<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="rapid-communication" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GJLwsThWQgXcQgKHmBfcw6Q</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500419</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180140</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Silent Cerebral Infarctions with Reduced, Mid-Range and Preserved Ejection Fraction in Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Carneiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Elieusa e Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kawaoka</surname>
            <given-names>Jun Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hatem</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Am&#233;lia Bulh&#245;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo Jos&#233; Nassri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Maur&#237;cio Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jamary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES) - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Ana Nery</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiomiopatias e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiomiopatias e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#225;rcia Maria Carneiro Oliveira</bold>, Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Rua Dr. Augusto Viana, S/N. Postal Code 40110-060, Canela, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>marcia.carneiro@ufba.br</email>, <email>marcianinhas@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oliveira MMC, Hatem MAB, C&#226;mara EJN, Fernandes AMS, Oliveira J&#250;nior J, Aras R; Acquisition of data: Oliveira MMC, Sampaio ES, Kawaoka JR, Hatem MAB, C&#226;mara EJN; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira MMC, Sampaio ES, Kawaoka JR, Hatem MAB, C&#226;mara EJN, Fernandes AMS, Oliveira J&#250;nior J, Aras R; Statistical analysis: Oliveira MMC, Sampaio ES, Oliveira J&#250;nior J; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira MMC, Sampaio ES, Kawaoka JR, Hatem MAB, C&#226;mara EJN, Fernandes AMS, Oliveira J&#250;nior J, Aras R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>419</fpage>
      <lpage>422</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Heart failure predisposes to an increased risk of silent cerebral infarction, and data related to left ventricular ejection fraction are still limited. Our objective was to describe the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and factors associated with silent cerebral infarction in patients with heart failure, according to the left ventricular ejection fraction groups. A prospective cohort was performed at a referral hospital in Cardiology between December 2015 and July 2017. The left ventricular ejection fraction groups were: reduced (&#8804; 40%), mid-range (41-49%) and preserved (&#8805; 50%). All patients underwent cranial tomography, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. Seventy-five patients were studied. Silent cerebral infarction was observed in 14.7% of the study population (45.5% lacunar and 54.5% territorial) and was more frequent in patients in the reduced left ventricular ejection fraction group (29%) compared with the mid-range one (15.4%, p = 0.005). There were no cases of silent cerebral infarction in the group of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. In the univariate analysis, an association was identified between silent cerebral infarction and reduced (OR = 8.59; 95%CI: 1.71 - 43.27; p = 0.009) and preserved (OR = 0.05; 95%CI: 0.003-0.817, p = 0.003) left ventricular ejection fraction and diabetes mellitus (OR = 4.28, 95%CI: 1.14-16.15, p = 0.031). In patients with heart failure and without a clinical diagnosis of stroke, reduced and mid-range left ventricular ejection fractions contributed to the occurrence of territorial and lacunar silent cerebral infarction, respectively. The lower the left ventricular ejection fraction, the higher the prevalence of silent cerebral infarction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Cerebral Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) predisposes to an increased risk of cerebral abnormalities, including silent cerebral infarction, which is defined by the presence of infarctions (territorial or lacunar) in the brain parenchyma, verified through imaging methods, without a documented previous episode of stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The independent risk factors associated with silent stroke in HF are usually due to the impairment of left ventricular function, restrictive diastolic filling patterns in echocardiography, left atrial (LA) spontaneous echo contrast, and complex or calcified atherosclerotic aortic lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Ischemic stroke is a common complication of HF regardless of the Preserved (pLVEF) or reduced (rLVEF) Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> LVEF predicts the risk of cerebral infarctions, especially with rLVEF. It is believed that reduced blood flow may favor the formation of spontaneous echo contrast, intracavitary thrombi and consequent cardioembolic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, data explaining the stroke mechanism in HF in patients with LVEF are still limited,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and data related to stroke and mid-range LVEF are scarce.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and factors associated with silent cerebral infarction in patients with HF according to the LVEF groups.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a prospective cohort performed at a referral hospital for the care of patients with HF in the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil, between December 2015 and July 2017. The diagnosis of HF was made according to the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> with patients who had signs and symptoms of HF, relevant structural heart disease (left ventricle (LV) body mass index &#8805; 115 g in men and &#8805; 95 g in women, or left atrial dilatation &#8805; 40 mm) and or diastolic abnormality (E/A ratio &lt; 0.75 or &#8805; 1.5, or E-wave deceleration time &lt; 140 ms). The LVEF groups were characterized as follows: rLVEF (&#8804; 40%), mid-range LVEF (mrLVEF; 41-49%) and pLVEF (&#8805; 50%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) was based on information available in medical records and the electrocardiogram.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of cranial tomography</title>
        <p>The cranial tomography was performed in all the patients to identify infarctions in the brain parenchyma (territorial or lacunar). The reports were analyzed by a neurologist, blinded to the patients' clinical data. These examinations were performed using a 1385 Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation device, (Shimo Ishigami, Otawara-Shi, Tochigi, Japan).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography</title>
        <p>The examinations were performed by two experienced echocardiographists, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A commercially available device was used (Philips IE33, Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA), equipped with a 5 MHZ transducer with a multiplanar transesophageal probe. Subsequently, the images were recorded in a pen drive and reviewed by an echocardiographist.</p>
        <p>The measures analyzed by the Transthoracic Echocardiogram (TTE) were: diastolic and systolic diameter of the LV, anteroposterior diameter of the LA, aortic root diameter, interventricular septum and posterior wall thickness. These analyses were obtained in the parasternal short axis and the parasternal long axis planes using the M-mode. The calculation of the LVEF was carried out using the LV modified biplane Simpson's method.</p>
        <p>To perform the Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE) images, the patient was placed in the left lateral decubitus position, and the left arm was extended over the head. The exams were performed under topical anesthesia with xylocaine spray at 10% and under intravenous sedation. The presence of spontaneous echo contrast and intracavitary thrombi were observed. The intracavitary thrombus was defined as an echodense intracardiac mass, and the spontaneous echo contrast was identified through its typical swirling movement, resembling smoke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The collected data were processed using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21.0. For data analysis, descriptive statistics were used (proportions and measures of central tendency), mean and standard deviation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov was used in the normality test. The means and proportions were evaluated by Student's <italic>t</italic> test, according to the variable distribution. Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was applied for association measures. Values were considered statistically significant when p &#8804; 0.05 and the confidence interval &#8805; 95%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Seventy-five patients were studied. Comparisons of clinical and echocardiographic parameters are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The mean LVEF was 46 &#177; 16.5%. Spontaneous echo contrast and intracavitary thrombi were observed in the rLVEF group (19.3%), followed by mrLVEF (15.3%) and pLVEF (9.6%). Silent cerebral infarction was observed in 14.7% of the study population (45.5% lacunar and 54.5% territorial) and was detected more frequently in patients in the rLVEF group (29%), when compared to mrLVEF (15.4%, p = 0.005). There were no cases of silent cerebral infarction in the pLVEF group. In the univariate analysis, an association was identified between silent cerebral infarction and rLVEF (Odds Ratio - OR = 8.59, 95% of Confidence Interval - 95%CI: 1.71-43.27, p = 0.009) and pLVEF (OR = 0.05, 95%CI: 0.003-0.817, p = 0.003). There was no association with mrLVEF (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.20-5.65, p = 0.936). The association of silent cerebral infarction with diabetes mellitus (OR 4.28; 95%CI: 1.14-16.15; p = 0.031) was also identified.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison of clinical and echocardiographic parameters between the groups of patients with heart failure with and without silent cerebral infarction</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="40%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="15%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Parameters</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">Population n = 75</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Silent cerebral infarctions</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Yes (n = 11)</th>
              <th align="center">No (n = 64)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years)</td>
              <td align="center">61.8 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">62.5 &#177; 9.1</td>
              <td align="center">61.7 &#177; 10.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.817</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">42 (56)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (81.8)</td>
              <td align="center">33 (51.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.062</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">60 (80)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (72.7)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (81.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.514</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">20 (26.7)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (54.5)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (21.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.024</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic heart disease</td>
              <td align="center">47 (62.7)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (81.8)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (59.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.155</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Permanent AF</td>
              <td align="center">13 (17.3)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (15.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.346</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>NYHA class =</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">I</td>
              <td align="center">20 (26.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (28.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.491</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">II</td>
              <td align="center">41 (54.7)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (53.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.518</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">III</td>
              <td align="center">14 (18.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (18.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.964</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HF etiology</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Idiopathic</td>
              <td align="center">33 (44)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (27.3)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (46.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.226</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chagasic</td>
              <td align="center">27 (36)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (45.5)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (34.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.479</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ischemic</td>
              <td align="center">10 (13.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.609</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertensive</td>
              <td align="center">3 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.351</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Valvar</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1(6.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.676</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Rheumatic</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.676</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LVEF subgroups</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reduced (&#8804; 40%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (41.3)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (81.8)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (34.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mid-range (41-49%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (17.3)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (17.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.936</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Preserved (&#8805; 50%)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (41.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (48.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Echocardiographic data</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA diameter, mm</td>
              <td align="center">43.9 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">46.2 &#177; 10.6</td>
              <td align="center">42.9 &#177; 8.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.264</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV dilatation</td>
              <td align="center">31 (41.3)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (72.7)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (35.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.022</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Intracavitary thrombi/ spontaneous echo contrast</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intracavitary thrombi / spontaneous echogenic contrast in LA</td>
              <td align="center">9 (12.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.552</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intracavitary thrombi / spontaneous echo contrast in LAA</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.6)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.351</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Medications</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aspirin</td>
              <td align="center">41 (54.7)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (54.5)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (54.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.993</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Warfarin</td>
              <td align="center">13 (17.3)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (18.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.434</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NOAC</td>
              <td align="center">6 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (18.2)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.178</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Results expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or n (%).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Student&#8217;s t test for categorical variables and Pearson&#8217;s chi-square for continuous variables. AF: arterial fibrillation; NYHA: New York Heart Association; HF: heart failure; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; LAA: left atrial appendage; NOAC: new oral anticoagulants.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our study, patients with rLVEF had silent cerebral infarction in the territory region, and those with mrLVEF had silent cerebral infarction of the lacunar type. There was no silent cerebral infarction in patients with pLVEF. It was demonstrated that the lower the LVEF, the higher the prevalence of silent cerebral infarction. A previous study showed that reduced LVEF values are associated with patients with silent stroke (p = 0.030).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The prevalence of silent cerebral infarction in this study was considered small when compared to other studies of HF patients. In a study of 117 patients with HF evaluated for heart transplant, the prevalence of ischemic stroke was 34%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In the study by Kozdag et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> with 72 patients with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, the prevalence of silent cerebral infarction was 39%. However, it is worth mentioning that the high prevalence of silent infarctions in these studies was probably the result of increased HF severity in the studied populations.</p>
      <p>Another important finding was the association between diabetes mellitus and silent cerebral infarction. Chen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> found that abnormalities in early LV diastolic filling were commonly observed in diabetic patients, and the proposed mechanism includes, among other factors, microvascular disease, which may justify the data found in our study.</p>
      <p>In the case of patients with mrLVEF, silent cerebral infarctions were reported to be of the lacunar type, usually associated with cerebral small vessel disease, but eventually of embolic etiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A recent study clearly demonstrated that the clinical characteristics of mrLVEF are intermediate between pLVEF and rLVEF, or close to pLVEF or rLVEF, and suggest that mrLVEF is a transitional stage from pLVEF to rLVEF, or from rLVEF to pLVEF, rather than a distinct HF class.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> However, data are still limited regarding these patients.</p>
      <p>Patients in the LVEFp group did not show silent cerebral infarction, differently from a study on LVEF groups, in which the rates of stroke or transient ischemic attack were slightly higher in patients with pLVEF vs. patients with rLVEF and mrLVEF. It is worth mentioning that AF was more common in these patients with pLVEF, although the AF was associated with an increased risk of stroke or transient ischemic attack, regardless of LVEF status.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In patients with heart failure and without a clinical diagnosis of stroke, the reduced and mid-range left ventricular ejection fractions contributed to the occurrence of territorial and lacunar silent cerebral infarction, respectively. In cases of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, there was no prevalence of silent cerebral infarction; reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and diabetes mellitus were associated with embolic cerebral infarction, and the lower the left ventricular ejection fraction, the higher the prevalence of silent cerebral infarction. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of silent cerebral infarction in the left ventricular ejection fraction groups.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The study was carried out in a single center, with a small sample and there were no analyses of intra- and interobserver variability between the echocardiographists.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by M&#225;rcia Maria Carneiro Oliveira, from Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Haeusler KG, Laufs U, Endres M. Chronic heart failure and ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(10):2977-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haeusler</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laufs</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Endres</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic heart failure and ischemic stroke</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2977</fpage>
          <lpage>2982</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Zhu Y, Dufouil C, Tzourio C, Chabriat H,Tzourio C, Chabriat H. Silent brain infarcts : A Review of MRI Diagnostic Criteria. Stroke. 2011;42(4):1140-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dufouil</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tzourio</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chabriat</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tzourio</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chabriat</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Silent brain infarcts : A Review of MRI Diagnostic Criteria</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1140</fpage>
          <lpage>1145</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Kozdag G, Ciftci E, Vural A, Selekler M, Sahin T, Ural D, et al. Silent cerebral infarction in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: Echocardiographic correlates. Int J Cardiol. 2006;107(3):376-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kozdag</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ciftci</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vural</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selekler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahin</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ural</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Silent cerebral infarction in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: Echocardiographic correlates</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>376</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Hassell MEC, Nijveldt R, Roos YBW, Majoie CBL, Hamon M, Piek JJ, et al. Silent cerebral infarcts associated with cardiac disease and procedures. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10(12):696-706.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hassell</surname>
              <given-names>MEC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nijveldt</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roos</surname>
              <given-names>YBW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Majoie</surname>
              <given-names>CBL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piek</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Silent cerebral infarcts associated with cardiac disease and procedures</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>696</fpage>
          <lpage>706</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Scherbakov N, Haeusler KG, Doehner W. Ischemic stroke and heart failure: facts and numbers. ESC Heart Fail. 2015;2(1):1-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Scherbakov</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haeusler</surname>
              <given-names>KG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doehner</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ischemic stroke and heart failure: facts and numbers</article-title>
          <source>ESC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Kupczynska K, Kasprzak JD, Michalski B, Lipiec P. Prognostic significance of spontaneous echocardiographic contrast detected by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the era of harmonic imaging. Arch Med Sci. 2013;9(5):808-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kupczynska</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasprzak</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michalski</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lipiec</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic significance of spontaneous echocardiographic contrast detected by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in the era of harmonic imaging</article-title>
          <source>Arch Med Sci</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>808</fpage>
          <lpage>814</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Kim W, Kim EJ. Heart failure as a risk factor for stroke. J Stroke. 2018;20(1):33-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart failure as a risk factor for stroke</article-title>
          <source>J Stroke</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 McMurray JJ V, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Bohm M, Dickstein K, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart. Eur Heart J. 2012; 33(14):1787-847.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray JJ</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adamopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auricchio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bohm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dickstein</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1787</fpage>
          <lpage>1847</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of ESC Failure. Eur Heart J Fail. 2016;18(8):891-975.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voors</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of ESC Failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Fail</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>891</fpage>
          <lpage>975</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al., Recomendaciones para la Cuantificaci&#243;n de las Cavidades Card&#237;acas por Ecocardiograf&#237;a en Adultos: Actualizaci&#243;n de la Sociedad Americana de Ecocardiograf&#237;a y de la Asociaci&#243;n Europea de Imagen Cardiovascular. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1-39.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernande</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
            <collab>Recomendaciones para la Cuantificaci&#243;n de las Cavidades Card&#237;acas por Ecocardiograf&#237;a en Adultos: Actualizaci&#243;n de la Sociedad Americana de Ecocardiograf&#237;a y de la Asociaci&#243;n Europea de Imagen Cardiovascular</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>J Am Soc</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Lueneberg ME, Monaco CG, Ferreira LDC, Silva CES, Gil MA, Peixoto LB, et al. O Cora&#231;&#227;o como Fonte Embolig&#234;nica?: N&#227;o Basta Realizar Ecocardiograma Transesof&#225;gico. &#201; preciso ser bem feito. Rev Bras Ecocardiogr. 2003;16(2):1-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lueneberg</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monaco</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>LDC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gil</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peixoto</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>O Cora&#231;&#227;o como Fonte Embolig&#234;nica?: N&#227;o Basta Realizar Ecocardiograma Transesof&#225;gico. &#201; preciso ser bem feito</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ecocardiogr</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Kozdag G, Ciftci E, Ural D, Sahin T, Selekler M, Agacdiken A, et al. Silent cerebral infarction in chronic heart failure: Ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008; 4(2):463-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kozdag</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ciftci</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ural</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahin</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selekler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agacdiken</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Silent cerebral infarction in chronic heart failure: Ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Vasc Health Risk Manag</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>463</fpage>
          <lpage>469</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Siachos T, Vanbakel A, Feldman DS, Uber W, Simpson KN, Pereira NL. Silent strokes in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail. 2005;11(7):485-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siachos</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vanbakel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uber</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simpson</surname>
              <given-names>KN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>NL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Silent strokes in patients with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>485</fpage>
          <lpage>489</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Chen R, Ovbiagele B, Feng W, Carolina S, Carolina S. Diabetic and stroke epidemiology, pathophysiology, pharmaeuticals and outcomes. Am J Med. 2016;351(4):380-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ovbiagele</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carolina</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carolina</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetic and stroke epidemiology, pathophysiology, pharmaeuticals and outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>351</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>380</fpage>
          <lpage>386</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Ay H, Oliveira-filho J, Buonanno FS, Ezzeddine M, Schaefer PW, Rordorf G, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging identifies a subset of lacunar infarction associated with embolic source. Stroke. 1999; 30(12):2644-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ay</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira-filho</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buonanno</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezzeddine</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaefer</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rordorf</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diffusion-weighted imaging identifies a subset of lacunar infarction associated with embolic source</article-title>
          <source>Stroke</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2644</fpage>
          <lpage>2650</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Tsuji K, Sakata Y, Nochioka K, Miura M, Yamauchi T, Onose T, et al. Characterization of heart failure patients with mid-range left ventricular ejection fraction-a report from the CHART-2 Study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19(10):1258-69.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tsuji</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakata</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nochioka</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamauchi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Onose</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characterization of heart failure patients with mid-range left ventricular ejection fraction-a report from the CHART-2 Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1258</fpage>
          <lpage>1269</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Sartipy U, Dahlstr&#246;m U, Fu M, Lund LH. Atrial fibrillation in heart failure with preserved, mid-range, and reduced ejection fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2017;5(8):565-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sartipy</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahlstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lund</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial fibrillation in heart failure with preserved, mid-range, and reduced ejection fraction</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>565</fpage>
          <lpage>574</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infartos Cerebrais Silenciosos com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida, Intermedi&#225;ria e Preservada em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Maria Carneiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Elieusa e Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kawaoka</surname>
            <given-names>Jun Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hatem</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Am&#233;lia Bulh&#245;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo Jos&#233; Nassri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Maur&#237;cio Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jamary</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos (HUPES) - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Ana Nery - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Ambulat&#243;rio de Cardiomiopatias e Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcia Maria Carneiro Oliveira</bold>, Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Rua Dr. Augusto Viana, S/N. CEP 40110-060, Canela, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>marcia.carneiro@ufba.br</email>, <email>marcianinhas@yahoo.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oliveira MMC, Hatem MAB, C&#226;mara EJN, Fernandes AMS, Oliveira J&#250;nior J, Aras R; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira MMC, Sampaio ES, Kawaoka JR, Hatem MAB, C&#226;mara EJN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira MMC, Sampaio ES, Kawaoka JR, Hatem MAB, C&#226;mara EJN, Fernandes AMS, Oliveira J&#250;nior J, Aras R; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira MMC, Sampaio ES, Oliveira J&#250;nior J; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira MMC, Sampaio ES, Kawaoka JR, Hatem MAB, C&#226;mara EJN, Fernandes AMS, Oliveira J&#250;nior J, Aras R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca predisp&#245;e a um risco aumentado de infarto cerebral silencioso, e dados relacionados com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ainda s&#227;o limitados. Nosso objetivo foi descrever as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, e os fatores associados com infarto cerebral silencioso, em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de acordo com os grupos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Realizou-se uma coorte prospectiva, em um hospital refer&#234;ncia em Cardiologia, entre dezembro de 2015 e julho de 2017. Os grupos da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram: reduzida (&#8804; 40%), intermedi&#225;ria (41-49%) e preservada (&#8805; 50%). Todos os pacientes realizaram tomografia de cr&#226;nio, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico. Foram estudados 75 pacientes. Infarto cerebral silencioso foi observado em 14,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (45,5% lacunar e 54,5% territorial), tendo sido mais frequente nos pacientes do grupo de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida (29%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a intermedi&#225;ria (15,4%; p = 0,005). N&#227;o ocorreram casos de infarto cerebral silencioso no grupo de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada. Na an&#225;lise univariada, identificou-se associa&#231;&#227;o de infarto cerebral silencioso com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida (OR = 8,59; IC95% 1,71- 43,27; p = 0,009), preservada (OR = 0,05; IC95% 0,003-0,817; p = 0,003) e diabetes melito (OR = 4,28; IC95% 1,14-16,15; p = 0,031). Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e sem diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de acidente vascular cerebral, as fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida e intermedi&#225;ria contribu&#237;ram para ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto cerebral silencioso territoriais e lacunares, respectivamente. Quanto menor foi a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, maior a preval&#234;ncia de infarto cerebral silencioso.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) predisp&#245;e a um risco aumentado de anormalidades cerebrais, dentre elas o infarto cerebral silencioso, que &#233; definido pela presen&#231;a de infartos no par&#234;nquima encef&#225;lico (territorial ou lacunar) verificados por meio de m&#233;todos de imagem, sem epis&#243;dio pr&#233;vio de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) documentado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco independentes associados ao AVC silencioso na IC geralmente s&#227;o devido ao comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, aos padr&#245;es restritivos de enchimento diast&#243;lico na ecocardiografia, ao contraste ecog&#234;nico espont&#226;neo do &#193;trio Esquerdo (AE) e por les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas complexas ou calcificadas na aorta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O AVC isqu&#234;mico &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o comum na IC, independentemente da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada (FEVEp) ou FEVE reduzida (FEVEr).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A FEVE prediz risco de infartos cerebrais, sobretudo com FEVEr. Acredita-se que a redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo pode favorecer a forma&#231;&#227;o de contraste ecog&#234;nico espont&#226;neo, trombos intracavit&#225;rios e consequentes eventos cardioemb&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, os dados que explicam o mecanismo do AVC na IC em pacientes com FEVEp ainda s&#227;o limitados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e dados relacionados ao AVC e &#224; FEVE intermedi&#225;ria s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e os fatores associados com infarto cerebral silencioso em pacientes com IC de acordo com os grupos de FEVE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de uma coorte prospectiva, realizada em hospital de refer&#234;ncia no atendimento a pacientes de IC no munic&#237;pio de Salvador (BA), entre dezembro de 2015 e julho de 2017. O diagn&#243;stico de IC foi realizado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> (ESC),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> com os pacientes que tinham sinais e sintomas de IC, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural relevante (&#237;ndice de massa corporal do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo - VE &#8805; 115 g em homens e &#8805; 95 g em mulheres, ou dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda &#8805; 40 mm) e ou anormalidade diast&#243;lica (rela&#231;&#227;o E/A &lt; 0,75 ou &#8805; 1,5, ou tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E &lt; 140 ms). Os grupos da FEVE foram caracterizados da seguinte forma: FEVEr (&#8804; 40%), FEVE Intermedi&#225;ria (FEVEi; 41-49%) e FEVEp (&#8805; 50%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O diagn&#243;stico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) foi baseado nas informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis no prontu&#225;rio e no eletrocardiograma.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da tomografia de cr&#226;nio</title>
          <p>A tomografia de cr&#226;nio foi realizada em todos os pacientes para identifica&#231;&#227;o de infartos no par&#234;nquima encef&#225;lico (territorial ou lacunar). Os laudos foram analisados por um neurologista, cego para os dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes. Esses exames foram realizados em aparelho da Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, 1385 (Shimo Ishigami, Otawara-Shi, Tochigi, Jap&#227;o).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e transesof&#225;gico</title>
          <p>Os exames foram realizados por dois m&#233;dicos ecocardiografistas experientes, conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Foi utilizado equipamento comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (Philips IE33, Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, Estados Unidos), equipado com transdutor de 5 MHZ com sonda transesof&#225;gica multiplanar. Posteriormente, as imagens foram gravadas em <italic>pen drive</italic> e revisadas por um m&#233;dico ecocardiografista.</p>
          <p>As medidas analisadas pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) foram: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE, di&#226;metro anteroposterior do AE, di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta, espessura do septo interventricular e da parede posterior. Essas an&#225;lises foram obtidas nos planos paraesternal eixo curto e paraesternal eixo longo, utilizando-se o modo M. O c&#225;lculo da FEVE se deu pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson biplanar modificado do VE.</p>
          <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o das imagens do ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE), o paciente foi colocado em uma posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, e o bra&#231;o esquerdo foi estendido sobre a cabe&#231;a. Os exames foram realizados sob anestesia t&#243;pica com xiloca&#237;na <italic>spray</italic> a 10% e sob seda&#231;&#227;o endovenosa. Foi verificada a presen&#231;a de contraste ecog&#234;nico espont&#226;neo e de trombos intracavit&#225;rios. O trombo intracavit&#225;rio foi definido como uma massa ecodensa intracard&#237;aca, e o contraste ecog&#234;nico espont&#226;neo foi diferenciado pelo seu movimento em redemoinho t&#237;pico, lembrando fuma&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados coletados foram processados pelo <italic>Statistic Program for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 21.0. Para an&#225;lise dos dados, foi utilizada a estat&#237;stica descritiva (propor&#231;&#245;es e medidas de tend&#234;ncia central), m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. No teste de normalidade, foi utilizado Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As m&#233;dias e propor&#231;&#245;es foram avaliadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, conforme a distribui&#231;&#227;o da vari&#225;vel. Aplicou-se o teste do qui quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher para medidas de associa&#231;&#227;o. Os valores foram considerados estatisticamente significantes quando p &#8804; 0,05 e intervalo de confian&#231;a &#8805; 95%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram estudados 75 pacientes. As compara&#231;&#245;es dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 1</xref>. A m&#233;dia da FEVE foi 46 &#177; 16,5%. Observaram-se contraste ecog&#234;nico espont&#226;neo e trombos intracavit&#225;rios no grupo de FEVEr (19,3%), seguido do de FEVEi (15,3%) e do de FEVEp (9,6%). O infarto cerebral silencioso foi observado em 14,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (45,5% lacunar e 54,5% territorial), tendo sido detectado com maior frequ&#234;ncia nos pacientes do grupo de FEVEr (29%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a FEVEi (15,4%; p = 0,005). N&#227;o ocorreram casos de infarto cerebral silencioso no grupo de FEVEp. Na an&#225;lise univariada, identificou-se associa&#231;&#227;o de infarto cerebral silencioso com FEVEr (<italic>Odds Ratio</italic> - OR = 8,59; Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% - IC95% 1,71-43,27; p = 0,009) e FEVEp (OR = 0,05; IC95% 0,003-0,817; p = 0,003). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o com FEVEi (OR = 1,07; IC95% 0,20-5,65; p = 0,936). Identificou-se tamb&#233;m a associa&#231;&#227;o de infarto cerebral silencioso com diabetes melito (OR 4,28; IC95% 1,14-16,15; p = 0,031).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos entre os grupos de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com e sem infarto cerebral silencioso</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="15%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o n = 75</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Infartos cerebrais silenciosos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04">*</xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Sim (n = 11)</th>
                <th align="center">N&#227;o (n = 64)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos)</td>
                <td align="center">61,8 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">62,5 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">61,7 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,817</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">42 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (81,8)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (51,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">60 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (72,7)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (81,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,514</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">20 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (21,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">47 (62,7)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (81,8)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (59,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA permanente</td>
                <td align="center">13 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,346</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classe NYHA=</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">I</td>
                <td align="center">20 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (28,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,491</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">II</td>
                <td align="center">41 (54,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (53,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,518</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">III</td>
                <td align="center">14 (18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,964</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Etiologia da IC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">33 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (46,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,226</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Chag&#225;sica</td>
                <td align="center">27 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (34,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">10 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,609</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Valvar</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1(6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reum&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Subgrupos de FEVE</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reduzida (&#8804; 40%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (41,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (81,8)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (34,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intermedi&#225;ria (41-49%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (17,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,936</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Preservada (&#8805; 50%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (41,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (48,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro AE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">43,9 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">46,2 &#177; 10,6</td>
                <td align="center">42,9 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,264</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE</td>
                <td align="center">31 (41,3)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (72,7)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (35,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Trombos intracavit&#225;rios/contraste ecog&#234;nico espont&#226;neo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trombos intracavit&#225;rios/contraste ecog&#234;nico espont&#226;neo em AE</td>
                <td align="center">9 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,552</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trombos intracavit&#225;rios/contraste ecog&#234;nico espont&#226;neo em AAE</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,351</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aspirina</td>
                <td align="center">41 (54,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (54,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,993</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Varfarina</td>
                <td align="center">13 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (18,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,434</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NACO</td>
                <td align="center">6 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (18,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,178</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>Resultados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste t de Student para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e qui-quadrado de Pearson para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o arterial; NYHA: New York Heart Association; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AAE: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; NACO: novos anticoagulantes orais.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, os pacientes com FEVEr tiveram infarto cerebral silencioso em regi&#227;o territorial, e aqueles com FEVEi tiveram infarto cerebral silencioso do tipo lacunar. N&#227;o houve infarto cerebral silencioso em pacientes com FEVEp. Evidenciou-se que quanto menor a FEVE, maior a preval&#234;ncia de infarto cerebral silencioso. Estudo pr&#233;vio demonstrou que valores reduzidos de FEVE est&#227;o associados a pacientes com AVC silencioso (p = 0,030).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia do infarto cerebral silencioso neste estudo foi considerada pequena, se comparada a de outros estudos com pacientes com IC. Em estudo com 117 pacientes com IC avaliados para transplante card&#237;aco, a preval&#234;ncia de AVC isqu&#234;mico foi de 34%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> No estudo de Kozdag et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> com 72 pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada isqu&#234;mica, a preval&#234;ncia de infarto cerebral silencioso foi de 39%. Entretanto, vale ressaltar que a alta preval&#234;ncia de infartos silenciosos nestes estudos foi provavelmente o resultado do aumento da gravidade da IC nas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas.</p>
        <p> Outro achado importante foi a associa&#231;&#227;o do diabetes melito com infarto cerebral silencioso. Chen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> identificaram que anormalidades no enchimento diast&#243;lico precoce do VE s&#227;o comumente observadas nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos, e o mecanismo proposto inclui, dentre outros fatores, a doen&#231;a microvascular, o que pode justificar os dados encontrados em nosso estudo.</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes com FEVEi foi prevalente o infarto cerebral silencioso lacunar, geralmente associado &#224; doen&#231;a cerebral de pequenos vasos, mas eventualmente de etiologia emb&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Em recente estudo, demonstrou-se claramente que as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da FEVEi s&#227;o intermedi&#225;rias entre FEVEp e FEVEr, ou perto da FEVEp ou da FEVEr, e sugerem que FEVEi &#233; um est&#225;gio de transi&#231;&#227;o da FEVEp para FEVEr, ou da FEVEr para FEVEp, ao inv&#233;s de uma classe distinta da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> No entanto, os dados ainda s&#227;o limitados a respeito destes pacientes.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes do grupo de FEVEp n&#227;o apresentaram infarto cerebral silencioso, ao contr&#225;rio de um estudo sobre grupos de FEVE, no qual as taxas de AVC ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio foram ligeiramente maiores em pacientes com FEVEp vs. pacientes com FEVEr e FEVEi. Vale mencionar que a FA foi mais comum nestes pacientes com FEVEp, embora a FA estivesse associada ao aumento do risco de AVC ou acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, independentemente da FEVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e sem diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de acidente vascular cerebral, as fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida e intermedi&#225;ria contribu&#237;ram para a ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto cerebral silencioso territorial e lacunar, respectivamente. Na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada, n&#227;o houve preval&#234;ncia de infarto cerebral silencioso; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzida e diabetes melito foram associados com infarto cerebral emb&#243;lico e, quanto menor a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, maior a preval&#234;ncia de infarto cerebral silencioso. Novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar os mecanismos de infarto cerebral silencioso nos grupos de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O estudo foi unic&#234;ntrico, com amostra pequena e n&#227;o foram realizadas an&#225;lises de variabilidade intra e interobservador entre os m&#233;dicos ecocardiografistas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de M&#225;rcia Maria Carneiro Oliveira pela Universidade Federal da Bahia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
