<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">YZNfrxDF5xZJBMdsJ3dWJyq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500410</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005013104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180165</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anger and Coronary Artery Disease in Women Submitted to Coronary Angiography: A 48-Month Follow-Up</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Karine Elisa Schwarzer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Schaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Regis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottschall</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Antonio Mascia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Porto Alegre</city>
            <state>RS</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#225;rcia Moura Schmidt,</bold> Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370. Postal Code 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>mmoura.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>, <email>mouramarcia050@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Moura MR, Gottschall CAM, Schmidt MM; Acquisition of data: Schmidt KES, Schmidt MM; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Schmidt KES, Quadros AS, Moura MR, Gottschall CAM, Schmidt MM; Statistical analysis: Schmidt MM; Writing of the manuscript: Schmidt KES, Quadros AS, Schmidt MM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Quadros AS, Moura MR, Gottschall CAM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>09</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>410</fpage>
      <lpage>416</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Anger control was significantly lower in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), regardless of traditionally known risk factors, occurrence of prior events or other anger aspects in a previous study of our research group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the association between anger and CAD, its clinical course and predictors of low anger control in women submitted to coronary angiography.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a cohort prospective study. Anger was assessed by use of Spielberger&#8217;s State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Women were consecutively scheduled to undergo coronary angiography, considering CAD definition as &#8805; 50% stenosis of one epicardial coronary artery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>During the study, 255 women were included, being divided into two groups according to their anger control average (26.99). Those with anger control below average were younger and had a family history of CAD. Patients were followed up for 48 months to verify the occurrence of major cardiovascular events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Women with CAD undergoing coronary angiography had lower anger control, which was associated with age and CAD family history. On clinical follow-up, event-free survival did not significantly differ between patients with anger control above or below average.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Anger</kwd>
        <kwd>STAXI</kwd>
        <kwd>Personality Inventory</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality of women in several countries, such as USA and Brazil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> There are more deaths from CVD (41.3%) than from the next seven causes of death combined, and the risk of dying from CVD is six-fold greater than that from breast cancer, the major concern among women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> There are sex-specific differences regarding CVD presentation, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes; however, as observed by Shivpuri S. et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, in a meta-analysis only 5 of 21 studies provided information specific to the female sex, and only a few reported sex-specific differences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recent data have shown a significant increase in the incidence of cardiovascular disease and deaths among women aged 45 to 54 years, in contrast to the declining trend observed in Brazil and worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> According to the American Heart Association, women show a worse risk factor profile and higher mortality among the youngsters as compared to the elderly, in addition to high in-hospital, early and late mortality rates as compared to men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> There is growing evidence that psychological factors and emotional stress, such as anger and hostility, can interfere with health behaviors and influence the onset and clinical course of ischemic heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> At the biological level, the expression of anger can lead to a chronic increase in the levels of catecholamines, evoking an inflammatory response, increasing interleukin-6 levels,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> leading to the progression of atherosclerosis, and, eventually, to the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a previous study, we have reported a significantly lower control of anger in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), independently of the traditional risk factors, the occurrence of previous events or other aspects of anger.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>This study aimed at assessing the association between anger and CAD, its clinical course and predictors of low anger control in women undergoing cine coronary angiography.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patients</title>
        <p>This is a prospective cohort study. All women scheduled for elective coronary angiography because of suspected CAD during the study period were consecutively assessed. This study included women aged 18 years and older, who provided written informed consent to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria were: indication for catheterization for valvular heart disease; congenital heart disease; severe diseases with life expectancy &lt;6 months; severe aortic stenosis; and ejection fraction &lt;30%. The project was submitted to the Ethics Committee in Research of the institution and was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Resolution 466/12 of the National Council of Health.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coronary angiography</title>
        <p>Coronary angiography was performed according to the Judkins technique, all analyses were performed in at least two views, and the severity of the coronary obstructions was assessed by use of a digital calibration system previously validated (Siemens AxiomArtis - Munich, German). Prior to the measurements, intracoronary nitroglycerin was administered routinely at the dose of 100-200 &#181;g. Coronary artery disease was defined as &#8805; 50% stenosis of at least one major epicardial artery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Assessment of anger</title>
        <p>Anger is an emotional state that consists of feelings that vary in intensity from mild irritation or annoyance to intense fury and rage, and changes over time spams depending on what is perceived as injustice or frustration.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Anger assessment was performed by use of Spielberger&#8217;s State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> a tool translated to several languages, validated in Brazil and recommended by the Federal Council of Psychology. It comprises 40 statements about the intensity of anger, how patients usually feel and how often they experience anger. Each item is rated on a four-point Likert-type scale, scored as follows: 1 for &#8220;rarely&#8221;; 2 for &#8220;sometimes&#8221;; 3 for &#8220;often&#8221;; and 4 for &#8220;almost always&#8221;. The test is subdivided into subscales: state anger, trait anger (temperament and reaction) and anger expression (anger expression-in, anger expression-out, and anger control). Trait anger is defined as a predisposition to experiencing anger, indicating lasting personality trends. It is assessed by use of questions such as: &#8220;I get angry easily&#8221;, &#8220;I get angry when my good work is not recognized&#8221;. Anger expression provides an assessment of how anger is experienced: suppression, expression or control. (Examples: &#8220;I keep things to myself&#8221;, &#8220;I do things such as slam the door&#8221;, &#8220;I boil inside, but I do not show&#8221;). As state anger assesses the amount of anger that is experienced at a particular time, that subscale was not used in the sample of in-hospital patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics at the beginning of the study</title>
        <p>The clinical and socioeconomic characteristics, risk factors for CAD, previous medical history, clinical presentation of CAD and history of psychological diagnosis were assessed and included in a dedicated database. Hypertension was defined as previous diagnosis of the condition or use of anti-hypertensives. Dyslipidemia was considered present in those previously diagnosed with the condition or on lipid-lowering drugs. Diabetes mellitus was defined as the previous use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs, or the presence of documented fasting blood sugar &gt; 126 mg/dL on two occasions. Previous history of depression was defined as the occurrence of at least one major depressive episode that required treatment with antidepressants.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Outcomes</title>
        <p>The outcome primary cardiovascular event was a combination of cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), myocardial revascularization or hospitalization due to angina. Cardiovascular death was defined as any death due to immediate cardiac causes (AMI, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmia), or death of unknown cause. Acute myocardial infarction was considered in the presence of: 1) increase and/or gradual decrease in cardiac biomarkers (preferably troponin) with at least one measure over the 99th percentile and at least one of the following criteria: 1) chest pain &gt; 10 minutes or new ST-T changes or new left bundle-branch block; or 2) development of pathological Q waves (duration &#8805; 0.03 seconds; depth &#8805;1 mm) in at least two contiguous precordial leads or at least two leads of adjacent limbs; or 3) evidence of viable myocardial loss or new regional wall motion abnormality on any imaging test. Myocardial revascularization comprised primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCIp) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) occurring after entrance into the study. Hospitalization due to angina was defined as hospital length of stay longer than 24 hours to assess or treat cardiac chest pain, with neither AMI nor need for myocardial revascularization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Follow-up</title>
        <p>The participants were followed up for 48 months by use of visits and telephone contacts, to assess the occurrence of major cardiovascular events (MCVE), defined as cardiovascular death, AMI, myocardial revascularization (CABG or PCI) and hospitalization due to angina &gt; 24 hours.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis and justification of the sample size</title>
        <p>The sample size was calculated with power of 80, alpha of 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. At least 250 individuals were necessary to detect a relative risk of 1.60,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> considering the 30% incidence of MCVE in the total group of women. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, while categorical variables, as absolute number and percentage. The characteristics of the patients with CAD were compared to those of patients without CAD, using Student <italic>t</italic> test for independent samples for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. The women were divided into two groups according to their scores being above or below average range (26.99). Their demographic characteristics, risk factors, previous history and STAXI scores were compared by use of Student <italic>t</italic> test or chi-square test. Cronbach&#8217;s alpha was used to assess the internal consistency of the STAXI subscales. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the distribution of the scores. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the variables associated with CAD on baseline angiography and control of anger. The Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test were used to compare event-free survival between patients with anger control scores above and below the sample&#8217;s average range. For all tests, a p value <italic>&lt;</italic> 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All data were recorded in an Excel database for analysis with the SPSS program, version 24.0 for Windows.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>From November 29, 2009, to february 3, 2010, 255 participants were included. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the results according to the presence of CAD, clinical history and different STAXI subscales. The patients with CAD most frequently had previous cardiac procedures (CABG and PCIp) and a lower mean level of anger control than patients without CAD, who most often were married as compared to the former. Other risk factors, previous medical history and anger subscales showed no significant differences. The multiple logistic regression analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) identified a relationship between CAD and low anger control, previous CABG or PCI, and marital status.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical characteristics, medical history and STAXI scales according to the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="30%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">CAD n = 115 (45.1%)</th>
              <th align="center">No CAD n = 140 (54.9%)</th>
              <th align="center">Total: 255 p<sup>*</sup></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years), mean &#177; SD </td>
              <td align="center">61.0 &#177; 10.5</td>
              <td align="center">60.5 &#177; 9.7 </td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">97 (85.1)</td>
              <td align="center">111 (79.9) </td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Married, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">50 (43.5)</td>
              <td align="center">81 (57.9) </td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Schooling, years </td>
              <td align="center">6.2 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">5.9 &#177;4.4 </td>
              <td align="center">0.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current job, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">26 (22.6)</td>
              <td align="center">28 (20.0) </td>
              <td align="center">0.61</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Living alone, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">28 (24.3)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (22.9) </td>
              <td align="center">0.78</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Risk factors</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">102 (88.7)</td>
              <td align="center">120 (85.7) </td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">41 (35.7)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (27.9) </td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center"><italic>7</italic>1 (61.7)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (52.1) </td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">28 (24.3)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (16.4) </td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (38.3)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (37.1) </td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Depression, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">38 (33.0)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (39.3) </td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 5.3</td>
              <td align="center">28.4 &#177; 6.0 </td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Previous medical history</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous AMI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (26.1)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (19.3) </td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PCI, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">19 (16.5)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (7.9) </td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CABG, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">9 (7.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>STAXI subscales</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Trait of anger (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">20.0 &#177; 7.9</td>
              <td align="center">20.7 &#177; 8.5 </td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angry temperament (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 4.0 </td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angry reaction (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 4.2 </td>
              <td align="center">0.20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anger expression-In (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">16.03 &#177; 4.26</td>
              <td align="center">16.6 &#177; 5.2 </td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anger expression-Out (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 4.6</td>
              <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 4.0 </td>
              <td align="center">0.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Control of anger (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">26.2 &#177; 5.00</td>
              <td align="center">27.7 &#177; 3.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anger expression (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">19.0 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center">17.8 &#177; 9.0 </td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>SD: standard deviation; p<sup>*</sup> - p&#8804; 0.05, Student t test or chi-square test; DM: diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Relationship between coronary artery disease and baseline characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Beta Coefficient</th>
              <th align="center">95% CI for Beta Coefficient</th>
              <th align="center">Total: 255 p <sup>*</sup></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Low control of anger</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.03 &#8211; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Married </td>
              <td align="center">- 0.12</td>
              <td align="center">- 0.24 &#8211; - 0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PCI </td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
              <td align="center">0.04 &#8211; 0.40</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CABG </td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
              <td align="center">0.26 &#8211; 0.90</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <p>p <sup>*</sup> - p &#8804; 0.05, Wald test; CI: confidence interval; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The patients were followed up for 48 [39-49] months to assess the occurrence of MCVE. From the initial sample of 255 patients, 10 women (3.9%) could not be reached, leaving 245 to participate in this study, 89 with anger control below the average range, and 156, over the average range. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the baseline characteristics of the patients regarding anger control, with 36.3% of the women with anger control below the average range and 63.7%, over the average range. Those with anger control below the average range were younger (58.1 &#177; 8.9 vs 62.2 &#177; 10.9, p &lt; 0.001) and had a higher prevalence of family history of CAD (53.9% vs 29.5%, p &lt; 0.001) than those whose control of anger was above the average range. Other characteristics, such as weight, diabetes, previous coronary events (AMI, PCI, CABG) and other risk factors did not differ between the two groups. However, the patients with anger control below the average range had a tendency towards lower prevalence of hypertension (p = 0.09) and previous CABG (p = 0.11). On logistic regression (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), only age and the family history of CAD were predictors of poor anger control. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows no significant difference in event-free survival in patients with anger control below and above 27 points (p = 0.62).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients&#8217; clinical characteristics, medical history and STAXI scales according to anger control in a 48-month follow-up</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Control of anger below average<break/>n = 89</th>
              <th align="center">Control of anger above average<break/>n = 156</th>
              <th align="center">Total: 245 p <sup>*</sup></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">58.1 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">62.2 &#177; 10.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">71 (79.8)</td>
              <td align="center">128 (83.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Married, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">48 (53.9)</td>
              <td align="center">79 (50.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.62</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Schooling, years </td>
              <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.97</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Current job, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">20 (22.5)</td>
              <td align="center">31 (19.9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Living alone, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">20.2 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (24.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Risk factors</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (82.0)</td>
              <td align="center">140 (89.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">33 (37.1)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (28.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">49 (55.1)</td>
              <td align="center">92 (59.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">15 (16.9)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (21.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (53.9)</td>
              <td align="center">46 (29.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Depression, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">35 (39.3)</td>
              <td align="center">55 (35.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.53</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">28.4 &#177; 5.4</td>
              <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 5.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Previous medical history</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous AMI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (24.7)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (21.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PCI, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">8 (9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (14.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CABG, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (5.1)</td>
              <td align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>STAXI subscales</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Trait of anger (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">23.67 &#177; 8.25</td>
              <td align="center">18.52 &#177; 7.53</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angry temperament (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">10.20 &#177; 4.05</td>
              <td align="center">7.51 &#177; 3.74</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Angry reaction (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">9.19 &#177; 4.04</td>
              <td align="center">7.81 &#177; 3.70</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anger expression-In (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">16.85 &#177; 5.08</td>
              <td align="center">16.06 &#177; 4.65</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anger expression-Out (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">15.07 &#177; 4.97</td>
              <td align="center">11.81 &#177; 3.31</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Control of anger (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">22.19 &#177; 3.66</td>
              <td align="center">29.67 &#177; 1.72</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Anger expression (points), mean &#177; SD</td>
              <td align="center">25.73 &#177; 9.79</td>
              <td align="center">14.21 &#177; 6.74</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <p>p<sup>*</sup> - p &#8804; 0.05, Student t test or chi-square test; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association between control of anger and baseline characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Beta Coefficient</th>
              <th align="center">95% CI for Beta Coefficient</th>
              <th align="center">p<sup>*</sup></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.002 - 0.013</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Family history of CAD</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
              <td align="center">0.100 - 0.340</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">0.007</td>
              <td align="center">- 0.039 - 0.170</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CABG</td>
              <td align="center">- 0.06</td>
              <td align="center">- 0.480 - 0.140</td>
              <td align="center">0.27</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <p>p <sup>*</sup> - p &#8804; 0.05, Wald test; CI: confidence interval; CAD: coronary artery disease; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival curve for major cardiovascular events in up to 48 months of follow-up of women with anger control below and above average.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0410-80165-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present study identified that poor control of anger associated with CAD angiographically detected. This study found a higher percentage of married patients in the group without CAD, indicating the importance of social support in treatment adhesion and healthcare.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Women with poor control of anger had a positive family history for CAD and were younger. This study corroborates that by Haukalla et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> who reported that individuals with lower anger control were at higher risk for the first incidence of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease than those who scored higher.</p>
      <p>In this sample, the women with low anger control were younger. That characteristic can be interpreted in the sense that, as age advances, social relations are modulated through emotional regulation, which means that, as time advances and with aging, more appropriate forms of social behavior are learned, with more control over emotions and reactions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> According to Cartensen&#8217;s socioemotional selectivity theory, as age advances, people become increasingly selective, tending to place a high value on positive contents and to avoid negative emotional states, because of adaptation and life changes experienced in social contexts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to Shirato et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> gender differences are evident in the success rates of the interventions to improve coronary circulation (myocardial revascularization). After a well-succeeded procedure, women submitted to coronary angioplasty had an excellent prognosis in the long run, similar to that observed in men. However, complications related to PCI and the mortality rates of women are three times higher as compared to those of men.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Haukalla et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have reported that low anger control in a 10- to 15-year clinical follow-up predicted ischemic myocardial disease in women, even after adjusting for sociodemographic variables, other cardiovascular risk factors and symptoms of depression. In the late clinical follow-up of this study, low control of anger was not associated with the occurrence of combined MCVE, myocardial revascularization included.</p>
      <p>The literature available shows that anger is associated with several behavioral risk factors, such as tobacco use and inadequate dietary intake (hypercaloric and high sodium diets), and, in the long run, out of other cardiovascular risk factors, anger can cause LDL elevation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In a study, P&#233;rez-Garc&#237;a et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> have reported that emotional discomfort and symptoms were positively associated with higher inward expression of anger and lower control of anger. In addition, they have found that preventive practices were associated with lower supression and higher control of anger, with better channeling and regulation of anger feelings. The likelihood that patients with low anger control also have low control over other risk behaviors or use them as a comfort mechanism can be considered, because the effects of well-being through neuroendocrine mechanisms of hormone release, such as serotonin, producing well-being after energetic ingestion, have been described, which would be applicable to stress/anger situations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The compensation, cognitive and affective value attributed to food overlaps the homeostatic control and the physiological signs of hunger and satiety that control food ingestion and body weight.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> However, if continuously evoked, that process would cause CAD as a factor associated not only with the feeling of anger, but with all the inappropriate coping mechanism that could accompany anger.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study&#8217;s forces and limitations</title>
        <p>This study&#8217;s force resides on its female sample, because women are usually under-represented in clinical trials. This is a segment of the real world, with few losses during a long follow-up. The risk factors were assessed based on interviews with the participants, and there might have been bias of information. Assessing anger and its control, even with a tool developed for that purpose, is a hard task, considering that personality traits can be combined. Research in this area is a challenge.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Women with CAD submitted to coronary angiography showed a trend towards lower control of anger, which was associated with age and the family history of CAD. The 48-month clinical follow-up showed no significant difference in the event-free time between patients with anger control scores above average range and those with anger control scores below it.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by M&#225;rcia Moura Schmidt, from Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia under the protocol number 466/12. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Fernandes CE, Pinto Neto JS, Gebara OCE, Santos Filho RD, Pinto Neto AM, Pereira Filho AS, et al. First brazilian guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in climacteric women and influence of hormone replacement therapy from Brazilian Cardiology Society and Brazilian Climacteric Association (SOBRAC). Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;91(1 Suppl 1):1-23.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gebara</surname>
              <given-names>OCE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>First brazilian guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in climacteric women and influence of hormone replacement therapy from Brazilian Cardiology Society and Brazilian Climacteric Association (SOBRAC)</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Shivpuri S, Gallo LC, Mills PJ, Matthews KA, Elder JP, Talavera GA. Trait anger, cynical hostility and inflammation in Latinas: variations by anger type? Brain Behav Immun. 2011; 25(6):1256-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shivpuri</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallo</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mills</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matthews</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elder</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Talavera</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trait anger, cynical hostility and inflammation in Latinas: variations by anger type?</article-title>
          <source>Brain Behav Immun</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1256</fpage>
          <lpage>1263</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Mehta LS, Beckie TM, DeVon HA, Grines CL, Krumholz HM, Johnson MN, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in women. Circulation. 2016; 133(9):916-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beckie</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeVon</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grines</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krumholz</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>MN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute myocardial infarction in women</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>133</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>916</fpage>
          <lpage>947</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Chida Y, Steptoe A. The association of anger and hostility with future coronary heart disease: a meta-analytic review of prospective evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009; 53(11):936-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chida</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steptoe</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The association of anger and hostility with future coronary heart disease: a meta-analytic review of prospective evidence</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>936</fpage>
          <lpage>946</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Mansur ADP, Favarato D. Tend&#234;ncias da taxa de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no Brasil, 1980-2012. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(1):20-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mansur</surname>
              <given-names>ADP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Favarato</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tend&#234;ncias da taxa de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no Brasil, 1980-2012</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>20</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Gupta A, Wang Y, Spertus JA, Geda M, Lorenze N, Nkonde-Price C, et al. Trends in acute myocardial infarction in young patients and differences by sex and race, 2001 to 2010. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 64(4):337-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spertus</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geda</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenze</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nkonde-Price</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trends in acute myocardial infarction in young patients and differences by sex and race, 2001 to 2010</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>64</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>337</fpage>
          <lpage>345</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Zhang Z, Fang J, Gillespie C, Wang G, Hong Y, Yoon PW. Age-specific gender differences in in-hospital mortality by type of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(8):1097-103.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillespie</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoon</surname>
              <given-names>PW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age-specific gender differences in in-hospital mortality by type of acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1097</fpage>
          <lpage>1103</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Canto JG, Rogers WJ, Goldberg RJ, Peterson ED, Wenger NK, Vaccarino V, et al. Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and in-hospital mortality. JAMA. 2012;307(8):813-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Canto</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rogers</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peterson</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wenger</surname>
              <given-names>NK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaccarino</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of age and sex with myocardial infarction symptom presentation and in-hospital mortality</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>307</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>813</fpage>
          <lpage>822</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Egiziano G, Akhtari S, Pilote L, Daskalopoulou SS, GENESIS (GENdEr and Sex Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease), Investigators. Sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction. Diabet Med. 2013;30(3):e108-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Egiziano</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akhtari</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pilote</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daskalopoulou</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>GENESIS (GENdEr and Sex Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease), Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex differences in young patients with acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Diabet Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>e108</fpage>
          <lpage>e114</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Champney KP, Frederick PD, Bueno H, Parashar S, Foody J, Merz CN, et al. The joint contribution of sex, age and type of myocardial infarction on hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction. Heart. 2009; 95(11):895-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Champney</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frederick</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parashar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foody</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merz</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The joint contribution of sex, age and type of myocardial infarction on hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>895</fpage>
          <lpage>899</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Claassen M, Sybrandy KC, Appelman YE, Asselbergs FW. Gender gap in acute coronary heart disease: myth or reality? World J Cardiol. 2012; 4(2):36-47.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Claassen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sybrandy</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appelman</surname>
              <given-names>YE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asselbergs</surname>
              <given-names>FW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gender gap in acute coronary heart disease: myth or reality?</article-title>
          <source>World J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>36</fpage>
          <lpage>47</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Alam M, Bandeali SJ, Kayani WT, Ahmad W, Shahzad SA, Jneid H, et al. Comparison by meta-analysis of mortality after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting in women versus men. Am J Cardiol. 2013;112(3):309-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alam</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bandeali</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kayani</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmad</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shahzad</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jneid</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison by meta-analysis of mortality after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting in women versus men</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>309</fpage>
          <lpage>317</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Williams JE, Couper DJ, Din-Dzietham R, Nieto FJ, Folsom AR. Race-gender differences in the association of trait anger with subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(11):1296-304.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Couper</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Din-Dzietham</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieto</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Folsom</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Race-gender differences in the association of trait anger with subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>165</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1296</fpage>
          <lpage>1304</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Puterman E, Epel ES, O&#8217;Donovan A, Prather AA, Aschbacher K, Dhabhar FS. Anger is associated with increased IL-6 stress reactivity in women, but only among those low in social support. Int J Behav Med. 2014; 21(6):936-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Puterman</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Epel</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Donovan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prather</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aschbacher</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dhabhar</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anger is associated with increased IL-6 stress reactivity in women, but only among those low in social support</article-title>
          <source>Int J Behav Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>936</fpage>
          <lpage>945</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Markovitz JH. Hostility is associated with increased platelet activation in coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 1998;60(5):586-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Markovitz</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hostility is associated with increased platelet activation in coronary heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Psychosom Med</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>586</fpage>
          <lpage>591</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Schmidt MM, Lopes RD, Newby LK, Moura MR, Stochero L, Gottschall CM, et al. Anger control and cardiovascular outcomes. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(4):4338-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newby</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stochero</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottschall</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anger control and cardiovascular outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>4338</fpage>
          <lpage>4339</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Spielberger CD, Lushene RE, Gorsuch R, Jacobs GA. Manual for the state-trait anger inventory. STAXI.( translation Biaggio A, and brazilian validation of Spielberger CD). S&#227;o Paulo: Vetor; 2003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spielberger</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lushene</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gorsuch</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobs</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Manual for the state-trait anger inventory. STAXI.( translation Biaggio A, and brazilian validation of Spielberger CD)</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Vetor</publisher-name>
          <year>2003</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Wong JM, Na B, Regan MC, Whooley MA. Hostility, health behaviors, and risk of recurrent events in patients with stable coronary heart disease: Findings From the Heart and Soul Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(5):e000052.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Na</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Regan</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whooley</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hostility, health behaviors, and risk of recurrent events in patients with stable coronary heart disease: Findings From the Heart and Soul Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>e000052</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Quadros AS, Welter DI, Camozzatto FO, Chaves &#193;, Mehta RH, Gottschall CA, et al. Identifying patients at risk for premature discontinuation of thienopyridine after coronary stent implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107(5):685-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Quadros</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welter</surname>
              <given-names>DI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camozzatto</surname>
              <given-names>FO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaves</surname>
              <given-names>&#193;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mehta</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottschall</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Identifying patients at risk for premature discontinuation of thienopyridine after coronary stent implantation</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>685</fpage>
          <lpage>689</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Haukkala A, Konttinen H, Latikainen T, Kawachi I, Utela A. Hostility, anger control, and anger expression as predictors of cardiovascular disease. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(6):556-62.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haukkala</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Konttinen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latikainen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kawachi</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Utela</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hostility, anger control, and anger expression as predictors of cardiovascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Psychosom Med</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>556</fpage>
          <lpage>562</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Carstensen LL, Pasupathi M, Mayr U, Nesselroade JR. Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000;79(4):644-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carstensen</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pasupathi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mayr</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nesselroade</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span</article-title>
          <source>J Pers Soc Psychol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>644</fpage>
          <lpage>655</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Amado NM. Sucesso no envelhecimento e hist&#243;rias de vida em idosos s&#243;cio-culturalmente muito e pouco diferenciados.Success in aging and life stories in elderly socio-culturally diferente; 2008. [Thesis] Lisboa: Universidade Nova de Lisboa,Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amado</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Sucesso no envelhecimento e hist&#243;rias de vida em idosos s&#243;cio-culturalmente muito e pouco diferenciados.Success in aging and life stories in elderly socio-culturally diferente</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <comment>[Thesis]</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Lisboa</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada</publisher-name>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Otta E, Fiquer JT. Bem-estar subjetivo e regula&#231;&#227;o de emo&#231;&#245;es. (Subjective well-being and emotional regulation). Psicologia em Revista, 2004;10(15):144-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Otta</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fiquer</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bem-estar subjetivo e regula&#231;&#227;o de emo&#231;&#245;es. (Subjective well-being and emotional regulation)</article-title>
          <source>Psicologia em Revista</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>144</fpage>
          <lpage>149</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Shirato S, Swan BA. Women and cardiovascular disease: an evidentiary review. MEDSURG Nursing. 2010;19(5):282-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shirato</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swan</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Women and cardiovascular disease: an evidentiary review</article-title>
          <source>MEDSURG Nursing</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>282</fpage>
          <lpage>286</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Glaser R, Herrmann HC, Murphy SA, Demopoulos LA, Di Battiste PM, Cannon CP, et al. Benefit of an early invasive management strategy in women with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2002;288(24):3124-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Glaser</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrmann</surname>
              <given-names>HC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Battiste</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Benefit of an early invasive management strategy in women with acute coronary syndromes</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>288</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>3124</fpage>
          <lpage>3129</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 P&#233;rez-Garc&#237;a AM, Sanju&#225;n P, Rueda B, Ruiz MA. Salud cardiovascular en la mujer: el papel de la ira y su expresi&#243;n. Psicothema. 2011;23(4):593-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;rez-Garc&#237;a</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanju&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rueda</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruiz</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Salud cardiovascular en la mujer: el papel de la ira y su expresi&#243;n</article-title>
          <source>Psicothema</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>593</fpage>
          <lpage>598</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Landeiro FM, Quarantini LC. Obesity: neuro-hormonal controlof food intake. R Ci Med Biol. Salvador. 2011;10(3)236-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Landeiro</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quarantini</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obesity: neuro-hormonal controlof food intake</article-title>
          <source>R Ci Med Biol</source>
          <publisher-loc>Salvador</publisher-loc>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>236</fpage>
          <lpage>245</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Tataranni PA, Del Parigi A. Functional neuroimaging: a new generation of human brain studies in obesity research. Obes Rev. 2003;4(4):229-38.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tataranni</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Parigi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional neuroimaging: a new generation of human brain studies in obesity research</article-title>
          <source>Obes Rev</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>229</fpage>
          <lpage>238</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Raiva e Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana em Mulheres Submetidas a Angiografia Coronariana: Acompanhamento de 48 Meses</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Karine Elisa Schwarzer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Quadros</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Schaan de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Regis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottschall</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Antonio Mascia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcia Moura Schmidt,</bold> Avenida Princesa Isabel, 370. CEP 90620-000, Santana, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>mmoura.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>, <email>mouramarcia050@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Moura MR, Gottschall CAM, Schmidt MM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Schmidt KES, Schmidt MM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Schmidt KES, Quadros AS, Moura MR, Gottschall CAM, Schmidt MM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Schmidt MM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Schmidt KES, Quadros AS, Schmidt MM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Quadros AS, Moura MR, Gottschall CAM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O controle da raiva mostrou-se significativamente mais baixo em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), independentemente dos fatores de risco tradicionais conhecidos, da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos pr&#233;vios, ou de outros aspectos da raiva em estudo pr&#233;vio do nosso grupo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre raiva e DAC, sua evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e preditores de baixo controle de raiva em mulheres submetidas a coronariografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo de coorte prospectivo. Avaliou-se raiva com o Invent&#225;rio de Express&#227;o de Raiva como Estado e Tra&#231;o de Spielberger (STAXI). Todas as mulheres agendadas para realiza&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana durante o per&#237;odo de estudo foram abordadas consecutivamente. Definiu-se DAC como estenose de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica &#8805; 50%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu 255 mulheres, que foram divididas em dois grupos, acima e abaixo da m&#233;dia do controle de raiva (26,99). Aquelas com controle abaixo da m&#233;dia eram mais jovens e tinham hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC. As pacientes foram seguidas por 48 meses para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>As mulheres com DAC submetidas a coronariografia apresentaram menor controle de raiva, que se associou com idade e hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC. No seguimento cl&#237;nico, a sobrevida livre de evento n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre pacientes com controle de raiva acima da m&#233;dia e aquelas com controle abaixo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ira</kwd>
        <kwd>STAXI</kwd>
        <kwd>Invent&#225;rio de Personalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) permanecem a principal causa de morbimortalidade entre as mulheres em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses, como EUA e Brasil, e ocorrem mais mortes por DCV (41,3%) do que as pr&#243;ximas sete causas de morte combinadas, havendo um risco seis vezes maior de se morrer por DCV do que por c&#226;ncer de mama, principal preocupa&#231;&#227;o entre as mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Existem diferen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas de g&#234;nero quanto &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o, fisiopatologia e resultados cl&#237;nicos; contudo, conforme observado por Shivpuri S. et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, em uma metan&#225;lise apenas 5 dos 21 estudos continham informa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas do sexo feminino e poucos relatavam as diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dados recentes mostram um aumento significativo na incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e mortes entre mulheres de 45 a 54 anos de idade, ao contr&#225;rio do decl&#237;nio observado como propens&#227;o global e nacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> De acordo com a <italic>American Heart Association</italic>, as mulheres apresentam piores perfis de fatores de risco e maior mortalidade entre as mais jovens comparadas com as mais velhas, al&#233;m de altas taxas de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, precoce e tardia em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> H&#225; evid&#234;ncias crescentes de que fatores psicol&#243;gicos e estresse emocional, tais como raiva e hostilidade, podem interferir nos comportamentos de sa&#250;de e influenciar o in&#237;cio e o curso cl&#237;nico da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Em n&#237;vel biol&#243;gico, a emo&#231;&#227;o da raiva pode levar ao aumento cr&#244;nico dos n&#237;veis de catecolaminas, o que provoca uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria, gerando aumento dos n&#237;veis de interleucina-6,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> conduzindo &#224; progress&#227;o da aterosclerose e, eventualmente, &#224; manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em estudo pr&#233;vio, encontramos que o controle da raiva foi significativamente mais baixo em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), independentemente de fatores de risco tradicionalmente conhecidos, ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos pr&#233;vios, ou outros aspectos da raiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Este estudo objetivou avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre raiva e DAC, a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e os preditores de baixo controle da raiva em mulheres submetidas &#224; cineangiocoronariografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pacientes</title>
          <p>Este foi um estudo de coorte prospectivo. Todas as mulheres agendadas para realiza&#231;&#227;o da angiografia coronariana eletiva por suspeita de DAC durante o per&#237;odo de estudo foram abordadas consecutivamente. Foram inclu&#237;das mulheres acima de 18 anos, as quais assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram a indica&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo para valvopatia, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, doen&#231;as graves com expectativa de vida &lt; 6 meses, estenose a&#243;rtica severa e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 30%. O projeto foi submetido ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o, estando de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12 do Conselho Nacional em Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiografia coronariana</title>
          <p>Os procedimentos de angiografia coron&#225;ria foram realizados pela t&#233;cnica de Judkins. Todas as an&#225;lises angiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas em pelo menos duas visualiza&#231;&#245;es, sendo a gravidade das les&#245;es obstrutivas coronarianas avaliada com um sistema de calibra&#231;&#227;o digital previamente validado (Siemens AxiomArtis - Munique, Alemanha). Nitroglicerina intracoronariana foi administrada rotineiramente a uma dose de 100-200 &#181;g antes das medi&#231;&#245;es. Definiu-se DAC como estenose &#8805; 50% em pelo menos uma art&#233;ria epic&#225;rdica principal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da raiva</title>
          <p>A raiva &#233; um estado emocional que varia de intensidade, desde um leve aborrecimento ou irrita&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a f&#250;ria, e flutua com o passar do tempo em fun&#231;&#227;o do que &#233; percebido como injusti&#231;a ou frustra&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da raiva foi realizada atrav&#233;s do Invent&#225;rio de Express&#227;o de Raiva como Estado e Tra&#231;o de Spielberger (STAXI),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> instrumento traduzido para v&#225;rias l&#237;nguas, validado no Brasil e recomendado pelo Conselho Federal de Psicologia. Compreende 40 afirmativas a respeito da intensidade da raiva, como os pacientes costumam se sentir e com que frequ&#234;ncia experienciam sentimentos de raiva. &#201; uma escala Likert de 4 pontos, sendo pontuado da seguinte forma: 1 para &#8220;quase nunca&#8221;; 2 para &#8220;algumas vezes&#8221;; 3 para &#8220;frequentemente&#8221;; e 4 para &#8220;quase sempre&#8221;. O teste &#233; subdividido em subescalas: estado, tra&#231;o (temperamento e rea&#231;&#227;o) e express&#227;o (raiva dentro, raiva fora e controle da raiva). O tra&#231;o da raiva demonstra tend&#234;ncias duradouras da personalidade. &#201; avaliado por meio de quest&#245;es como: &#8220;Eu me irrito com facilidade&#8221;, &#8220;Fico irritado(a) quando n&#227;o recebo reconhecimento por ter feito um bom trabalho&#8221;. A express&#227;o da raiva fornece uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de como a raiva &#233; experimentada: se &#233; suprimida, expressada ou controlada. (Exemplos: &#8220;Eu guardo as coisas dentro de mim&#8221;, &#8220;Fa&#231;o coisas como bater com a porta&#8221;, &#8220;Fervo por dentro, mas n&#227;o demonstro&#8221;). Como o estado de raiva avalia a intensidade da emo&#231;&#227;o naquele momento, essa subescala n&#227;o foi utilizada com a amostra de pacientes hospitalizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas no in&#237;cio do estudo</title>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e socioecon&#244;micas, fatores de risco para DAC, hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de DAC e hist&#243;rico de diagn&#243;stico psicol&#243;gico foram avaliados e inclu&#237;dos em um banco de dados dedicado. A hipertens&#227;o foi definida por diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio ou uso de anti-hipertensivos. A dislipidemia foi considerada presente naqueles com diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio ou uso de drogas hipolipemiantes. O diabetes mellitus foi definido pelo uso pr&#233;vio de insulina ou hipoglicemiantes, ou documentada glicemia de jejum &gt; 126 mg/dl em duas ocasi&#245;es. A hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de depress&#227;o foi definida como a ocorr&#234;ncia de pelo menos um epis&#243;dio depressivo maior que tenha necessitado tratamento com antidepressivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos</title>
          <p>O desfecho do evento cardiovascular prim&#225;rio foi um composto da ocorr&#234;ncia de morte cardiovascular, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina. A morte cardiovascular foi definida como qualquer morte por causas card&#237;acas imediatas (IAM, choque cardiog&#234;nico, arritmia), ou morte de causa desconhecida. O IAM foi considerado presente quando houve: 1) aumento e/ou queda gradual de biomarcadores card&#237;acos (preferencialmente troponina) com pelo menos um valor acima do percentil 99 e pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: 1) dor tor&#225;cica &gt; 10 minutos ou novas altera&#231;&#245;es ST-T ou novo bloqueio do ramo esquerdo; ou 2) desenvolvimento de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas (&#8805; 0,03 segundos de dura&#231;&#227;o e &#8805; 1 mm de profundidade) em &#8805; 2 deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais cont&#237;guas ou &#8805; 2 deriva&#231;&#245;es de membros adjacentes; ou 3) evid&#234;ncia de perda de mioc&#225;rdio vi&#225;vel ou nova anormalidade de movimento da parede regional em qualquer exame de imagem. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica incluiu interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp) ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) que ocorreu ap&#243;s a entrada no estudo. A hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina foi definida pela admiss&#227;o hospitalar por mais de 24 horas para avaliar ou tratar a dor tor&#225;cica card&#237;aca, sem ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM ou necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimentos</title>
          <p>As participantes foram acompanhadas durante 48 meses, atrav&#233;s de consultas e contatos telef&#244;nicos, para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM), definidos como morte cardiovascular, IAM, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (por CRM ou ICP) e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina &gt; 24 horas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e justifica&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra</title>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado com um poder de 80, a de 0,05 e um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Pelo menos 250 indiv&#237;duos seriam necess&#225;rios para detectar um risco relativo de 1,60,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> considerando a incid&#234;ncia de ECVM de 30% no grupo total de mulheres. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;mero absoluto e porcentagem. As caracter&#237;sticas das pacientes com DAC foram comparadas &#224;quelas de pacientes sem DAC, utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste Qui-quadrado para valores categ&#243;ricos. Da mesma forma, as mulheres foram divididas em dois grupos, acima e abaixo da m&#233;dia (26,99), e suas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, fatores de risco, hist&#243;ria pregressa e escores do STAXI foram comparados com o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou com o Qui-quadrado. O alfa de Cronbach foi utilizado para avaliar a consist&#234;ncia interna das subescalas STAXI. O teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos escores. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla foi utilizada para avaliar as vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; DAC e ao controle da raiva na angiografia basal. As curvas de Kaplan-Meier e o teste <italic>log-rank</italic> foram utilizados para comparar a sobrevida livre de eventos entre pacientes com escore de controle da raiva acima e abaixo da m&#233;dia da amostra. Para todos os testes, um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Todos os dados foram registrados em banco de dados do Excel e analisados com o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 24.0 para Windows.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Entre 29/11/2009 e 03/02/2010, foram inclu&#237;das 255 participantes. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os resultados de acordo com a presen&#231;a de DAC, hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e diferentes subescalas do STAXI. As pacientes com DAC apresentaram mais antecedentes de procedimentos card&#237;acos (CRM e ICPp) e menor m&#233;dia no controle da raiva do que pacientes sem DAC. Essas &#250;ltimas eram mais frequentemente casadas do que aquelas com DAC. Outros fatores de risco, hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pr&#233;via e subescalas de raiva n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas. Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>), encontramos baixo controle de raiva, hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de CRM ou ICP e estado civil relacionado &#224; DAC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica e escalas STAXI de acordo com a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">DAC n= 115 (45,1%)</th>
                <th align="center">Sem DAC n = 140 (54,9%)</th>
                <th align="center">Total: 255 p<sup>*</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">61,0 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brancas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (85,1)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (79,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casadas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (43,5)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (57,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anos de estudo, anos</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 &#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trabalho atual, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (22,6)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morando sozinha, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (24,3)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (22,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores de Risco</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (88,7)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (85,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>7</italic>1 (61,7)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (52,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (24,3)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (38,3)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (37,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depress&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (33,0)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria M&#233;dica Pregressa</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (19,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (16,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Subescalas do STAXI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tra&#231;o de raiva (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">20,0 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">20,7 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Temperamento de raiva (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rea&#231;&#227;o de raiva (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raiva dentro (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">16,03 &#177; 4,26</td>
                <td align="center">16,6 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raiva fora (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controle da raiva (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">26,2 &#177; 5,00</td>
                <td align="center">27,7 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Express&#227;o de raiva (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">19,0 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">17,8 &#177; 9,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>p<sup>*</sup> - p &#8804; 0,05, Teste t de Student ou Qui-quadrado; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; DM: diabetes mellitus; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">Coeficiente Beta</th>
                <th align="center">95% IC para Coeficiente Beta</th>
                <th align="center">Total: 255 p <sup>*</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Baixo controle da raiva</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,03 &#8211; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casada </td>
                <td align="center">- 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">- 0,24 &#8211; - 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 &#8211; 0,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRM pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 &#8211; 0,90</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>p <sup>*</sup> - p &#8804; 0,05, Teste de Wald; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As pacientes foram acompanhadas por 48 [39-49] meses para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECVM. Da amostra inicial de 255 pacientes, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel entrar em contato com 10 mulheres (3,9%), totalizando 245 participantes, 89 com controle de raiva abaixo da m&#233;dia e 156, acima da m&#233;dia. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas basais das pacientes quanto ao controle da raiva, mostrando 36,3% das mulheres com controle da raiva abaixo da m&#233;dia e 63,7%, acima da m&#233;dia. Foi poss&#237;vel observar que aquelas com controle da raiva abaixo da m&#233;dia eram mais jovens (58,1 &#177; 8,9 vs 62,2 &#177; 10,9, p &lt; 0,001) e apresentavam maior preval&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC (53,9% vs 29,5%, p &lt; 0,001) do que aquelas com controle da raiva acima da m&#233;dia. Outras caracter&#237;sticas como peso, diabetes, eventos coronarianos anteriores (IAM, ICP, CRM) e outros fatores de risco n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os dois grupos. Entretanto, as pacientes com controle de raiva abaixo da m&#233;dia apresentaram uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; menor preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (p = 0,09) e de CRM pr&#233;via (p = 0,11). Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>), apenas a idade e os antecedentes familiares de DAC foram preditores de baixo controle da raiva. Conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na sobrevida livre de eventos entre pacientes com controle de raiva abaixo e acima de 27 pontos (p = 0,62).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa e escalas STAXI conforme o controle da raiva em pacientes com 48 meses de seguimento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">Controle da raiva abaixo da m&#233;dia<break/>n = 89</th>
                <th align="center">Controle da raiva acima da m&#233;dia<break/>n = 156</th>
                <th align="center">Total: 245 p <sup>*</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">58,1 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">62,2 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Brancas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (79,8)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (83,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casadas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (53,9)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (50,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anos de estudo, anos</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Trabalho atual, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (19,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morando sozinha, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20,2 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Fatores de Risco</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (82,0)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (89,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (37,1)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (28,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (55,1)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (59,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (53,9)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (29,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depress&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria M&#233;dica Pregressa</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24,7)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (14,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Subescalas do STAXI</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tra&#231;o de raiva (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">23,67 &#177; 8,25</td>
                <td align="center">18,52 &#177; 7,53</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Temperamento de raiva (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">10,20 &#177; 4,05</td>
                <td align="center">7,51 &#177; 3,74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Rea&#231;&#227;o de raiva (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">9,19 &#177; 4,04</td>
                <td align="center">7,81 &#177; 3,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raiva dentro (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">16,85 &#177; 5,08</td>
                <td align="center">16,06 &#177; 4,65</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Raiva fora (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">15,07 &#177; 4,97</td>
                <td align="center">11,81 &#177; 3,31</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controle da raiva (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">22,19 &#177; 3,66</td>
                <td align="center">29,67 &#177; 1,72</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Express&#227;o de raiva (pontos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">25,73 &#177; 9,79</td>
                <td align="center">14,21 &#177; 6,74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <p>p<sup>*</sup> - p &#8804; 0,05, Teste t de Student ou Qui-quadrado; DM: diabetes mellitus; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre controle da raiva e caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th align="center">Beta Coeficiente</th>
                <th align="center">95% IC para Beta Coeficiente</th>
                <th align="center">p<sup>*</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,002 - 0,013</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,100 - 0,340</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
                <td align="center">- 0,039 - 0,170</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CRM pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">- 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">- 0,480 - 0,140</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>p <sup>*</sup> - p &#8804; 0,05, Teste de Wald; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curva de sobrevida para eventos cardiovasculares maiores em at&#233; 48 meses de seguimento entre mulheres com controle da raiva abaixo e acima da m&#233;dia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0410-80165-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Com o presente estudo, foi poss&#237;vel identificar que o baixo controle da raiva mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com a DAC angiograficamente detectada. Em nosso estudo, encontramos uma maior porcentagem de pacientes casadas no grupo sem DAC, indicando a import&#226;ncia do suporte social na ades&#227;o e na assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> As mulheres que apresentaram baixo controle da raiva tinham hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para a DAC e eram mais jovens. Este estudo corrobora o estudo de Haukalla et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> que verificou que indiv&#237;duos com menor &#237;ndice de controle de raiva apresentaram maior risco para a primeira incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular fatal e n&#227;o fatal do que aqueles com maior pontua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Nessa amostra, as mulheres com baixo controle de raiva eram mais jovens. Essa caracter&#237;stica pode ser interpretada no sentido de que as rela&#231;&#245;es sociais, com o avan&#231;o da idade, s&#227;o moduladas atrav&#233;s da regula&#231;&#227;o emocional, o que significa que, com o passar do tempo e, posteriormente, com o processo de envelhecimento, aprendem-se formas mais apropriadas de se comportar socialmente, exercendo mais controle sobre as emo&#231;&#245;es e rea&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Conforme a teoria da seletividade socioemocional de Cartensen, com a progress&#227;o da idade, surge uma tend&#234;ncia para uma maior valoriza&#231;&#227;o dos conte&#250;dos emocionais positivos e de evita&#231;&#227;o de estados emocionais negativos, em fun&#231;&#227;o da adapta&#231;&#227;o e das altera&#231;&#245;es de eventos de vida vivenciadas em contextos sociais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com Shirato et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> as diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero tamb&#233;m s&#227;o evidentes nas taxas de sucesso das interven&#231;&#245;es aplicadas para melhorar a circula&#231;&#227;o coronariana (revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica). As mulheres submetidas &#224; angioplastia coronariana apresentam um excelente progn&#243;stico, a longo prazo, ap&#243;s um procedimento bem-sucedido, semelhante ao observado em homens. No entanto, as complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento de ICP e as taxas de mortalidade s&#227;o tr&#234;s vezes maiores nas mulheres quando comparadas aos homens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Haukalla et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> encontraram que o baixo controle de raiva em 10 a 15 anos de seguimento cl&#237;nico previu doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do mioc&#225;rdio em mulheres, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, outros fatores de risco cardiovascular e sintomas de depress&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> No seguimento cl&#237;nico tardio desse estudo, o baixo controle da raiva n&#227;o foi associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de ECVM combinados, incluindo a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>Sabe-se, atrav&#233;s da literatura dispon&#237;vel, que a raiva tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a v&#225;rios fatores de risco comportamentais, como o uso de tabaco, ingest&#227;o alimentar inadequada (dieta hipercal&#243;rica e hipers&#243;dica), podendo acarretar, a longo prazo, eleva&#231;&#227;o do LDL, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, obesidade, dentre outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Em um estudo de P&#233;rez-Garc&#237;a et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> o mal-estar emocional e o relato de sintomas foram positivamente associados &#224; maior raiva para dentro e menor controle da raiva, e a pr&#225;tica de condutas preventivas estava associada a menor repress&#227;o e maior controle da raiva, com melhor canaliza&#231;&#227;o e regula&#231;&#227;o de sentimentos de raiva. A possibilidade de que esses pacientes com baixo controle de raiva tamb&#233;m tenham um baixo controle sobre outros comportamentos de risco ou usam-nos como mecanismo de conforto pode ser considerada, uma vez que s&#227;o descritos os efeitos do bem-estar atrav&#233;s de mecanismos neuroend&#243;crinos de libera&#231;&#227;o hormonal, como a serotonina, produzindo bem-estar ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o energ&#233;tica, o que seria aplic&#225;vel em situa&#231;&#245;es de estresse/raiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O valor compensat&#243;rio, cognitivo e afetivo atribu&#237;do aos alimentos sobrep&#245;e-se ao controle homeost&#225;tico e aos sinais fisiol&#243;gicos de fome e saciedade que controlam a ingest&#227;o de alimento e o peso corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Tal processo, por sua vez, provocaria, se continuamente evocado, a DAC como um fator associado n&#227;o apenas &#224; emo&#231;&#227;o da raiva, mas a todo o mecanismo inadequado de enfrentamento que poderia acompanh&#225;-la.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>For&#231;as e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem a sua for&#231;a na apresenta&#231;&#227;o de uma amostra de mulheres, que s&#227;o geralmente sub-representadas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Esse &#233; um recorte do mundo real, com poucas perdas por um longo per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. As avalia&#231;&#245;es dos fatores de risco foram feitas com base nas entrevistas com as participantes, e pode haver vi&#233;s de informa&#231;&#227;o. Avaliar a raiva e seu controle, mesmo que com uma ferramenta desenvolvida para tal, &#233; uma tarefa &#225;rdua, considerando que os tra&#231;os de personalidade podem ser combinados. Toda pesquisa nessa &#225;rea &#233; um desafio.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>As mulheres com DAC submetidas &#224; angiografia coronariana apresentaram uma baixa preval&#234;ncia de menor controle da raiva. O baixo controle da raiva foi associado &#224; idade e &#224; hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC. No seguimento cl&#237;nico de at&#233; 48 meses, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa no tempo livre de eventos entre pacientes com escore de controle da raiva acima e abaixo da m&#233;dia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de M&#225;rcia Moura Schmidt pelo Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 466/12. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
