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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YNqXvr6vytjBfTL35JZDYFQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001600540</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180211</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endothelial Function and Physical Exercise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Janini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Botucatu</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marina Politi Okoshi,</bold> Departamento de Clinica Medica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP - Rubi&#227;o Junior, S/N. Postal Code 18618-687, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mpoliti@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>540</fpage>
      <lpage>541</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Nitric Oxide</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Tonus</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Council for Scientific and Technological Development</funding-source>
          <award-id>308674 / 2015-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>2014 / 23592-3</award-id>
          <award-id>2014 / 00747-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The endothelium is considered an active and dynamic tissue with important properties such as maintenance of blood circulation, regulation of vascular tone, microvascular permeability, signaling, and vascular angiogenesis and inflammatory response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The endothelium allows the connection among components of the circulation and body systems. Endothelial cells produce and, depending on the stimulus received, release factors that lead to vascular smooth muscle cells contraction or relaxation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Vascular tone control by the endothelium is modulated by the production and release of mediators such as nitric oxide, prostacyclins, prostaglandins, thromboxane, angiotensin II, endothelin-1 and reactive oxygen species. Under physiological conditions, these factors are balanced. Imbalance in the production of substances by the endothelium leads to triggering and progression of several conditions and diseases such as ischemia, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, inflammation and tumor growth.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Therefore, vascular endothelial dysfunction is an important pathophysiological factor in human diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Endothelial dysfunction is mainly characterized by changes in endothelial actions involving the reduction of vasodilation and the induction of a pro-inflammatory or prothrombotic state.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Due to its clinical importance, endothelial dysfunction is considered an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk. In addition, it can also be observed in non-cardiovascular diseases, such as rheumatic and autoimmune diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Among the substances produced by the endothelium, nitric oxide stands out, being a potent modulator of vascular and cardiac function. Insufficient production of nitric oxide, such as in aging and in several diseases, may result in an increase in reactive oxygen species and blood pressure, and adversely affects the physical capacity and health in general.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Physical exercises have been advocated for the promotion of health and the non-pharmacological treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Regular practice of exercises results in numerous health benefits, such as improvement in body composition, physical capacity, insulin resistance, endothelial function, arterial hypertension, antioxidant status, quality of life,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and an important effect on the endothelial system. During its practice, increased blood flow and shear stress improve vascular homeostasis by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species, and increasing the availability of nitric oxide in the endothelium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Because endothelial function and physical exercise have an important interface with cardiovascular diseases, we consider the review of this area in articles recently published by the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> in the Basic and Experimental Research Area relevant. In this Editorial, we have commented on three articles that have been published in the last two years, and which are related to endothelial changes from physical exercise, both in healthy rats and in spontaneously hypertensive rats.</p>
    <p>Mota et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> observed that a single resisted exercise session improves the endothelial function, and increases nitric oxide synthesis in both the endothelium and the smooth muscle layer of healthy rats. As a parameter of vascular reactivity, endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the mesenteric artery was evaluated. Exercise practice increased insulin-induced vasodilation. As vascular relaxation was abolished by the nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, the methyl ester of L'NG-nitro-arginine (L-NAME), the importance of nitric oxide in the vasodilator response was enhanced. According to the authors, exercise stimulates factors that increase the production of nitric oxide, such as vascular distension, catecholamine release and intermittent hypoxia. The increase in nitric oxide production was dependent on the volume of exercise, which suggests that a greater demand of oxygen and nutrients is involved in the beneficial effects of exercise on the endothelium.</p>
    <p>Similar results were observed in hypertensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A single session of resisted exercise provided the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increased acetylcholine-induced aortic relaxation, and decreased reactivity to phenylephrine. The response to phenylephrine was abolished by L-NAME. Therefore, data reinforce that, even in arterial hypertension, the improvement of the endothelial function induced by a single session of resisted exercise is associated with the increase of nitric oxide synthesis.</p>
    <p>Beneficial results were also observed after a long period of exercise (one hour/day on treadmill, 5 days a week, 8 weeks) in healthy rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Martinez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> observed that exercise reduced the contractile response of the aorta to noradrenaline and increased the relaxation induced by acetylcholine. On the other hand, the accumulated exercise protocol (four periods of 15 minutes per day on treadmill, 5 times per week, 8 weeks) did not result in improvement of endothelial function. Consequently, it is believed that the beneficial effects on the induction of regulatory factors that improve endothelial function are linked to the time of exercise exposure.</p>
    <p>These experimental studies suggest that the practice of physical exercises plays a relevant role in the treatment of endothelial dysfunction. However, additional studies are needed to establish the best type, intensity and duration of exercise, and to allow more efficient prescribing.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgments</title>
      <p>Funding by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) (Proc. No. 308674 / 2015-4) and S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (Proc. N&#176;. 2014 / 23592-3 and 2014 / 00747-1).</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial e Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Janini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marina Politi Okoshi,</bold> Departamento de Clinica Medica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP - Rubi&#227;o Junior, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mpoliti@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio Vascular/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#244;nus Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O endot&#233;lio &#233; considerado um tecido ativo e din&#226;mico com propriedades importantes como manuten&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular, permeabilidade microvascular, sinaliza&#231;&#227;o e angiog&#234;nese vascular e resposta inflamat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O endot&#233;lio permite a conex&#227;o entre componentes da circula&#231;&#227;o e sistemas do organismo. As c&#233;lulas endoteliais produzem e, dependendo do est&#237;mulo recebido, liberam fatores que levam &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o ou relaxamento das c&#233;lulas do tecido muscular liso dos vasos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O controle do t&#244;nus vascular pelo endot&#233;lio &#233; modulado pela produ&#231;&#227;o e libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores, como o &#243;xido n&#237;trico, prostaciclinas, prostaglandinas, tromboxano, angiotensina II, endotelina-1 e esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio. Em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas, esses fatores encontram-se em equil&#237;brio. O desequil&#237;brio na produ&#231;&#227;o de subst&#226;ncias pelo endot&#233;lio causa um desencadeamento e progress&#227;o de v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es e doen&#231;as como isquemia, trombose, aterosclerose, hipertens&#227;o arterial, inflama&#231;&#227;o e crescimento tumoral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Portanto, disfun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio vascular constitui um importante fator fisiopatol&#243;gico em doen&#231;as humanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; caracterizada, principalmente, por altera&#231;&#245;es nas a&#231;&#245;es do endot&#233;lio que envolvem redu&#231;&#227;o de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e indu&#231;&#227;o de estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio ou pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Devida &#224; sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; considerada preditora independente de risco cardiovascular. Adicionalmente, pode ser observada tamb&#233;m em doen&#231;as n&#227;o cardiovasculares, como doen&#231;as reum&#225;ticas e autoimunes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Entre as subst&#226;ncias produzidas pelo endot&#233;lio, uma que se destaca &#233; o &#243;xido n&#237;trico, potente modulador da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e card&#237;aca. A produ&#231;&#227;o insuficiente de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, como ocorre no envelhecimento e em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, pode resultar em aumento de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio e da press&#227;o arterial e afetar adversamente a capacidade f&#237;sica e a sa&#250;de em geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos v&#234;m sendo preconizados para a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A pr&#225;tica regular de exerc&#237;cio resulta em in&#250;meros benef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de, tais como melhora na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, capacidade f&#237;sica, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, hipertens&#227;o arterial, estado antioxidante, qualidade de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e um importante efeito no sistema endotelial. Durante sua pr&#225;tica, o aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo e da tens&#227;o de cisalhamento (melhor conhecida como <italic>shear stress</italic>) melhora a homeostase vascular por meio de redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio e aumento na disponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico no endot&#233;lio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Como fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico t&#234;m importante interface com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, consideramos relevante a revis&#227;o dessa &#225;rea em artigos recentemente publicados pelos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia na &#193;rea de Pesquisa B&#225;sica e Experimental. Neste Editorial, comentamos tr&#234;s artigos que foram publicados nos &#250;ltimos dois anos e s&#227;o relacionados a altera&#231;&#245;es endoteliais decorrentes do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, tanto em ratos saud&#225;veis como em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos.</p>
      <p>Mota et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> observaram que uma &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aumenta a s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico tanto no endot&#233;lio como na camada muscular lisa de ratos saud&#225;veis. Como par&#226;metro de reatividade vascular, foi avaliada a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio na art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica. O exerc&#237;cio aumentou a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida por insulina. Como o relaxamento vascular foi abolido pelo inibidor da s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, o &#233;ster met&#237;lico de L'NG-nitro-arginina (L-NAME), foi refor&#231;ada a import&#226;ncia do &#243;xido n&#237;trico na resposta vasodilatadora. De acordo com os autores, o exerc&#237;cio estimula fatores que aumentam a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico como distens&#227;o vascular, libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas e hip&#243;xia intermitente. O aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico foi dependente do volume de exerc&#237;cio, o que sugere que maior demanda de oxig&#234;nio e nutrientes est&#225; envolvida nos efeitos ben&#233;ficos do exerc&#237;cio no endot&#233;lio.</p>
      <p>Resultados semelhantes foram observados em ratos hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Sess&#227;o &#250;nica de exerc&#237;cio resistido promoveu ativa&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase endotelial (eNOS), aumento do relaxamento a&#243;rtico induzido por acetilcolina e redu&#231;&#227;o da reatividade &#224; fenilefrina. A resposta &#224; fenilefrina foi abolida por L-NAME. Os dados refor&#231;am, portanto, que, tamb&#233;m na hipertens&#227;o arterial, a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial induzida por &#250;nica sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio resistido est&#225; associada ao aumento da s&#237;ntese de &#243;xido n&#237;trico.</p>
      <p>Resultados ben&#233;ficos foram tamb&#233;m verificados ap&#243;s longo per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio (uma hora/dia em esteira, 5 dias por semana, 8 semanas) em ratos saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Martinez et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> observaram que o exerc&#237;cio reduziu a resposta contr&#225;til da aorta a noradrenalina e aumentou o relaxamento induzido por acetilcolina. Por outro lado, o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio acumulado (quatro per&#237;odos de 15 minutos por dia em esteira, 5 vezes por semana, 8 semanas) n&#227;o resultou em melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Consequentemente, acredita-se que os efeitos ben&#233;ficos na indu&#231;&#227;o de fatores regulat&#243;rios que melhoram a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial est&#227;o ligados ao tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Esses trabalhos experimentais sugerem que a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos tem papel relevante no tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. No entanto, estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer o melhor tipo, intensidade e dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e possibilitar prescri&#231;&#227;o mais eficiente.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Financiamento por CNPq (Proc. n. 308674/2015-4) e FAPESP (Proc. n. 2014/23592-3 e 2014/00747-1).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
