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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CKr4ksGrmF6wbtjmJ89nLZm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500427</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180151</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Clinicoradiological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 5/2018 - Severe Pulmonary Valve Stenosis (PVS), Relieved by a Double-balloon Catheter, in a 68-year-old Woman</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Binotto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ang&#233;lica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Junya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, USP/, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Edmar Atik</bold>, Consult&#243;rio privado. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj.73, Bela Vista. CEP 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>427</fpage>
      <lpage>429</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Rigth Ventricular/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Valve/surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical data</title>
      <p>During a recent clinical evaluation for cholecystectomy surgery, a heart murmur was auscultated and complaint of fatigue at great efforts lasting for some months was reported by the patient. The diagnosis of severe PVS was attained, with a maximum gradient of 160 mmHg obtained at the echocardiography. The patient denied other symptoms and was unaware of the existence of this cardiopathy. She had no history of other morbidities and took vitamin D.</p>
      <p><bold>Physical examination:</bold> The patient was in good overall condition, eupneic, acyanotic, normal pulses in the 4 limbs. Weight: 70 kg, height: 160 cm, right upper limb blood pressure: 140/80 mmHg, heart rate: 80 bpm, oxygen saturation, 89%. Aorta not palpable in the suprasternal notch.</p>
      <p><bold>Precordium:</bold> Apex beat not palpable, discrete systolic impulses in the left sternal border (LSB). Muffled heart sounds, harsh systolic murmur, ++ / 4 in the pulmonary area, which irradiated to the entire LSB. The liver was not palpable, and the lungs were clear.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Complementary exams</title>
        <p><bold>Electrocardiogram:</bold> Sinus rhythm, 1<sup>st</sup> degree atrioventricular block and complete right bundle branch block. PR: 0.22, QRS: 0.12, with rsR' complexes in V1 and RS in V6. T wave was negative from V1 to V4 and the S wave was prominent in the left precordial leads. AP = +80&#176;, AQRS = +200&#176;, AT = -20&#176; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p><bold>Chest radiography:</bold> Normal cardiac area (cardiothoracic index of 0.50) with enhanced ventricular arch and excavated, rounded and long middle arch, with a more prominent hilar pulmonary vascular network (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>PA chest X-ray emphasizes normal cardiac area with prominent ventricular arch and slightly increased hilar pulmonary vascular network. Due to the marked increase of the pulmonary trunk, the middle arch draws attention due to the long concavity. The electrocardiogram highlights the signs of complete right bundle branch block.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0427-80151-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Echocardiogram:</bold> Heart cavities with normal diameter, except for dilated right atrium. The right ventricle was hypertrophic, with systolic function preservation, with TAPSE = 1.8. Diastolic dysfunction was present, with relaxation alteration at tissue Doppler with Tei index = 0.62. The pulmonary valve was thickened with a dome-shaped opening and a maximum pressure gradient of 160 and a mean of 86 mmHg. Pulmonary regurgitation was mild. The pulmonary trunk was dilated, and the pulmonary arteries were confluent. A small 10-mm atrial septal defect allowed right-to-left shunting. Aorta = 28 mm, LA = 30, RV = 29, LV = 39, PT = 37, AP's = 20, septum = 8, posterior wall = 10 mm, LVEF = 72%, TV diameters = 31, MV = 20, PV = 20, Ao = 21 mm.</p>
        <p><bold>Holter:</bold> Sinus rhythm, frequent ventricular and atrial extrasystoles and episodes of nonsustained ventricular and supraventricular tachycardia.</p>
        <p><bold>Clinical diagnosis:</bold> Severe PVS with natural disease evolution, without heart failure and good physical tolerance.</p>
        <p><bold>Clinical rationale:</bold> In an adult patient with few symptoms, the recently observed clinical elements of systolic murmur in the pulmonary area, complete right bundle branch block and pulmonary trunk dilation, led to the diagnosis of PVS. This supposition was confirmed by the echocardiogram, with an adequate demonstration of the dome-shaped valve opening and marked right ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
        <p><bold>Differential diagnosis:</bold> Aortic valve stenosis is the most important differential diagnosis in this case, due to the location of the murmur and the patient's older age. However, the fact that the heart murmur did not radiate to the lateral neck sides rules out this diagnosis, as well as the occurrence of middle arch dilation on the chest radiography, and the right bundle branch block on the ECG.</p>
        <p><bold>Conduct:</bold> The immediate relief of the right ventricle overload was indicated, as it was shown to be of the utmost importance. Surgical intervention was ruled out due to the patient's age and the enthusiastic use of percutaneous procedures, proven effective even in adult patients.</p>
        <p>Cardiac catheterization performed in the right heart confirmed the diagnosis of PVS of great impact. The cavitary pressures found were: RA = 20, RV = 160 / 8-22, PT = 30/20-23 mmHg. Systemic pressure was 110/60 mmHg. Marked right ventricular hypertrophy was observed, and the dome-shaped pulmonary valve opening was limited with a little reduced pulmonary annulus size.</p>
        <p>The pulmonary valvuloplasty was performed with two 20-and 18-mm balloons, which were inflated at the valve plane level, with the formation and disappearance of the hourglass image. Post-pulmonary valvuloplasty pressures were: RA = 12, RV = 80 /8-12, PT = 30 / 20-23 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Therefore, the procedure was considered very successful.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cardiac angiography showing marked right ventricular hypertrophy in systole in A, and in diastole in B, with good ventricular contractility. Thinner contrast jet (arrow) passing through the stenotic pulmonary valve in B, before double-balloon valvuloplasty, in C, and after the procedure in D, with a thicker jet (arrow).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0427-80151-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>At the first reevaluation one week later, the patient showed clinical improvement, with more adequate breathing. The systolic murmur persisted in the pulmonary area, with lower intensity. The patient started receiving an adrenergic beta-blocker medication.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>Marked PVS has an unfavorable evolution, even at an early age in the neonatal period, as it can progress to sudden death due to right ventricular failure. After this age range, the disease evolution becomes more adequate, but right ventricular dysfunction, tricuspid valve regurgitation, arrhythmias and right heart failure appear in adulthood. These factors shorten patient survival to 30 to 40 years of age. Therefore, percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty has been indicated at early ages, aiming to prevent such unfavorable evolution. Thus, it can be affirmed that patient evolution in this clinical case is very peculiar, due to the marked degree of the congenital defect at a very old age. Also noteworthy is the rare occurrence of good ventricular function preservation and, as a result, the occurrence of few symptoms. A similar evolution has also been observed by other authors with percutaneous,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> as well as surgical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> in adulthood. However, the literature shows that the effectiveness of percutaneous valvuloplasty becomes lower in adults (87%) in relation to younger ages (96%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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        <mixed-citation>1 Shrivastava S, Sundar AS, Rajani M. Long-term efficacy of balloon pulmonary valvoplasty in late adult life. Indian Heart J. 1989;41(1):27-9.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Long-term efficacy of balloon pulmonary valvoplasty in late adult life</article-title>
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          <year>1989</year>
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        <mixed-citation>2 Gibbs JL, Stanley CP, Dickinson DF. Pulmonary balloon valvoplasty in late adult life. Int J Cardiol. 1986;11(2):237-9.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Gibbs</surname>
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              <surname>Stanley</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Dickinson</surname>
              <given-names>DF</given-names>
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          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
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        <mixed-citation>3 Hirata N, Grimmig O, Minami K, Miche E, K&#246;rfer R. Surgical repair of pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum in a 68-year-old woman. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1997;38(5):523-5.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Minami</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#246;rfer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
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          <article-title>Surgical repair of pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum in a 68-year-old woman</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino)</source>
          <year>1997</year>
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        <mixed-citation>4 Holzer RJ, Gauvreau K, Kreutzer J, Trucco SM, Torres A, Shahanavaz S, et al. Safety and efficacy of balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty: a multicenter experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;80(4):663-72.</mixed-citation>
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              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kreutzer</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Trucco</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Torres</surname>
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              <surname>Shahanavaz</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 5/2018 - Estenose Pulmonar Valvar (EPV) Acentuada, Aliviada por Duplo Cateter-Bal&#227;o, em Mulher com 68 Anos de Idade</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Binotto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ang&#233;lica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kajita</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Junya</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, USP/, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik</bold>, Consult&#243;rio privado. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj.73, Bela Vista. CEP 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Direita/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Valva Pulmonar/cirurgia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados Cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Em avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica recente para cirurgia de colecistectomia, foi auscultado sopro card&#237;aco e queixa de cansa&#231;o a grandes esfor&#231;os h&#225; alguns meses, relatado pela paciente. Chegou-se ao diagn&#243;stico de EPV acentuada com gradiente m&#225;ximo de 160 mmHg pelo ecocardiograma. A paciente nega outros sintomas e ignorava a exist&#234;ncia desta cardiopata. Sem passado m&#243;rbido e em uso de vitamina D.</p>
        <p><bold>Exame F&#237;sico:</bold> Bom estado geral, eupneica, acian&#243;tica, pulsos normais nos 4 membros. Peso: 70 kg, altura: 160 cm, PAMSD: 140/80 mmHg, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca: 80 bpm, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 89%. Aorta n&#227;o palpada na f&#250;rcula.</p>
        <p><bold>Prec&#243;rdio:</bold><italic>Ictus cordis</italic> n&#227;o palpado, discretas impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas na BEE . Bulhas card&#237;acas hipofon&#233;ticas, sopro sist&#243;lico rude, ++/4 na &#225;rea pulmonar e irradiado para toda BEE. F&#237;gado n&#227;o palpado e pulm&#245;es limpos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames Complementares</title>
          <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma:</bold> Ritmo sinusal, bloqueio atrioventricular de 1&#186; grau e bloqueio completo do ramo direito. PR: 0,22, QRS: 0,12 com complexos rsR' em V1 e RS em V6. A onda T era negativa de V1 a V4 e a onda S espessada nas precordiais esquerdas. AP = +80&#186;, AQRS = +200&#186;, AT = -20&#186; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax:</bold> &#193;rea card&#237;aca normal (&#237;ndice cardiotor&#225;cico de 0,50) com arco ventricular pronunciado e arco m&#233;dio c&#244;ncavo, arredondado e longo com trama vascular pulmonar hilar mais pronunciada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax em PA salienta &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal com arco ventricular proeminente e trama vascular pulmonar hilar discretamente aumentada. Em virtude do aumento acentuado do tronco pulmonar, o arco m&#233;dio chama a aten&#231;&#227;o pela concavidade longa. O eletrocardiograma salienta os sinais do bloqueio completo do ramo direito.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0427-80151-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Ecocardiograma:</bold> As cavidades card&#237;acas eram de di&#226;metros normais, exceto pela dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito. O ventr&#237;culo direito era hipertr&#243;fico com preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, com TAPSE de 1,8. Havia disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica com altera&#231;&#227;o de relaxamento ao Doppler tecidual com IPM = 0,62. A valva pulmonar era espessada com abertura em domo e gradiente de press&#227;o m&#225;xima de 160 e m&#233;dia de 86 mmHg. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar era discreta. O tronco pulmonar era dilatado e as art&#233;rias pulmonares confluentes. Pequena comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial de 10 mm permitia passagem da direita para a esquerda. Aorta = 28 mm, AE = 30, VD = 29, VE = 39, TP =37, AP's = 20, septo = 8, parede posterior = 10 mm, FEVE = 72%, di&#226;metros da VT = 31, VM = 20, VP = 20, Ao = 21 mm.</p>
          <p><bold>Holter:</bold> Ritmo sinusal, extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares e atriais frequentes e com epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular e supraventricular n&#227;o sustentadas.</p>
          <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico:</bold> EPV acentuada em evolu&#231;&#227;o natural, sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e com boa toler&#226;ncia f&#237;sica.</p>
          <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico:</bold> Em paciente adulto com poucos sintomas, os elementos cl&#237;nicos recentemente evidenciados de sopro sist&#243;lico na &#225;rea pulmonar, bloqueio completo do ramo direito e dilata&#231;&#227;o do tronco pulmonar, orientaram para o diagn&#243;stico de EPV. Essa impress&#227;o foi consolidada pelo ecocardiograma, em uma demonstra&#231;&#227;o adequada da abertura valvar em domo e com hipertrofia acentuada do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
          <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</bold> A estenose valvar a&#243;rtica &#233; o diagn&#243;stico diferencial mais importante nesse caso, pela localiza&#231;&#227;o do sopro e ainda pela idade avan&#231;ada da paciente. No entanto, a aus&#234;ncia de irradia&#231;&#227;o do sopro card&#237;aco para as faces laterais do pesco&#231;o afasta este diagn&#243;stico, assim como a ocorr&#234;ncia da dilata&#231;&#227;o do arco m&#233;dio na radiografia de t&#243;rax, al&#233;m do bloqueio do ramo direito no ECG.</p>
          <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> Houve indica&#231;&#227;o para al&#237;vio imediato da sobrecarga do ventr&#237;culo direito que se mostrava de grande relev&#226;ncia. Interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica foi descartada pela idade da paciente e pelo entusiasmo da atua&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea que se tem mostrado efetiva, mesmo na idade adulta.</p>
          <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco realizado no cora&#231;&#227;o direito confirmou o diagn&#243;stico da EPV de grande repercuss&#227;o. As press&#245;es cavit&#225;rias encontradas foram: AD = 20, VD = 160/8-22, TP = 30/20-23 mmHg. A press&#227;o sist&#234;mica era de 110/60 mmHg. Havia acentuada hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito e a abertura da valva pulmonar em domo era limitada com anel pulmonar um pouco reduzido de tamanho. Foi realizada a valvoplastia pulmonar com dois bal&#245;es de 20 e de 18 mm, tendo sido inflados no n&#237;vel do plano valvar com forma&#231;&#227;o e desaparecimento da imagem em ampulheta. As press&#245;es posteriores &#224; valvoplastia pulmonar eram: AD = 12, VD = 80/8-12, TP = 30/20-23 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Assim, o procedimento foi considerado de grande sucesso.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Angiografia card&#237;aca salienta a acentuada hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo direito em s&#237;stole em A, e em di&#225;stole em B, com boa contratilidade ventricular. Jato de contraste mais fino (seta) da passagem pela valva pulmonar esten&#243;tica em B, antes da valvoplastia por dois bal&#245;es, em C, e ap&#243;s a mesma em D, com jato maior (seta).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0427-80151-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Na primeira reavalia&#231;&#227;o, uma semana depois, a paciente acentuou melhora cl&#237;nica com respira&#231;&#227;o mais adequada. Havia persist&#234;ncia do sopro sist&#243;lico na &#225;rea pulmonar, de menor intensidade. Foi medicada com betabloqueador adren&#233;rgico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>A EPV acentuada evolui de maneira desfavor&#225;vel, mesmo em idade precoce no per&#237;odo neonatal, quando pela insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita pode evoluir para morte s&#250;bita. Passada essa fase et&#225;ria, a evolu&#231;&#227;o se torna mais adequada, mas na idade adulta surge disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, insufici&#234;ncia valvar tric&#250;spide, arritmias e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita. Esses fatores encurtam a longevidade dos pacientes para idades entre 30 a 40 anos. Por isso, a valvoplastia pulmonar percut&#226;nea tem sido indicada em idades precoces, no sentido de prevenir tal evolu&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel. Assim, pode-se afirmar que a evolu&#231;&#227;o da paciente deste caso cl&#237;nico, &#233; muito peculiar, pela magnitude acentuada do defeito cong&#234;nito em idade muito avan&#231;ada. Destaca-se, ainda, a raridade da preserva&#231;&#227;o da boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e, como consequ&#234;ncia, a ocorr&#234;ncia de poucos sintomas. Evolu&#231;&#227;o semelhante tamb&#233;m foi observada por outros autores, sob tratamento percut&#226;neo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e tamb&#233;m cir&#250;rgico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> na idade adulta. No entanto, na literatura se verifica que a efetividade da valvoplastia percut&#226;nea se torna menor em adultos (87%) em rela&#231;&#227;o a idades mais precoces (96%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
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