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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MBD3VnK4wWtYcYn6dYVyhTr</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500417</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180176</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anger and Cardiovascular Disease: An Old and Complicated Relationship</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE-UPE), Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Cardiol&#243;gico Ov&#237;dio Montenegro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Cardiol&#243;gico Ov&#237;dio Montenegro (CECOM), Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Real Hospital de Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Real Hospital de Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Eduardo Montenegro</bold>, Av. Agamenom Magalh&#227;es, 4318. Postal Code 52010-902, Empresarial Renato Dias, 9&#186; andar, recife, PE - Brazil. E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@cardiol.br</email>, <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>417</fpage>
      <lpage>418</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Anger/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress,Psychological</kwd>
        <kwd>Depression</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Anxiety Disorders</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Negative feelings have long been related to health problems. Buddhism, for example, refers to anger as one of the three "poisons of the mind" (greed, anger and madness).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> In the first edition of <italic>Circulation</italic>, there was already an article suggesting the association between stress and cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In the last decades, several studies have tried to correlate psychosocial factors, such as anger, anxiety, depression and stress, with coronary artery disease (CAD), demonstrating the increase in the incidence of CAD in patients with a higher incidence of these psychic conditions, for example, with a marked increase in events of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) between 2008 and 2009, in the United States, when there was a stock market crash.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> This relationship tends to be significantly more important in women, since factors such as low socioeconomic status and double working hours (conciliation of employment with maternity), among other factors, are more common in the female population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> More recently, a longitudinal study of cohort was able to demonstrate the association between the activity of the cerebral amygdala (area involved with the emotions) and the increased risk of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>An important problem in studies that attempt to objectively demonstrate the relationship between anger and CAD is the difficulty of objectively measuring emotions, including anger. The study published in this edition of the Brazilian Articles of Cardiology by Schmidt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> measures the female patients' anger analyzed through the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory of Spielberger (STAXI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This score is validated in Brazil for the analysis of anger, being even recommended by the Federal Council of Psychology, and certainly underused in our settings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Dimsdale, in 2008, in his brilliant work on the state of the art of the relationship between psychological stress and cardiovascular disease explains that "anyone who starts reading the papers that analyze this association immediately notes that part of the problem is that the term stress is used in a variety of ways," so that any student who wants to deepen into this area has to be careful about the nuances that involve this subject.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The study by Schmidt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> also shows that, as important as demonstrating the value of anger as a risk factor for the presence of CAD, it is evident that anger management may also play a role, as the study shows that women who have shown less control of anger had a tendency to the presence of CAD on the coronary angiography. However, this issue remains controversial. A systematic review of 36 studies, including 12,841 patients, of which 18 trials evaluated anger control, showed that there is no decrease in cardiovascular death, or need for new revascularizations, when psychotherapeutic strategies are implemented for patients with anger, anxiety or depression. There was a trend towards a decrease in nonfatal AMI in the intervention group, but the 2 largest trials involved in this review were null for this outcome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In summary, we still need more and better evidence to assess whether this millenarian relationship between anger and CAD is a modifiable risk factor or not, and whether we can intervene in these patients. Schmidt's study has great value because it is one of the few that have made gender differentiation, which is very important in the analysis of the risk factors for CAD. In addition, the fact that it involves only women makes it more valuable, since it is a population that is often "forgotten" in prospective studies. In addition, prospective analyzes in this regard are always welcome to improve the quality of the data we have so far on this very relevant topic.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Raiva e Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular: Uma Rela&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o Antiga quanto Complicada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo Lucena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE-UPE), Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Cardiol&#243;gico Ov&#237;dio Montenegro (CECOM), Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Real Hospital de Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Eduardo Montenegro</bold>, Av. Agamenom Magalh&#227;es, 4318. CEP 52010-902, Empresarial Renato Dias, 9&#186; andar, recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>ce_montenegro@cardiol.br</email>, <email>ce_montenegro@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ira/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Psicol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Depress&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos de Ansiedade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>H&#225; muitos anos relacionam-se os sentimentos negativos com malef&#237;cios &#224; sa&#250;de. O budismo, por exemplo, refere-se &#224; raiva como um dos tr&#234;s "venenos da mente" (gan&#226;ncia, raiva e loucura).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Na primeira edi&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Circulation,</italic> j&#225; havia um artigo sugerindo a associa&#231;&#227;o entre estresse e doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, v&#225;rios estudos tentaram correlacionar fatores psicossociais como raiva, ansiedade, depress&#227;o e estresse com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), demonstrando o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de DAC em pacientes com maior incid&#234;ncia desses quadros ps&#237;quicos, por exemplo, com um marcado aumento de eventos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) entre 2008 e 2009, nos Estados Unidos, quando houve a queda da bolsa de valores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Esta rela&#231;&#227;o tende a ser significativamente mais importante em mulheres, visto que fatores como baixo status socioecon&#244;mico e dupla jornada de trabalho (concilia&#231;&#227;o de emprego com maternidade), entre outros fatores, s&#227;o mais comuns na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Mais recentemente, um estudo longitudinal de coorte conseguiu demonstrar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre atividade da am&#237;dala cerebral (&#225;rea envolvida com as emo&#231;&#245;es) e o aumento de risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Um problema importante dos estudos que tentam demonstrar objetivamente a rela&#231;&#227;o entre raiva e DAC &#233; a dificuldade de se mensurar objetivamente as emo&#231;&#245;es, incluindo a raiva. O estudo publicado nessa edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Artigos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> de Schmidt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> mensura a raiva das pacientes analisada por meio do Invent&#225;rio de Express&#227;o de Raiva como estado e tra&#231;o de Spielberger (STAXI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Este escore &#233; validado no Brasil para an&#225;lise da raiva, sendo inclusive recomendado pelo Conselho Federal de Psicologia, e certamente subutilizado em nosso meio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dimsdale, em 2008, em seu brilhante trabalho sobre o estado da arte da rela&#231;&#227;o entre estresse psicol&#243;gico e doen&#231;a cardiovascular, explica que "qualquer pessoa que comece a ler os trabalhos que analisam esta associa&#231;&#227;o imediatamente nota que parte do problema &#233; que o termo estresse &#233; usado das mais variadas formas", fazendo com que qualquer estudioso que queira se aprofundar nessa &#225;rea tenha que ter cuidado com as nuances que envolvem esse assunto.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>O estudo de Schmidt et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> tamb&#233;m nos mostra que, t&#227;o importante quanto demonstrar o valor da raiva como fator de risco para a presen&#231;a de DAC, &#233; evidenciar que o controle da raiva pode tamb&#233;m ter o seu papel, visto que o estudo aponta que mulheres que demonstraram menor controle da raiva tiveram uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC na angiografia coronariana. Por&#233;m, esse assunto permanece controverso. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 36 estudos, incluindo 12.841 pacientes, sendo destes 18 trials que avaliaram o controle da raiva, mostrou que n&#227;o h&#225; diminui&#231;&#227;o de morte cardiovascular, nem de necessidade de novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, quando se implementam estrat&#233;gias psicoter&#225;picas para pacientes com raiva, ansiedade ou depress&#227;o. Houve uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o de IAM n&#227;o fatal no grupo da interven&#231;&#227;o, mas os 2 maiores trials envolvidos nessa revis&#227;o foram nulos para esse desfecho.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em resumo, ainda precisamos de mais e melhores evid&#234;ncias para avaliar se essa milenar rela&#231;&#227;o entre raiva e DAC &#233; um fator de risco modific&#225;vel ou n&#227;o, e se podemos intervir nesses pacientes. O estudo de Schmidt tem grande valor por ser um dos poucos que fizeram a diferencia&#231;&#227;o por g&#234;nero, que &#233; muito importante na an&#225;lise dos fatores de risco para DAC. A de g&#234;nero . E o fato de envolver apenas mulheres o torna mais valoroso, visto que &#233; uma popula&#231;&#227;o frequentemente "esquecida" em estudos prospectivos. Al&#233;m disso, an&#225;lises prospectivas a esse respeito s&#227;o sempre bem-vindas para melhorar a qualidade dos dados que temos at&#233; o momento sobre esse tema t&#227;o relevante.</p>
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