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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jZ6Bq9WXKpK8m5XB9sPhWqh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500400</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005011103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180152</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fasting/Refeeding Cycles Prevent Myocardial Dysfunction and Morphology Damage in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinotti</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus F&#233;cchio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matias</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Mateus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Ferreira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pai</surname>
            <given-names>Maeli Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Botucatu</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Desportos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vit&#243;ria</city>
          <state>ES</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Desportos, Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Cuiab&#225;</city>
          <state>MT</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiab&#225;, MT - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Biosci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Morfologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Botucatu</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biosci&#234;ncias da Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Andr&#233; Soares Leopoldo</bold>, Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514. CEP 29075-410, Goiabeiras, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil. E-mail: <email>andresoaresleopoldo@gmail.com</email>, <email>andre.leopoldo@ufes.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pinotti MF, Cicogna AC, Leopoldo AS; Acquisition of data: Pinotti MF, Matias AM, Sugizaki MM, Nascimento AF, Pai MD, Leopoldo APL; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Pinotti MF, Sugizaki MM, Nascimento AF, Pai MD, Leopoldo APL; Statistical analysis: Sugizaki MM, Nascimento AF, Pai MD, Leopoldo APL; Obtaining financing: Cicogna AC; Writing of the manuscript: Pinotti MF, Matias AM, Cicogna AC, Leopoldo AS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Matias AM, Pai MD, Leopoldo APL, Cicogna AC, Leopoldo AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>09</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>400</fpage>
      <lpage>409</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Caloric restriction is known to impair the cardiac function and morphology in hypertrophied hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR); however, the influence of fasting/refeeding (RF) is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the fasting/refeeding approach on myocardial remodeling and function. In addition, the current study was designed to bring information regarding the mechanisms underlying the participation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling and b-adrenergic system.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Sixty-day-old male SHR rats were submitted to food <italic>ad libitum</italic> (C), 50% food restriction (R<sub>50</sub>) or RF cycles for 90 days. Cardiac remodeling was assessed by ultrastructure analysis and isolated papillary muscle function. The level of significance considered was 5% (a = 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The RF rats presented lower cardiac atrophy than R<sub>50</sub> in relation to C rats. The C rats increased weight gain, R<sub>50</sub> maintained their initial body weight and RF rats increased and decreased weight during RF. The RF did not cause functional impairment because the isotonic and isometric parameters showed similar behavior to those of C. The isotonic and isometric cardiac parameters were significantly elevated in RF rats compared to R<sub>50</sub> rats. In addition, the R<sub>50</sub> rats had cardiac damage in relation to C for isotonic and isometric variables. While the R<sub>50</sub> rats showed focal changes in many muscle fibers, the RF rats displayed mild alterations, such as loss or disorganization of myofibrils. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Fasting/refeeding promotes cardiac beneficial effects and attenuates myocardial injury caused by caloric restriction in SHR rats, contributing to reduce the cardiovascular risk profile and morphological injuries. Furthermore, RF promotes mild improvement in Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling and b-adrenergic system.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial/dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Fasting, Reffeding</kwd>
        <kwd>Caloric Restriction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>04/04654-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Sources of Funding This study was funded by FAPESP number 04/04654-6.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The major causes of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD)-attributable mortality are cardiovascular disease, cancers, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> These conditions share a small number of behavioral risk factors, which aggravate the NCD and include unhealthy diet, which is closely related to hypertension.</p>
      <p>Caloric restriction (CR) has been recognized throughout history for promoting several beneficial effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Nevertheless, although CR may prevent cardiac damage in hypertrophied hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> it is common to note body weight fluctuations typically referred to as the "<italic>yo-yo syndrome</italic>" while on a regimented diet, and these fluctuations have shown deleterious cardiovascular effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Researches from our laboratory and others have shown that, when dietary restriction is severe, it can promote morphological injuries and impairment of cardiac function in normal or SHR rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recently, intermittent fasting or fasting/refeeding has also shown to extend lifespan and have beneficial health effects as compared to <italic>ad libitum</italic> food consumption,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> as it enhances cardiovascular function and improves several risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> This dietary approach also implies a protective effect against oxidative stress, lower rates of kidney disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> prolongation of reproductive function,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and leads to the normalization of resting energy expenditure and protein synthesis recuperation, but can cause many metabolic disturbances.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In normotensive rats submitted to food restriction, chronic refeeding decreased the incidence of cardiac arrhythmia and reversed the depletion of heart proteins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Food restriction caused cardiac function disturbances that were almost completely reversed back to normal after chronic refeeding in the isolated rat heart.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> In our laboratory, we observed that fasting/refeeding cycles reversed the mechanical dysfunction and attenuated the structural injuries in papillary muscles caused by CR in normotensive rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Nevertheless, it is not yet clear whether fasting/refeeding cycles are able to promote similar effects and/or reverse the cardiac damage induced by food restriction in SHR rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Thus, the objective was to investigate the fasting/refeeding approach on myocardial remodeling and function. In addition, the current study was designed to bring information regarding the mechanisms underlying the participation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling and b-adrenergic system. Our hypothesis is that fasting/refeeding condition would attenuate the myocardial injury caused by food restriction and would contribute to normal cardiac remodeling in SHR rats without alterations in the Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling and b-adrenergic system.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animal model and experimental protocol</title>
        <p>Sixty-day-old male SHR were distributed into three groups: control (C, n = 7); food-restriction (R<sub>50</sub>, n = 7); and fasting/refeeding cycles (RF, n = 7). The C group was fed <italic>Labina rat chow</italic> containing 7.0% fat, 20.55% protein, 62.95% carbohydrate, 5.0% fiber and 4.5% moisture (Agribands, Brazil), and water was provided <italic>ad libitum</italic>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the ingredient composition of <italic>Labina rat chow</italic>. The R<sub>50</sub> group received 50% of the amount of food consumed by the C group. The RF group was submitted to cycles of 50% food restriction and refeeding <italic>ad libitum</italic> weekly. All rats were maintained on this dietary regimen for 90 days and were then euthanized.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ingredient composition of the Labina rat experimental diet</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Ingredient</th>
                <th align="center">(g/kg)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Starch</td>
                <td align="center">397.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dextrinized Corn Starch</td>
                <td align="center">132.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sucrose</td>
                <td align="center">100.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carbohydrates</td>
                <td align="center">629.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Casein</td>
                <td align="center">200.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">L-Cysteine</td>
                <td align="center">3.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Choline bitartrate</td>
                <td align="center">2.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Protein</td>
                <td align="center">205.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Soy oil</td>
                <td align="center">70.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fat</td>
                <td align="center">70.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fiber</td>
                <td align="center">50.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vitamin mix</td>
                <td align="center">10.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mineral mix</td>
                <td align="center">35.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total</td>
                <td align="center">1000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>All animals were housed in individual cages in a room maintained at 23&#186;C with a 12-hour light/dark cycle and were weighed once a week. Initial and final body weights (IBW and FBW, respectively), the ratios between left and right ventricular weights to final body weight (LVW/FBW and RVW/FBW, respectively) and papillary muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) were also measured. All experiments and procedures were performed in accordance with the <italic>Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</italic> published by the United States National Institutes of Health and were approved by the ethics committee of Botucatu School of Medicine, UNESP, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Systolic blood pressure</title>
        <p>Systolic blood pressure evaluation was assessed by the non-invasive tail-cuff method with a Narco BioSystems Electro-Sphygmomanometer (International Biomedical, Austin, TX, USA) at the beginning and after the end of the experimental protocol. The average of two pressure readings was recorded for each animal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolated muscle performance</title>
        <p>Cardiac intrinsic contractile performance was evaluated by studying isolated left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle as described previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Isometric contraction parameters, including peak of developed tension (DT, g/mm<sup>2</sup>, defined as peak isometric tension minus resting tension), resting tension (RT, g/mm<sup>2</sup>), time to peak tension (TPT, ms), peak isometric tension development rate (+dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s) and maximum tension decline rate (-dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s), time from peak tension to 50% relaxation (RT<sub>50</sub>, ms) were determined. The isotonic parameters were percentage of shortening (PS, %), time to peak shortening (TPS, ms), maximum shortening velocity (-dL/dt, ML/s) and maximum relaxation velocity (+dL/dt, ML/s).</p>
        <p>The mechanical behavior of the papillary muscle was evaluated under baseline conditions at 1.25 mM [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] and after the following inotropic maneuvers: increase in extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration from 0.625 to 1.25, 2.5 and 5.2 mM, and b-adrenergic stimulation with 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 &#181;M isoproterenol. The parameters used to characterize papillary muscle were as follows: length (mm), weight (mg) and CSA (mm<sup>2</sup>). Muscle length (ML) at peak DT was defined as L<sub>max</sub> in vitro and measured with a Gartner cathetometer (Chicago, IL, USA). To compare the mechanical function between different muscle lengths, isometric and isotonic parameters were normalized to CSA and L<sub>max</sub>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Morphological study</title>
        <p>For the ultrastructural study (three animals per group), small pieces of the LV papillary muscle were fixed in Karnovsky's fixative in 0.12 M phosphate, pH 7.2, for 1-2 hours and were postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide in 0.1 M phosphate buffer for 2 hours.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> After dehydration in a graded ethanol series, the samples were embedded in epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections were cut from selected areas with a diamond knife, double-stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined using a Philips EM 301 electron microscope. The LV myocyte CSA was measured using a compound microscope attached to a computerized imaging analysis system (Image-Pro Plus 3.0, Media Cybernetics, Silver Springs, MD, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analyses were performed using SigmaStat 3.5 software (SYSTAT Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). Normally distributed variables from general characteristics and myocardial function at baseline condition were reported as means &#177; standard deviation (SD). Comparisons between groups were performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for independent samples. A repeated-measures two-way ANOVA was utilized to evaluate the body weight evolution and the positive and negative inotropic effects on myocardial function. When significant differences were found (p &lt; 0.05), <italic>post hoc</italic> Tukey's or Bonferroni's test for multiple comparisons was carried out. The level of significance considered was 5%.</p>
        <p>The sample size (n) was performed using the equation: n = 1 + [2C * (s/d)<sup>2</sup>], where C (z score a + z score b)<sup>2</sup> is dependent on the values chosen for statistical power of the test (90%; type II error) and level of significance (0.05; type I error); the standard deviation value (s) adopted was 0.25, and the minimal difference between groups (d) was 0.5. The sample size needed to detect a significant difference between groups is 6.25 rats per group; however, we decided to use 7 animals per group for most of the analyses.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>General and morphological characteristics of rats</title>
        <p>Significantly higher values of FBW, LVW, RVW, LVW/FBW and RVW/FBW were found in C compared to R<sub>50</sub> and RF rats (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). After 12 weeks, fasting/refeeding cycles promoted a substantial elevation of FBW and food consumption that were significantly greater than those in the R<sub>50</sub> group. In relation to cardiac parameters, the RF and R<sub>50</sub> groups presented different behavior. Specifically, the LVW (RF: 12.12% and R<sub>50</sub>: 48.5%; p &lt; 0.05), RVW (RF: 19.04% and R<sub>50</sub>: 47.62%; p &lt; 0.05), LVW/FBW (RF: 6.64% and R<sub>50</sub>: 19.2%; p &lt; 0.05) and RVW/FBW (RF: 12.06% and R<sub>50</sub>: 18.96%; p &lt; 0.05) were reduced in percentage in the RF and R<sub>50</sub> rats as compared to C rats. Nevertheless, the fasting/refeeding cycles presented lower cardiac atrophy than R<sub>50</sub> rats in relation to C rats.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>General characteristics of rats</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="35%"/>
              <col width="21%"/>
              <col width="21%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Groups</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center">C</th>
                <th align="center">R<sub>50</sub></th>
                <th align="center">RF</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IBW (g)</td>
                <td align="center"> 247 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center"> 248 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center"> 249 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FBW (g)</td>
                <td align="center"> 366 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center"> 236 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 342 &#177; 21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref><sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC (g/week)</td>
                <td align="center"> 159 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center"> 77 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 130 &#177; 55<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP initial (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">177 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">177 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">181 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP final (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center"> 163 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center"> 157 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">156 &#177; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVW (g)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.99 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.51 &#177; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.87 &#177; 0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref><sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVW (g)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.21 &#177; 0.02</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.11 &#177; 0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.17 &#177; 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref><sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVW/FBW (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.71 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.19 &#177; 0.16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 2.53 &#177; 0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref><sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVW/FBW (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.58 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.47 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.51 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>
                <italic>C: control group; R<sub>50</sub>: animals with food restriction of 50%; RF: animals with alternation between food restriction of 50% and refeeding; IBW: initial body weight; FBW: final body weight; FC: food consumption; SBP: systolic blood pressure; LVW: left ventricle weight; RVW: right ventricle weight. Values are means &#177; SD (n = 7).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>significant at p &lt; 0.05 vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0.05 vs. R<sub>50</sub>. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey&#8217;s test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In addition, C rats experienced increasing weight gain, while R<sub>50</sub> rats maintained their IBW after 12 weeks of experimental protocol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). On the other hand, RF rats gained weight dependent on food intake, with body weight increasing and decreasing during refeeding and fasting, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Changes in body weight after 90 days of treatment. Control (C; closed squares, n = 7), animals with food restriction of 50% (R<sub>50</sub>; closed triangles, n = 7) and animals with alternation between food restriction of 50% and refeeding (RF; open circles, n = 7). Values are means &#177; SD; * significant at p &lt; 0.05, R<sub>50</sub>vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0.05, RF vs. R<sub>50</sub>; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0.05, C vs. RF. Repeated measures two-way ANOVA; post hoc Bonferroni's test. Source: Research team.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0400-80152-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolated muscle performance</title>
        <p>Fasting/refeeding cycles did not cause functional impairment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>). Nevertheless, the isotonic [-dL/dt, TPS, and RT<sub>50</sub>)] and isometric parameters (TPT, +dT/dt, -dT/dt, RT<sub>50</sub>) were significantly elevated in RF rats compared to those in the R<sub>50</sub> group, indicating that fasting/refeeding cycles preserves the contraction and relaxation phase of cardiac function. Furthermore, the R<sub>50</sub> rats presented cardiac damage in relation to the C group for isotonic and isometric variables. In addition, the papillary muscle CSA showed no difference among groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Isotonic contraction of groups at baseline condition</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Groups</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">C</th>
                <th align="center">R<sub>50</sub></th>
                <th align="center">RF</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">20 &#177; 2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">-dL/dt (ML/s)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.89 &#177; 0.40</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.60 &#177; 0.36</td>
                <td align="center">2.19 &#177; 0.45<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TPS (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">168 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">205 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">161 &#177; 14<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">+dL/dt (ML/s)</td>
                <td align="center"> 4.28 &#177; 1.26</td>
                <td align="center"> 4.13 &#177; 1.11</td>
                <td align="center"> 4.79 &#177; 0.86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RT<sub>50</sub> (ms)</td>
                <td align="center"> 58 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center"> 76 &#177; 12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 9<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CSA (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.95 &#177; 0.22</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.85 &#177; 0.17</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.91 &#177; 0.18</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>
                <italic>C: control group; R<sub>50</sub>: animals with food restriction of 50%; RF: animals with alternation between food restriction of 50% and refeeding; PS: percentage of shortening; -dL/dt: maximum shortening velocity; TPS: time to peak shortening; + dL/dt: maximum relaxation velocity; RT<sub>50</sub>: time from peak tension to 50% relaxation; CSA - muscle cross-sectional area. Values are means &#177; SD (n = 7) at basal calcium concentration (1.25 mM);</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>significant at p &lt; 0.05 vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0.05 vs. R<sub>50</sub>. One&#8209;way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey&#8217;s test</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Isometric contraction of groups at baseline condition</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Groups</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                <th align="center">C</th>
                <th align="center">R<sub>50</sub></th>
                <th align="center">RF</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DT (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center"> 6.17 &#177; 1.24</td>
                <td align="center"> 6.37 &#177; 1.14</td>
                <td align="center">7.18 &#177; 1.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RT (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.06 &#177; 0.12</td>
                <td align="center"> 1.12 &#177; 0.31</td>
                <td align="center">1.07 &#177; 0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">+dT/dt (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                <td align="center"> 77 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center"> 63 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center"> 93 &#177; 18<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TPT (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">146 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">184 &#177; 19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">128 &#177; 25<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">-dT/dt (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                <td align="center">29 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">22 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">33 &#177; 9<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RT<sub>50</sub> (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">174 &#177; 40</td>
                <td align="center">224 &#177; 32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">171 &#177; 21<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CSA (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.95 &#177; 0.22</td>
                <td align="center"> 0.85 &#177; 0.17</td>
                <td align="center">0.91 &#177; 0.18</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <p>
                <italic>C: control group; R<sub>50</sub>: animals with food restriction of 50%; RF: animals with alternation between food restriction of 50% and refeeding; DT: peak developed tension; RT: resting tension; TPT: time to peak tension; +dT/dt: maximum tension development rate; -dT/dt: maximum tension decline rate; RT<sub>50</sub>: time from peak tension to 50% relaxation; CSA: muscle cross-sectional area. Values are means &#177; SD (n = 7) at basal calcium concentration (1.25 mM);</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>significant at p &lt; 0.05 vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0.05 vs. R<sub>50</sub>. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey&#8217;s test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Calcium stimulation</title>
        <p>After baseline condition, the increases in extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentrations from 0.625 to 5.2 mM resulted in a positive inotropic effect in myocytes from all groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">F</xref>). However, the results shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">E</xref> indicate that extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> (1.25 and 2.5 mM) induced a greater response in +dT/dt (RF: 99.1 &#177; 23.6; 132.1 &#177; 36.2 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s <italic>vs.</italic> R<sub>50</sub>: 63.2 &#177; 12.8; 91.5 &#177; 22.0 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s; p &lt; 0.05, respectively), -dT/dt (RF: 30.6 &#177; 5.9; 35.9 &#177; 5.8 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s <italic>vs.</italic> R<sub>50</sub>: 22.0 &#177; 4.4; 28.5 &#177; 6.1 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s; p &lt; 0.05, respectively) and -dL/dt (RF: 2.19 &#177; 0.45; 2.77 &#177; 0.51 ML/s <italic>vs.</italic> R<sub>50</sub>: 1.47 &#177; 0.24; 1.99 &#177; 0.31 ML/s; p &lt; 0.05, respectively) in the RF rats than in the R<sub>50</sub> rats. In addition, -dT/dt and -dL/dt were significantly diminished in the R<sub>50</sub> myocardium at Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration of 5.2 mM when compared to those in the RF group. When submitted to inotropic maneuvers, DT, PS and +dL/dt were similar between RF and R<sub>50</sub>. In relation to the cardiac function of C rats after Ca<sup>2+</sup>stimulation, the fasting/refeeding cycles presented similar behavior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">F</xref>). The only significant result between C and R<sub>50</sub> was noted in the highest Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration (5.2 mM); -dL/dt was significantly lower in R<sub>50</sub> than in C group (C: 2.66 &#177; 0.35 <italic>vs.</italic> R<sub>50</sub>: 2.18 &#177; 0.33 ML/s, p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2E</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of increased extracellular calcium on myocardial isotonic and isometric parameters in papillary muscles from control (C = black bars), animals with food restriction of 50% (R<sub>50</sub> = gray bars) and animals with alternation between food restriction of 50% and refeeding (RF = white bars). Extracellular calcium experiment: 7 animals each group. Isometric parameters: A: DT (peak developed tension normalized per cross-sectional area); B: +dT/dt (peak isometric tension development rate normalized per cross-sectional area); C: -dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s (maximum tension decline rate normalized per cross-sectional area). Isotonic parameters: D: PS (percentage of shortening); E: -dL/dT (maximum shortening velocity); F: +dL/dT (maximum relaxation velocity). L<sub>max</sub>: muscle length at peak DT. Values are means &#177; SD; * significant at p &lt; 0.05 vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0.05 vs. R<sub>50</sub>. Repeated measures two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test. Source: Research team.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0400-80152-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isoproterenol stimulation</title>
        <p>The fasting/refeeding cycles increased +dT/dt, -dT/dt and -dL/dt at the highest isoproterenol concentration (1 &#181;M) compared to those in the R<sub>50</sub> group, indicating a positive inotropic effect in myocytes. In contrast, the RF group promoted a reduction in +dL/dt than the R<sub>50</sub> group at the same isoproterenol concentration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3F</xref>). In addition, the similar effects were noted in +dT/dt and -dT/dt at 1&#181;M isoproterenol of the C group when compared to the R<sub>50</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">C</xref>). Furthermore, RF rats presented higher +dL/dt at baseline and isoproterenol concentrations (0.01 &#181;M) in comparison to C group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3F</xref>). There were no significant differences in mechanical data (DT and PS) under inotropic stimulation with isoproterenol among the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">D</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Effects of isoproterenol stimulation on myocardial function in papillary muscles from control (C = black bars), animals with food restriction of 50% (R<sub>50</sub> = gray bars) and animals with alternation between food restriction of 50% and refeeding (RF = white bars). Isoproterenol stimulation experiment: 7 animals each group. Isometric parameters: A: DT (peak developed tension normalized per cross-sectional area); B: +dT/dt (peak isometric tension development rate normalized per cross-sectional area); C: -dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s (maximum tension decline rate normalized per cross-sectional area). Isotonic parameters: D: PS (percentage of shortening); E: -dL/dt (maximum shortening velocity at L<sub>max</sub>); F: +dL/dt (maximum relaxation velocity at L<sub>max</sub>). L<sub>max</sub>: muscle length at peak DT. Values are means &#177; SD; * significant at p &lt; 0.05 vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0.05 vs. R<sub>50</sub>.Repeated measures two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test. Source: Research team.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0400-80152-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Myocardial morphology</title>
        <p>The C group rats showed normal morphological characteristics, with myofibrils filling the entire sarcoplasm, well-defined sarcomeres, mitochondria with lamellar cristae, sarcoplasmic membranes with regular aspect, sarcoplasmic reticulum among myofibrils and nuclei with uncondensed chromatin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 4A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">B</xref>). The R<sub>50</sub> group presented focal changes, including disorganization or absence of myofibrils, some polymorphic mitochondria with a decreased number of cristae and areas of sarcoplasmic reticulum dilation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 4C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">D</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">E</xref>). In RF rats, the only change observed was a loss of mitochondrial cristae in some organelles. Most of the fibers had normal morphology (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 4F</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">G</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ultrastructural study of LV papillary muscle (n = 3 per group). Photographs A and B correspond to the control group, photographs C, D and E to the food-restriction (R<sub>50</sub>) group and photographs F and G to the refeeding group (RF) group. The control group showed preserved ultrastructure with normal myofibrils (M), sarcoplasmic reticulum (arrowhead), mitochondria (mi), nuclear membrane (N) and plasma membrane (arrow). Food restriction rats showed cellular changes, including polymorphic mitochondria (*), myofibril disorganization (**), and infolding of the plasma membrane (arrow). The papillary muscle during refeeding showed preserved myofibrils (M), mitochondria (mi), and plasma membranes (arrow), polymorphic mitochondria (*) and capillary (C). Source: Research team.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0400-80152-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Interestingly, little information is available on the relationship between cardiac function and morphology during fasting/refeeding in SHR hypertrophied hearts. Within this context, this dietary regimen has become the subject of considerable scientific interest for weight loss and improving cardiometabolic health. Thus, the main finding of this study was that fasting/refeeding attenuated the damage caused by CR. The results reveal that fasting/refeeding showed increased isotonic and isometric parameters at baseline, as well as improved the myocardial inotropic response to calcium and isoproterenol. In addition, fasting/refeeding prevented cardiac atrophy and morphological injuries.</p>
      <p>Less body weight gain was observed in the RF group than in the C group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>), but more body weight gain than in the R<sub>50</sub> group. According to literature, body weight reduces approximately 13% when the animals are submitted to 48 hours of fasting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> This result appears to be mediated by hormones, such as leptin that acts regulating appetite and weight gain. A rapid inhibition of <italic>ob gene</italic> expression in the white adipose tissue occurs in fasting, and this effect can be reversed by refeeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiac hypertrophy, a major pathological process involved in cardiac remodeling, initially serves as a compensatory mechanism to preserve cardiac output.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Cardiac remodeling may be regarded as a first step in the sequence of adaptive responses of the heart to stress caused by a large number of physiological and pathological conditions, such as changes in volume and pressure loads and/or metabolic alterations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Current study revealed that fasting/refeeding induced cardiac atrophy visualized by reduced total heart and left ventricle, as well as in the LVW/FBW. A decrease in left ventricle weight relative to body weight is very common in small animals submitted to food restriction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and fasting/refeeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Inhibition of myocardial protein synthesis and reduction in average protein half-lives are possible explanations for reduced cardiac mass under starvation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Protein synthesis, an anabolic process, is required for cardiac hypertrophy. Two major pathways regulating protein synthesis are inhibited by AMPK, a primary regulator of metabolic pathways, which plays an essential role in a wide variety of cellular processes to protect against cardiac hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Therefore, cardiac atrophy could be regulated by the common signaling pathway of AMPK in the hypothalamus.</p>
      <p>In the ultrastructural analysis, food restriction caused focal morphological damage in most papillary muscle fibers. The same alterations were less intense in the intermittent refeeding condition. Intermittent refeeding seems to aid in the attenuation of the mechanisms responsible for this damage and seems to act by enhancing protein anabolism and retarding protein degradation. Recent findings suggest that the beneficial effects of refeeding result from a reduction in oxidative injury and an increase in cellular stress resistance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> One possible mechanism for our result may be linked to the expression of atrogin-1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase also known as muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx). E3-ligases are part of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway utilized for protein degradation during muscle atrophy. The literature has shown that atrogin-1/MAFbx expression results in muscle atrophy during catabolic condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> In cardiac muscle, atrogin-1/MAFbx expression increases during heart failure and pressure overload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The isolated papillary muscle analysis showed that food restriction promotes cardiac dysfunction, but refeeding condition prevents the state. These stimuli provide evidence that the improvement of myocardial function assigned to fasting/refeeding cycles was related to changes in intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling, mainly in the recapture and/or extrusion of cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and b-adrenergic system. Nevertheless, the lower response of food restricted rats to the increase of extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration can be related to changes in the general mechanisms involved in Ca<sup>2+</sup> cycling such as sarcolemmal Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger, sarcolemmal L-type channel, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), ryanodine receptor, SR Ca<sup>2+</sup> uptake pump, and the myofilament Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensitivity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> In relation to RF, this process may be faster and more balanced, but no study was found to support this statement and show the activity and protein expression of Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling regulatory proteins.</p>
      <p>Another explanation could be related to the role of cytokine in intermittent fasting mediated cardioprotection. The influx of inflammatory cells and production of pro-inflammatory mediators contribute to myocardial injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Nevertheless, adiponectin can protect myocardial cells against ischemic injury by activating the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase - Akt pathway, being the latter mediated, in part, by caloric restriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Thus, the beneficial effects of fasting/refeeding may function through anti-inflammatory cytokine pathways.</p>
      <p>Few studies have evaluated the b-adrenergic components in experimental models of fasting/refeeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Some studies have shown that cardiac function impairment is related to b-adrenergic system changes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> while other researchers have not reported reduced b-adrenergic response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The literature shows that a decrease in cardiac b-receptor number has been reported in several hypertensive models known to be associated with an increase in sympathetic nerve activity, including SHR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Thus, the association between increased sympathetic activity and cardiac b-receptor downregulation is sufficiently close to suggest that the finding of decreased b-receptor number after starvation and refeeding is indicative of persistently elevated cardiac sympathetic drive. However, in the current study, there is no damage of b-system in the RF rats, since the cardiac function was similar to that of the C group. The present data tend to support the hypothesis that isoproterenol stimulation reveals that the b-adrenergic system and cAMP phosphorylation of proteins related to Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling were preserved in refeeding rats.</p>
      <p>Thus, fasting/refeeding cycles have become the subject of considerable scientific interest as a potential dietary approach for weight-loss and improving cardiometabolic health. The beneficial effects of the intermittent fasting result from at least two mechanisms: the oxidative stress and the stress resistance hypothesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> According to literature, during the intermittent fasting, there are fewer free radicals produced in the mitochondria of cells and, therefore, less oxidative damage to the cells.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Another hypothesis is the resistance to stress that is associated with increased resistance of cells in many different tissues to injury induced by oxidative, genotoxic and metabolic insults. The conservation of stress resistance responses to intermittent fasting across a range of species provides strong evidence that this mechanism contributes to the lifespan-extending action of dietary restriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that according to studies in rodents and humans, intermittent food restriction is capable of promoting weight loss and/or favorably influence an array of cardiometabolic health indices, with equal or greater efficacy than conventional continuous energy restriction approaches, such as food restriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Fasting/refeeding cycles increase cardiac tolerance to ischemic injury and can affect the development of cardiovascular disease, preventing postinfarct cardiac remodeling, and impending chronic heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Comparing the two dietary approaches, studies show that caloric restriction may exert its beneficial effects primarily by reducing oxidative stress, whereas RF may act primarily by a stress resistance mechanism,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> which can have a cardioprotective effect. </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The study did not investigate the activity and protein expression of Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling regulatory proteins known to affect myocardial contraction and relaxation. In addition, the current study did not evaluate the involvement of anti-inflammatory cytokines, free-radical production and cellular stress response, which could help and consolidate the beneficial effects of intermittent fasting.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>We demonstrated that fasting/refeeding promotes cardiac beneficial effects and attenuates myocardial injury caused by CR in SHR rats, contributing to the reduction of cardiovascular risk profile and morphological injuries. Furthermore, RF promotes mild improvement in the Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling and b-adrenergic system.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Sources of Funding This study was funded by FAPESP number 04/04654-6.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP under the protocol number 439/2004.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ciclos de Jejum/Realimenta&#231;&#227;o Previnem Disfun&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica e Danos Morfol&#243;gicos em Ratos Espontaneamente Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinotti</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus F&#233;cchio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matias</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sugizaki</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio Mateus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Ferreira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pai</surname>
            <given-names>Maeli Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Desportos, Centro de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiab&#225;, MT - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biosci&#234;ncias da Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andr&#233; Soares Leopoldo</bold>, Avenida Fernando Ferrari, 514. CEP 29075-410, Goiabeiras, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil. E-mail: <email>andresoaresleopoldo@gmail.com</email>, <email>andre.leopoldo@ufes.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pinotti MF, Cicogna AC, Leopoldo AS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Pinotti MF, Matias AM, Sugizaki MM, Nascimento AF, Pai MD, Leopoldo APL; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Pinotti MF, Sugizaki MM, Nascimento AF, Pai MD, Leopoldo APL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Sugizaki MM, Nascimento AF, Pai MD, Leopoldo APL; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Cicogna AC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Pinotti MF, Matias AM, Cicogna AC, Leopoldo AS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Matias AM, Pai MD, Leopoldo APL, Cicogna AC, Leopoldo AS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica compromete a fun&#231;&#227;o e a morfologia card&#237;acas em cora&#231;&#245;es hipertrofiados de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). No entanto, a influ&#234;ncia de ciclo de jejum/Realimenta&#231;&#227;o &#233; desconhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar o efeito de ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Al&#233;m disso, o presente estudo foi desenhado para avaliar os mecanismos subjacentes &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio (Ca<sup>+2</sup>) e sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, SHR machos de 60 dias de idade foram submetidos a alimento <italic>ad libitum</italic> (grupo C), 50% de restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar (grupo R<sub>50</sub>) ou ciclos de RF (grupo RF) por 90 dias. A remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi avaliada por meio da an&#225;lise ultraestrutural e fun&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (a = 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os ratos do grupo RF apresentaram menor atrofia card&#237;aca do que os do grupo R<sub>50</sub> em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo C. Os ratos do grupo C aumentaram peso corporal, os ratos do grupo R<sub>50</sub> mantiveram seu peso corporal inicial e os ratos do grupo RF aumentaram e reduziram seu peso durante o ciclo RF. O ciclo RF n&#227;o causou comprometimento funcional, pois os par&#226;metros isot&#244;nicos e isom&#233;tricos apresentaram comportamento similar aos dos ratos do grupo C. Os par&#226;metros card&#237;acos isot&#244;nicos e isom&#233;tricos mostraram-se significativamente elevados nos ratos do grupo RF em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dos ratos do grupo R<sub>50</sub>. Al&#233;m disso, os ratos do grupo R<sub>50</sub> apresentaram dano card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o aos ratos do grupo C quanto &#224;s vari&#225;veis isot&#244;nicas e isom&#233;tricas. Os ratos do grupo R<sub>50</sub> apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es focais em muitas fibras musculares, enquanto os ratos do grupo RF apresentaram leves altera&#231;&#245;es, como perda ou desorganiza&#231;&#227;o de miofibrilas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Ciclos de Jejum/Realimenta&#231;&#227;o promovem efeitos ben&#233;ficos card&#237;acos e atenuam o dano mioc&#225;rdico causado por restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica em SHR, contribuindo para reduzir o risco cardiovascular e os danos morfol&#243;gicos. Al&#233;m disso, o ciclo de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o promove leve melhora do tr&#226;nsito do Ca<sup>2+</sup> e do sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio/disfun&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Realimenta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Restri&#231;&#227;o Cal&#243;rica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>04/04654-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP n&#250;mero 04/04654-6.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As principais causas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o-transmiss&#237;veis (DCNTs) s&#227;o doen&#231;a cardiovascular, c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica e diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Essas condi&#231;&#245;es compartilham um pequeno n&#250;mero de fatores de risco comportamentais, que agravam as DCNTs e incluem dieta n&#227;o saud&#225;vel, intimamente relacionada com hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        <p>H&#225; muito a restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica (RC) &#233; conhecida por promover v&#225;rios efeitos ben&#233;ficos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> No entanto, embora a RC possa evitar o dano card&#237;aco em cora&#231;&#245;es hipertrofiados de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> &#233; comum notar-se flutua&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal tipicamente denominada "s&#237;ndrome do i&#244;-i&#244;" durante uma dieta r&#237;gida, tendo tal flutua&#231;&#227;o mostrado efeitos cardiovasculares delet&#233;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Pesquisas de nosso laborat&#243;rio e de outros mostraram que a restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar severa pode causar danos morfol&#243;gicos e comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em ratos normais e SHR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recentemente, jejum intermitente ou ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m mostrou ser capaz de prolongar a vida e apresentar efeitos ben&#233;ficos para a sa&#250;de quando comparado ao consumo de alimento <italic>ad libitum</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> pois melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e v&#225;rios fatores de risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Essa abordagem alimentar implica tamb&#233;m em efeito protetor contra estresse oxidativo, menores taxas de doen&#231;a renal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> prolongamento da fun&#231;&#227;o reprodutiva,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> normaliza&#231;&#227;o do gasto energ&#233;tico de repouso e recupera&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese proteica, mas pode causar muitos dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em ratos normotensos submetidos &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar, a realimenta&#231;&#227;o diminuiu a incid&#234;ncia de arritmia card&#237;aca e reverteu a deple&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas card&#237;acas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar causou dist&#250;rbios na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, que foram quase que completamente revertidos ao normal ap&#243;s realimenta&#231;&#227;o, em cora&#231;&#227;o de rato isolado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> No nosso laborat&#243;rio, observamos que ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o reverteram a disfun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e atenuaram os danos estruturais nos m&#250;sculos papilares causados por RC em ratos normotensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se os ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o podem promover efeitos similares e/ou reverter o dano card&#237;aco induzido por restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar em SHR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Portanto, este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a abordagem jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o sobre a remodela&#231;&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Al&#233;m disso, o presente estudo foi projetado para obter informa&#231;&#227;o quanto aos mecanismos subjacentes &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o do tr&#226;nsito do Ca<sup>2+</sup> e do sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a condi&#231;&#227;o jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o atenuaria o dano mioc&#225;rdico causado pela restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar e contribuiria para o remodelamento card&#237;aco normal em SHR sem altera&#231;&#245;es do tr&#226;nsito do Ca<sup>2+</sup> e do sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Modelo animal e protocolo experimental</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, SHR machos de 60 dias de idade foram distribu&#237;dos em tr&#234;s grupos: controle (grupo C, n = 7); restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar (grupo R<sub>50</sub>, n = 7); e ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o (grupo RF, n = 7). O grupo C foi alimentado com &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic> e ra&#231;&#227;o <italic>Labina</italic> com a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o: 7,0% de gordura; 20,55% de prote&#237;na; 62,95% de carboidrato; 5,0% de fibra e 4,5% de teor de umidade (Agribands, Brasil). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a composi&#231;&#227;o da ra&#231;&#227;o <italic>Labina</italic>. O grupo R<sub>50</sub> recebeu 50% da quantidade de alimento consumida pelo grupo C. O grupo RF foi submetido a ciclos de restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50% e realimenta&#231;&#227;o <italic>ad libitum</italic> semanalmente. Todos os ratos foram mantidos neste regime alimentar por 90 dias, sendo ent&#227;o sacrificados.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o da ra&#231;&#227;o Labina</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Ingredientes</th>
                  <th align="center">(g/kg)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Amido</td>
                  <td align="center">397,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Amido de milho dextrinizado</td>
                  <td align="center">132,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sacarose</td>
                  <td align="center">100,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Carboidratos</td>
                  <td align="center">629,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Case&#237;na</td>
                  <td align="center">200,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">L-Ciste&#237;na</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Bitartarato de colina</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Prote&#237;na</td>
                  <td align="center">205,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#211;leo de soja</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Gordura</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fibra</td>
                  <td align="center">50,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mistura de vitaminas</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Mistura de minerais</td>
                  <td align="center">35,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total</td>
                  <td align="center">1000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Todos os animais foram alojados em gaiolas individuais em uma sala &#224; temperatura de 23&#186;C e com ciclos de 12 horas claro/escuro, sendo pesados uma vez por semana. Os pesos corporais inicial e final (PCI e PCF, respectivamente), as raz&#245;es entre os pesos ventriculares esquerdo e direito e o peso corporal final (VE/PCF e VD/PCF, respectivamente) e a &#225;rea seccional (AS) do m&#250;sculo papilar foram medidos. Todos os experimentos e procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com o <italic>Guia de Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio</italic> publicado pelo <italic>United States National Institutes of Health</italic>, sendo aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</title>
          <p>Avaliou-se a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica pelo m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo do manguito de cauda com um eletro-esfigmoman&#244;metro Narco BioSystems (<italic>International Biomedical</italic>, Austin, TX, EUA) no in&#237;cio e ao final do protocolo experimental. Registrou-se a m&#233;dia de duas leituras de press&#227;o para cada animal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desempenho do m&#250;sculo isolado</title>
          <p>O desempenho contr&#225;til intr&#237;nseco do cora&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado estudando-se o m&#250;sculo papilar isolado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), conforme como anteriormente descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Foram determinados par&#226;metros de contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica, incluindo tens&#227;o desenvolvida (TD, g/mm<sup>2</sup>, definida como tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica menos tens&#227;o de repouso), tens&#227;o de repouso (TR, g/mm<sup>2</sup>), tempo para atingir o pico da tens&#227;o desenvolvida (TPT, ms), velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o desenvolvida (+dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s) e velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o de decr&#233;scimo da tens&#227;o desenvolvida (-dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s). Os par&#226;metros isot&#244;nicos foram porcentagem de encurtamento (PS, %), tempo para encurtamento m&#225;ximo (TPS, ms), velocidade m&#225;xima de encurtamento (-dL/dt, ML/s) e velocidade m&#225;xima de relaxamento (+dL/dt, ML/s), onde ML/s &#233; o comprimento muscular por segundo.</p>
          <p>O comportamento mec&#226;nico do m&#250;sculo papilar foi avaliado sob condi&#231;&#245;es basais de concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> de 1,25 mM e ap&#243;s as seguintes manobras inotr&#243;picas: aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> extracelular de 0,625 para 1,25, 2,5 e 5,2 mM, e estimula&#231;&#227;o beta-adren&#233;rgica com 0,01, 0,1 e 1,0 &#181;M de isoproterenol. Os par&#226;metros usados para caracterizar o m&#250;sculo papilar foram: comprimento (mm), peso (mg) e AS (mm<sup>2</sup>). O comprimento muscular associado &#224; TD m&#225;xima foi definido como L<sub>max</sub>
						<italic>in vitro</italic> e medido com um catet&#244;metro Gartner (Chicago, IL, EUA). Para comparar a fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica entre diferentes comprimentos musculares, par&#226;metros isom&#233;tricos e isot&#244;nicos foram normalizados pela AS e pelo L<sub>max</sub>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo morfol&#243;gico</title>
          <p>Para o estudo ultraestrutural (tr&#234;s animais por grupo), pequenos fragmentos do m&#250;sculo papilar VE foram fixados em solu&#231;&#227;o de Karnovsky em 0,12 M fosfato, pH de 7,2 por 1-2 horas e p&#243;s-fixados em 1% tetr&#243;xido de &#243;smio em 0,1 M tamp&#227;o fosfato por 2 horas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Ap&#243;s desidrata&#231;&#227;o em uma s&#233;rie graduada de etanol, as amostras foram inclu&#237;das em resina de ep&#243;xi. Cortes ultrafinos de &#225;reas selecionadas foram feitos com navalhas de diamante, submetidos a duplo contraste com acetato de uranila e citrato de chumbo, e examinados em microsc&#243;pio eletr&#244;nico Philips EM 301. A AS do mi&#243;cito VE foi medida com microsc&#243;pio composto ligado a sistema computadorizado de an&#225;lise de imagem (Image-Pro Plus 3.0, Media Cybernetics, Silver Springs, MD, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas usando o programa SigmaStat 3.5 (SYSTAT Software Inc., San Jose, CA, EUA). As vari&#225;veis das caracter&#237;sticas gerais e da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em condi&#231;&#227;o basal com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP). Os grupos foram comparados usando-se an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma via para amostras independentes. Utilizou-se ANOVA de duas vias para medidas repetidas para avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal e os efeitos inotr&#243;picos positivos e negativos na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Quando houve diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,05), usou-se os testes post hoc de Tukey ou Bonferroni para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
          <p>Determinou-se o tamanho da amostra (n) com a equa&#231;&#227;o: n = 1 + [2C * (s/d)<sup>2</sup>], onde C (z score a + z score b)<sup>2</sup> depende dos valores escolhidos para poder estat&#237;stico do teste (90%; erro tipo II) e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia (0,05; erro tipo I); o valor do desvio-padr&#227;o (s) adotado foi 0,25, sendo a m&#237;nima diferen&#231;a entre os grupos (d) de 0,5. O tamanho de amostra necess&#225;rio para detectar uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos foi de 6,25 ratos por grupo. Entretanto, decidimos usar 7 animais por grupo para a maioria das an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais e morfol&#243;gicas dos ratos</title>
          <p>Valores significativamente elevados de PCF, VE, VD, VE/PCF e VD/PCF foram encontrados no grupo C em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos R<sub>50</sub> e RF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>). Ap&#243;s 12 semanas, os ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o promoveram substancial eleva&#231;&#227;o do PCF e do consumo alimentar que foram significativamente maiores do que aqueles no grupo R<sub>50</sub>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos, os grupos RF e R<sub>50</sub> apresentaram comportamento diferente. Especificamente, o VE (RF: 12,12% e R<sub>50</sub>: 48,5%; p &lt; 0,05), o VD (RF: 19,04% e R<sub>50</sub>: 47,62%; p &lt; 0,05), o VE/PCF (RF: 6,64% e R<sub>50</sub>: 19,2%; p &lt; 0,05) e o VD/PCF (RF: 12,06% e R<sub>50</sub>: 18,96%; p &lt; 0,05) apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o percentual nos ratos dos grupos RF e R<sub>50</sub> em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles do grupo C. Entretanto, os ratos submetidos aos ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o apresentaram menos atrofia card&#237;aca do que os do grupo R<sub>50</sub> em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo C.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos ratos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Grupos</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="center">C</th>
                  <th align="center">R<sub>50</sub></th>
                  <th align="center">RF</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCI (g)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 247 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center"> 248 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center"> 249 &#177; 13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PCF (g)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 366 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center"> 236 &#177; 17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center"> 342 &#177; 21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref><sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">CA (g/semana)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 159 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center"> 77 &#177; 4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center"> 130 &#177; 55<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS inicial (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">177 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">177 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">181 &#177; 7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS final (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 163 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center"> 157 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">156 &#177; 5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,99 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,51 &#177; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0.87 &#177; 0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref><sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VD (g)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,21 &#177; 0,02</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,11 &#177; 0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0.17 &#177; 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref><sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VE/PCF (mg/g)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 2,71 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center"> 2,19 &#177; 0,16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center"> 2.53 &#177; 0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref><sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VD/PCF (mg/g)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,58 &#177; 0,04</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,47 &#177; 0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0.51 &#177; 0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN07">
                <p>
                  <italic>C: grupo controle; R<sub>50</sub>: animais com restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50%; RF: animais com altern&#226;ncia entre restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50% e realimenta&#231;&#227;o; PCI: peso corporal inicial; PCF: peso corporal final; CA: consumo alimentar; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; VE: peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: peso do ventr&#237;culo direito. Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 7).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN08">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>significativo para p &lt; 0,05 vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0,05 vs. R<sub>50</sub>. ANOVA de uma via e teste de Tukey post hoc.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, os ratos do grupo C apresentaram ganho corporal crescente, enquanto aqueles do grupo R<sub>50</sub> mantiveram seu PCI ap&#243;s 12 semanas de protocolo experimental (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>). Por outro lado, os ratos do grupo RF ganharam peso dependendo da ingest&#227;o de alimento, com aumento e redu&#231;&#227;o de peso corporal durante as fases de realimenta&#231;&#227;o e jejum, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es do peso corporal ap&#243;s 90 dias de tratamento. Grupos: controle (C, quadrados, n = 7); animais submetidos a restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50% (R<sub>50</sub>, tri&#226;ngulos, n = 7); e animais submetidos a altern&#226;ncia de restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50% e realimenta&#231;&#227;o (RF, c&#237;rculos, n = 7). Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP; * significativo para p &lt; 0,05, R<sub>50</sub> vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0,05, RF vs. R<sub>50</sub>; <sup>#</sup>p &lt; 0,05, C vs. RF. ANOVA de duas vias para medidas repetidas; teste de Bonferroni post hoc. Fonte: grupo de pesquisa.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0400-80152-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desempenho do m&#250;sculo isolado</title>
          <p>Os ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o causaram comprometimento funcional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref>). Entretanto, os par&#226;metros isot&#244;nicos [-dL/dt, TPS, TR<sub>50</sub>] e isom&#233;tricos (TPT, +dT/dt, -dT/dt, TR<sub>50</sub>) mostraram-se significativamente elevados nos ratos do grupo RF em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles do grupo R<sub>50</sub>, indicando que os ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o preservam a fase de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, os ratos do grupo R<sub>50</sub> apresentaram dano card&#237;aco em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo C para as vari&#225;veis isot&#244;nicas e isom&#233;tricas. A AS do m&#250;sculo papilar n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Contra&#231;&#227;o isot&#244;nica dos grupos na condi&#231;&#227;o basal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Grupos</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="center">C</th>
                  <th align="center">R<sub>50</sub></th>
                  <th align="center">RF</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">18 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">20 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">-dL/dt (ML/s)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 1,89 &#177; 0,40</td>
                  <td align="center"> 1,60 &#177; 0,36</td>
                  <td align="center"> 2,19 &#177; 0,45<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TPS (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">168 &#177; 26</td>
                  <td align="center">205 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">161 &#177; 14<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">+dL/dT (ML/s)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 4,28 &#177; 1,26</td>
                  <td align="center"> 4,13 &#177; 1,11</td>
                  <td align="center"> 4,79 &#177; 0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TR<sub>50</sub> (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 58 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center"> 76 &#177; 12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center"> 53 &#177; 9<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AS (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,95 &#177; 0,22</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,85 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,91 &#177; 0,18</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN09">
                <p>
                  <italic>C: grupo controle; R<sub>50</sub>: animais com restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50%; RF: animais com altern&#226;ncia entre restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50% e realimenta&#231;&#227;o; OS: porcentagem de encurtamento; -dL/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de encurtamento; TPS: tempo para encurtamento m&#225;ximo; +dL/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de relaxamento; TR<sub>50</sub>: tempo para tens&#227;o desenvolvida decrescer 50% de seu valor m&#225;ximo; AS: &#225;rea seccional do m&#250;sculo. Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 7) na concentra&#231;&#227;o basal de c&#225;lcio (1,25 mM);</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>significativo para p &lt; 0,05 vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0,05 vs. R<sub>50</sub>. ANOVA de uma via e teste de Tukey post hoc.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica dos grupos na condi&#231;&#227;o basal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">
									</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3">Grupos</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">
                  <th align="center">C</th>
                  <th align="center">R<sub>50</sub></th>
                  <th align="center">RF</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DT (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 6,17 &#177; 1,24</td>
                  <td align="center"> 6,37 &#177; 1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">7,18 &#177; 1,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TR (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 1,06 &#177; 0,12</td>
                  <td align="center"> 1,12 &#177; 0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 &#177; 0,17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">+dT/dt (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 77 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center"> 63 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center"> 93 &#177; 18<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TPT (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">146 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">184 &#177; 19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">128 &#177; 25<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">-dT/dt (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">22 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">33 &#177; 9<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TR<sub>50</sub> (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 &#177; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">224 &#177; 32<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">171 &#177; 21<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AS (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,95 &#177; 0,22</td>
                  <td align="center"> 0,85 &#177; 0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 &#177; 0,18</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>
                  <italic>C: grupo controle; R<sub>50</sub>: animais com restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50%; RF: animais com altern&#226;ncia entre restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50% e realimenta&#231;&#227;o; TD: tens&#227;o desenvolvida; TR: tens&#227;o de repouso; TPT: tempo para atingir o pico de tens&#227;o; +dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o desenvolvida; -dT/dt: velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o de decr&#233;scimo da tens&#227;o desenvolvida; TR<sub>50</sub>: tempo para tens&#227;o desenvolvida decrescer 50% de seu valor m&#225;ximo; AS: &#225;rea seccional do m&#250;sculo. Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 7) na concentra&#231;&#227;o basal de c&#225;lcio (1.25 mM);</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>significativo para p&lt;0,05 vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0,05 vs. R<sub>50</sub>. ANOVA de uma via e teste de Tukey post hoc.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estimula&#231;&#227;o com c&#225;lcio extracelular</title>
          <p>As eleva&#231;&#245;es da concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> extracelular de 0,625 para 5,2 mM resultaram em efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo nos mi&#243;citos de todos os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 2A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">F</xref>). Entretanto, os resultados mostrados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">E</xref> indicam que o Ca<sup>2+</sup> extracelular (1,25 e 2,5 mM) induziu maior resposta em +dT/dt (RF: 99,1 &#177; 23,6; 132,1 &#177; 36,2 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s <italic>vs.</italic> R<sub>50</sub>: 63,2 &#177; 12,8; 91,5 &#177; 22,0 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s; p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente), -dT/dt (RF: 30,6 &#177; 5,9; 35,9 &#177; 5,8 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s <italic>vs.</italic> R<sub>50</sub>: 22,0 &#177; 4,4; 28,5 &#177; 6,1 g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s; p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente) e -dL/dt (RF: 2,19 &#177;0,45; 2,77 &#177; 0,51 ML/s <italic>vs.</italic> R<sub>50</sub>: 1,47 &#177; 0,24; 1,99 &#177; 0,31 ML/s; p &lt; 0.05, respectivamente) nos ratos do grupo RF do que nos do grupo R<sub>50</sub>. Al&#233;m disso, -dT/dt e -dL/dt estavam significativamente reduzidos no mioc&#225;rdio de ratos do grupo R<sub>50</sub> em concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> de 5,2 mM se comparados aos do grupo RF. Quando submetidos &#224;s manobras inotr&#243;picas, TD, PS e +dL/dt foram semelhantes nos grupos RF e R<sub>50</sub>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de ratos do grupo C ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o com Ca<sup>2+</sup>, aqueles submetidos a ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o apresentaram comportamento similar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 2A</xref>-<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">F</xref>). O &#250;nico resultado significativo entre os grupos C e R<sub>50</sub> foi observado na mais alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> (5,2 mM); -dL/dt foi significativamente mais baixa no grupo R<sub>50</sub> do que no grupo C (C: 2,66 &#177; 0,35 <italic>vs.</italic> R<sub>50</sub>: 2,18 &#177; 0,33 ML/s, p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 2E</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos do aumento do c&#225;lcio extracelular nos par&#226;metros mioc&#225;rdicos isot&#244;nicos e isom&#233;tricos nos m&#250;sculos papilares do grupo controle (C = barras pretas), de animais com restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50% (R<sub>50</sub> = barras de cor cinza) e de animais submetidos a altern&#226;ncia de restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50% e realimenta&#231;&#227;o (RF = barras brancas). Experimento do c&#225;lcio extracelular: 7 animais em cada grupo. Par&#226;metros isom&#233;tricos: A: TD (tens&#227;o desenvolvida normalizada para &#225;rea seccional); B: +dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s (velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o desenvolvida normalizada para &#225;rea seccional); C: -dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s (velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o de decr&#233;scimo da tens&#227;o desenvolvida normalizada para &#225;rea seccional). Par&#226;metros isot&#244;nicos: D: PS (porcentagem de encurtamento); E: -dL/dT (velocidade m&#225;xima de encurtamento); F: +dL/dT (velocidade m&#225;xima de relaxamento. L<sub>max</sub>: comprimento muscular no pico de TD. Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP; * significativo para p &lt; 0,05 vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0,05 vs. R<sub>50</sub>. ANOVA de duas vias para medidas repetidas e teste de Tukey post hoc. Fonte: grupo de pesquisa.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0400-80152-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estimula&#231;&#227;o com isoproterenol</title>
          <p>Os ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o elevaram +dT/dt, -dT/dt e -dL/dt na concentra&#231;&#227;o mais alta de isoproterenol (1 &#181;M) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores do grupo R<sub>50</sub>, indicando um efeito inotr&#243;pico positivo nos mi&#243;citos. Em contraste, o grupo RF apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de +dL/dt em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo R<sub>50</sub> para a mesma concentra&#231;&#227;o de isoproterenol (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3F</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, efeitos similares foram observados em +dT/dt e -dT/dt a 1&#181;M de isoproterenol no grupo C quando comparado ao R<sub>50</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 3B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">C</xref>). Ademais, os ratos do grupo RF apresentaram maior +dL/dt na condi&#231;&#227;o basal e concentra&#231;&#245;es de isoproterenol (0,01 &#181;M) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 3F</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos dados mec&#226;nicos (TD e PS) sob estimula&#231;&#227;o inotr&#243;pica com isoproterenol entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figuras 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">D</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeitos do est&#237;mulo com isoproterenol na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos m&#250;sculos papilares do grupo controle (C = barras pretas), de animais com restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50% (R<sub>50</sub> = barras de cor cinza) e de animais submetidos a altern&#226;ncia de restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar de 50% e realimenta&#231;&#227;o (RF = barras brancas). Experimento de est&#237;mulo com isoproterenol: 7 animais em cada grupo. Par&#226;metros isom&#233;tricos: A: TD (tens&#227;o desenvolvida normalizada para &#225;rea seccional); B: +dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s (velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o desenvolvida normalizada para &#225;rea seccional); C: -dT/dt, g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s (velocidade m&#225;xima de varia&#231;&#227;o de decr&#233;scimo da tens&#227;o desenvolvida normalizada para &#225;rea seccional). Par&#226;metros isot&#244;nicos: D: PS (porcentagem de encurtamento); E: -dL/dt (velocidade m&#225;xima de encurtamento); F: +dL/dt (velocidade m&#225;xima de relaxamento). L<sub>max</sub>: comprimento muscular no pico de TD. Valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP; * significativo para p &lt; 0,05 vs. C; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p &lt; 0,05 vs. R<sub>50</sub>. ANOVA de duas vias para medidas repetidas e teste de Tukey post hoc. Fonte: grupo de pesquisa.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0400-80152-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morfologia mioc&#225;rdica</title>
          <p>Os ratos do grupo C mostraram caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas normais, com miofibrilas preenchendo todo o sarcoplasma, sarc&#244;meros bem definidos, mitoc&#244;ndrias com cristas lamelares, membranas sarcoplasm&#225;ticas com aspecto regular, ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico entre as miofibrilas e n&#250;cleos com cromatina n&#227;o condensada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 4A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">B</xref>). O grupo R<sub>50</sub> apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es focais, como desorganiza&#231;&#227;o ou aus&#234;ncia de miofibrilas, algumas mitoc&#244;ndrias polim&#243;rficas com n&#250;mero reduzido de cristas e &#225;reas de dilata&#231;&#227;o do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 4C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">D</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">E</xref>). Nos ratos do grupo RF, a &#250;nica altera&#231;&#227;o observada foi a perda das cristas mitocondriais em algumas organelas. A maioria das fibras apresentou morfologia normal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figuras 4F</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">G</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Estudo ultraestrutural do m&#250;sculo papilar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (n = 3 por grupo). Fotos A e B correspondem ao grupo controle, fotos C, D e E ao grupo com restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar (R<sub>50</sub>) e fotos F e G ao grupo de realimenta&#231;&#227;o (RF). O grupo controle apresentou preserva&#231;&#227;o da ultraestrutura com miofibrilas (M), ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (ponta da seta), mitoc&#244;ndria (mi), membrana nuclear (N) e membrana plasm&#225;tica (seta) normais. Os ratos do grupo R<sub>50</sub> mostraram altera&#231;&#245;es celulares, como mitoc&#244;ndrias polim&#243;rficas (*), desorganiza&#231;&#227;o miofibrilar (**) e pregueamento da membrana plasm&#225;tica (seta). Durante realimenta&#231;&#227;o, o m&#250;sculo papilar mostrou preserva&#231;&#227;o de miofibrilas (M), mitoc&#244;ndrias (mi) e membranas plasm&#225;ticas (seta), mitoc&#244;ndrias polim&#243;rficas (*) e capilar (C). Fonte: grupo de pesquisa.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0400-80152-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>H&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia card&#237;acas durante jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o em cora&#231;&#245;es hipertrofiados de SHR. Nesse contexto, esse regime alimentar tornou-se assunto de consider&#225;vel interesse cient&#237;fico para perda de peso e melhora da sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica. Assim, o principal achado deste estudo foi que ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o atenuam o dano causado pela RC. Os resultados revelam que o ciclo jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros isot&#244;nicos e isom&#233;tricos na condi&#231;&#227;o basal, assim como melhorou a resposta inotr&#243;pica mioc&#225;rdica ao c&#225;lcio e isoproterenol. Al&#233;m disso, o ciclo jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o reduziu a atrofia card&#237;aca e as inj&#250;rias morfol&#243;gicas.</p>
        <p>Observou-se menor ganho de peso corporal no grupo RF do que no grupo C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 1</xref>), por&#233;m maior ganho de peso corporal do que no grupo R<sub>50</sub>. De acordo com a literatura, ocorre redu&#231;&#227;o de cerca de 13% do peso corporal quando os animais s&#227;o submetidos a 48 horas de jejum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Esse resultado parece ser mediado por horm&#244;nios, como leptina que regula o apetite e o ganho de corporal. Uma r&#225;pida inibi&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do gene <italic>ob</italic> no tecido adiposo branco ocorre no jejum, e tal efeito pode ser revertido pela realimenta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Hipertrofia card&#237;aca, um importante processo patol&#243;gico envolvido no remodelamento card&#237;aco, serve inicialmente como um mecanismo compensat&#243;rio para preservar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> O remodelamento card&#237;aco pode ser considerado o primeiro passo na sequ&#234;ncia de respostas adaptativas do cora&#231;&#227;o ao estresse causado por um grande n&#250;mero de condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e patol&#243;gicas, como altera&#231;&#245;es de cargas de volume e press&#227;o e/ou altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Um estudo recente revelou que o ciclo jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o induziu atrofia card&#237;aca visualizada como uma redu&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o como um todo e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, assim como da rela&#231;&#227;o VE/PCF. A diminui&#231;&#227;o do peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso corporal &#233; muito comum em pequenos animais submetidos a restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese proteica mioc&#225;rdica e redu&#231;&#227;o na meia-vida m&#233;dia de prote&#237;nas s&#227;o poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para a reduzida massa card&#237;aca na inani&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> A s&#237;ntese proteica, um processo anab&#243;lico, &#233; necess&#225;ria para a hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Duas importantes vias reguladoras da s&#237;ntese proteica s&#227;o inibidas pela AMPK, um regulador prim&#225;rio das vias metab&#243;licas, que desempenha papel essencial em uma ampla variedade de processos celulares de prote&#231;&#227;o contra hipertrofia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Logo, atrofia card&#237;aca poderia ser regulada pela via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o comum da AMPK no hipot&#225;lamo.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise ultraestrutural, a restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar causou dano morfol&#243;gico focal na maioria das fibras dos m&#250;sculos papilares. As mesmas altera&#231;&#245;es foram menos intensas na condi&#231;&#227;o de realimenta&#231;&#227;o intermitente. Tal condi&#231;&#227;o parece auxiliar na atenua&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos respons&#225;veis por esse dano e atuar atrav&#233;s da melhora do anabolismo proteico e retardo da degrada&#231;&#227;o proteica. Achados recentes sugerem que os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da realimenta&#231;&#227;o resultam de redu&#231;&#227;o na inj&#250;ria oxidativa e aumento da resist&#234;ncia celular ao estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Um poss&#237;vel mecanismo para o nosso resultado pode estar ligado &#224; express&#227;o de atrogina-1, uma E3 ubiquitina-ligase, tamb&#233;m conhecida como MAFbx (<italic>muscle atrophy F-box</italic>). As E3-ligases s&#227;o parte do sistema ubiquitina-proteassoma utilizado para degrada&#231;&#227;o proteica durante atrofia muscular. A literatura mostra que a express&#227;o de atrogina-1/MAFbx resulta em atrofia muscular durante condi&#231;&#227;o catab&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> No m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco, a express&#227;o de atrogina-1/MAFbx aumenta na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e sobrecarga de press&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado mostrou que a restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar promove disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, mas a realimenta&#231;&#227;o previne essa situa&#231;&#227;o. Tais est&#237;mulos evidenciam que a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdico atribu&#237;da a ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o relaciona-se a altera&#231;&#245;es no tr&#226;nsito do Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular, em especial na recaptura e/ou extrus&#227;o do Ca<sup>2+</sup> citos&#243;lico, e sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico. Entretanto, a menor resposta dos ratos privados de alimento ao aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> extracelular pode estar relacionada com altera&#231;&#245;es nos mecanismos gerais do ciclo do Ca<sup>2+</sup>, como trocador de Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> sarcolemal, canal de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L sarcolemal, ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico, receptor de rianodina, bomba de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico e sensibilidade dos miofilamentos ao Ca<sup>+2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o, esse processo pode ser mais r&#225;pido e equilibrado, mas n&#227;o foram encontrados estudos que confirme essa afirma&#231;&#227;o nem demonstre a atividade e a express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas reguladoras do tr&#226;nsito do Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
        <p>Outra explica&#231;&#227;o poderia estar relacionada ao papel da citocina na cardioprote&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo jejum intermitente. O influxo de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e a produ&#231;&#227;o de mediadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios contribuem para a inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Entretanto, a adiponectina pode proteger as c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas contra a inj&#250;ria isqu&#234;mica ao ativar a via da prote&#237;na quinase dependente de AMP c&#237;clico - via Akt, sendo a &#250;ltima parcialmente mediada por restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Assim, os efeitos ben&#233;ficos de ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o podem funcionar atrav&#233;s das vias das citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias.</p>
        <p>Poucos estudos avaliaram os componentes beta-adren&#233;rgicos em modelos experimentais de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Alguns estudos mostraram que o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca est&#225; relacionado &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es do sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> enquanto outros n&#227;o relataram redu&#231;&#227;o da resposta beta-adren&#233;rgica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A diminui&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de beta-receptores card&#237;acos foi mostrada em v&#225;rios modelos de hipertens&#227;o conhecidos por sua associa&#231;&#227;o com uma eleva&#231;&#227;o na atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica, incluindo SHR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> Assim, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre eleva&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica e infrarregula&#231;&#227;o de beta-receptores card&#237;acos &#233; pr&#243;xima o suficiente para sugerir que a redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de beta-receptores ap&#243;s priva&#231;&#227;o alimentar e realimenta&#231;&#227;o indica persistente aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca. No entanto, neste estudo, n&#227;o houve dano do sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico nos ratos do grupo RF, pois a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi similar &#224;quela do grupo C. Esses dados tendem a embasar a hip&#243;tese de que a estimula&#231;&#227;o com isoproterenol preserva o sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico e a fosforila&#231;&#227;o do AMP-c&#237;clico de prote&#237;nas relacionadas ao tr&#226;nsito do Ca<sup>2+</sup> nos ratos realimentados.</p>
        <p>Os ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o tornaram-se tema de consider&#225;vel interesse cient&#237;fico como uma abordagem diet&#233;tica potencial para perda de peso corporal e aperfei&#231;oamento da sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica. Os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do jejum intermitente resultam de pelo menos dois mecanismos: estresse oxidativo e hip&#243;tese de resist&#234;ncia ao estresse.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> De acordo com a literatura, durante jejum intermitente, h&#225; menor produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres nas mitoc&#244;ndrias e, consequentemente, menor dano oxidativo para as c&#233;lulas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Outra hip&#243;tese &#233; a resist&#234;ncia ao estresse, associada com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas de diferentes tecidos &#224; inj&#250;ria induzida pelos insultos oxidativos, genot&#243;xicos e metab&#243;licos. A conserva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia ao estresse em resposta ao jejum intermitente em uma variedade de esp&#233;cies fornece forte evid&#234;ncia de que esse mecanismo, no caso da restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar, contribua para prolongar a vida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; importante notar que, conforme estudos em roedores e seres humanos, a restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar intermitente pode promover perda de peso e/ou influenciar favoravelmente v&#225;rios &#237;ndices de sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica, com efic&#225;cia igual ou superior &#224; de abordagens convencionais de restri&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tica cont&#237;nua, como a restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Os ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o aumentam a toler&#226;ncia card&#237;aca &#224; inj&#250;ria isqu&#234;mica e podem afetar o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, evitando o remodelamento card&#237;aco p&#243;s-infarto e a iminente insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Comparando-se as duas abordagens diet&#233;ticas, alguns estudos mostraram que a restri&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica pode exercer seus efeitos ben&#233;ficos primariamente atrav&#233;s da redu&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo, enquanto que os ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o podem atuar primariamente atrav&#233;s do mecanismo de resist&#234;ncia ao estresse,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> que pode ter efeito cardioprotetor.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo n&#227;o investigou a atividade e a express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas reguladoras do tr&#226;nsito de Ca<sup>2+</sup> conhecidas por afetar a contra&#231;&#227;o e o relaxamento mioc&#225;rdico. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo n&#227;o avaliou o envolvimento das citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias, a produ&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres e a resposta celular ao estresse, que poderiam auxiliar a consolidar os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do jejum intermitente.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ciclos de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o promovem efeitos ben&#233;ficos card&#237;acos e atenuam o dano mioc&#225;rdico causado por RC em SHR, contribuindo para reduzir o risco cardiovascular e os preju&#237;zos morfol&#243;gicos. Al&#233;m disso, o ciclo de jejum/realimenta&#231;&#227;o promove leve melhora do tr&#226;nsito do Ca<sup>2+</sup> e do sistema beta-adren&#233;rgico.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP n&#250;mero 04/04654-6.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 439/2004.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
