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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rTKpbb3Qvy9QcKHBJfmfK7G</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500384</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005011102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180150</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Right Atrial Deformation Analysis in Cardiac Amyloidosis - Results from the Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiographic MAGYAR-Path Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nemes</surname>
            <given-names>Attila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>F&#246;lde&#225;k</surname>
            <given-names>D&#243;ra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domsik</surname>
            <given-names>P&#233;ter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalapos</surname>
            <given-names>Anita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Korm&#225;nyos</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;rp&#225;d</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borb&#233;nyi</surname>
            <given-names>Zita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forster</surname>
            <given-names>Tam&#225;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Szeged</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Albert Szent-Gy&#246;rgyi Clinical Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Medical Faculty</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Szeged</city>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="HU">Hungary</country>
          <institution content-type="original">2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Gy&#246;rgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged - Hungary</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Attila Nemes</bold>, Semmelweis street 8. 6725, Szeged - Hungary. E-mail: <email>nemes@in2nd.szote.u-szeged.hu</email>, <email>attila.nemes.md@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Nemes A, F&#246;lde&#225;k D, Domsik P, Kalapos A, Korm&#225;nyos A, Borb&#233;nyi Z, Forster T; Acquisition of data e Analysis and interpretation of the data: Nemes A, Domsik P, Kalapos A; Statistical analysis: Nemes A, Korm&#225;nyos A; Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nemes A, F&#246;lde&#225;k D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>09</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>384</fpage>
      <lpage>391</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Light-chain (AL) cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is characterized by fibril deposits, which are composed of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains. The right ventricle is mostly involved in AL-CA and impairment of its function is a predictor of worse prognosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To characterize the volumetric and functional properties of the right atrium (RA) in AL-CA by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3DSTE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 16 patients (mean age: 64.5 &#177; 10.1 years, 11 males) with AL-CA were examined. Their results were compared to that of 15 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (mean age: 58.9 &#177; 6.9 years, 8 males). All cases have undergone complete two-dimensional Doppler and 3DSTE. A two-tailed p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Significant differences could be demonstrated in RA volumes respecting cardiac cycle. Total (19.2 &#177; 9.3% vs. 27.9 &#177; 10.7%, p = 0.02) and active atrial emptying fractions (12.1 &#177; 8.1 vs. 18.6 &#177; 9.8%, p = 0.05) were significantly decreased in AL-CA patients. Peak global (16.7 &#177; 10.3% vs. 31.2 &#177; 19.4%, p = 0.01) and mean segmental (24.3 &#177; 11.1% vs. 38.6 &#177; 17.6%, p =0.01) RA area strains, together with some circumferential, longitudinal and segmental area strain parameters, proved to be reduced in patients with AL-CA. Global longitudinal (4.0 &#177; 5.2% vs. 8.2 &#177; 5.5%, p = 0.02) and area (7.8 &#177; 8.1% vs. 15.9 &#177; 10.3%, p = 0.03) strains at atrial contraction and some circumferential and area strain parameters at atrial contraction were reduced in AL-CA patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Significantly increased RA volumes and deteriorated RA functions could be demonstrated in AL-CA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three Dimensional / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Humans</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle-Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic amyloidosis is a rare disease caused by the extracellular deposition of protein (amyloid) fibrils, which are composed of low molecular weight subunits (5 to 25 kD) of various serum proteins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The amyloid fibrils progressively damage the structure and function of the affected tissue, with variable clinical symptoms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> For diagnosis of amyloidosis, biopsy from the affected tissue or from (abdominal) subcutaneous adipose tissue is necessary in most of cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The classification of amyloidosis depends on the type of the precursor protein, including acquired monoclonal immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis (AL), wild-type or hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (TTR), acquired serum amyloid type (AA) and other rare types. The mortality is especially high in light-chain (AL) amyloidosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are some warning signs that can draw attention to amyloidosis, such as nephrotic syndrome, tissue infiltration such as macroglossia, respiratory disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, bleeding, cachexia, haematological disease such as multiple myeloma, and genetic predisposition. As for the clinical signs, syncope is a poor prognostic factor and occurs quite frequently in patients with cardiac involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Cardiac involvement in amyloidosis varies according to the type of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The real incidence of cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is not known precisely and is often diagnosed only during autopsy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Heart failure usually occurs in CA due to the combination of decreased myocardial compliance and compressed myocardial cells. These changes develop due to the infiltration by amyloid deposits and could lead to restrictive cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Arrhythmias, pleural and pericardial effusion can also be detected in some cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Although the right ventricle (RV) is mostly involved in CA, limited data is available about the involvement of the right atrium (RA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the volumetric and functional properties of the RA in AL-CA by three-dimensional (3D) speckle-tracking echocardiography (3DSTE).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient population</title>
        <p>A total of 16 patients (mean age: 64.5 &#177; 10.1 years, 11 males) with biopsy-proven AL-CA were examined. Their results were compared to that of 15 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (mean age: 58.9 &#177; 6.9 years, 8 males). Baseline demographic characteristics of patients and controls are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. CA was defined in accordance with the current consensus criteria and practices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> None of the patients with AL-CA was on anticoagulant treatment, but 2 of them received acetylsalicylic acid. Five patients received b-blockers, 7 patients were on angiotensine-converting enzyme inhibitors, while 11 patients took diuretics. The source of the biopsy was the bone marrow in 3 patients, the subcutis in 3 patients, the kidney in 5 patients, the heart in 3 patients, the gastrointestinal tract in 4 patients and the salivary gland in 1 patient. In 3 cases, samples were collected from more than 1 organ. In 11 out of 16 AL-CA patients, the diagnosis of multiple myeloma was confirmed. In 1 case, no treatment information was available. In all other cases, different types of chemotherapy or immunomodulatory treatment were administered. None of the healthy subjects in the control group had cardiovascular risk factors or any known diseases or received any medications. For cardiac evaluation, complete two-dimensional (2D) Doppler, tissue Doppler echocardiography, 3DSTE and N-terminal pro-B natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level assessment were performed in all patients and controls. The present study was designed as a part of the <bold>M</bold>otion <bold>A</bold>nalysis of the heart and <bold>G</bold>reat vessels b<bold>Y</bold> three-dimension<bold>A</bold>l speckle-t<bold>R</bold>acking echocardiography in <bold>Path</bold>ological cases (<bold>MAGYAR-Path</bold>) <bold>Study</bold>. It has been organized to examine alterations in 3DSTE-derived parameters in different disorders compared to matched healthy controls among others (<italic>magyar</italic> means "Hungarian" in Hungarian language). The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki (and updated versions) and was approved in advance by the local institutional ethical committee. Informed consent was obtained from each subject.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline demographic and two-dimensional echocardiographic data in patients with cardiac amyloidosis and matched controls</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">AL-CA patients (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Risk factors</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">64.5 &#177; 10.1</td>
                <td align="center">58.9 &#177; 6.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male gender (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">0.47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>**</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>**</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>**</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypercholesterolaemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>**</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Two-dimensional echocardiography</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LA diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">45.1 &#177; 6.7</td>
                <td align="center">36.6 &#177; 4.00</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">47.1 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">47.3 &#177; 3.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-diastolic volume (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">112.9 &#177; 31.9</td>
                <td align="center">104.9 &#177; 16.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">30.0 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">30.4 &#177; 2.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV end-systolic volume (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">41.7 &#177; 15.4</td>
                <td align="center">35.7 &#177; 6.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interventricular septum (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">14.2 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV posterior wall (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">13.6 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.0003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61.5 &#177; 11.9</td>
                <td align="center">65.7 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 1.08</td>
                <td align="center">1.00 &#177; 0.45</td>
                <td align="center">0.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN01">
              <p>
                <italic>CA: cardiac amyloidosis; LA: left atrial; LV: left ventricular. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or or absolute numbers (percentage).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Unpaired Student t test,</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>
                <italic>&#967;<sup>2</sup> test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography</title>
        <p>2D grayscale harmonic images were performed in the lateral decubitus position with using a commercially available ultrasound system (Artida<sup>TM</sup>, Toshiba Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a broadband 1-5 MHz PST-30SBP phased-array transducer. During 2D Doppler echocardiography, chamber dimensions, volumes and ejection fraction were measured in accordance with the recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Degree of mitral and tricuspid regurgitations was visually quantified by colour Doppler echocardiography.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography</title>
        <p>3D echocardiographic datasets were acquired with the same Toshiba Artida ultrasound system with a 1-4 MHz PST-25SX matrix phased-array transducer.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> After gain setting optimalisation, wide-angled pictures were recorded, in which 6 wedge-shaped subvolumes were acquired over 6 consecutive cardiac cycles during a single breath-hold. We used raw data format for further analysis. 3D Wall Motion Tracking software version 2.7 (Toshiba Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) was used for RA quantifications. Each 3D dataset was displayed in a 5-plane view: an apical 4-chamber (AP4CH) view, an apical 2-chamber (AP2CH) view and 3 short-axis views at different RA levels from the base to the apex. The examiner then set markers in the AP4CH and AP2CH views; in each plane, one marker was placed on the apex (superior region) and two other markers were placed at the edges of the tricuspid valve ring. As the next step, the software automatically detected the endocardium, and 3D wall motion-tracking analysis was performed through the entire cardiac cycle. During evaluations, RA appendage and the caval veins were excluded from the RA cavity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Images from three-dimensional (3D) full-volume dataset showing the right atrium (RA) are presented: apical four-chamber (A) and two-chamber views (B) and short-axis views at basal (C3), mid- (C5) and superior (C7) RA levels together with a virtual 3D model of the RA (red D) and with RA volumetric data (red E). Time - segmental (longitudinal) strain curves of all 16 RA segments (coloured lines) and a time - global RA volume change curve respecting cardiac cycle (white dashed line) are also presented (red F). Yellow arrow represents peak RA strain, while yellow dashed arrow represents RA strain at atrial contraction. V<sub>max</sub>, V<sub>min</sub> and V<sub>preA</sub> represent maximum and minimum RA volumes and RA volume at atrial contraction, respectively. LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; RA: right atrium.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0384-80150-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>From the acquired 3D echocardiographic datasets, time-global RA volume curves were created, allowing the measurement of maximum (V<sub>max</sub>) and minimum (V<sub>min</sub>) RA volumes and RA volume before atrial contraction (V<sub>preA</sub>). V<sub>max</sub> was measured just before tricuspid valve opening at end-systole, while V<sub>min</sub> and V<sub>preA</sub> were measured just before tricuspid valve closure at end-diastole and at the time of P wave on ECG in early diastole, respectively. The systolic reservoir and diastolic passive (conduit) and active emptying (booster pump) phases of RA function were measured from the RA volumetric datasets:<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <title>Right atrial stroke volumes</title>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Total Atrial Stroke Volume (TASV): V<sub>max</sub>&#8722;V<sub>min</sub> (reservoir function)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Passive Atrial Stroke Volume (PASV): V<sub>max</sub>-V<sub>preA</sub> (conduit function)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Active Atrial Stroke Volume (AASV): V<sub>preA</sub>&#8722;V<sub>min</sub> (booster pump/active contraction function)</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <title>Right atrial emptying fractions</title>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Total Atrial Emptying Fraction: TASV/V<sub>max</sub>&#215;100 (reservoir function)</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Passive Atrial Emptying Fraction: PASV/V<sub>max</sub>&#215;100 (conduit function) </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>- Active Atrial Emptying Fraction: AASV/V<sub>preA</sub>&#215;100 (booster pump/active contraction function) </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>Time-strain curves could also be created at the same time from the same 3D echocardiographic datasets. Unidirectional radial, longitudinal, circumferential and complex area and 3D strains could be also measured. Global strains were calculated by the software, which considered the whole RA, while mean segmental strains were obtained as the average of strains of 16 segments. A typical strain curve usually represents two peaks: the first peak indicates the reservoir phase, while the second peak shows characteristics of the booster pump phase of the RA function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages (%). Comparisons among groups were performed by unpaired Student <italic>t</italic> test and c<sup>2</sup> test, when appropriate. Shapiro-Wilks test was used to test normal distribution in every dataset. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated when needed. A 2-tailed <italic>p</italic> value &lt; 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. Reproducibility of 3DSTE-derived RA assessments has already been confirmed in a recent study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> All statistical analyses were carried out using MedCalc software (MedCalc, Inc., Mariakerke, Belgium).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Two-dimensional Doppler echocardiographic and NT-proBNP data</title>
        <p>Significantly increased left atrial diameter, interventricular septum (IVS) and left ventricular (LV) posterior wall could be demonstrated in AL-CA patients as compared to matched controls (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Significant differences could be detected between AL-CA patients and matched controls in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (16.7 &#177; 3.1 mm vs. 20.0 &#177; 1.8 mm, p = 0.05) and RV fractional area change (32.3 &#177; 5.3% vs. 39.2 &#177; 3.5%, p = 0.04). Significant (&#8805; grade 3) mitral regurgitation could not be detected in any of the patients or control subjects. Only 1 patient with AL-CA had grade 4 tricuspid regurgitation. NT-proBNP level proved to be 9983 &#177; 11101 U/l in AL-CA patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiographic data</title>
        <p>Significant differences could be demonstrated in all RA volumes respecting the cardiac cycle. Total and active atrial emptying fractions were significantly decreased in AL-CA patients, while RA stroke volumes did not differ between the groups examined (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Peak global and mean segmental area strains proved to be reduced in AL-CA patients as compared to that of matched controls. Midatrial segmental circumferential, longitudinal and area strains, together with some basal strains, proved to be reduced in patients with AL-CA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>). Global longitudinal and area strains at atrial contraction were impaired in AL-CA patients, together with midatrial segmental circumferential and area strains (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tables 5</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>). These results could suggest impaired longitudinal and circumferential RA function in the reservoir and active contraction phases of the RA function. Alterations in segmental RA strains could suggest non-uniformity of RA dysfunction in these cases.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of 3DSTE-derived volumetric and volume-based functional right atrial parameters in patients with cardiac amyloidosis and in matched controls</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="30%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="19%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">AL-CA patients (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Calculated Volumes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vmax (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">85.0 &#177; 40.2</td>
                <td align="center">43.0 &#177; 13.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vmin (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">69.8 &#177; 37.3</td>
                <td align="center">30.8 &#177; 9.2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VpreA (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">79.2 &#177; 41.0</td>
                <td align="center">38.2 &#177; 12.8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Stroke Volumes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TASV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">15.2 &#177; 9.2</td>
                <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 7.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PASV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">5.8 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center">4.8 &#177; 3.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AASV (ml)</td>
                <td align="center">9.4 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Emptying fractions</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19.2 &#177; 9.3</td>
                <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 10.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 8.0</td>
                <td align="center">11.5 &#177; 6.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AAEF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12.1 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center">18.6 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>
                <italic>3DSTE: three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography; CA: cardiac amyloidosis; AAEF: active atrial emptying fraction; AASV: active atrial stroke volume; PAEF: passive atrial emptying fraction; PASV: passive atrial stroke volume; TAEF: total atrial emptying fraction; TASV: total atrial stroke volume; Vmax: maximum right atrial volume; Vmin: minimum right atrial volume; VpreA: right atrial volume before atrial contraction. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Unpaired Student t test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of 3DSTE-derived peak global and segmental peak right atrial strain parameters in patients with cardiac amyloidosis and in matched controls</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="19%"/>
              <col width="34%"/>
              <col width="23%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">AL-CA patients (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Peak global strain</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-13.8 &#177; 8.8</td>
                <td align="center">-15.1 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.52<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">10.7 &#177; 9.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14.4 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 9.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3DS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-6.9 &#177; 6.2</td>
                <td align="center">-8.1 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16.7 &#177; 10.3</td>
                <td align="center">31.2 &#177; 19.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Peak mean segmental strain</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-17.1 &#177; 8.8</td>
                <td align="center">-18.9 &#177; 6.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12.2 &#177; 6.3</td>
                <td align="center">16.0 &#177; 9.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16.1 &#177; 9.3</td>
                <td align="center">24.2 &#177; 9.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3DS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-11.5 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center">-12.6 &#177; 4.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.60<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24.3 &#177; 11.1</td>
                <td align="center">38.6 &#177; 17.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>
                <italic>3DSTE: three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography; CA: cardiac amyloidosis; 3DS: three-dimensional strain; AS: area strain; CS: circumferential strain; LS: longitudinal strain; RS: radial strain. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Unpaired Student t test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of 3DSTE-derived peak segmental right atrial strain parameters in patients with cardiac amyloidosis and in matched controls</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="28%"/>
              <col width="24%"/>
              <col width="27%"/>
              <col width="19%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">AL-CA patients (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RS basal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-16.3 &#177; 10.2</td>
                <td align="center">-16.8 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RS mid (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-14.9 &#177; 7.7</td>
                <td align="center">-18.5 &#177; 7.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RS superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-21.7 &#177; 16.5</td>
                <td align="center">-22.5 &#177; 11.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CS basal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">15.1 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CS mid (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7.9 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 6.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CS superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21.8 &#177; 16.7</td>
                <td align="center">20.8 &#177; 21.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LS basal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17.6 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center">24.4 &#177; 13.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LS mid (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18.0 &#177; 13.3</td>
                <td align="center">30.7 &#177; 13.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LS superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 10.5</td>
                <td align="center">16.8 &#177; 9.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3DS basal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-11.6 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center">-11.2 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3DS mid (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-9.6 &#177; 5.6</td>
                <td align="center">-12.0 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3DS superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-14.3 &#177; 10.8</td>
                <td align="center">-15.4 &#177; 9.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.77<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS basal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19.9 &#177; 9.1</td>
                <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 12.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS mid (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 15.9</td>
                <td align="center">41.0 &#177; 15.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34.4 &#177; 30.9</td>
                <td align="center">47.9 &#177; 48.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.66<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <p>
                <italic>3DSTE: three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography; CA: cardiac amyloidosis; 3DS: three-dimensional strain; AS: area strain; CS: circumferential strain; LS: longitudinal strain; RS: radial strain. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Unpaired Student t test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of 3DSTE-derived global and segmental peak right atrial strain parameters at atrial contraction in patients with cardiac amyloidosis and in matched controls</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="28%"/>
              <col width="24%"/>
              <col width="27%"/>
              <col width="19%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">AL-CA patients (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Global strain at atrial contraction</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-6.4 &#177; 6.7</td>
                <td align="center">-6.2 &#177; 6.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10.6 &#177;11.9</td>
                <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 8.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.0 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">8.2 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3DS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-2.8 &#177; 4.9</td>
                <td align="center">-3.6 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7.8 &#177; 8.1</td>
                <td align="center">15.9 &#177; 10.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Mean segmental strain at atrial contraction</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-8.5 &#177; 6.0</td>
                <td align="center">-8.5 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.99<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">5.3 &#177; 6.2</td>
                <td align="center">8.6 &#177; 7.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6.5 &#177; 4.0</td>
                <td align="center">9.0 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3DS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-5.3 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">-6.2 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.57<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11.2 &#177; 6.8</td>
                <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 12.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>
                <italic>3DSTE: three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography; CA: cardiac amyloidosis; 3DS: three-dimensional strain; AS: area strain; CS: circumferential strain; LS: longitudinal strain; RS: radial strain. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Unpaired Student t test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of 3DSTE-derived segmental right atrial strain parameters at atrial contraction in patients with cardiac amyloidosis and in matched controls</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="26%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="4%"/>
              <col width="21%"/>
              <col width="24%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">AL-CA patients (n = 16)</th>
                <th align="center">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 15)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RS basal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-9.6 &#177; 9.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-8.5 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RS mid (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-7.2 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-7.5 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RS superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-9.0 &#177; 8.2</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-10.2 &#177; 7.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CS basal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.6 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 10.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CS mid (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8.4 &#177; 6.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CS superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10.6 &#177; 11.9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 9.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LS basal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7.7 &#177; 4.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">8.9 &#177; 6.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LS mid (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6.8 &#177; 6.9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">10.6 &#177; 7.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LS superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4.1 &#177; 5.7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7.0 &#177; 7.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3DS basal(%)</td>
                <td align="center">-5.4 &#177; 7.0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-6.0 &#177; 5.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3DS mid(%)</td>
                <td align="center">-4.2 &#177; 4.1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-6.0 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">3DS superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-6.8 &#177; 6.9</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-7.1 &#177; 6.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS basal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">16.0 &#177; 10.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS mid (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9.4 &#177; 9.1</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 12.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AS superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15.9 &#177; 19.8</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 22.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13"><sup>*</sup></xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>
                <italic>3DSTE: three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography; CA: cardiac amyloidosis; 3DS: three-dimensional strain; AS: area strain; CS: circumferential strain; LS: longitudinal strain; RS: radial strain. Data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>Unpaired Student t test.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Among several types of amyloidosis, in AL amyloidosis is characterized by fibril deposits, which are composed of monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains and is mainly associated with B-cell type diseases, like clonal plasma cell or other B-cell dyscrasias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> The course of the disease can be progressive in case of cardiac involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The main cause of death in patients with AL amyloidosis is cardiac involvement leading to heart failure or arrhythmias, and is considered to be an important prognostic factor. Without cardiac presentation, the survival is 4 years,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> in some cases, it is only 8 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In case of cardiac involvement, typically concentric ventricular thickening with RV involvement, biventricular function with normal or near normal ejection fraction and valvular thickening can be seen.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The speckled or granular myocardial appearance is characteristic of amyloid deposit, but the absence of this phenomenon is not rare.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Disproportionate septal deposition can mimic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with dynamic LV outflow tract obstruction. Atrial thrombus is common, especially in AL-CA, and sometimes is associated to atrial fibrillation. Diastolic dysfunction is the earliest echocardiographic sign and can often be detected before any clinical symptom.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The end-diastolic thickness of the IVS is &gt; 12 mm in the absence of any other cause of LV hypertrophy in heart involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In CA, the thickness of the LV wall is not in correlation with the course and outcome of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Doppler myocardial imaging measures of the RV can identify early impairment of cardiac function or stratify risk of death in patients with AL-CA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Impaired RV function was found to be a predictor of worse prognosis of early mortality in AL-CA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> However, detailed analysis of AL-CA-associated RA volumetric and functional alterations was not documented.</p>
      <p>With 2D echocardiography, the assessment of RA is limited due to viewing dependency and geometric difficulties. Regularly, RA diameter and area are measured in AP4CH view.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> 3D echocardiography is a new clinical modality that allows the accurate measurement of atrial phasic volume changes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Moreover, several functional properties, including stroke volumes and emptying fractions and strains at different phases of the cardiac cycle, could be measured at the same time from the same 3D dataset, allowing detailed analysis of the RA during 3DSTE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In the present study, over increased RA volumes in all phases, alterations in emptying fractions and strains characterizing systolic reservoir, and late-diastolic active booster pump RA functions could be demonstrated. These findings could be explained by infiltration of the atrial wall with amyloid fibrils, impaired left and/or right heart failure, effects of cardiovascular risk factors, haemodynamic reasons, local fibrosis or oedema. In a recent study, severe LA dysfunction could be demonstrated in AL-CA, therefore the role of LA-RA interactions could also not be excluded.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Segmental RA strain analyses showed RA regional differences, suggesting their different contributions to RA (dys)function, as mentioned before (non-uniformity of RA dysfunction). Further studies are needed to confirm our findings in a larger population, comparing results to other diseases with LV hypertrophy as well. It should also be examined whether the demonstrated pattern of RA dysfunction is specific or not for AL-CA, and whether it has or not a diagnostic or prognostic value.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The limited number of patients with AL-CA is one of the most important limitations of the study. However, biopsy-proven amyloidosis with cardiac involvement is a rare disease. Although the atrial septum is part of both atria, it was considered to be part of the RA in this study.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Significantly increased RA volumes and deterioration in RA functions could be demonstrated in AL-CA - theoretically due to infiltration of the atrial wall with amyloid fibrils - but other causes, including haemodynamic reasons, cannot be excluded.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Szeged under the protocol number 71/2011. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <fpage>854</fpage>
          <lpage>864</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 F&#246;lde&#225;k D, Korm&#225;nyos &#193;, Domsik P, Kalapos A, Piros G&#193;, Ambrus N, et al. Left atrial dysfunction in light-chain cardiac amyloidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - A comparative three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic analysis from the MAGYAR-Path Study. Rev Port Cardiol. 2017;36(12):905-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>F&#246;lde&#225;k</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Korm&#225;nyos</surname>
              <given-names>&#193;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Domsik</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalapos</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piros</surname>
              <given-names>G&#193;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ambrus</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left atrial dysfunction in light-chain cardiac amyloidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - A comparative three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiographic analysis from the MAGYAR-Path Study</article-title>
          <source>Rev Port Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>905</fpage>
          <lpage>913</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da Deforma&#231;&#227;o Atrial Direita na Amiloidose Card&#237;aca - Resultados de Ecocardiografia Tridimensional de <italic>Speckle-Tracking</italic> do Estudo MAGYAR-Path</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nemes</surname>
            <given-names>Attila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>F&#246;lde&#225;k</surname>
            <given-names>D&#243;ra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Domsik</surname>
            <given-names>P&#233;ter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalapos</surname>
            <given-names>Anita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Korm&#225;nyos</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;rp&#225;d</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borb&#233;nyi</surname>
            <given-names>Zita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forster</surname>
            <given-names>Tam&#225;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">2nd Department of Medicine and Cardiology Center, Medical Faculty, Albert Szent-Gy&#246;rgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged - Hungria</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Attila Nemes</bold>, Semmelweis street 8. 6725, Szeged - Hungria. E-mail: <email>nemes@in2nd.szote.u-szeged.hu</email>, <email>attila.nemes.md@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Nemes A, F&#246;lde&#225;k D, Domsik P, Kalapos A, Korm&#225;nyos A, Borb&#233;nyi Z, Forster T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Nemes A, Domsik P, Kalapos A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nemes A, Korm&#225;nyos A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nemes A, F&#246;lde&#225;k D.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC) de cadeias leves (AL) &#233; caracterizada por dep&#243;sitos fibrilares, que s&#227;o compostos por cadeias leves de imunoglobulina monoclonal. O ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; mais afetado pela AC-AL, e o comprometimento da sua fun&#231;&#227;o &#233; preditor de um progn&#243;stico pior.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Caracterizar as propriedades volum&#233;tricas e funcionais do &#225;trio direito (AD) na AC-AL por ecocardiografia tridimensional de speckle-tracking (3DSTE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 16 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia: 64,5 &#177; 10,1 anos, 11 homens) com AC-AL foram examinados. Seus resultados foram comparados aos de 15 controles saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e g&#234;nero (m&#233;dia de idade: 58,9 &#177; 6,9 anos, 8 homens). Todos os casos foram submetidos a Doppler bidimensional completo e 3DSTE. Um valor p bicaudal inferior a 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Diferen&#231;as significativas foram demonstradas em volumes do AD com respeito ao ciclo card&#237;aco. O total (19,2 &#177; 9,3% <italic>vs.</italic> 27,9 &#177; 10,7%, p = 0,02) e as fra&#231;&#245;es ativas de esvaziamento atrial (12,1 &#177; 8,1 <italic>vs.</italic> 18,6 &#177; 9,8%, p = 0,05) foram significativamente menores nos pacientes com AC-AL. Picos de strain no AD em &#225;reas globais (16,7 &#177; 10,3% <italic>vs.</italic> 31,2 &#177; 19,4%, p = 0,01) e segmentares m&#233;dias (24,3 &#177; 11,1% <italic>vs.</italic> 38,6 &#177; 17,6%, p = 0,01), juntamente com alguns par&#226;metros de strain por &#225;reas circunferenciais, longitudinais e segmentares, mostraram-se menores em pacientes com AC-AL. Strains globais longitudinais (4,0 &#177; 5,2% <italic>vs.</italic> 8,2 &#177; 5,5%, p = 0,02) e por &#225;rea (7,8 &#177; 8,1 <italic>vs.</italic> 15,9 &#177; 10,3%, p = 0,03) na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial e alguns par&#226;metros de circunfer&#234;ncia e de strain por &#225;rea na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial foram menores em pacientes com AC-AL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar o aumento significativo dos volumes do AD e a deteriora&#231;&#227;o de suas fun&#231;&#245;es na AC-AL.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Humanos</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle-Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A amiloidose sist&#234;mica &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara causada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o extracelular de fibrilas de prote&#237;na (amil&#243;ide), compostas de subunidades de v&#225;rias prote&#237;nas s&#233;ricas com baixo peso molecular (5 a 25 kD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As fibrilas amil&#243;ides danificam progressivamente a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o do tecido afetado, com sintomas cl&#237;nicos vari&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Para o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose, &#233; necess&#225;ria a bi&#243;psia do tecido afetado ou do tecido adiposo subcut&#226;neo (abdominal) na maioria dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A classifica&#231;&#227;o da amiloidose depende do tipo de prote&#237;na precursora, incluindo: amiloidose adquirida por imunoglobulinas monoclonais de cadeias leves (AL), amiloidose por transtirretina (TTR) de tipo selvagem ou heredit&#225;ria, amiloidose secund&#225;ria adquirida (AA) e outros tipos raros. A mortalidade &#233; especialmente alta na amiloidose de cadeias leves (AL).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existem alguns sinais de alerta que podem chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o para a amiloidose, como s&#237;ndrome nefr&#243;tica, infiltra&#231;&#227;o tecidual, como macroglossia, doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria, s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo, sangramento, caquexia, doen&#231;a hematol&#243;gica, como mieloma m&#250;ltiplo, e predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica. Quanto aos sinais cl&#237;nicos, a s&#237;ncope &#233; um fator de progn&#243;stico ruim e ocorre com bastante frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com comprometimento card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> O acometimento card&#237;aco na amiloidose varia de acordo com o tipo da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A incid&#234;ncia real de amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC) n&#227;o &#233; conhecida com precis&#227;o e frequentemente &#233; diagnosticada somente durante a aut&#243;psia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca geralmente ocorre na AC devido &#224; combina&#231;&#227;o de diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica e da compress&#227;o das c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es ocorrem devido &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o por dep&#243;sitos de amil&#243;ide e podem levar &#224; cardiomiopatia restritiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Arritmias, derrame pleural e peric&#225;rdico tamb&#233;m podem ser detectados em alguns casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Embora o ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) seja mais acometido na AC, os dados dispon&#237;veis sobre o acometimento do &#225;trio direito (AD) s&#227;o limitados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as propriedades volum&#233;tricas e funcionais do AD na AC-AL por meio da ecocardiografia tridimensional (3D) de speckle-tracking (3DSTE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Foram examinados 16 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia: 64,5 &#177; 10,1 anos, 11 homens) com AC-AL comprovada por biopsia. Seus resultados foram comparados aos de 15 controles saud&#225;veis pareados por idade e g&#234;nero (idade m&#233;dia: 58,9 &#177; 6,9 anos, 8 homens). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas iniciais dos pacientes e controles s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>. A AC foi definida de acordo com o consenso, crit&#233;rios e pr&#225;ticas atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Nenhum dos pacientes com AC-AL estava em tratamento com anticoagulantes, mas 2 deles receberam &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico. Cinco pacientes receberam b-bloqueadores, sete pacientes estavam recebendo inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, e 11 pacientes tomaram diur&#233;ticos. A origem da bi&#243;psia foi a medula &#243;ssea em 3 pacientes, o tecido celular subcut&#226;neo em 3 pacientes, o rim em 5 pacientes, o cora&#231;&#227;o em 3 pacientes, o trato gastrointestinal em 4 pacientes e a gl&#226;ndula salivar em 1 paciente. Em 3 casos, amostras foram coletadas de mais de 1 &#243;rg&#227;o. Em 11 dos 16 pacientes com AC-AL, o diagn&#243;stico de mieloma m&#250;ltiplo foi confirmado. Em 1 caso, n&#227;o haviam informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis sobre o tratamento. Em todos os outros casos, foram administrados diferentes tipos de quimioterapia ou tratamento imunomodulador. Nenhum dos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis do grupo controle tinha fatores de risco cardiovascular ou doen&#231;as conhecidas ou recebeu qualquer medica&#231;&#227;o. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica, foram realizados os seguintes exames: ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler (2D), ecodopplercardiograma, Doppler tecidual, 3DSTE e avalia&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (NT-proBNP) em todos os pacientes e controles. O presente estudo foi elaborado como parte do estudo <italic><bold>M</bold>otion <bold>A</bold>nalysis of the heart and Great vessels b<bold>Y</bold> three-dimension<bold>A</bold>l speckle-t<bold>R</bold>acking echocardiography in <bold>Path</bold>ological cases</italic> (<bold>MAGYAR-Path</bold>) <italic><bold>Study</bold></italic>. Foi organizado para examinar altera&#231;&#245;es em par&#226;metros derivados do 3DSTE em diferentes dist&#250;rbios em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles saud&#225;veis pareados, entre outros (<italic>magyar</italic> significa "h&#250;ngaro" no idioma h&#250;ngaro). O protocolo do estudo est&#225; em conformidade com as diretrizes &#233;ticas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1975 (e vers&#245;es atualizadas) e foi aprovado com anteced&#234;ncia pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional local. Foi obtido o consentimento informado de cada sujeito.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e bidimensionais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos iniciais em pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca e controles pareados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes com AC-AL (n = 16)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 15)</th>
                  <th align="center">valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fatores de risco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,5 &#177; 10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">58,9 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>**</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>**</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>**</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipercolesterolemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16"><sup>**</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Ecocardiografia bidimensional</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro do AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,1 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">36,6 &#177; 4,00</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">47,1 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">47,3 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">112,9 &#177; 31,9</td>
                  <td align="center">104,9 &#177; 16,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30,0 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">30,4 &#177; 2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,7 &#177; 15,4</td>
                  <td align="center">35,7 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Septo interventricular (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Parede posterior do VE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 1,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0003<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,5 &#177; 11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 1,08</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 &#177; 0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>
                  <italic>AC: amiloidose card&#237;aca; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n&#250;meros absolutos (porcentagem).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado,</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>teste do &#967;<sup>2</sup></italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler</title>
          <p>Imagens harm&#244;nicas 2D em escala de cinza foram realizadas em dec&#250;bito lateral utilizando um sistema de ultrassom dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Artida<sup>TM</sup>, Toshiba Medical Systems, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) equipado com um transdutor <italic>phased-array</italic> PST-30SBP de 1-5 MHz de banda larga. Durante a ecocardiografia 2D com Doppler, as dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras, os volumes e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foram medidos de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e tric&#250;spide foi quantificado visualmente por ecocardiografia com Doppler colorido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia tridimensional de speckle-tracking</title>
          <p>Os conjuntos de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos 3D foram obtidos com o mesmo sistema de ultrassom Toshiba Artida com um transdutor <italic>phased-array</italic> 1-4 MHz PST-25SX matrix.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Ap&#243;s a optimiza&#231;&#227;o do ajuste do ganho, foram registradas imagens com &#226;ngulos ampliados, nas quais 6 subvolumes em forma de cunha foram adquiridos ao longo de 6 ciclos card&#237;acos consecutivos durante uma &#250;nica pausa respirat&#243;ria. Foi utilizado o formato de dados bruto para an&#225;lise posterior. O software 3D Wall Motion Tracking vers&#227;o 2.7 (Toshiba Medical Systems, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) foi utilizado para quantifica&#231;&#245;es do AD. Cada conjunto de dados 3D foi exibido em uma visualiza&#231;&#227;o em 5 planos: um corte apical de 4 c&#226;maras (AP4CH), um corte apical de 2 c&#226;maras (AP2CH) e 3 cortes de eixo curto em diferentes n&#237;veis do AD, da base ao &#225;pice. O examinador, ent&#227;o, fixou marcadores nos cortes AP4CH e AP2CH; em cada plano, um marcador foi colocado no &#225;pice (regi&#227;o superior) e dois outros marcadores foram colocados nas bordas do anel valvar tric&#250;spide. No passo seguinte, o software detectou automaticamente o endoc&#225;rdio e a an&#225;lise de rastreamento de movimento da parede 3D foi realizada durante todo o ciclo card&#237;aco. Durante as avalia&#231;&#245;es, o ap&#234;ndice do AD e as veias cavas foram exclu&#237;dos da cavidade do AD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Imagens do conjunto de dados tridimensional (3D) de volume total mostrando o &#225;trio direito (AD): cortes apicais de quatro c&#226;maras (A) e duas c&#226;maras (B) e cortes de eixo curto nos n&#237;veis basal (C3), m&#233;dio (C5) e superior (C7), juntamente com um modelo 3D virtual do AD (D vermelho) e com dados volum&#233;tricos de AD (E vermelho). Curvas de strain tempo-segmentais (longitudinais) de todos os 16 segmentos do AD (linhas coloridas) e uma curva tempo-global de varia&#231;&#227;o do volume do AD, respeitando o ciclo card&#237;aco (linha tracejada branca) tamb&#233;m s&#227;o apresentadas (F vermelho). A seta amarela representa o pico de strain do AD, e a seta tracejada amarela representa o strain do AD na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. V<sub>max</sub>, V<sub>min</sub> e V<sub>pre</sub>A representam volumes m&#225;ximos e m&#237;nimos de AD e volume do AD na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial, respectivamente. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AD: &#225;trio direito.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0384-80150-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A partir dos conjuntos de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos 3D adquiridos, as curvas de volume tempo-globais do AD foram criadas, permitindo a medi&#231;&#227;o dos volumes m&#225;ximos (V<sub>max</sub>) e m&#237;nimos (V<sub>min</sub>) e do volume do AD antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (V<sub>preA</sub>). V<sub>max</sub> foi medido imediatamente antes da abertura da v&#225;lvula tricuspidal no final da s&#237;stole, enquanto V<sub>min</sub> e V<sub>preA</sub> foram medidos imediatamente antes do fechamento da v&#225;lvula tricuspidal na di&#225;stole final e no momento da onda P no ECG no in&#237;cio da di&#225;stole, respectivamente. As fases de reservat&#243;rio sist&#243;lico e passiva diast&#243;lica (conduto) e esvaziamento ativo (bomba de refor&#231;o) da fun&#231;&#227;o do AD foram medidas a partir dos conjuntos de dados volum&#233;tricos do AD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <title>Volumes sist&#243;licos do &#225;trio direito</title>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Volume Sist&#243;lico Atrial Total (TASV): V<sub>max</sub>&#8722;V<sub>min</sub> (fun&#231;&#227;o de reservat&#243;rio)</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Volume Sist&#243;lico Atrial Passivo (PASV): V<sub>max</sub>-V<sub>preA</sub> (fun&#231;&#227;o de conduto)</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Volume Sist&#243;lico Atrial Ativo (AASV): V<sub>preA</sub>&#8722;V<sub>min</sub> (fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba de refor&#231;o/contra&#231;&#227;o ativa)</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>
            <list list-type="simple">
              <title>Fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento do &#225;trio direito</title>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Fra&#231;&#227;o de Esvaziamento Atrial Total: TASV/V<sub>max</sub>&#215;100 (fun&#231;&#227;o de reservat&#243;rio)</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Fra&#231;&#227;o de Esvaziamento Atrial Passiva: PASV/V<sub>max</sub>&#215;100 (fun&#231;&#227;o de conduto)</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>- Fra&#231;&#227;o de Esvaziamento Atrial Ativa: AASV/V<sub>preA</sub>&#215;100 (fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba de refor&#231;o/contra&#231;&#227;o ativa)</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </p>
          <p>Curvas tempo-strain tamb&#233;m podem ser criadas ao mesmo tempo a partir dos mesmos conjuntos de dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos 3D. As &#225;reas unidirecionais radial, longitudinal, circunferencial e complexa e strains 3D tamb&#233;m podem ser medidos. Strains globais foram calculados pelo software, que considerou o AD inteiro, enquanto strains segmentares m&#233;dios foram obtidos como a m&#233;dia dos strains de 16 segmentos. Uma curva de strain t&#237;pica geralmente apresenta dois picos: o primeiro pico indica a fase de reservat&#243;rio, e o segundo pico mostra as caracter&#237;sticas da fase da bomba de refor&#231;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do AD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens (%). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student e teste do c<sup>2</sup>, quando apropriado. O teste de Shapiro-Wilks foi usado para testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal em todos os conjuntos de dados. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi calculado quando necess&#225;rio. Um valor p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A reprodutibilidade das avalia&#231;&#245;es de AD derivadas de 3DSTE j&#225; foi confirmada em um estudo recente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software MedCalc (MedCalc, Inc., Mariakerke, B&#233;lgica).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados da ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler e NT-proBNP</title>
          <p>O aumento significativo do di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, do septo interventricular (SIV) e da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram demonstrados em pacientes com AC-AL em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles pareados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 1</xref>). Diferen&#231;as significativas foram detectadas entre pacientes com AC-AL e controles pareados na excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (16,7 &#177; 3,1 mm <italic>vs.</italic> 20,0 &#177; 1,8 mm, p = 0,05) e na altera&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea fracional do VD (32,3 &#177; 5,3% <italic>vs.</italic> 39,2 &#177; 3,5%, p = 0,04). Regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral significativa (&#8805; grau 3) n&#227;o p&#244;de ser detectada em nenhum dos pacientes ou controles. Apenas 1 paciente com AC-AL teve regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide grau 4. O n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP provou ser 9983 &#177; 11101 U/l em pacientes com AC-AL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados da ecocardiografia tridimensional de <italic>speckle-tracking</italic></title>
          <p>Diferen&#231;as significativas podem ser demonstradas em todos os volumes do AD, respeitando o ciclo card&#237;aco. As fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento atrial total e ativa foram significativamente menores nos pacientes com AC-AL, enquanto os volumes sist&#243;licos de AD n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos examinados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 2</xref>). Os strains de &#225;rea global e m&#233;dia segmentar mostraram-se reduzidos em pacientes com AC-AL em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles pareados. Os strains circunferenciais segmentares, longitudinais e de &#225;rea da regi&#227;o meio-atrial, juntamente com alguns strains basais, mostraram-se reduzidos em pacientes com AC-AL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabelas 3</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">4</xref>). Strains globais longitudinais e de &#225;rea na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial foram prejudicadas em pacientes com AC-AL, juntamente com strains circunferenciais segmentares e de &#225;rea da regi&#227;o meio-atrial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tabelas 5</xref>-<xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">6</xref>). Esses resultados podem sugerir preju&#237;zo na fun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal e circunferencial do AD nas fases de reservat&#243;rio e contra&#231;&#227;o ativa. Altera&#231;&#245;es nos strains segmentares do AD podem sugerir n&#227;o uniformidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o do AD nesses casos.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros volum&#233;tricos e funcionais do &#225;trio direito derivados do 3DSTE em pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca e controles pareados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="27%"/>
                <col width="24%"/>
                <col width="24%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes com AC-AL (n = 16)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 15)</th>
                  <th align="center">valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Volumes calculados</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vmax (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,0 &#177; 40,2</td>
                  <td align="center">43,0 &#177; 13,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Vmin (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">69,8 &#177; 37,3</td>
                  <td align="center">30,8 &#177; 9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VpreA (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,2 &#177; 41,0</td>
                  <td align="center">38,2 &#177; 12,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Volumes sist&#243;licos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VSAT (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2 &#177; 9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VSAP (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8 &#177; 5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8 &#177; 3,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VSAA (ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FTEA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 10,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEAP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 8,0</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 &#177; 6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEAA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,1 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">18,6 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <p>
                  <italic>3DSTE: ecocardiografia tridimensional de speckle-tracking; AC: amiloidose card&#237;aca; FEAA: fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento atrial ativa; VSAA: volume sist&#243;lico atrial ativo; FEAP: fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento atrial passiva; VSAP: volume sist&#243;lico atrial passivo; FTEA: fra&#231;&#227;o total de esvaziamento atrial; VSAT: volume sist&#243;lico atrial total; Vmax: volume m&#225;ximo do &#225;trio direito; Vmin: volume m&#237;nimo do &#225;trio direito; VpreA: volume do &#225;trio direito antes da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de pico glo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="35%"/>
                <col width="27%"/>
                <col width="23%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes com AC-AL (n = 16)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 15)</th>
                  <th align="center">valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Pico de strain global</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-13,8 &#177; 8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">-15,1 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7 &#177; 9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SL (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,4 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3DS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,9 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-8,1 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,7 &#177; 10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">31,2 &#177; 19,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Pico de strain segmental m&#233;dio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-17,1 &#177; 8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,9 &#177; 6,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,2 &#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">16,0 &#177; 9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SL (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,1 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">24,2 &#177; 9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3DS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-11,5 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,6 &#177; 4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24,3 &#177; 11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">38,6 &#177; 17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <p>
                  <italic>3DSTE: ecocardiografia tridimensional de speckle-tracking; AC: amiloidose card&#237;aca; 3DS: strain tridimensional; SA: strain por &#225;rea; SC: strain circunferencial; SL: strain longitudinal; SR: strain radial. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de strain segmentar do &#225;trio direito derivados do 3DSTE em pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca e controles pareados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes com AC-AL (n = 16)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 15)</th>
                  <th align="center">valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-16,3 &#177; 10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-16,8 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR mid (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-14,9 &#177; 7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,5 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-21,7 &#177; 16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-22,5 &#177; 11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">15,1 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC mid (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,9 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,8 &#177; 16,7</td>
                  <td align="center">20,8 &#177; 21,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SL basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,6 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">24,4 &#177; 13,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SL mid (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0 &#177; 13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">30,7 &#177; 13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SL superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">16,8 &#177; 9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3DS basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-11,6 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-11,2 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3DS mid (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-9,6 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-12,0 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3DS superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-14,3 &#177; 10,8</td>
                  <td align="center">-15,4 &#177; 9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SA basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,9 &#177; 9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SA mid (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 15,9</td>
                  <td align="center">41,0 &#177; 15,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SA superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,4 &#177; 30,9</td>
                  <td align="center">47,9 &#177; 48,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <p>
                  <italic>3DSTE: ecocardiografia tridimensional de speckle-tracking; AC: amiloidose card&#237;aca; 3DS: strain tridimensional; SA: strain por &#225;rea; SC: strain circunferencial; SL: strain longitudinal; SR: strain radial. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de strain atrial direito global e segmentado derivados de 3DSTE na contra&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca e controles pareados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="28%"/>
                <col width="28%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="24%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes com AC-AL (n = 16)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 15)</th>
                  <th align="center">valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Strain global no momento da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,4 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,2 &#177; 6,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6 &#177;11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 8,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SL (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">8,2 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3DS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,8 &#177; 4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,6 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9 &#177; 10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Strain segmental m&#233;dio no momento da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-8,5 &#177; 6,0</td>
                  <td align="center">-8,5 &#177; 4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">8,6 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SL (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5 &#177; 4,0</td>
                  <td align="center">9,0 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3DS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,3 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,2 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,2 &#177; 6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">17,2 &#177; 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <p>
                  <italic>3DSTE: ecocardiografia tridimensional de speckle-tracking; AC: amiloidose card&#237;aca; 3DS: strain tridimensional; SA: strain por &#225;rea; SC: strain circunferencial; SL: strain longitudinal; SR: strain radial. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de pico globais e segmentados de strain do &#225;trio direito derivados do 3DSTE no momento da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial em pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca e controles pareados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
									</th>
                  <th align="center">Pacientes com AC-AL (n = 16)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 15)</th>
                  <th align="center">valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-9,6 &#177; 9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-8,5 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR mid (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,2 &#177; 5,5</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SR superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-9,0 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-10,2 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC mid (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">8,4 &#177; 6,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SC superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6 &#177; 11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SL basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,7 &#177; 4,0</td>
                  <td align="center">8,9 &#177; 6,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SL mid (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SL superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1 &#177; 5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">7,0 &#177; 7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3DS basal(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,4 &#177; 7,0</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,0 &#177; 5,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3DS mid(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,2 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,0 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">3DS superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,8 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,1 &#177; 6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SA basal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">16,0 &#177; 10,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SA mid (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4 &#177; 9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">SA superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,9 &#177; 19,8</td>
                  <td align="center">17,2 &#177; 22,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26"><sup>*</sup></xref>
									</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN25">
                <p>
                  <italic>3DSTE: ecocardiografia tridimensional de speckle-tracking; AC: amiloidose card&#237;aca; 3DS: strain tridimensional; SA: strain por &#225;rea; SC: strain circunferencial; SL: strain longitudinal; SR: strain radial. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN26">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Entre os v&#225;rios tipos de amiloidose, a AL amiloidose &#233; caracterizada por dep&#243;sitos de fibrilas, que s&#227;o compostos de cadeias leves de imunoglobulina monoclonal, e est&#225; principalmente associada a doen&#231;as do linf&#243;cito B, como plasm&#243;citos clonais ou outras discrasias do linf&#243;cito B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> O curso da doen&#231;a pode ser progressivo em caso de acometimento card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A principal causa de morte em pacientes com amiloidose AL &#233; o acometimento card&#237;aco que leva &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou arritmias, e &#233; considerado um importante fator progn&#243;stico. Sem apresenta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, a sobrevida &#233; de 4 anos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> in some cases, em alguns casos, s&#227;o apenas 8 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em caso de acometimento card&#237;aco - &#233; comum o espessamento ventricular conc&#234;ntrico com envolvimento do VD - pode-se observar fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal ou quase normal e espessamento valvular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A apar&#234;ncia mioc&#225;rdica salpicada ou granular &#233; caracter&#237;stica do dep&#243;sito amil&#243;ide, mas a aus&#234;ncia desse fen&#244;meno n&#227;o &#233; rara.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A deposi&#231;&#227;o septal desproporcional pode simular cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica com obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da via de sa&#237;da do VE. Trombos atriais s&#227;o comuns, especialmente na AC-AL, e &#224;s vezes est&#227;o associados &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica &#233; o sinal ecocardiogr&#225;fico mais precoce, e muitas vezes pode ser detectada antes de qualquer sintoma cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> A espessura diast&#243;lica final do SIV &#233; de &gt; 12 mm na aus&#234;ncia de qualquer outra causa de hipertrofia do VE quando h&#225; acometimento card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Na AC, a espessura da parede do VE n&#227;o est&#225; correlacionada com o curso e o desfecho da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> As medidas do VD, obtidas por imagem mioc&#225;rdica com Doppler, podem identificar comprometimento precoce da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ou estratificar o risco de morte em pacientes com AC-AL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Constatou-se que o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD &#233; um preditor de progn&#243;stico de mortalidade precoce na AC-AL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> No entanto, a an&#225;lise detalhada das altera&#231;&#245;es volum&#233;tricas e funcionais do AD associadas &#224; AC-AL n&#227;o foi documentada.</p>
        <p>Com a ecocardiografia 2D, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do AD &#233; limitada devido &#224; depend&#234;ncia da visualiza&#231;&#227;o e &#224;s dificuldades geom&#233;tricas. Regularmente, o di&#226;metro e a &#225;rea do AD s&#227;o medidos no corte AP4CH.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> A ecocardiografia 3D &#233; uma nova modalidade cl&#237;nica que permite a medi&#231;&#227;o precisa das altera&#231;&#245;es do volume f&#225;sico atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Al&#233;m disso, v&#225;rias propriedades funcionais, incluindo volumes sist&#243;licos e fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento e strains em diferentes fases do ciclo card&#237;aco, podem ser medidas ao mesmo tempo a partir do mesmo conjunto de dados 3D, permitindo uma an&#225;lise detalhada do AD durante o 3DSTE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> No presente estudo, foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar o aumento dos volumes do AD em todas as fases, altera&#231;&#245;es nas fra&#231;&#245;es de esvaziamento e strains caracterizando o reservat&#243;rio sist&#243;lico, e as fun&#231;&#245;es de bomba de refor&#231;o ativa tardia diast&#243;lica do AD. Esses achados poderiam ser explicados pela infiltra&#231;&#227;o da parede atrial por fibrilas amiloides, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca esquerda e/ou direita, efeitos de fatores de risco cardiovascular, motivos hemodin&#226;micos, fibrose local ou edema. Em um estudo recente, a disfun&#231;&#227;o severa do AE p&#244;de ser demonstrada na AC-AL. Portanto, o papel das intera&#231;&#245;es entre AE-AD tamb&#233;m n&#227;o p&#244;de ser exclu&#237;do.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> As an&#225;lises de strain segmentar do AD mostraram diferen&#231;as regionais do AD, sugerindo suas diferentes contribui&#231;&#245;es para a (des)fun&#231;&#227;o do AD, conforme mencionado anteriormente (n&#227;o uniformidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o do AD). Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar nossos achados em uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior, comparando os resultados com outras doen&#231;as que apresentem tamb&#233;m hipertrofia do VE. Tamb&#233;m deve ser examinado se o padr&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o do AD demonstrado &#233; espec&#237;fico ou n&#227;o para a AC-AL e se tem ou n&#227;o um valor diagn&#243;stico ou progn&#243;stico.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes com AC-AL &#233; uma das limita&#231;&#245;es mais importantes do estudo. No entanto, a amiloidose comprovada por bi&#243;psia com acometimento card&#237;aco &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara. Embora o septo atrial fa&#231;a parte de ambos os &#225;trios, foi considerado como parte do AD neste estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>O aumento significativo dos volumes do AD e a deteriora&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es do AD podem ser demonstrados na AC-AL - teoricamente, devido &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o da parede atrial por fibrilas amiloides - mas outras causas, incluindo raz&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, n&#227;o podem ser exclu&#237;das.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da University of Szeged sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 71/2011. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
