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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bMf6xMMx5BbC6PCQbdXNPYs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500392</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180182</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Three-dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Amyloidosis: A New Assessment Method for a Rare Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Recife</city>
            <state>PE</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Brivaldo Markman Filho</bold>, Av. Visconde de Jequitinhonha, 2544/1902. Postal Code 51130-020, Recife, PE - Braszl. E-mail: <email>brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>392</fpage>
      <lpage>393</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive/psysiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Immunoglobulin deposition in the myocardium characterizes involvement of cardiac amyloidosis (CA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Fibrillary infiltration, which may happen in every heart cavity, leads to the restrictive cardiomyopathy phenotype, with complex pathophysiological mechanisms, which will result in the syndromic diagnosis of congestive heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Diastolic dysfunction is dominant in most cases, and it may or may not, follow diverse levels of systolic dysfunction in the most advanced phases of the disease. Atrial remodeling by amyloid infiltration may contribute to cardiac output decrease by means of insufficient or nonexistent telediastolic atrial contraction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The onset of atrial electrical instability, ending in atrial fibrillation, highlights symptomatic worsening and these patients' reserved prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Historically, the right cavities of the heart have been neglected in echocardiographic assessments. The complex morphology of the right ventricle (RV) has possibly contributed for the lack of reproducible data on echocardiographic cutting plans, diversely from the left ventricle (LV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The development of three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has allowed for a more accurate calculation of right ventricle volume and function in the diverse pathologies involving that chamber.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Regarding the importance of assessing the right atrium (RA), the relation between an increase in its area and adverse clinical outcomes has already been shown.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Nevertheless, its asymmetric shape, increased by the occurrence of remodeling, as observed in CA cases, limits a more precise assessment of its volume using two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> On the other hand, using three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) overcomes these limitations, allowing not only for the accurate assessment of right atrium volume changes, but also for the detailed description of its size and function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In this context, the study by Nemes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> fills the gap regarding the use of 3DE to assess the RA for the diagnosis of CA. The authors noted significant increase in the left atrium diameter, in the interventricular septum thickness and in the LV posterior wall diameter, besides RV systolic dysfunction in patients with light-chain cardiac amyloidosis (LC-CA), when compared to healthy control group patients. These findings, compatible with restrictive cardiomyopathy, have been previously described for CA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Assessing the RA by three-dimensional Speckle Tracking echocardiography (3DSTE), increased atrial volumes and smaller fractions of total and active atrial emptying in patients with LC-CA were found, when compared to control group patients. Furthermore, according to the authors, findings of reduced values on global strain peak and on segmental area, on circumferential strain in many levels, besides changes in the longitudinal and area strain in atrial contraction, suggest longitudinal e circumferential impairment in RA function in its reservoir and active contraction phases, as well as non-uniform atrial dysfunction. Although the authors have not managed to show differences on the stroke-volume values for RA when compared to healthy control-group patients, they describe the importance of measuring the RA emptying fractions and the strain-values for a proper LC-CA diagnosis.</p>
    <p>Kado et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> studied longitudinal strain in heart cavities with the purpose of checking if change in a given cavity would have a higher prognostic value than traditional echocardiographic parameters regarding the occurrence of adverse cardiac events. Prognostic relevance was found on strain changes in the four cavities, also the RA longitudinal strain was capable of differentiating LC-CA from non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</p>
    <p>However, the drawing of the study by Nemes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> did not permit the conclusion whether the changes described by means of 3DSTE would be LC-CA-specific or if they could be found in another type of infiltrative/restrictive cardiomyopathy. On the other hand, it drives our attention to the need of a more detailed assessment on the right side of the heart, regardless of the underlying disease investigated.</p>
    <p>At last, the appearance of innovations on echodopplercardiography, which always occur towards diagnosis improvement or accuracy, as well as to make early LC-CA therapy for the prevention of adverse clinical outcomes, one must not underestimate already established, traditional echocardiographic findings for disease assessment.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Right Atrial Deformation Analysis in Cardiac Amyloidosis - Results from the Three-Dimensional Speckle- Tracking Echocardiographic MAGYAR-Path Study</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> Ecocardiografia Tridimensional na Amiloidose: Uma Nova Avalia&#231;&#227;o para uma Doen&#231;a Rara</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Brivaldo Markman Filho</bold>, Av. Visconde de Jequitinhonha, 2544/1902. CEP 51130-020, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Amiloidose de Cadeia Leve de Imunoglobulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O dep&#243;sito das imunoglobulinas no mioc&#225;rdio caracteriza o acometimento card&#237;aco da amiloidose (AC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A infiltra&#231;&#227;o fibrilar, que pode ocorrer em todas as cavidades do cora&#231;&#227;o, leva ao fen&#243;tipo de cardiomiopatia restritiva, com mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos complexos, e que resultar&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico sindr&#244;mico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Na maior parte dos casos, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; predominante, podendo ser acompanhada ou n&#227;o de graus vari&#225;veis de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, nas fases mais avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a. O remodelamento atrial por infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide, pode contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco por meio da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial telediast&#243;lica insuficiente ou inexistente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> O surgimento de instabilidade el&#233;trica atrial, culminando com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, sinaliza a piora sintom&#225;tica e o progn&#243;stico reservado desses pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Historicamente, as cavidades direitas do cora&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sido negligenciadas nas avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Possivelmente, a complexa morfologia do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) contribuiu para a falta de dados reprodut&#237;veis em termos de planos de corte ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, diferentemente do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> O desenvolvimento da ecocardiografia tridimensional (3DE) permitiu o c&#225;lculo dos volumes e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direitas de modo mais acurado nas diversas patologias com envolvimento desta c&#226;mara.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No tocante &#224; import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio direito (AD), j&#225; foi demonstrada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento de sua &#225;rea e desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> No entanto, sua forma assim&#233;trica, acentuada pela ocorr&#234;ncia de remodelamento observado nos casos de AC, limita a avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa de seu volume por meio da ecocardiografia bidimensional (2DE).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Por outro lado, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia tridimensional (3DE) supera essas limita&#231;&#245;es, permitindo n&#227;o somente a avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa das altera&#231;&#245;es de volume atrial direito, como tamb&#233;m a descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada de seu tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, o estudo de Nemes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> vem preencher lacuna no que se refere ao uso da 3DE na avalia&#231;&#227;o do AD para o diagn&#243;stico de AC. Os autores observaram aumento significativo do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, das espessuras do septo interventricular e da parede posterior do VE, al&#233;m de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, nos pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca de cadeia leve (AC-AL), em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis. Esses achados, compat&#237;veis com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca restritiva, encontram-se descritos anteriormente na AC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do AD por meio da <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic> ecocardiografia tridimensional (3DSTE), observaram aumento dos volumes atriais e fra&#231;&#245;es menores de esvaziamento atrial total e ativo nos pacientes com AC-AL, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Adicionalmente, segundo os autores, os achados de valores reduzidos do pico do <italic>strain</italic> global e de &#225;rea segmentar, do <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial em diversos n&#237;veis, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal e de &#225;rea na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, sugerem comprometimento longitudinal e circunferencial na fun&#231;&#227;o do AD nas suas fases de reservat&#243;rio e contra&#231;&#227;o ativa, bem como disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o uniforme. Embora os autores n&#227;o tenham conseguido demonstrar diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o ao volume ejetado de AD quando comparado aos controles saud&#225;veis, descrevem a import&#226;ncia de se mensurar as fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento de AD e dos valores do <italic>strain</italic> para o adequado diagn&#243;stico de AC-AL.</p>
      <p>Kado et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> estudaram o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal nas cavidades card&#237;acas visando verificar se a altera&#231;&#227;o em uma determinada cavidade teria valor progn&#243;stico superior aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tradicionais para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos adversos. Foi observada a relev&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica das altera&#231;&#245;es do <italic>strain</italic> nas quatro cavidades, bem como o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do AD foi capaz de diferenciar a AC-AL da cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica n&#227;o obstrutiva.</p>
      <p>O desenho do estudo de Nemes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> entretanto, n&#227;o permitiu concluir se as altera&#231;&#245;es descritas por meio da 3DSTE seriam espec&#237;ficas da AC-AL ou poderiam ser observadas em outro tipo de cardiomiopatia infiltrativa/restritiva. Por outro lado, nos chama aten&#231;&#227;o para a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada do lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o, independentemente da enfermidade subjacente investigada.</p>
      <p>Por fim, o surgimento de inova&#231;&#245;es no &#226;mbito da ecodopplercardiografia, que ocorrem sempre no sentido de melhorar ou refinar o diagn&#243;stico, bem como tornar precoce o in&#237;cio da terapia na AC-AL para preven&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos, n&#227;o deve subestimar os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tradicionais j&#225; bem estabelecidos na avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: An&#225;lise da Deforma&#231;&#227;o Atrial Direita na Amiloidose Card&#237;aca - Resultados de Ecocardiografia Tridimensional de Speckle-Tracking do Estudo MAGYAR-Path</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
