<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">byNc8VsFj9rnGCBTRHVGckK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001600551</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180206</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>To Defer or Not Defer? The Challenges of Physiology in Acute Coronary Syndromes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro A. Lemos,</bold> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Av. Albert Einstein, 627. Postal Code 05652-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP- Brazil. E-mail: <email>pedro.lemos@einstein.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>551</fpage>
      <lpage>552</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina, Stable</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Conventional angiography may unreliably estimate the functional severity of coronary lesions, particularly of intermediate stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> It is in this context that intracoronary physiology, namely the measurement of fractional flow reserve (FFR), has been developed: to precisely differentiate stenoses that cause myocardial ischemia from those that are not significantly obstructive. Overall, FFR has been applied as a decision-making tool, helping to indicate (or defer) revascularization in intermediate or ambiguous coronary stenoses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Compared with angiography alone, the addition of FFR-derived information has been shown to improve patient outcomes and procedural cost-efficiencies, with physiology-guided coronary revascularization being currently recommended in clinical practice guidelines, on the grounds of ample scientific evidence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Almost twenty years ago, the pivotal DEFER trial consolidated the concept that FFR-based postponement of revascularization is safe.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> However, numerous reasons make the translation of the DEFER trial to contemporary clinical practice outdated: i) the excessively restrictive 0.75 cutoff (as used in the study) has been supplanted by the more permissive 0.80 threshold, ii) balloon angioplasty as a stand-alone therapy has been largely replaced by drug-eluting stents, iii) more potent antiplatelet agents and other medical therapies have become available, and iv) the relation between FFR and the obstructive profile of coronary lesion is yet being questioned by some authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Thus, the contemporary safety of deferring lesions in stable angina pectoris (SAP) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) on the basis of FFR still deserves investigation.</p>
    <p>In this issue of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Martins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> investigated the relative risks of deferring lesions in patients with SAP and ACS. The authors used a metanalysis of 1 prospective and 6 observational studies to compare the rates of events between these 2 groups of clinical presentations (n = 5107). There was no difference for all-cause mortality (relative risk (RR) = 1.44; (95% CI, 0.9-2.4), cardiovascular mortality (RR = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.4-4.3) and target vessel revascularization (RR = 1.46, 95% CI = 0.9-2, 3) for FFR-based revascularization within patients with ACS and SAP. However, there was a higher risk of myocardial infarction (RR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.4-2.4) in deferring lesions without functional significance in patients with ACS.</p>
    <p>By definition, any metanalysis serves from the amalgam of data comprised by works previously performed. Metanalyses, therefore, may become outdated, and need to be re-processed as fresh data is released in the literature. Recently, Escaned et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> assessed the safety of the deferral of coronary revascularization based on invasive functional evaluation (instantaneous wave-free ratio [iFR] and FFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The safety of deferral of coronary revascularization in the pooled per-protocol population (n = 4,486) of the DEFINE-FLAIR (Functional Lesion Assessment of Intermediate Stenosis to Guide Revascularisation) and iFR-SWEDEHEART (Instantaneous Wave-Free Ratio Versus Fractional Flow Reserve in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris or Acute Coronary Syndrome) randomized clinical trials was investigated. Unfortunately, this study was not included in the metanalysis by Martins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>. Escaned et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> demonstrated that, overall, deferral of revascularization is equally safe with both iFR and FFR, with a low MACE rate of about 4%. The clinical presentation with ACS was associated with a higher MACE (MACE = major adverse cardiac events, defined as the composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or unplanned revascularization at 1 year) rate compared with SAP in deferred patients (5.91% vs. 3.64% in ACS and SAP, respectively; fully adjusted hazard ratio: 0.61 in favor of SAP; 95% confidence interval: 0.38 to 0.99; p = 0.04).</p>
    <p>The higher risk for physiology-based stenosis deferral in patients with ACS may reflect the different physiological conditions from those with SAP. The microcirculatory vasodilation during hyperemia may be transiently affected in the acute phase of ACS, also in territories far from the culprit lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Another factor related to this higher prevalence of events in ACS may be the widespread coronary inflammation in these patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Buffon et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> have shown a depletion of the neutrophil myeloperoxidase content in blood from the great cardiac and femoral vein in patients with ACS, regardless of the site of the stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> This was not present in patients with stable angina and multiple stenosis, patients with variant angina and recurrent ischemia, or controls. The myeloperoxidase content is an index of advanced inflammatory activation and its depletion in ACS can be translated as a widespread activation of neutrophils across the coronary vascular bed.</p>
    <p>Today, interventional cardiologists have a vast diagnostic armamentarium to be used in the cath lab as adjunctive tools (e.g. FFR, intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography). The question to be answered in the coming years is how to align the currently available scientific information to provide the best decision algorithms in selecting the most appropriate candidates for myocardial revascularization.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Indicar ou N&#227;o Indicar? Os Desafios da Fisiologia nas S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro A. Lemos,</bold> Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Av. Albert Einstein, 627. CEP 05652-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP- Brasil. E-mail: <email>pedro.lemos@einstein.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva de Fluxo Fracionada do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Est&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A angiografia convencional pode estimar, de maneira n&#227;o confi&#225;vel, a gravidade funcional das les&#245;es coronarianas, particularmente das estenoses intermedi&#225;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> &#201; nesse contexto que o estudo da fisiologia intracoronariana, ou seja, a medida da reserva de fluxo fracional (FFR), foi desenvolvida: para diferenciar com precis&#227;o as estenoses que causam isquemia mioc&#225;rdica daquelas que n&#227;o s&#227;o significativamente obstrutivas. Em geral, a FFR tem sido aplicada como uma ferramenta de tomada de decis&#227;o, ajudando a indicar (ou n&#227;o indicar) a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o em estenoses coron&#225;rias intermedi&#225;rias ou amb&#237;guas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Comparada com a angiografia isolada, a adi&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es derivadas da FFR melhorou os desfechos e a custo-efici&#234;ncia do procedimento, sendo a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana guiada por fisiologia atualmente recomendada nas diretrizes de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, com base em ampla evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
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      <p>Quase vinte anos atr&#225;s, o ensaio DEFER fundamental consolidou o conceito de que a n&#227;o-indica&#231;&#227;o da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o baseado na FFR &#233; seguro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Entretanto, in&#250;meras raz&#245;es tornam a tradu&#231;&#227;o do estudo DEFER para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica contempor&#226;nea desatualizada: i) o ponto de corte excessivamente restritivo de 0,75 (como usado no estudo) foi suplantado pelo limiar mais permissivo de 0,80, ii) a angioplastia com bal&#227;o como a terapia isolada foi amplamente substitu&#237;da por stents farmacol&#243;gicos, iii) agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios mais potentes e outras terapias cl&#237;nicas tornaram-se dispon&#237;veis, e iv) a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a FFR e o perfil obstrutivo da les&#227;o coronariana ainda est&#225; sendo questionada por alguns autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Assim, a seguran&#231;a contempor&#226;nea de adiar les&#245;es na angina pectoris est&#225;vel (APE) e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) com base na FFR ainda merece investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Martins et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> investigaram os riscos relativos de adiar les&#245;es em pacientes com APE e SCA. Os autores utilizaram uma metan&#225;lise de 1 estudo prospectivo e 6 estudos observacionais para comparar as taxas de eventos entre esses dois grupos de apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas (n = 5107). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a para a mortalidade por todas as causas (risco relativo (RR) = 1,44; IC 95% 0,9-2,4), mortalidade cardiovascular (RR = 1,29, IC 95% = 0,4-4,3) e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo (RR = 1,46, IC 95% = 0,9-2,3) para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o baseada em FFR em pacientes com SCA e APE. No entanto, houve um risco maior de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (RR=1,83, IC 95% = 1,4-2,4) ao n&#227;o tratamento de les&#245;es sem significado funcional em pacientes com SCA.</p>
      <p>Por defini&#231;&#227;o, qualquer metan&#225;lise serve de am&#225;lgama de dados composta por trabalhos previamente realizados. Metan&#225;lises, portanto, podem tornar-se desatualizadas e precisam ser reprocessadas &#224; medida que novos dados s&#227;o divulgados na literatura. Recentemente, Escaned et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> avaliaram a seguran&#231;a do adiamento da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana com base na avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional invasiva (raz&#227;o instant&#226;nea livre de ondas [IFI] e FFR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> A seguran&#231;a do adiamento da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana na popula&#231;&#227;o agrupada por protocolo (n = 4.486) dos estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados DEFINE -FLAIR (Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Les&#227;o Funcional de Estenose Intermedi&#225;ria para Orientar a Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) e iFR-SWEDEHEART (Rela&#231;&#227;o Livre de Onda Instant&#226;nea versus Reserva de Fluxo Fracional em Pacientes com Angina Pectoris Est&#225;vel ou S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda) foi investigada. Infelizmente, este estudo n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do na metan&#225;lise de Martins et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>. Escaned et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> demonstraram que, em geral, o adiamento da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; igualmente seguro tanto com iFR quanto com FFF, com uma baixa taxa de MACE de cerca de 4%. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com SCA foi associada a uma taxa MACE (MACE = eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores, definida como o composto de morte por todas as causas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o planejada em 1 ano) comparada &#224; APE em pacientes com adiamento (5,91% vs. 3,64% em ACS e APE, respectivamente; raz&#227;o de risco totalmente ajustada: 0,61 a favor de APE; IC 95%: 0,38 a 0,99; p = 0,04).</p>
      <p>O maior risco para o adiamento da estenose baseada na fisiologia em pacientes com SCA pode refletir as diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas daqueles com APE. A vasodilata&#231;&#227;o microcirculat&#243;ria durante a hiperemia pode ser transitoriamente afetada na fase aguda da SCA, tamb&#233;m em territ&#243;rios distantes das les&#245;es culpadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Outro fator relacionado com essa maior preval&#234;ncia de eventos na SCA pode ser a inflama&#231;&#227;o coronariana generalizada nesses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Buffon et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> demonstraram uma deple&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do de mieloperoxidase de neutr&#243;filos no sangue da grande veia card&#237;aca e femoral em pacientes com SCA, independentemente do local da estenose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Isso n&#227;o estava presente em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel e estenose m&#250;ltipla, pacientes com angina variante e isquemia recorrente ou controles. O teor de mieloperoxidase &#233; um &#237;ndice de ativa&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria avan&#231;ada e sua deple&#231;&#227;o em SCA pode ser traduzida como uma ativa&#231;&#227;o generalizada de neutr&#243;filos no leito vascular coronariano.</p>
      <p>Hoje, os cardiologistas intervencionistas t&#234;m um vasto arsenal de diagn&#243;stico a ser usado no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo como ferramenta adjunta (p.ex., FFR, ultrassonografia intravascular, tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica). A quest&#227;o a ser respondida nos pr&#243;ximos anos &#233; como alinhar as informa&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas atualmente dispon&#237;veis para fornecer os melhores algoritmos de decis&#227;o na sele&#231;&#227;o dos candidatos mais adequados para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
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