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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hYbMxLKsdxgbxZ5pYpTqn4p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500394</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005010104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180137</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of the Bleeding Intensity of Patients Anticoagulated with Warfarin or Dabigatran Undergoing Dental Procedures</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Azevedo Prata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bispo</surname>
            <given-names>Alan Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Luana de Alencar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Quadros Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Refer&#234;ncia em Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares - Dr. Adriano Pond&#233;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Refer&#234;ncia em Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares - Dr. Adriano Pond&#233;, Salvador, BA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcus Vinicius Santos Andrade.</bold> Hospital Santa Izabel - Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa - Pra&#231;a Cons. Almeida Couto, 500. Postal Code 40050-410, Nazar&#233;, Salvador, BA - Brazil. E-mail: <email>mvandrade@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcuscardio@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Andrade MVS, Andrade LAP, Feitosa GS, Feitosa Filho GS; Acquisition of data: Andrade MVS, Andrade LAP, Bispo AF, Freitas LA; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Andrade MVS, Andrade MQS, Feitosa Filho GS; Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript: Andrade MVS; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Andrade MVS, Feitosa GS, Feitosa Filho GS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>09</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>394</fpage>
      <lpage>399</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Thrombotic disorders remain one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. Dabigatran appeared as an alternative to warfarin for anticoagulation in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). The risk associated with bleeding due to its use has been documented in several randomized clinical trials, but no large study has examined in detail the risk of bleeding during dental extraction and other dental procedures involving bleeding.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare the intensity of bleeding in individuals taking dabigatran or vitamin K antagonist (warfarin) and undergoing dental procedures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Prospective, single-center, controlled study with one single observer. Patients diagnosed with nonvalvular AF, on warfarin or dabigatran, cared for at a cardiology referral center, and requiring single or multiple dental extractions, were evaluated up to seven days post-extraction. The following outcomes were assessed: bleeding time between the beginning and the end of suture and complete hemostasis; bleeding before the procedure, after 24 hours, 48 hours, 7 days, during and after suture removal (late); p&lt;0.05 was defined as of statistical relevance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We evaluated 37 individuals, 25 in the warfarin group and 12 in the dabigatran group. Age, sex, weight, height, blood pressure, color, schooling, family income and comorbidities were similar between the two groups. Regarding bleeding after 24 hours of the procedure, no one in the dabigatran group had bleeding, whereas 32% in the warfarin group had documented bleeding (p = 0.028). The other variables analyzed did not differ between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>This study suggests that, regarding dental extraction, there is no statistically significant difference in the intensity of bleeding of patients taking dabigatran as compared to those taking warfarin. Bleeding 24 hours after the procedure was less frequent among patients on dabigatran.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hemorrhage/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Oral Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Bleeding Time</kwd>
        <kwd>Warfarin</kwd>
        <kwd>Dabigatran</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Thrombotic disorders remain one of the leading causes of death in the Western world. Several treatments with anticoagulants have been used, including unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, fondaparinux, vitamin K antagonists (warfarin), and novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs), such as apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Warfarin, the major anticoagulant, has been used for more than five decades in the United States and worldwide. Over two million people in the United States are estimated to use warfarin, with approximately 300,000 new prescriptions every year.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite their proven efficacy, the clinical use of vitamin K antagonists has some drawbacks, such as food and drug interaction, variable anticoagulation response, slow onset of therapeutic effects, need for therapeutic response monitoring by use of prothrombin time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR), and narrow therapeutic range.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Based on the drawbacks of warfarin use and the low efficiency of anticoagulation rates in clinical practice, studies assessing NOACs have been planned and conducted in recent years.</p>
      <p>The NOACs have been developed and properly assessed in phase 2 and 3 studies, which have clearly demonstrated their efficacy and safety. Some drugs are factor IIa inhibitors (thrombin inhibitor), such as dabigatran, while others are factor Xa inhibitors, such as apixaban, rivaroxaban and edoxaban. Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are at high risk for stroke. Although warfarin and other vitamin K antagonists are highly effective, reducing the risk of stroke in approximately two thirds of the cases, their use has the already described drawbacks. Recently, NOACs have shown to be as effective as warfarin, or even superior, in preventing stroke and systemic embolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Dabigatran etexilate, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, has a serum half-life of 12 to 17 hours and requires no INR monitoring. In the RE-LY trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> which proved the non-inferiority and efficacy of that NOAC as compared to warfarin, 10% of the study participants needed to undergo dental procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The RE-LY trial subgroups (dabigatran and warfarin) have shown similar periprocedural bleeding rates, with greater benefits for the dabigatran group regarding major bleedings because of the faster reversion of the drug's effect. Therefore, dabigatran has emerged as an alternative to warfarin for anticoagulation in the treatment of AF and venous thromboembolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Several guidelines have validated the use of warfarin or any NOAC (class of recommendation I, level of evidence A) for patients with nonvalvular AF and indication for antithrombotic therapy; however, NOACs are not indicated to patients with mechanical prosthetic valve or hemodynamically significant mitral stenosis, because such patients have been excluded from the major studies on NOACs in AF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Cardiologists are often sought for guidance regarding the suspension of anticoagulants before a dental procedure, because of the concern with bleeding. In addition, dentists should be aware of the NOACs prescribed, as well as of their peculiarities, to ensure that patients receive safe and proper dental treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> The risk for hemorrhagic events associated with the use of NOACs has been documented in several randomized clinical trials, but no large study has assessed specifically the risk for bleeding after a dental extraction or other dental procedure involving bleeding. Dental extraction is one of the most common surgical procedures and can cause significant bleeding. With the increasing use of direct thrombin inhibitors in clinical practice, the occurrence of bleeding and hemorrhagic complications in that context requires better assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The present study aimed at assessing the severity of bleeding associated with the use of dabigatran as compared to traditional oral anticoagulation (warfarin) in individuals undergoing dental procedures.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Methods and Sample Selection</title>
        <p>This is a prospective single-center controlled study with one single observer. Patients diagnosed with nonvalvular AF and indication for anticoagulation, cared for at a cardiology referral center, and requiring single or multiple dental extractions were included. All patients provided written informed consent, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the institution. The patients were followed up by a clinical cardiologist in two groups: group 1, warfarin (25); group 2, dabigatran (12).</p>
        <p>Patients, independently of sex, aged 18 years or older, with nonvalvular AF and on an oral anticoagulant (warfarin) or NOAC (dabigatran) were selected. Those on oral dabigatran at the dose of 150mg every 12 hours received the drug from the Municipal Health Department. Dabigatran was specifically chosen because of a previously established care partnership between the Municipal Health Department and Boehringer Ingelheim's laboratories for anticoagulation of patients with nonvalvular AF. Individuals with the following characteristics were excluded: contraindication for anticoagulation; refusal to provide written informed consent; use of warfarin with an INR outside the therapeutic range (2.0 - 3.0) on the day of the dental procedure.</p>
        <p>Before the procedure, the patients' vital data, such as systemic blood pressure and heart rate, as well as their weight and height were assessed. In addition, the patients were asked about their race (white, mixed or black), educational level and family income. Those of the warfarin group underwent blood collection to measure PT and INR before the procedure (same day) by use of hemostasis screening tests, while those of the dabigatran group took the predicted dose (150 mg every 12 hours). Patients received prophylaxis for infectious endocarditis, when indicated, in accordance with current guidelines. The dental extractions were performed according to the department's protocol for dental treatment of patients with heart diseases on anticoagulants. The local hemostatic measures comprised appropriate sutures, cellulose sponge and tranexamic acid (ground pill). All patients were prescribed dipyrone, 1 g up to every 6 hours for pain after the procedure, or, in case of allergy to dipyrone, paracetamol, 750mg up to every 6 hours.</p>
        <p>Bleedings or hemorrhagic complications of the patients on oral anticoagulants were assessed by the surgical dentist (single observer) during and after the single or multiple dental extractions. Primary outcome was defined as bleeding time 1, between the beginning of suture and complete hemostasis. The following outcomes were also assessed: bleeding time 2 (between the end of suture and complete hemostasis), bleeding before dental extraction, bleeding during dental extraction, and bleeding 24 hours, 48 hours and 7 days after the procedure. The bleeding scale was used, and major bleedings were those from 2.1 on, as described by Iwabuchi et al. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bleeding scale.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0394-80137-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), version 15, was used for data analysis. Nonparametric tests were used for the analysis of continuous variables, because of the small sample size and the well-known low performance of the tests of adherence to normality in small samples. Continuous variables were described as median and interquartile range (IQR). Categorical variables were described as relative frequency and compared by use of Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Continuous variables were compared by use of Wilcoxon test for dependent samples, while Mann-Whitney U test was used for independent samples. Statistical significance was defined as p value &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size calculation</title>
          <p>The sample size was calculated to yield statistical power of 80% and an alpha of 5%, estimating, based on previous clinical experience, a total bleeding time around 180 &#177; 60 seconds for the warfarin group, and expecting a reduction of at least 60 seconds in the dabigatran group as compared to the warfarin group. Thus, the sample size calculated was 12 patients in each group. Because the inclusion of patients in the warfarin group was easy, its sample size was doubled.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics of the sample</title>
        <p>From January to June 2017, 48 patients with nonvalvular AF were selected, and 11 patients who required no bloody dental procedure were excluded. This study included 37 patients, 19 (51.4%) of the female sex, ages ranging from 34 to 85 years (median, 69 years, IQR: 58-65 years). The patients had multiple comorbidities, such as hypertension (78.4%), diabetes (37.8%), and heart failure (27%). All patients were on regular medical follow-up and on regular use of the drugs prescribed by their attending physicians.</p>
        <p>Of the patients included in the study, 25 were selected for the warfarin group and 12, for the dabigatran group (150 mg). When comparing both groups, before the intervention, no significant statistical difference was observed regarding age, sex, race, educational level, family income, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, weight, height and number of teeth to be extracted (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of the patients studied according to the intervention group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Warfarin (n = 25)</th>
                <th align="center">Dabigatran (n = 12)</th>
                <th align="center">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (median, IQR) - years</td>
                <td align="center">67 (54.5-75.5)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (65.5-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0.360</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female sex - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (58.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0. 556</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP (median, IQR) - mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">120 (110-140)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (102.5-137.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.810</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP (median, IQR) - mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">80 (70-85)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (62.5-80)</td>
                <td align="center">0.432</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR (median, IQR) - bpm</td>
                <td align="center">76 (62.5-88)</td>
                <td align="center">76.5 (67.5-90.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.554</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (median, IQR) - kg</td>
                <td align="center">68 (56.5-78.5)</td>
                <td align="center">67.5 (60-75.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.810</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (median, IQR) - m</td>
                <td align="center">1.61 (1.49-1.69)</td>
                <td align="center">1.605 (1.52-1.70)</td>
                <td align="center">0.810</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">INR (median, IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">2.5 (2.2-2.97)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teeth extracted (median, IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1-1.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1-1.75)</td>
                <td align="center">0.962</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Black color (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">06 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0.565</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family income (up to 1 minimum wage) - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (83.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.594</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Educational level (incomplete secondary level) - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (64)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (58.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arterial hypertension - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (91.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.177</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus 2 - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (40) </td>
                <td align="center">04 (33.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heart failure - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">07 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">03 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0.588</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Traumatic dental extraction - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">05 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">03 (33.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.311</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IQR: interquartile range; bpm: beats/minute; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; INR: International Normalized Ratio. Continuous variables (expressed as median and 25th and 75th percentiles) were compared by use of Mann-Whitney U test. The categorical variables "sex" and "black skin color" were compared by use of Chi-square test. The other variables were compared by use of Fisher exact test (expected frequencies &#8804; 5).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical outcomes</title>
        <p>Regarding the primary outcome, bleeding time 1 showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (median of 300 seconds for both groups). Regarding the other outcomes, such as bleeding time 2, bleeding before dental extraction, bleeding during dental extraction, bleeding 48 hours after the procedure, and the bleeding scale, no significant difference was found. However, bleeding 24 hours after the procedure was not identified in any patient in the dabigatran group, but eight patients in the warfarin group (32%) had it, resulting in a statistically significant difference (p=0.028) between the groups. No significant difference was observed in delayed bleeding, during and after suture removal. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> illustrates the clinical outcomes of bleeding in both groups before and after the intervention.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical outcomes of bleeding in the warfarin and dabigatran groups before and after dental extraction</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Outcome</th>
                <th align="center">Warfarin</th>
                <th align="center">Dabigatran</th>
                <th align="center">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bleeding time 1 (median, IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">300 (240-390)</td>
                <td align="center">300 (240-360)</td>
                <td align="center">0.597</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bleeding time 2 (median, IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-60)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-60)</td>
                <td align="center">0.666</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bleeding scale (median, IQR)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1-2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1-1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bleeding before dental extraction - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (96)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0.676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bleeding during dental extraction - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bleeding after 24 hours - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.028<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">**</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bleeding after 48 hours - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Delayed bleeding - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bleeding during suture removal - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.285</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bleeding after suture removal - n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>(**)</label>
              <p>p value &lt; 0.05</p>
              <p>(-): statistical data not available because either all or no patient had the outcome in the two groups.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Continuous outcomes (expressed as median and 25th and 75th percentiles) were compared by use of Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical outcomes were compared by use of Fisher exact test (frequencies expected &#8804; 5).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study's results show, in individuals submitted to dental extraction, no statistically significant difference in the bleeding intensity of individuals on dabigatran as compared to those on warfarin, but suggest a lower frequency of bleeding 24 hours after the procedure in those on dabigatran.</p>
      <p>The InterFib registry has assessed 15,174 patients with AF in 47 countries, including Brazil and South America. When analyzing the data of our region, the rate of an oral anticoagulant use was 45%, of which 44% had INR within the 2-3 therapeutic range. Thus, of the patients with AF and indication for an oral anticoagulant, only 20% were properly anticoagulated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> There has been great controversy regarding the use of anticoagulants in planning dental treatments that involve bleeding. The major concerns about the use of NOACs in invasive dental procedures involving bleeding were the lack of a specific antidote for reversing the medicine effect and the risk of the thrombotic disease for which anticoagulation was indicated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In April 2017, the Brazilian Sanitary Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) approved the use of idarucizumab in Brazil to reverse anticoagulation in patients on dabigatran. Idarucizumab is a fragment of monoclonal antibody, which, upon injection into the bloodstream, neutralizes dabigatran via direct binding, preventing its anticoagulant effect. It has been widely used in the emergency setting. The results of the RE-VERSE AD study have confirmed the efficacy and safety of that drug. More recent guidelines on the reversion of the effect of NOACs recommend its use.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>Patients on oral anticoagulants for different reasons, such as AF, need to have their risk for bleeding and complications during a dental procedure assessed. The management of individuals on warfarin who need to undergo invasive dental procedures involving bleeding and/or oral and maxillofacial surgery has been well documented in the literature and follows the recommendations of the III Brazilian Guideline on Perioperative Assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In contrast, there is no clinical trial in the literature providing specific recommendations for patients on NOACs who need to undergo dental procedures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A recent study on the use of dabigatran and perioperative management has recommended not to suspend that drug in patients submitted to minor procedures, such as dental cleaning, dental extraction, skin biopsy or cataract surgery, and to perform the procedure preferably 10 hours after the ingestion of the last dose to minimize the risk of bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Another study has recommended not to interrupt NOACs in simple procedures, such as up to three dental extractions, three implantations, radicular scraping and smoothing, and alveoloplasties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Cohen et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> have reported that, for more complex periodontal surgery or more than three extractions, the medication should be suspended 48 hours before and reinitiated 24 hours after the procedure in patients with normal renal function. Breik et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> have suggested that dabigatran or any anticoagulant should only be interrupted before dental procedures after consultation with the patient's attending physician (clinician or cardiologist), who will assess the risk of bleeding <italic>versus</italic> the risk of thrombosis for each patient. For those on dabigatran for AF without a previous stroke, suspending the medicine 24 hours before the procedure is considered relatively safe; however, for patients with a recent history of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism or embolic stroke, suspending the medicine might be risky.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The clinician should consider that the number of patients taking NOACs is rapidly increasing and that the conflicting findings of several studies have shown that no ideal management has been established for the use of those medicines in patients who need to undergo dental procedures with a high risk for significant bleeding.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> More recent data have emphasized that there is no need to suspend dabigatran in dental extraction, and have suggested that, in cases involving the risk for major bleeding, the decision to temporarily interrupt the drug should be individualized and agreed with the attending physician.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Implications</title>
        <p>A recent survey has revealed that dentists are well informed about anticoagulation. They, however, tend to overestimate the risk of bleeding, being cautious about their treatment management, which differs in different parts of the world.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A Brazilian systematic review has highlighted the risk of bleeding in individuals taking anticoagulants, as well as the efficacy and safety of dental interventions in that population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> It is worth noting that the present study is pioneer in Brazil on approaching that practice in patients with nonvalvular AF, and its results should be used to foster the understanding of the magnitude of bleeding in that specific population when taking that class of drug.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The present study has some limitations: impossibility of being double-blind because of the lack of funding to pay for a double-dummy study, with specific placebo for the two drugs tested and their false INR for monitoring in the dabigatran group. In addition, choosing a continuous variable for primary outcome makes the analysis of subtle differences between the groups more objective, allowing a smaller sample size with statistical adequacy; however, that number is small to assess more robust and rare outcomes in this type of intervention.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>This study suggests that, regarding dental extraction, there is no statistically significant difference in the intensity of bleeding of patients taking dabigatran as compared to those taking warfarin. Bleeding 24 hours after the procedure was less frequent among patients on dabigatran.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Marcus Vinicius Santos Andrade, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica / Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana para Desenvolvimento das Ci&#234;ncias (FBDC).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia under the protocol number 1.857.480. CAAE: 61125916.10000.5520. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Intensidade de Sangramento de Procedimentos Odontol&#243;gicos em Pacientes Anticoagulados com Varfarina ou Dabigatrana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Azevedo Prata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bispo</surname>
            <given-names>Alan Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Luana de Alencar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Quadros Sampaio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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            <given-names>Gilson Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Refer&#234;ncia em Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares - Dr. Adriano Pond&#233;, Salvador, BA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcus Vinicius Santos Andrade.</bold> Hospital Santa Izabel - Diretoria de Ensino e Pesquisa - Pra&#231;a Cons. Almeida Couto, 500. CEP 40050-410, Nazar&#233;, Salvador, BA - Brasil. E-mail: <email>mvandrade@cardiol.br</email>, <email>marcuscardio@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Andrade MVS, Andrade LAP, Feitosa GS, Feitosa Filho GS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Andrade MVS, Andrade LAP, Bispo AF, Freitas LA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Andrade MVS, Andrade MQS, Feitosa Filho GS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Andrade MVS; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Andrade MVS, Feitosa GS, Feitosa Filho GS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Dist&#250;rbios tromb&#243;ticos permanecem como uma das principais causas de morte no mundo ocidental. A dabigatrana surgiu como alternativa &#224; varfarina para a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o no tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). O risco associado a eventos hemorr&#225;gicos com a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o foi documentado em v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, mas nenhum grande estudo analisou detalhadamente o risco de hemorragia durante a extra&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria e em outros procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos que envolvam sangramentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Em indiv&#237;duos submetidos a procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos, avaliar a intensidade de sangramento com o uso de dabigatrana em compara&#231;&#227;o ao uso de anticoagulante oral antagonista da vitamina K (varfarina).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo prospectivo, controlado, unic&#234;ntrico, observador &#250;nico. Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de FA n&#227;o valvar atendidos em um centro de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia e com indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o que necessitavam de tratamento odontol&#243;gico para exodontia &#250;nica ou m&#250;ltipla, estando em uso de varfarina ou dabigatrana e avaliados at&#233; sete dias p&#243;s-exodontia. Foram avaliados os efeitos sobre: tempo de sangramento entre o in&#237;cio e o fim da sutura e hemostasia completa; sangramento antes do procedimento, ap&#243;s 24 e 48 horas, 7 dias, durante e ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o da sutura (tardio), sendo considerado como estatisticamente significativo valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 37 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 25 no grupo varfarina e 12 no dabigatrana. Idade, sexo, peso, altura, press&#227;o arterial, cor, escolaridade, renda familiar e comorbidades foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sangramento 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, ningu&#233;m do grupo dabigatrana apresentou sangramento, que esteve presente em 32% do grupo varfarina (p = 0,028). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras vari&#225;veis analisadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os dados deste estudo permitem sugerir que, em indiv&#237;duos submetidos a procedimento odontol&#243;gico de exodontia, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na intensidade de sangramento em uso de dabigatrana em compara&#231;&#227;o ao uso de varfarina. H&#225; uma menor frequ&#234;ncia de sangramento 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento nos indiv&#237;duos em uso de dabigatrana.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hemorragia/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Bucais</kwd>
        <kwd>Tempo de Sangramento</kwd>
        <kwd>Varfarina</kwd>
        <kwd>Dabigatrana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Dist&#250;rbios tromb&#243;ticos permanecem como uma das principais causas de morte no mundo ocidental. V&#225;rios tratamentos com anticoagulantes t&#234;m sido utilizados, incluindo heparina n&#227;o fracionada, heparina de baixo peso molecular, fondaparinux, antagonistas da vitamina K (varfarina) e os novos anticoagulantes orais (NOACs), como apixabana, dabigatrana e rivaroxabana.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica (EUA) e no mundo, a varfarina &#233; a principal droga anticoagulante utilizada h&#225; mais de cinco d&#233;cadas. Estima-se que cerca de dois milh&#245;es de pessoas nos EUA estejam em uso e que aproximadamente 300.000 novas prescri&#231;&#245;es ocorram a cada ano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da efic&#225;cia comprovada, os antagonistas da vitamina K apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, como intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa e alimentar, ampla variabilidade na resposta &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, in&#237;cio lento de efeitos terap&#234;uticos, necessidade de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da resposta terap&#234;utica atrav&#233;s do Tempo de Protrombina (TP) e da Raz&#227;o Normalizada Internacional (RNI) e uma faixa terap&#234;utica estreita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Com base nas limita&#231;&#245;es da utiliza&#231;&#227;o da varfarina aliada &#224; falta de efici&#234;ncia nas taxas de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, estudos avaliando os NOACs foram planejados e conduzidos durante os &#250;ltimos anos.</p>
        <p>Recentemente, NOACs foram desenvolvidos e avaliados apropriadamente em estudos de fase 2 e 3, com clara demonstra&#231;&#227;o de efic&#225;cia e de seguran&#231;a. Alguns agentes s&#227;o inibidores de fator IIa (inibidor da trombina), como dabigatrana, e outros s&#227;o inibidores de fator Xa, como apixabana, rivaroxabana e edoxabana. Pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) est&#227;o sob elevado risco de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). A varfarina e outros antagonistas da vitamina K s&#227;o altamente eficazes, reduzindo o risco de AVC em aproximadamente dois ter&#231;os dos casos; no entanto, o uso dos mesmos traz as limita&#231;&#245;es j&#225; descritas acima. Recentemente, os NOACs demonstraram ser equivalentes ou superiores &#224; varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC ou embolia sist&#234;mica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O etexilato de dabigatrana, um inibidor direto da trombina, administrado por via oral, tem uma meia-vida plasm&#225;tica de 12 a 17 horas e n&#227;o requer monitoramento da RNI. No estudo RE-LY,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> que comprovou a n&#227;o inferioridade e a efic&#225;cia desse NOAC em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina, cerca de 10% dos pacientes que participaram do estudo precisaram realizar procedimentos dent&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Estudos de subgrupos do RE-LY evidenciaram taxas semelhantes de sangramento periprocedimento em ambos os grupos, com maior benef&#237;cio para o grupo dabigatrana em casos de sangramentos maiores devido &#224; r&#225;pida revers&#227;o do efeito da droga. Por tudo isso, a dabigatrana surgiu como alternativa &#224; varfarina para a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o no tratamento da FA e do tromboembolismo venoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> J&#225; est&#225; validado por diversas diretrizes que pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar com indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia antitromb&#243;tica podem utilizar a varfarina ou algum NOAC (classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia A), que todavia n&#227;o est&#225; indicado em portadores de valva prot&#233;tica mec&#226;nica ou estenose mitral hemodinamicamente significativa, que foram exclu&#237;dos dos principais estudos com os novos anticoagulantes em FA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>&#201; relativamente comum a procura do cardiologista com vistas a orienta&#231;&#245;es atinentes &#224; suspens&#227;o ou n&#227;o do anticoagulante antes do procedimento odontol&#243;gico pelo receio de sangramentos indesej&#225;veis. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante que os dentistas estejam cientes da exist&#234;ncia de novos anticoagulantes que est&#227;o sendo prescritos aos pacientes, com suas peculiaridades, para garantir que recebam tratamento dent&#225;rio seguro e apropriado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8 </xref>O risco associado a eventos hemorr&#225;gicos com a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o foi documentado em v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, mas nenhum grande estudo avaliou especificamente o risco de hemorragia ap&#243;s a extra&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria e outros procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos que envolvam sangramentos. A exodontia &#233; um dos procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos mais comuns e pode causar hemorragia significativa. Com o aumento do uso de inibidores diretos da trombina na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento e de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas nesse contexto precisa ser melhor avaliada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, em indiv&#237;duos submetidos a procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos, a intensidade de sangramento com o uso de dabigatrana em compara&#231;&#227;o ao uso de anticoagulante oral tradicional (varfarina).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos e sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Realizamos um estudo prospectivo, controlado, unic&#234;ntrico, com observador &#250;nico. Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico de FA n&#227;o valvar atendidos no Centro de Refer&#234;ncia em Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares Dr. Adriano Pond&#233; (CRDC), unidade da secretaria municipal de sa&#250;de da cidade do Salvador, Bahia, e sob gest&#227;o da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia/Hospital Santa Izabel, que tinham indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e necessitavam de atendimento no servi&#231;o de odontologia para exodontia &#250;nica ou m&#250;ltipla. Todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa do Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia. Estavam sendo acompanhados por cardiologista cl&#237;nico em um dos dois grupos: grupo 1: varfarina, grupo 2: dabigatrana. Foram inclu&#237;dos 25 indiv&#237;duos no grupo 1 e 12 no grupo 2.</p>
          <p>Para este estudo, foram selecionados pacientes independentemente do sexo, com 18 anos ou mais, portadores de FA n&#227;o valvar e que estivessem em uso de anticoagulante oral (varfarina) ou dos NOACs (dabigatrana). Pacientes em uso de dabigatrana na dose de 150 mg por via oral a cada 12 horas recebem gratuitamente a medica&#231;&#227;o da secretaria municipal de sa&#250;de. A escolha espec&#237;fica da dabigatrana ocorreu por uma atividade assistencial pr&#233;via estabelecida a partir de uma parceria entre a secretaria municipal de sa&#250;de e o laborat&#243;rio Boehringer Ingelheim, para a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de alguns pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar com esta medica&#231;&#227;o. Foram exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos com contraindica&#231;&#227;o &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, os que por algum motivo retirassem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido e os pacientes em uso de varfarina cuja RNI estivesse fora da faixa terap&#234;utica (2,0 a 3,0) no dia da interven&#231;&#227;o odontol&#243;gica.</p>
          <p>Foram avaliados antes do procedimento dados vitais, como press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Foram verificados peso, altura, sendo os pacientes questionados sobre a autointitula&#231;&#227;o da ra&#231;a (branco, pardo, negro), escolaridade e renda familiar. Os indiv&#237;duos em uso de varfarina foram submetidos a exame de sangue para determina&#231;&#227;o do TP e da RNI antes do procedimento (mesmo dia) atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo de coagulometria, e os do grupo dabigatrana fizeram uso normalmente da dose prevista (150mg a cada 12 horas). Todos os pacientes receberam profilaxia para endocardite infecciosa, quando indicada, de acordo com as diretrizes atuais. As exodontias foram realizadas de acordo com o protocolo da unidade para tratamento odontol&#243;gico de pacientes cardiopatas em uso de anticoagulantes. Foram realizadas medidas hemost&#225;ticas locais com suturas apropriadas e utilizados esponja de celulose e &#225;cido tranex&#226;mico na forma de comprimido triturado. Todos receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de dipirona, 1 g at&#233; de 6 em 6 horas em caso de dor ap&#243;s o procedimento, ou, em caso de alergia a dipirona, paracetamol, 750 mg at&#233; de 6 em 6 horas.</p>
          <p>Foram avaliados sangramentos ou complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas dos indiv&#237;duos em uso de anticoagulantes orais atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise da cirurgi&#227;-dentista (&#250;nica observadora) durante e ap&#243;s o procedimento dent&#225;rio de exodontia &#250;nica ou m&#250;ltipla. Foi definido como desfecho principal o tempo de sangramento 1, entre o in&#237;cio da sutura e a hemostasia completa. Tamb&#233;m foram avaliados: tempo de sangramento 2 (entre o fim da sutura e a hemostasia completa), sangramento antes da exodontia, no intervalo entre o in&#237;cio e o final da exodontia, e sangramento 24 horas, 48 horas e 7 dias ap&#243;s a exodontia. Tamb&#233;m foi aplicada escala de sangramento e foram considerados sangramentos maiores a partir de 2.1, seguindo conforme descrito em Iwabuchi et al. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Escala de sangramento.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0394-80137-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
            <p>Para tabula&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise dos dados, foi utilizado o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS) vers&#227;o 15. Devido ao pequeno tamanho amostral, os procedimentos estat&#237;sticos usados para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testes n&#227;o param&#233;tricos, uma vez que &#233; conhecida a baixa <italic>performance</italic> dos testes de ader&#234;ncia &#224; normalidade em amostras pequenas. Foram, portanto, descritas sob a forma de mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). As categ&#243;ricas foram descritas sob a forma de frequ&#234;ncia relativa. Os testes Qui-quadrado (X&#178;) e Teste Exato de Fisher foram utilizados para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre amostras dependentes, foi utilizado o teste Wilcoxon; quando as amostras foram independentes foi utilizado o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>C&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral</title>
            <p>A amostra foi dimensionada para conferir poder estat&#237;stico de 80% e alfa de 5%, estimando, por experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica pr&#233;via, um tempo de sangramento total em torno de 180 &#177; 60 segundos no grupo varfarina, e esperando uma redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 60 segundos no grupo dabigatrana em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo varfarina. Para tanto, o tamanho amostral calculado foi de 12 pacientes em cada grupo. Dada a facilidade de incluirmos pacientes no grupo varfarina, foi decidido dobrar seu n&#250;mero amostral.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Entre janeiro de 2017 e junho de 2017, foram selecionados 48 pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar, sendo exclu&#237;dos 11 pacientes por n&#227;o necessitarem de procedimento odontol&#243;gico cruento (exodontia). Para o estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos 37 pacientes sendo 19 (51,4%) do sexo feminino, com idade entre 34 a 85 anos e com mediana de 69 anos e IIQ: 58-65 anos. Tratava-se de pacientes com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades, sendo a maioria hipertensos (78,4%), diab&#233;ticos (37,8%) e quase um ter&#231;o apresentava insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (27%). Todos vinham em acompanhamento m&#233;dico regular na unidade de sa&#250;de e em uso regular dos medicamentos prescritos pelos m&#233;dicos assistentes.</p>
          <p>Dentre os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 25 foram selecionados para o grupo varfarina e 12 para o grupo dabigatrana (150 mg). Ao comparar os dois grupos, antes da interven&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas significantes em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, escolaridade, renda familiar, press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, peso, altura e n&#250;mero de unidades a serem extra&#237;das (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes estudados de acordo com o grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center">Varfarina (n = 25)</th>
                  <th align="center">Dabigatrana (n = 12)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (mediana, IIQ) - anos</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (54,5-75,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (65,5-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,360</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo Feminino - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (58,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0, 556</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (mediana, IIQ) - mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (110-140)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (102,5-137,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,810</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD (mediana, IIQ) - mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70-85)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (62,5-80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,432</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC (mediana, IIQ) - bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (62,5-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">76,5 (67,5-90,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,554</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (mediana, IIQ) - Kg</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (56,5-78,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,5 (60-75,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,810</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (mediana, IIQ) - m</td>
                  <td align="center">1,61 (1,49-1,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,605 (1,52-1,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,810</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RNI (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5 (2,2-2,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Unidades (exodontia) (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1-1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1-1,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,962</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cor Negra (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">06 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,565</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Renda Familiar (at&#233; 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo) - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,594</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escolaridade (1&#186; grau incompleto) - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (58,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,507</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o Arterial - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (91,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus 2 - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">04 (33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,493</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">07 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">03 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,588</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Exodontia traum&#225;tica - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">05 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">03 (33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,311</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; bpm: batimentos/minuto; mmHg: mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RNI: Raz&#227;o Normalizada Internacional. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (expressas em mediana e percentis 25 e 75) foram comparadas por teste U de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas "sexo" e "cor negra" foram comparadas atrav&#233;s do teste do Qui-Quadrado (X<sup>2</sup>). As demais foram comparadas pelo teste exato de Fisher (frequ&#234;ncias esperadas &#8804; 5).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de sangramento 1 (mediana de 300 segundos para ambos os grupos). No que diz respeito aos outros desfechos, como tempo de sangramento 2, sangramento antes da exodontia, no intervalo entre o in&#237;cio e o final da exodontia, sangramento ap&#243;s 48 horas da exodontia e na escala de sangramento, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas. J&#225; quanto ao sangramento ap&#243;s 24 horas do procedimento, nenhum paciente do grupo dabigatrana apresentou sangramento, enquanto 8 (32%) apresentaram no grupo varfarina, resultando numa diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,028) entre os grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o a sangramento tardio, na remo&#231;&#227;o da sutura e p&#243;s remo&#231;&#227;o da sutura. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> ilustra os desfechos cl&#237;nicos de sangramentos de ambos os grupos antes e ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos de sangramento dos grupos varfarina e dabigatrana antes e ap&#243;s a exodontia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Desfecho</th>
                  <th align="center">Varfarina</th>
                  <th align="center">Dabigatrana</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de sangramento 1 (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (240-390)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (240-360)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,597</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de sangramento 2 (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0-60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0-60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,666</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Escala de sangramento (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1-1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento antes da exodontia - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (96)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,676</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento no in&#237;cio e final da exodontia - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento ap&#243;s 24h - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">**</xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento ap&#243;s 48h - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento tardio - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento na remo&#231;&#227;o da sutura - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,285</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sangramento ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o da sutura - n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>(**)</label>
                <p>valor de p &lt; 0,05</p>
                <p>(-): estat&#237;stica n&#227;o existente pois todos os pacientes ou nenhum paciente apresentou o desfecho, nos dois grupos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Desfechos cont&#237;nuos (expressos em mediana e percentis 25 e 75) foram comparados por teste U de Mann-Whitney. Os desfechos categ&#243;ricos foram comparados pelo teste exato de Fisher (frequ&#234;ncias esperadas &#8804; 5).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam que, em indiv&#237;duos submetidos a procedimento odontol&#243;gico de exodontia, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na intensidade de sangramento em uso de dabigatrana em compara&#231;&#227;o ao uso de varfarina, e sugere tamb&#233;m uma menor frequ&#234;ncia de sangramento 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento nos indiv&#237;duos em uso de dabigatrana.</p>
        <p>O registro InterFib avaliou 15.174 pacientes portadores de FA em 47 pa&#237;ses, incluindo Am&#233;rica do Sul e Brasil. Quando analisados os dados da nossa regi&#227;o, a taxa de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulante oral foi de 45%, e desses, apenas 44% apresentavam RNI na faixa terap&#234;utica 2-3. Portanto, dos pacientes com FA com indica&#231;&#227;o para uso de anticoagulante oral, apenas 20% se apresentavam adequadamente anticoagulados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Durante anos tem havido grande controv&#233;rsia em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes no planejamento de tratamentos dent&#225;rios que implicam em sangramento. As principais preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos NOACs em procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos invasivos que cursam com sangramentos eram a falta de um ant&#237;doto espec&#237;fico para revers&#227;o da a&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa e o risco da doen&#231;a tromb&#243;tica para a qual foi indicada a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em abril de 2017, a Anvisa (Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria) aprovou o uso do idarucizumabe no Brasil para revers&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes em uso de dabigatrana. Idarucizumabe &#233; um fragmento de anticorpo monoclonal que, ao ser injetado na circula&#231;&#227;o, neutraliza a dabigatrana atrav&#233;s de uma liga&#231;&#227;o direta, impedindo a sua a&#231;&#227;o anticoagulante e tem sido amplamente utilizado em emerg&#234;ncias. Os resultados do estudo RE-VERSE AD confirmaram de vez a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do agente. Diretrizes mais recentes sobre a revers&#227;o dos NOACs inclusive j&#225; recomendam seu uso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Pacientes odontol&#243;gicos que fazem uso de anticoagulante oral por diversos motivos, inclusive por FA, necessitam ser avaliados quanto ao risco de sangramento e complica&#231;&#245;es durante o procedimento a ser realizado. O tratamento de indiv&#237;duos recebendo varfarina que requerem procedimentos dent&#225;rios invasivos que envolvam sangramentos e/ou cirurgia oral e maxilo-facial est&#225; bem documentado na literatura e segue a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da III Diretriz de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Peroperat&#243;ria Brasileira.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Em contraste, n&#227;o h&#225; nenhum ensaio cl&#237;nico na literatura que ofere&#231;a recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para os pacientes em uso dos NOACs e que necessitem se submeter a procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recente estudo envolvendo o uso de dabigatrana e o manejo peroperat&#243;rio recomenda a n&#227;o suspens&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos menores, como limpeza dental, exodontia, bi&#243;psia de pele ou cirurgia de catarata, e que sejam realizados preferencialmente ap&#243;s 10 horas da ingest&#227;o da &#250;ltima dose para minimizar o risco de sangramento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Outra observa&#231;&#227;o considera segura a realiza&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; tr&#234;s extra&#231;&#245;es, tr&#234;s implantes, raspagem e alisamento radicular e alveoloplastias sem a retirada dos NOACs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Cohen et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> consideram que caso seja uma cirurgia periodontal maior ou mais que tr&#234;s extra&#231;&#245;es, a medica&#231;&#227;o dever&#225; ser suspensa 48 horas antes e reiniciada 24 horas ap&#243;s em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. Breik et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> sugerem que a suspens&#227;o da dabigatrana ou qualquer anticoagulante antes de procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos s&#243; deve ser feita ap&#243;s consulta do m&#233;dico assistente do paciente (cl&#237;nico geral ou cardiologista), que ir&#225; avaliar o risco de sangramento <italic>versus</italic> o risco de trombose em cada paciente. Para os pacientes em uso de dabigatrana para FA sem uma hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de AVC, parar a medica&#231;&#227;o 24 horas antes &#233; considerado relativamente seguro, por&#233;m, para pacientes com hist&#243;ria recente de trombose venosa profunda, tromboembolismo pulmonar ou AVC emb&#243;lico, pode ser perigoso suspender o medicamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O cl&#237;nico deve levar em considera&#231;&#227;o que o n&#250;mero de pacientes que fazem uso dos NOACs est&#225; aumentando rapidamente e que os achados conflitantes entre os diversos estudos demonstram que ainda n&#227;o h&#225; um manejo ideal estabelecido para o uso desses nessa popula&#231;&#227;o que necessita ser submetida a procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos com alto risco de sangramento mais importante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Dados mais atuais de literatura refor&#231;am a necessidade da n&#227;o suspens&#227;o da dabigatrana em procedimentos de exodontia e sugerem que, em casos que envolvam a chance de maior sangramento, a conduta de interrup&#231;&#227;o tempor&#225;ria da droga dever&#225; ser individualizada e em comum acordo com o m&#233;dico assistente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Recente pesquisa revelou que os profissionais dentistas est&#227;o bem informados sobre o tema da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, tendem a superestimar o risco de sangramento, sendo cautelosos em sua abordagem de tratamento, existindo condutas diversas por parte dos odont&#243;logos em v&#225;rias partes do mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica brasileira ressalta os dados compilados sobre o risco de sangramento em indiv&#237;duos em uso de anticoagulantes e a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a das interven&#231;&#245;es odontol&#243;gicas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> O presente estudo deve ser ressaltado como pioneiro no nosso meio na abordagem dessa pr&#225;tica nos pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar, devendo seus resultados ser utilizados como est&#237;mulo ao entendimento da magnitude do sangramento dessa classe de drogas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es: a impossibilidade de ter sido duplo-cego deveu-se &#224; aus&#234;ncia de financiamento que possibilitasse custear um estudo <italic>double dummy</italic>, com um placebo espec&#237;fico para cada um dos dois f&#225;rmacos testados e suas falsas RNI para controle no grupo dabigatrana. Al&#233;m disso, a escolha de uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua como desfecho prim&#225;rio torna mais objetiva a an&#225;lise de diferen&#231;as sutis entre os dois grupos, permitindo menor tamanho amostral com adequa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica, por&#233;m torna esse n&#250;mero pequeno para avaliar desfechos mais robustos e raros nesse tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os dados deste estudo permitem sugerir que em indiv&#237;duos submetidos a procedimento odontol&#243;gico de exodontia, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na intensidade de sangramento em uso de dabigatrana em compara&#231;&#227;o ao uso de varfarina. H&#225; uma menor frequ&#234;ncia de sangramento 24 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento nos indiv&#237;duos em uso de dabigatrana.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Marcus Vinicius Santos Andrade pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica/Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana para Desenvolvimento das Ci&#234;ncias (FBDC).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Santa Izabel da Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia da Bahia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1.857.480. CAAE: 61125916.10000.5520. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
