comprehensiveness and accessibility.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study reports the probability of survival in 30 days, one year and 15 years of follow-up of a large number of patients submitted to one single PCI procedure paid by the Brazilian public healthcare system in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Women were prone to have a slightly lower survival probability than men in 30-day and one-year follow-up, but women had a higher survival probability within 15 years, especially when they were older. Additionally, patients submitted to PCI procedures without stent placement had a lower probability of survival within 30 days and one year, although no difference was observed after a two-year follow-up regarding the use of stents. These findings, which mirror the medical practice performed in a real-world population may help physicians make decisions regarding indicating the PCI considering the questions raised about the true benefits of this procedure.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e Silva, from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (Faculdade de Medicina - UFRJ) under the protocol number 1148/12. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>Partial financial support for this study was provided by <italic>CAPES</italic> (Brazilian government).</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez-Quilis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leischik</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lucia</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
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              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teo</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maron</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spertus</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mancini</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of ICP on Long-Term Survival in Patients with STABELA Ischemic Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>373</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1937</fpage>
          <lpage>1946</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sobrevida em at&#233; 15 Anos de Homens e Mulheres ap&#243;s Interven&#231;&#227;o Coronariana Percut&#226;nea Paga pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 1999-2010</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salis</surname>
            <given-names>Lucia Helena Alvares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson Albuquerque de Souza e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica Sergio Arouca - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Correspond&#234;ncia: Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e Silva, Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 225 - 8&#186; andar - Cidade Universit&#225;ria. CEP 21941-913, Ilha do Fund&#227;o, RJ - Brasil. E-mail: <email>christina.g.dss@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: de Souza e Silva CG, Klein CH, Godoy PH, Salis LHA, de Souza e Silva NA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Klein CH, Godoy PH, de Souza e Silva NA; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: de Souza e Silva CG, Klein CH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: de Souza e Silva CG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Klein CH, Godoy PH, Salis LHA, de Souza e Silva NA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) &#233; o tratamento invasivo mais frequentemente realizado na doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC). Estudos capazes de prover informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a sua efetividade s&#227;o importantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a sobrevida em at&#233; 15 anos de pacientes submetidos a ICP no estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Bases de dados administrativas (1999-2010) e de &#243;bitos (1999-2014) dos residentes com idade &#8805; 20 anos do ERJ submetidos a uma &#250;nica ICP paga pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) entre 1999-2010 foram relacionadas. Os pacientes foram agrupados em 20-49, 50-69 ou &#8805; 70 anos, e as ICP em prim&#225;ria (ICP-P), sem stent (ICP-SS) e com stent convencional (ICP-CS). As probabilidades de sobrevida em 30 dias, um ano e 15 anos foram estimadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. Modelos de regress&#227;o de risco de Cox foram utilizados para comparar riscos entre sexo, faixas et&#225;rias e tipos de ICP. Resultados dos testes com um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram analisados os dados de 19.263 pacientes (61&#177;11 anos, 63,6% homens). A sobrevida de homens vs. mulheres em 30 dias, um ano e 15 anos foram: 97,3% (97,0-97,6%) vs. 97,1% (96,6-97,4%), 93,6% (93,2-94,1%) vs. 93,4% (92,8-94,0%), e 55,7% (54,0-57,4%) vs. 58,1% (55,8-60,3%), respectivamente. Idade &#8805; 70 anos foi associada &#224; menor taxa de sobrevida em todos os per&#237;odos. A ICP-CS foi associada a uma sobrevida maior do que a ICP-SS at&#233; dois anos de acompanhamento, e ap&#243;s este per&#237;odo ambos os procedimentos apresentaram taxas de sobrevida semelhantes (HR 0,91, IC 95% 0,82-1,00).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Mulheres apresentaram maiores taxas de sobrevida em 15 anos ap&#243;s ICP, e o uso de stent convencional n&#227;o esteve associado a um aumento de sobrevida em longo prazo. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) &#233; a causa mais frequente de morte em adultos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e, embora sua taxa de mortalidade ajustada por idade tenha diminu&#237;do durante as &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> a DIC ainda causa aproximadamente 20% de todas as mortes no mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A terapia invasiva mais frequentemente utilizada no tratamento da DIC &#233; a interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Desde que foi realizado pela primeira vez,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> este procedimento tem sido mais e mais indicado, tornando-se mais caro e possivelmente realizado excessivamente,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> embora a maioria dos estudos realizados evidenciem apenas alguns cen&#225;rios onde a ICP possa ser ben&#233;fica na DIC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Al&#233;m disto, as informa&#231;&#245;es que guiam as decis&#245;es dos cl&#237;nicos a respeito da sua indica&#231;&#227;o se baseiam principalmente em ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados randomizados (ECR), que geralmente envolvem pacientes mais jovens e com menos comorbidades do que os pacientes do mundo real, e excluem muitos problemas de tratamento enfrentados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Portanto, extrapolar a efetividade da ICP observada nos ECR para uma popula&#231;&#227;o do mundo real pode n&#227;o ser totalmente apropriado.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a efetividade da ICP em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes assistidos pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), avaliando as taxas de sobrevida em curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazos de pacientes com DIC tratados com uma &#250;nica ICP entre 1999 e 2010 paga pelo SUS no estado do Rio de Janeiro (ERJ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e coleta de dados</title>
          <p>Os dados sobre ICP obtidos em bancos de dados administrativos do ERJ foram analisados retrospectivamente. O banco das Autoriza&#231;&#245;es de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar (AIH) fornecido pelo DATASUS foi consultado para juntar dados sobre as ICPs realizadas em hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados pagas pelo SUS entre 1990 e 2010.</p>
          <p>O SUS &#233; o Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de do Brasil. &#201; financiado com fundos p&#250;blicos, &#233; unificado, universal e integral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> O DATASUS cont&#233;m dados do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica em Sa&#250;de do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e administra as informa&#231;&#245;es financeiras e de sa&#250;de do SUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> AIH &#233; um sistema de registro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> de toda admiss&#227;o que ocorre em hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados conveniados ao SUS.</p>
          <p>Crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o de pacientes: pessoas que residissem no ERJ, com &#8805; 20 anos de idade, submetidas a uma &#250;nica ICP entre 1999 e 2010. Crit&#233;rios para exclus&#227;o de pacientes: indiv&#237;duos submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante o per&#237;odo estudado.</p>
          <p>No banco de dados das AIH obtiveram-se: nome do paciente, sua data de nascimento, datas de interna&#231;&#227;o e alta do hospital, sexo, endere&#231;o, nome da m&#227;e e tipo de ICP.</p>
          <p>Os procedimentos de ICP foram classificados de acordo com os c&#243;digos do banco de dados das AIH, como descritos em um estudo pr&#233;vio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> a saber: a) ICP sem coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> (ICP-SS); b) ICP com coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> (ICP-CS); e c) ICP prim&#225;ria (ICP-P). Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, o SUS n&#227;o pagou por <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos; portanto, ICP-CS se refere ao uso de <italic>stents</italic> convencionais.</p>
          <p>O desfecho p&#243;s-procedimento foi morte por qualquer causa, e as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a morte dos pacientes foram obtidas no banco de dados das declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito (DO) do ERJ de 1999 a 2014. Para combinar as informa&#231;&#245;es de ambos os bancos de dados, das AIH e das DO, o m&#233;todo de relacionamento probabil&#237;stico do Stata(r)14 (<italic>Reclink</italic>) foi utilizado, uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; um campo de identifica&#231;&#227;o comum entre os dois bancos de dados, e isto consiste essencialmente em um algoritmo de busca aproximada. Este m&#233;todo permite combinar pesos para cada vari&#225;vel pr&#233;-definida, criando assim uma nova vari&#225;vel com um escore em uma escala de zero a um, que indica a probabilidade de que os pares formados se refiram ao mesmo paciente. As vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-definidas foram o nome do paciente, data de nascimento e sexo.</p>
          <p>Pares que tiveram escore = 1,00 (combina&#231;&#245;es perfeitas) foram considerados pares verdadeiros. Pares que tiveram escore entre &#8805; 0,99 e &lt; 1.00 foram considerados combina&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis e foram revisados manualmente usando o nome da m&#227;e e o endere&#231;o para definir se eles seriam considerados o mesmo paciente. Pares com escores menores do que 0,99 foram considerados "pares falsos".</p>
          <p>Para testar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do m&#233;todo de relacionamento probabil&#237;stico usado, as mortes intrahospitalares encontradas no banco de dados das AIH foram comparadas &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es combinadas do banco de dados das DO. De um total de 357 mortes intrahospitalares encontradas no banco de dados das AIH, 307 foram encontradas no processo de relacionamento com o banco de dados das DO, e n&#227;o foram detectados quaisquer falsos positivos. Portanto, a sensibilidade e a especificidade estimadas foram 86% e 100%, respectivamente. </p>
          <p>Depois do processo de relacionamento probabil&#237;stico, os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com sexo e faixas et&#225;rias: 20-49, 50-69 e &#8805; 70 anos de idade. As causas de &#243;bito foram obtidas no banco de dados das DO e classificadas de acordo com a 10&#170; revis&#227;o da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as (ICD-10)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> como DIC (c&#243;digos I20 a I25) ou doen&#231;as n&#227;o isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (qualquer outro c&#243;digo).</p>
          <p>Como o banco de dados das AIH n&#227;o cont&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a data exata do procedimento de ICP, somente a data da admiss&#227;o e da alta hospitalar dos pacientes, e como a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar desses pacientes foi de 2 dias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> para analisar a taxa de sobrevida a data da alta foi considerada o dia um. Taxas de sobrevida de curto e m&#233;dio prazos foram definidas como a probabilidade de sobrevida at&#233; o 30&#186; dia e um ano ap&#243;s a alta, respectivamente. Como h&#225; dois tipos de alta no banco de dados das AIH - alta hospitalar ou morte - os resultados de curto prazo inclu&#237;ram a taxa de mortalidade intrahospitalar. Sobrevida de longo prazo foi definida como a probabilidade de sobrevida em at&#233; 10 ou 15 anos depois da alta hospitalar para compara&#231;&#245;es entre os tipos de ICP ou entre as faixas et&#225;rias e sexo, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (Faculdade de Medicina - UFRJ) em 18/10/2012 (1148/12).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada baseada na distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Como os testes Shapiro-Wilk e Kolmogorov-Smirnov mostraram que a idade n&#227;o era normalmente distribu&#237;da, as distribui&#231;&#245;es da idade foram descritas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (P25-P75). A distribui&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi descrita como frequ&#234;ncias relativas. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram analisadas com o teste Kruskal-Wallis para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, ou teste de qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As probabilidades de sobrevida de curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazos foram estimadas com o m&#233;todo de estimativas de sobrevida Kaplan-Meier. Os modelos de sobrevida foram estimados com a regress&#227;o de riscos proporcionais de Cox para comparar os riscos entre faixas et&#225;rias, sexo e tipos de ICP; intervalos de confian&#231;a de (IC 95%) foram calculados para expressar o grau de incerteza associado aos dados estat&#237;sticos para todas as an&#225;lises dos subgrupos. Stata 14<sup>(r)</sup> foi usado em todas as an&#225;lises. Os resultados dos testes com um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>De um total de 22.735 pacientes, 3.472 foram exclu&#237;dos e 19.263 foram selecionados (63,6% homens). As medianas das idades (P25-P75) para homens e mulheres foram 60 (52-68) e 62 (54-70) anos, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,05). A frequ&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o das faixas et&#225;rias 20-49, 50-69 e &#8805; 70 anos para homens e mulheres foi de 16,2% e 13,1%, 63,9% e 60,1% e 19,9% e 26,8%, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>O tempo de acompanhamento m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo foram de 4,0 e 15,0 anos, respectivamente, e 5,433 pacientes (65,1% homens) morreram durante o acompanhamento. As probabilidades de sobrevida e IC 95% para homens e mulheres foram, respectivamente, de curto prazo: 97,3% (97,0-97,6%) e 97,1% (96,6-97,4%), de m&#233;dio prazo: 93,6% (93,2-94,1%) e 93,4% (92,8-94,0%), e de longo prazo: 55,7% (54,0-57,4%) e 58,1% (55,8-60,3%). Homens com idades de 20 a 49 anos tenderam a ter probabilidades de sobrevida mais altas em um acompanhamento de 9 anos, e depois disso esta tend&#234;ncia foi revertida (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Homens e mulheres com idades entre 50 e 69 anos tiveram a mesma probabilidade de sobrevida em um acompanhamento de 180 dias, e depois disto as mulheres tenderam a ter uma probabilidade de sobrevida mais alta (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). Na faixa et&#225;ria mais velha os homens tenderam a ter uma probabilidade de sobrevida mais alta em um acompanhamento de 180 dias, depois do que esta tend&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m se inverteu. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>). As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref> mostram as curvas estimadas de probabilidade de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier de acordo com sexo e faixa et&#225;ria em um acompanhamento de 15 anos, respectivamente. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra os riscos proporcionais de Cox e IC 95% referente a faixa et&#225;ria e sexo.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Probabilidades de sobrevida de pacientes submetidos a uma &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea no estado do Rio de Janeiro paga pelo SUS entre 1999-2010 de acordo com idade e sexo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="14%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="4">Acompanhamento</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">20-49 anos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">50-69 anos</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">&#8805;70 anos</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Homens</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mulheres</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Homens</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mulheres</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Homens</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 1.987)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 917)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 7.819)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 4.224)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 2.435)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">(n = 1.881)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">[% (IC 95%)]</th>
                <th align="center">[% (IC 95%)]</th>
                <th align="center">[% (IC 95%)]</th>
                <th align="center">[% (IC 95%)]</th>
                <th align="center">[% (IC 95%)]</th>
                <th align="center">[% (IC 95%)]</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 dia</td>
                <td align="center">98,9 (98,3-99,3)</td>
                <td align="center">98,6 (97,6-99,2)</td>
                <td align="center">98,5 (98,2-98,8)</td>
                <td align="center">98,5 (98,1-98,9)</td>
                <td align="center">96,8 (96,0-97,4)</td>
                <td align="center">96,4 (95,4-97,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">30 dias</td>
                <td align="center">98,2 (97,5-98,7)</td>
                <td align="center">98,0 (96,9-98,8)</td>
                <td align="center">97,7 (97,3-98,0)</td>
                <td align="center">97,7 (97,2-98,1)</td>
                <td align="center">95,3 (94,4-96,1)</td>
                <td align="center">95,2 (94,1-96,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">180 dias</td>
                <td align="center">97,1 (96,3-97,8)</td>
                <td align="center">95,8 (94,2-96,9)</td>
                <td align="center">96,1 (95,7-96,5)</td>
                <td align="center">96,1 (95,5-96,6)</td>
                <td align="center">91,2 (90,0-92,3)</td>
                <td align="center">91,1 (89,7-92,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">96,2 (95,3-97,0)</td>
                <td align="center">95,0 (93,4-96,2)</td>
                <td align="center">94,5 (94,0-95,0)</td>
                <td align="center">94,7 (94,0-95,4)</td>
                <td align="center">88,7 (87,3-89,9)</td>
                <td align="center">89,6 (88,2-90,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2 anos</td>
                <td align="center">94,4 (93,3-95,3)</td>
                <td align="center">93,2 (91,4-94,7)</td>
                <td align="center">92,3 (91,6-92,8)</td>
                <td align="center">92,7 (91,9-93,5)</td>
                <td align="center">83,0 (81,5-84,4)</td>
                <td align="center">86,2 (84,6-87,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3 anos</td>
                <td align="center">92,9 (91,7-94,0)</td>
                <td align="center">91,7 (89,7-93,3)</td>
                <td align="center">89,7 (89,0-90,3)</td>
                <td align="center">90,7 (89,8-91,6)</td>
                <td align="center">77,7 (76,0-79,3)</td>
                <td align="center">82,6 (80,8-84,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">4 anos</td>
                <td align="center">91,1 (89,8-92,3)</td>
                <td align="center">90,1 (88,0-91,8)</td>
                <td align="center">87,4 (86,6-88,1)</td>
                <td align="center">88,4 (87,4-89,4)</td>
                <td align="center">73,7 (71,9-75,4)</td>
                <td align="center">79,2 (77,3-80,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">5 anos</td>
                <td align="center">89,4 (87,9-90,7)</td>
                <td align="center">88,4 (86,2-90,3)</td>
                <td align="center">84,9 (84,0-85,6)</td>
                <td align="center">85,9 (84,8-86,9)</td>
                <td align="center">69,5 (67,7-71,3)</td>
                <td align="center">75,8 (73,8-77,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">6 anos</td>
                <td align="center">87,8 (86,2-89,2)</td>
                <td align="center">86,7 (84,2-88,8)</td>
                <td align="center">82,4 (81,5-83,2)</td>
                <td align="center">83,5 (82,3-84,6)</td>
                <td align="center">64,1 (62,1-66,0)</td>
                <td align="center">71,9 (69,8-74,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">7 anos</td>
                <td align="center">85,7 (84,0-87,2)</td>
                <td align="center">84,9 (82,3-87,1)</td>
                <td align="center">79,9 (79,0-80,9)</td>
                <td align="center">81,4 (80,2-82,6)</td>
                <td align="center">59,9 (57,8-62,0)</td>
                <td align="center">68,5 (66,2-70,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">8 anos</td>
                <td align="center">83,5 (81,6-85,1)</td>
                <td align="center">82,8 (79,9-85,2)</td>
                <td align="center">76,7 (75,6-77,7)</td>
                <td align="center">79,4 (78,0-80,7)</td>
                <td align="center">55,5 (53,2-57,6)</td>
                <td align="center">65,4 (63,0-67,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">9 anos</td>
                <td align="center">81,9 (80,0-83,7)</td>
                <td align="center">81,7 (78,7-84,2)</td>
                <td align="center">73,7 (72,5-74,8)</td>
                <td align="center">77,4 (76,0-78,8)</td>
                <td align="center">51,6 (49,3-53,9)</td>
                <td align="center">61,8 (59,3-64,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">10 anos</td>
                <td align="center">79,3 (77,1-81,3)</td>
                <td align="center">79,3 (76,1-82,1)</td>
                <td align="center">70,6 (69,3-71,8)</td>
                <td align="center">74,6 (73,0-76,1)</td>
                <td align="center">47,9 (45,5-50,3)</td>
                <td align="center">55,8 (53,0-58,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">11 anos</td>
                <td align="center">77,5 (75,2-79,6)</td>
                <td align="center">78,2 (74,9-81,2)</td>
                <td align="center">67,8 (66,4-69,1)</td>
                <td align="center">71,8 (70,0-73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">44,3 (41,8-46,8)</td>
                <td align="center">51,8 (48,9-54,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">12 anos</td>
                <td align="center">75,9 (73,4-78,1)</td>
                <td align="center">77,3 (73,9-80,4)</td>
                <td align="center">64,7 (63,1-66,1)</td>
                <td align="center">68,8 (66,9-70,7)</td>
                <td align="center">42,3 (39,6-44,9)</td>
                <td align="center">47,9 (44,7-51,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">13 anos</td>
                <td align="center">73,8 (71,1-76,3)</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 (71,7-78,9)</td>
                <td align="center">61,4 (59,7-63,1)</td>
                <td align="center">66,5 (64,3-68,6)</td>
                <td align="center">39,1 (39,6-42,0)</td>
                <td align="center">45,8 (42,4-49,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">14 anos</td>
                <td align="center">71,4 (68,2-74,4)</td>
                <td align="center">73,2 (68,6-77,3)</td>
                <td align="center">59,7 (57,8-61,6)</td>
                <td align="center">64,2 (61,7-66,6)</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 (32,3-39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">44,6 (41,1-48,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15 anos</td>
                <td align="center">69,6 (65,8-73,1)</td>
                <td align="center">72,3 (67,3-76,7)</td>
                <td align="center">57,7 (55,4-60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">61,9 (58,9-64,9)</td>
                <td align="center">35,6 (32,3-39,0)</td>
                <td align="center">42,0 (37,5-46,4)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>IC: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a; SUS: Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Riscos proporcionais de Cox e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% ap&#243;s 30 dias, um ano e 15 anos de acompanhamento de pacientes submetidos a uma &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea no estado do Rio de Janeiro paga pelo SUS entre 1999-2010 conforme faixa et&#225;ria, sexo e tipo de procedimento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Curto prazo</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">M&#233;dio prazo</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Longo prazo</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">HR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">HR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">HR (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(50-69 anos)/(20-49 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 (0,97-1,75)</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (1,09-1,61)</td>
                <td align="center">1,45 (1,32-1,58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(&#8805;70 anos)/(20-49 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">2,67 (1,97-3,62)</td>
                <td align="center">2,74 (2,24-3,35)</td>
                <td align="center">2,87 (2,61-3,16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(&#8805;70 anos)/(50-69 anos)</td>
                <td align="center">2,05 (1,71-2,46)</td>
                <td align="center">2,07 (1,84-2,33)</td>
                <td align="center">2,01 (1,89-2,13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Sexo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulher/Homem - 20-49 anos de idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,59-1,88)</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 (0,91-1,92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,83-1,19)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulher/Homem - 50-69 anos de idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,78-1,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,81-1,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,81-0,94)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mulher/Homem - &#8805;70 anos de idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (0,79-1,36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91 (0,76-1,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78 (0,71-0,86)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de ICP<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref></sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(ICP-CS)/(ICP-SS)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71 (0,59-0,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,77-0,98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,92-1,04)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(PCI-P)/(ICP-SS)</td>
                <td align="center">3,34 (2,55-4,37)</td>
                <td align="center">2,32 (1,87-2,87)</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 (1,13-1,55)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(PCI-P)/(ICP-CS)</td>
                <td align="center">4,72 (3,62-6,15)</td>
                <td align="center">2,68 (2,18-3,30)</td>
                <td align="center">1,38 (1,18-1,60)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ICP-P: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria; ICP-CS: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea com coloca&#231;&#227;o de stent; ICP-SS: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea sem coloca&#231;&#227;o de stent; M&#233;dio prazo: at&#233; 1 ano de acompanhamento; Curto prazo: at&#233; 30 dias de acompanhamento;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Longo prazo: at&#233; 15 anos de acompanhamento;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Longo prazo: at&#233; 10 anos de acompanhamento</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estimativas de sobrevida Kaplan-Meier de pacientes submetidos a uma &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea paga pelo SUS entre 1999 e 2010, conforme sexo e faixa et&#225;ria em um ano de acompanhamento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0553-80184-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estimativas de sobrevida Kaplan-Meier de pacientes submetidos a uma &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea paga pelo SUS entre 1999 e 2010 de acordo com sexo e faixa et&#225;ria em 15 anos de acompanhamento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0553-80184-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A respeito do tipo da ICP, os pacientes que foram submetidos a ICP-P, ICP-SS e ICP-CS tinham m&#233;dias de idade de 61 &#177; 11, 60 &#177; 11, e 61 &#177; 10 anos, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,05). Um total de 175, 2.652 e 2.606 mortes ocorreram dentre os pacientes submetidos a ICP-P, ICP-SS, e ICP-CS, respectivamente. Probabilidades de sobrevida a curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazo para ICP-SS (n = 6.967) foram 96,9% (96,5-97,3%), 93,4% (92,7-93,9%) e 68,6% (67,4-69,6%), respectivamente; para ICP-CS (n = 11.600), foram 97,8% (97,5-98,1%), 94,2% (93,7-94,6%) e 68,4% (67,0-69,7%), respectivamente; e para ICP-P (n = 696), foram 89,8% (87,3-91,8%), 85,2% (82,3-87,6%) e 59,7% (49,8-68,2%), respectivamente. Uma vez que a ICP-CS e a ICP-P come&#231;aram a ser pagas pelo SUS em 2000 e 2004, respectivamente, a sobrevida a longo prazo para compara&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s procedimentos foi medida at&#233; 10 anos de acompanhamento. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref> mostra as curvas estimadas de probabilidade de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabela 2</xref> apresenta os riscos proporcionais de Cox e IC 95% de acordo com o tipo da ICP. Em acompanhamentos de curto e m&#233;dio prazos os pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP-CS tiveram maior probabilidade de sobrevida do que aqueles submetidos &#224; ICP-SS, mas depois de um acompanhamento de 2 anos, as probabilidades de sobrevida se tornaram semelhantes (HR 0,91, 95% CI 0,82-1,00, p = 0,062).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Estimativas de sobrevida Kaplan-Meier de pacientes submetidos a uma &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea paga pelo SUS entre 1999 e 2010 conforme o tipo de ICP.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-04-0553-80184-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A DIC foi considerada a causa b&#225;sica de &#243;bito de 66,7%, 44,1% e 26,9% dos &#243;bitos ocorridos dentro de 30 dias, um ano e 15 anos depois da alta hospitalar, respectivamente. Durante todo o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, a ICP-P teve uma porcentagem mais alta de &#243;bitos devido &#224; DIC (49,1%) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ICP-SS (25,9%) e ICP-CS (26,4%), p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os principais achados do presente estudo foram: 1) as mulheres tenderam a ter uma probabilidade de sobrevida levemente mais baixa em curto e m&#233;dio prazo, mas maior probabilidade de sobrevida em longo prazo; 2) pacientes mais velhos tiveram probabilidades de sobrevida mais baixas; 3) a diferen&#231;a entre as probabilidades de sobrevida dos pacientes submetidos a ICP-P em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes submetidos a ICP com e sem coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> mudou apenas discretamente ao longo do tempo, j&#225; que esta diferen&#231;a esteve concentrada no per&#237;odo imediatamente ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento; 4) embora as probabilidades de sobrevida de curto e m&#233;dio prazo tenham sido mais altas nos pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP-CS do que naqueles submetidos &#224; ICP-SS, n&#227;o se observaram quaisquer diferen&#231;as nas probabilidades de sobrevida a longo prazo entre os pacientes submetidos a ICP-CS e os pacientes submetidos a ICP-SS; 5) as probabilidades de sobrevida observadas foram mais baixas do que aquelas observadas em ECR.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disto, este estudo possui alguns pontos fortes. Primeiro, ele abordou um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes (19.263) acompanhados por mais de 15 anos, permitindo, assim, a observa&#231;&#227;o de desfechos futuros de grande relev&#226;ncia. Segundo, embora somente dados das ICPs pagas pelo SUS tenham sido analisados e, portanto, os resultados encontrados possam n&#227;o refletir aqueles observados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s ICPs pagas exclusivamente com recursos particulares, no ERJ as ICPs pagas pelo SUS constituem a maioria dos procedimentos de ICP realizados. Somente em torno de 25,3% e 33,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o do ERJ em 2000 e 2010, respectivamente, tinham algum plano de sa&#250;de particular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> ent&#227;o pelo menos 7 entre cada 10 procedimentos de ICP realizados no ERJ entre 1999 e 2010 foram certamente pagos pelo SUS. Terceiro, os dados analisados s&#227;o do terceiro estado brasileiro mais populoso e correspondem a 23 hospitais no ERJ o que possibilitou avaliar uma ampla gama de pacientes e um grande n&#250;mero de hospitais, que representam os pacientes tratados na pr&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Quanto ao sexo, estudos anteriores avaliaram as diferen&#231;as de sobrevida e de mortalidade entre os sexos depois de uma ICP. Embora a maioria concorde que as mulheres apresentam uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de fatores de risco cl&#237;nicos e comorbidades quando submetidas a uma ICP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conflitantes se o sexo representa um fator de risco independente de sobrevida ou de mortalidade depois de uma ICP. Os dados coletados de hospitais alem&#227;es sobre ICP com ou sem coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> em s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias est&#225;veis e agudas mostraram que, depois de ajustar por idade, as mulheres tinham uma taxa de mortalidade mais alta do que os homens somente quando a ICP fora realizada no contexto de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> No estudo CLARIFY,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> homens e mulheres submetidos a ICP devido a DIC est&#225;vel apresentaram mortalidade semelhante em um ano de acompanhamento ap&#243;s ajuste pelas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de base. Por outro lado, dados do Reino Unido e da Su&#233;cia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> mostram que o g&#234;nero feminino foi um preditor independente de morte por todas as causas dentro de 30 dias e um ano ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ICP no contexto de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas ou cr&#244;nicas ap&#243;s ajuste por idade. Neste estudo, em que as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de base n&#227;o foram ajustadas, as mulheres com idades &#8805; 50 anos tenderam a ter probabilidades de sobrevida mais baixas do que os homens da mesma faixa et&#225;ria em um acompanhamento de 180 dias, e na faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem, as mulheres tenderam a ter uma probabilidade de sobrevida menor, mesmo depois de um acompanhamento de 1 ano.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s probabilidades de sobrevida de longo prazo, a maioria dos estudos t&#234;m per&#237;odos de acompanhamento mais curtos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos deste estudo. Berger et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> acompanharam 4.284 pacientes na cidade de Nova Tork durante uma m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s anos. Embora os homens e as mulheres tivessem as mesmas taxas de mortalidade intrahospitalar, o g&#234;nero feminino foi independentemente associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte a longo prazo. Da mesma forma, o estudo BARI<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> mostrou que ap&#243;s ajuste pelas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de base, as mulheres apresentaram sobrevida mais alta em um acompanhamento de 5 anos quando tratadas com ICP para a doen&#231;a coronariana multiarterial. No presente estudo, as mulheres tamb&#233;m tenderam a ter probabilidades de sobrevida a longo prazo mais altas, embora na faixa et&#225;ria mais jovem esta tend&#234;ncia somente ocorreu depois de 10 anos de acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>A tabela de expectativa de vida de 2015 mostra que na popula&#231;&#227;o geral do ERJ a expectativa de vida das mulheres &#233; mais alta do que a dos homens nas faixas et&#225;rias abordadas neste estudo: 22,6 e 18,8 anos para mulheres e homens com 60 anos de idade, respectivamente, e 9,1 e 8,0 anos para mulheres e homens com &#8805; 80 anos de idade, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Entretanto, n&#227;o se sabe se a sobrevida de homens e mulheres brasileiros com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana &#233; diferente. Em um estudo realizado na Noruega com pacientes admitidos em um hospital que haviam sofrido um primeiro epis&#243;dio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nas taxas de letalidade ajustadas por idade entre os sexos em 28 dias, um ano ou 10 anos para pacientes com idades &lt; 60 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Entretanto, em pacientes com idades &#8805; 60 anos, para os mesmos per&#237;odos, as mulheres apresentaram letalidades mais baixas. Na Su&#233;cia, as mulheres que apresentaram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, que foram ou n&#227;o admitidas em um hospital, durante um per&#237;odo de 23 anos mostraram uma taxa de sobrevida 9% mais alta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Diversas justificativas existem para explicar estes resultados conflitantes, tais como atributos biol&#243;gicos e comportamentos sociais; entretanto, tais explica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o altamente especulativas. Independentemente das causas, com base em nossos resultados, parece que a ICP reduz a diferen&#231;a nas taxas de sobrevida que favorece as mulheres em detrimento dos homens, principalmente entre casos envolvendo pacientes mais jovens (&lt; 50 anos), e alguns anos depois da interven&#231;&#227;o as mulheres voltam a ter uma probabilidade de sobrevida maior do que os homens, tal como observado na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.</p>
        <p>Em concord&#226;ncia com outros estudos, tamb&#233;m observamos que indiv&#237;duos mais idosos t&#234;m probabilidades mais baixas de sobrevida do que os mais jovens. Dados do Registro de Angioplastia do Estado de Nova York de pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP, de emerg&#234;ncia ou eletiva, mostraram que quando estratificados por faixa et&#225;ria, a taxa geral de mortalidade intrahospitalar em pacientes com &#8805; 80 anos foi tr&#234;s vezes mais alta do que em pacientes com idades entre 60 e 79 anos, e sete vezes mais alta do que em pacientes com idade &lt; 60 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Uma an&#225;lise conjunta de dez ECR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> com um acompanhamento m&#233;dio dos pacientes sobreviventes de 5,9 anos, mostrou uma taxa de mortalidade total de 16% de pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia com bal&#227;o ou &#224; ICP com implante de <italic>stent</italic> convencional. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; faixa et&#225;ria, a taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com &lt; 55, 55-64 e &#8805; 65 anos foi 8%, 14% e 20%, respectivamente, mostrando um efeito gradual da idade na mortalidade.</p>
        <p>A respeito das diferen&#231;as nos resultados depois da ICP com ou sem coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>, enquanto n&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vidas de que a coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> convencional reduz a taxa de restenose e de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> a maioria dos ECR n&#227;o demonstrou qualquer vantagem quanto &#224; mortalidade com a coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> convencional sobre a angioplastia com bal&#227;o. O grupo BENESTENT n&#227;o encontrou qualquer diferen&#231;a na mortalidade intrahospitalar e na mortalidade em 7 meses, um ano e 5 anos, de pacientes com angina est&#225;vel submetidos &#224; ICP-CS ou &#224; angioplastia com bal&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Uma meta-an&#225;lise de ECR comparando ambos os procedimentos no contexto da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel mostrou apenas um pequeno benef&#237;cio nas taxas de mortalidade geral com o uso de <italic>stent</italic>, correspondente a uma m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s, cinco e seis vidas salvas por 1.000 pacientes tratados em 30 dias, 6 meses e 12 meses, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Entretanto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel garantir que este pequeno benef&#237;cio relacionado &#224;s taxas de mortalidade ocorreu devido &#224; coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> e n&#227;o a diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o a outras interven&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que terapias mais agressivas p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o foram observadas no grupo com <italic>stent</italic>. Quanto &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es sobre infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, Suryapranata et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> mostraram que, no acompanhamento de 24 meses, as taxas de reinfarto e de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o subsequente do vaso acometido foram mais altas nos pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia com bal&#227;o, mas nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada nas taxas de mortalidade entre o grupo com <italic>stent</italic> e o grupo com bal&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudos observacionais, a an&#225;lise dos dados do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o de Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria do Estado de Nova York,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> mostrou que as taxas de mortalidade intrahospitalares n&#227;o eram diferentes entre a ICP com e sem coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>, mas que a diferen&#231;a entre as taxas de mortalidade entre os dois procedimentos aumentava aproximadamente seis meses depois do procedimento, favorecendo a ICP-CS, e depois tal diferen&#231;a permanecia constante durante um acompanhamento de dois anos. Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m observou uma maior probabilidade de sobrevida em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP-CS; entretanto, a diferen&#231;a de sobrevida entre ICP-CS e ICP-SS foi maior no in&#237;cio do acompanhamento, ficando menor em per&#237;odos de acompanhamento mais longos e, finalmente, de 2 a 10 anos n&#227;o se observaram diferen&#231;as nas probabilidades de sobrevida. Portanto, depois destes resultados, estudos futuros devem ser realizados para verificar se a ICP com implante de <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos mostram resultados diferentes comparados aos do <italic>stent</italic> convencional ou aos da angioplastia com bal&#227;o, e se a coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> tem boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo-benef&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; angioplastia com bal&#227;o para o sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de no ERJ.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, as taxas de mortalidade observadas neste estudo s&#227;o mais altas do que aquelas encontradas em ECR. Em um ECR realizado nos Estados Unidos e no Canad&#225;, com pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel e aguda,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> 0,4% e 1,2% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP-CS e &#224; angioplastia com bal&#227;o morreram, respectivamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 4,3% e 5,2%, respectivamente, em nosso estudo em 6 meses de acompanhamento. Boden et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> informaram uma mortalidade acumulada de 7,6% em um acompanhamento de 4,6 anos em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel submetidos a ICP (~3% com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico), enquanto em nosso estudo 16,3% dos pacientes submetidos a ICP-CS morreram em um acompanhamento de 5 anos. Em um acompanhamento de 53% da popula&#231;&#227;o original do estudo anterior, Sedlis et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> informaram que 25% dos pacientes submetidos a ICP morreram dentro de 15 anos contra 28,2% de mortes observadas neste estudo. Estas discrep&#226;ncias tendem a ser explicadas pela problem&#225;tica extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de ECR para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral por causa dos seus crit&#233;rios r&#237;gidos de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. Portanto, este estudo observacional disponibiliza informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito dos resultados obtidos na pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica di&#225;ria na popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes assistidos pelo SUS e, assim, estudos observacionais deveriam ser considerados complementares aos ECR. Dessa forma, as indica&#231;&#245;es de ICP, especialmente em casos de doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel e em pacientes mais idosos, deveriam ser revistas, uma vez que as probabilidades de sobrevida observadas em tais casos foram mais baixas do que as esperadas quando apenas o tratamento cl&#237;nico &#233; utilizado. &#201; necess&#225;rio enfatizar que os casos selecionados foram submetidos a um &#250;nico procedimento durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, e que eles provavelmente representam casos de melhor progn&#243;stico no largo espectro das apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas das DIC.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes aos estudos observacionais devem ser real&#231;adas. Os dados fornecidos se limitaram &#224;queles inclu&#237;dos no banco de dados das AIH. O banco de dados das AIH foi criado com fins administrativos e, portanto, n&#227;o inclui algumas informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas importantes, como comorbidades, medicamentos prescritos, n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos e situa&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica dos pacientes, o que pode ter influenciado nossos resultados. Al&#233;m disto, estes bancos de dados secund&#225;rios n&#227;o seguiram protocolos estritos de coleta de dados, e podem ser considerados de menor qualidade em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dados coletados nos ECR. Mesmo assim, atualmente o banco de dados das AIH &#233; a melhor ferramenta dispon&#237;vel no sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico brasileiro para este tipo de estudo devido &#224; sua abrang&#234;ncia e acessibilidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente estudo informa a probabilidade de sobrevida em 30 dias, um ano e 15 anos de acompanhamento de um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes submetidos a um &#250;nico procedimento de ICP pago pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de brasileiro no estado do Rio de Janeiro. As mulheres tendem a ter uma probabilidade levemente mais baixa de sobrevida do que os homens em acompanhamentos de 30 dias e um ano, mas as mulheres t&#234;m uma probabilidade mais alta de sobrevida em 15 anos, especialmente na faixa et&#225;ria maior ou igual a 70 anos. Al&#233;m disto, os pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de ICP sem coloca&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> tiveram uma probabilidade mais baixa de sobrevida em 30 dias e em um ano ap&#243;s o procedimento, embora nenhuma diferen&#231;a tenha sido observada ap&#243;s dois anos de acompanhamento entre pacientes submetidos a angioplastia com <italic>stent</italic> e angioplastia com bal&#227;o. Estes resultados, que espelham a pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica no universo da sa&#250;de brasileira, poder&#227;o ajudar os m&#233;dicos a tomar decis&#245;es a respeito da indica&#231;&#227;o de ICP levando em conta as quest&#245;es levantadas sobre os benef&#237;cios reais de tal procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Christina Gr&#252;ne de Souza e Silva pelo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Edson Saad - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho (Faculdade de Medicina - UFRJ) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1148/12. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>O CAPES forneceu apoio financeiro parcial a este estudo (governo brasileiro).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
