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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">6dzvkXhW5X3ppQTt3QxxrvK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500375</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005010101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180123</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Right Ventricular Functional Improvement after Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program in Patients with COPD Determined by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kanar</surname>
            <given-names>Batur Gonenc</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozmen</surname>
            <given-names>Ipek</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Elif Ozari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sunbul</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Marmara University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Istanbul</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Marmara University, Istanbul - Turquia</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Marmara University</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sureyyapasa Chest Medicine Research and Training Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Istanbul</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sureyyapasa Chest Medicine Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Murat Sunbul.</bold> Marmara Universitesi E&#240;itim ve Ara&#254;t&#253;rma Hastanesi, Pendik. 34899, Istanbul - Turkey. E-mail: <email>drmuratsunbul@gmail.com</email>, <email>dresraaydin@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data, obtaining financing, writing of the manuscript: Kanar BG, Ozmen I, Yildirim EO, Ozturk M, Sunbul M; Analysis and interpretation of the data and statistical analysis: Kanar BG, Sunbul M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sunbul M.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>09</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>375</fpage>
      <lpage>381</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Although right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in pulmonary diseases has been associated with increased morbidity, tools for RV dysfunction identification are not well defined.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the magnitude of RV dysfunction by means of speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to investigate whether STE could be used as an index of RV improvement after a pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) program.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Forty-six patients with COPD undergoing PR program and 32 age-sex matched healthy subjects were enrolled. RV function was evaluated at admission and after PR program by conventional two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) and STE. In addition, exercise tolerance of subjects was evaluated using the six-minute walk test (6MWT).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>COPD patients had worse RV function according to STE and 2DE as well. STE was more sensitive than conventional 2DE in determining RV improvement after PR program - RV global longitudinal strain (LS): 20.4 &#177; 2.4% vs. 21.9 &#177; 2.9% p &lt; 0.001 and RV free wall LS: 18.1 &#177; 3.4% vs. 22.9 &#177; 3.7%, p &lt; 0.001). RV free wall LS was directly related to distance walked at baseline 6MWT (r = 0.58, p &lt; 0.001) and to the change in the 6MWT distance (6MWTD &#8710;) (r = 0.41, p = 0.04).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>We conclude that STE might be as effective as 2DE for evaluation of global and regional RV functions. STE may become an important tool for assessment and follow-up of COPD patients undergoing PR program to determine the relationship between RV function and exercise tolerance.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography / methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain, Speckle Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The right ventricle plays an important role in the morbidity and mortality of patients with signs and symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Although transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) provides important information about the right ventricular (RV) anatomy and function, the RV complex geometry and crescent-shaped structure wrapped around the left ventricle (LV) make accurate assessment difficult.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Moreover, conventional 2DE measures, including velocity and displacement-based analyses, can be affected by translational motion of the heart and respiratory variation. The new echocardiographic method of speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) assesses myocardial deformation on grayscale (B-mode) images and can be used to evaluate both global and regional myocardial strain without being limited by the Doppler beam angle.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Patients with advanced chronic respiratory disease regularly experience distressing symptoms despite optimal pharmacological treatment. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) complements conventional medical therapy, and has been clearly demonstrated to reduce dyspnea, increase exercise performance, and improve RV functions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Today, is well known that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients experience substantial mortality and morbidity from RV function impairment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A number of studies have used conventional 2DE to evaluate the RV in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases, but there is relatively limited information concerning the assessment of RV performance by means of speckle tracking-derived strain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Therefore, we sought to analyze the use of STE in the assessment of global and regional RV function and impact of PR program on it.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and participants</title>
        <p>Subjects were recruited from Sureyyapasa Chest Medicine and Thoracic Surgery Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Fifty-seven patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, GOLD classes 2-4) were enrolled in the study. Six patients were excluded from the analyses due to the poor quality of their echocardiographic records. In the remaining patients, the apical segment of the RV free wall and the apical septum could not be analyzed in 3 and in 2 patients, respectively.</p>
        <p>All patients had a previous diagnosis of symptomatic COPD. The control group included 32 healthy volunteers. Patients with impairment of LV systolic function (ejection fraction &lt; 55%), significant valvular heart disease, cardiomyopathy, history of coronary artery disease, and malignancy were excluded. The investigation complies with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
        <p>Adult patients with COPD with medically optimized symptomatic lung disease, admitted to the outpatient PR program, were referred by respiratory physicians after an initial multidisciplinary assessment clinic with a respiratory or rehabilitation physician, cardiology physician, nurse, and physiotherapist. Before starting the PR program, we obtained medical histories and performed physical examination of all patients. Specific measurements recorded at the beginning and end of PR program included 6-minute walk test (6MWT), mMRC (modified Medical Research Council) dyspnea scale, the BODE index - body mass index (BMI), degree of obstruction (FEV1), dyspnea (mMRC scale), exercise capacity. The PR program consisted of 2 sessions each day for 6 days per week for a total of 4 weeks. Each session lasted 30 minutes and included symptom-limited exercise training (walking or cycling).</p>
        <p>All 6MWTs were performed on a flat surface, enclosed, temperature-controlled corridor using standardized instructions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Two 6MWTs and echocardiographic examinations were performed at the beginning of the pre-rehabilitation and post-rehabilitation assessments at the end of PR program due to possible learning effect. The best 6MWT was recorded and used for analysis. The 6MWTD&#8710; (delta) was determined by the difference between pre- and post-rehabilitation of 6MWTs. The effect of the 6MWT after the PR program was evaluated by BODE index and the mMRC score.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conventional and speckle-tracking echocardiography</title>
        <p>All echocardiographic examinations of patients and healthy controls were performed in accordance with the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines using an ultrasound system (IE33, Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, US).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAB) was based on tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity using the simplified Bernoulli equation: 4x(tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>+ right atrial pressure (RAP). Estimation of RAP was done on the basis of the inferior vena cava diameter and collapse index.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is defined as the total excursion of the tricuspid annulus from end-diastole to end-systole, and it is measured typically at the lateral annulus using M-mode Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), myocardial performance index (MPI) (calculated as [IVRT + IVCT]/ejection time), and ejection time intervals were measured using either pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD) or Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) at the lateral tricuspid annulus. RV and LV ejection fractions from 2D methods were calculated as (end-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume)/end-diastolic volume.</p>
        <p>The general principles that underlie 2D speckle-tracking modalities have been previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> 2D echocardiographic grayscale apical 4-chamber images and a frame rate of 70 to 80 frames/s were obtained, which seems to be the best compromise between appropriate temporal resolution and acceptable spatial definition of the LV lateral wall and RV free wall. In postprocessing analysis, the region of interest was obtained by tracing the RV endocardial borders at the level of the septum and the free wall in a still frame at end-systole. An automated software program calculated the frame-to-frame displacements of speckle pattern within the region of interest throughout the cardiac cycle. Longitudinal strain (LS) curves were obtained from six RV segments (basal, mid, and apical segments of the RV free wall and septum); the global RV strain curve was based on the average of the six regional strain curves, and longitudinal strain curves of the lateral LV wall were obtained by repeating the same analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Fig. 1</xref>). The extent of myocardial deformation (defined as global or regional longitudinal strain) was expressed as a percentage of the longitudinal systolic shortening compared with diastolic shortening for each segment of interest. All analyses were repeated twice one day later by the same observer in order to assess intraobserver variability, which was calculated as the average difference between the 10 measurements taken. A second independent observer repeated the analyses for the assessment of interobserver variability, which was calculated as the absolute difference divided by the average of the two observations of all parameters. The intraobserver and interobserver variability were 5% and 7 %, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representative two-dimensional right ventricular strain images. Speckle-tracking apical four chamber view showing global and regional right ventricular longitudinal strain. L. Strain: Longitudinal strain.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0375-80123-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>All statistical tests were performed with a commercially available software program (SPSS 16.0 for Windows; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The variables were investigated using visual (histograms, probability plots) and analytical methods (Kolmogorov-Smirnov/Shapiro-Wilk test) to determine whether or not they are normally distributed. In sample size calculation, 46 COPD patients and 32 healthy subjects in each group would be needed to detect a 2-point difference in DAN scale, with a power of 80% and 1% of significance level. Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages and continuous data expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Since all variables were normally distributed, correlation coefficients and their significance were calculated using the Pearson test, and comparisons of quantitative data performed by a paired sample t-test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was set as statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>In our study, 46 patients (mean age: 60.8 &#177; 10.2 years; gender: 28 male, 18 female) with moderate to very severe COPD undergoing PR and 32 healthy subjects (mean age: 58.5 &#177; 8.9 years; gender: 13 male, 19 female) were enrolled. Baseline characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. Age and sex distributions were similar between the two groups. According to Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) classification; there were 22 class-II, 18 class-III, and 7 class-IV COPD patients. COPD patients had higher RV basal diameter, right atrial (RA) end-systolic area, sPAP, and MPI, as well as lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) values compared to healthy control subjects in conventional echocardiographic measurements. In addition, there were significant differences in RV global LS and RV free wall LS between the two groups.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical, conventional echocardiographic, and ventricular strain data in patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation and in healthy control subjects</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Patients undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation (n: 46)</th>
              <th align="center">Healthy control subjects (n: 32)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">60.8 &#177; 10.2</td>
              <td align="center">58.5 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Gender (male,%)</td>
              <td align="center">28(61%)</td>
              <td align="center">13(41%)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass index (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 8.4</td>
              <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 7.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heart rate (beats/min)</td>
              <td align="center">78 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">80 &#177; 10</td>
              <td align="center">0.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">GOLD classes 2/3/4, n</td>
              <td align="center">22/18/7</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV end-diastolic basal diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">38.1 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 3.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV end-diastolic longitudinal diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">74.2 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">60.4 &#177; 6.4</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV anterior wall thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.35 &#177; 0.21</td>
              <td align="center">4.19 &#177; 0.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RA end-systolic area (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sPAB (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">46.7 &#177; 15.4</td>
              <td align="center">24.8 &#177; 10.5</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TAPSE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">16.6 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">20.4 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tissue Doppler MPI</td>
              <td align="center">0.58 &#177; 0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.35 &#177; 0.05</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">54.8 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">56.3 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">57.7 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">59.4 &#177; 4.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV-TDI s'</td>
              <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 2.93</td>
              <td align="center">13.6 &#177; 3.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV free wall longitudinal strain (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18.1 &#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 3.6</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV global longitudinal strain (%)</td>
              <td align="center">20.4 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 3.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or percentile. Bold values indicate statistical significance p &lt; 0.05. GOLD: global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease; RV: right ventricle; RA: right atrium; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; TDI s': tissue Doppler imaging systolic excursion; MPI: myocardial performance index; LV: left ventricle.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In post-rehabilitation echocardiography and 6MWT assessments, there were significant improvements in RV speckle-tracking measurements (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) and increase in 6MWT. In 2DE measurements, there were differences among sPAP, TAPSE, and MPI. However, sPAP was only statistically significant.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Standard echocardiographic and ventricular strain data in patients before and after pulmonary rehabilitation</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Before pulmonary rehabilitation (n:46)</th>
              <th align="center">3 months after pulmonary rehabilitation (n:46)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV end-diastolic basal diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">38.1 &#177; 4.1</td>
              <td align="center">37.7 &#177; 4.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV end-diastolic longitudinal diameter (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">74.2 &#177; 9.4</td>
              <td align="center">73.5 &#177; 9.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV anterior wall thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">4.35 &#177; 0.21</td>
              <td align="center">4.22 &#177; 0.26</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RA end-systolic area (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">16.9 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">sPAB (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">46.7 &#177; 15.4</td>
              <td align="center">43.2 &#177; 16.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TAPSE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">16.6 &#177; 2.6</td>
              <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tissue Doppler MPI</td>
              <td align="center">0.58 &#177; 0.08</td>
              <td align="center">0.55 &#177; 0.07</td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">54.8 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">55.2 &#177; 5.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">57.7 &#177; 5.5</td>
              <td align="center">57.4 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV-TDI s'</td>
              <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 2.93</td>
              <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 3.06</td>
              <td align="center">0.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV free wall longitudinal strain (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18.1 &#177; 3.4</td>
              <td align="center">22.9 &#177; 3.7</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV global longitudinal strain (%)</td>
              <td align="center">20.4 &#177; 2.4</td>
              <td align="center">21.9 &#177; 2.9</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Six-minute walk test (m)</td>
              <td align="center">326 &#177; 42.2</td>
              <td align="center">355 &#177; 57.1</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">mMRC score</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BODE index</td>
              <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
              <td align="center">2.8 &#177; 1.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. Bold values indicate statistical significance p &lt; 0.05. RV: right ventricle; RA: right atrium; sPAP: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; MPI: myocardial performance index; LV: left ventricle; TDI s': tissue Doppler imaging systolic excursion; mMRC; modified medical research council, BODE; Body mass index, degree of Obstruction (FEV<sub>1</sub>), Dyspnea score (mMRC scale), Exercise capacity (six minute walk distance).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>RV free wall LS was directly related to distance walked at baseline 6MWT (r = 0.58, p &lt; 0.001) and to 6MWTD&#8710; (r = 0.41, p = 0.04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). There were improvements of both BODE index and MRC parameters, but only the BODE index was statistically different. There was a statistically significant correlation between RV free wall LS and BODE index (r: 0.52, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation between right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain and six-minute walk test (6MWT) distance before pulmonary rehabilitation. (r = 0.58, p &lt; 0.001). RV: right ventricular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0375-80123-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In our study, we evaluated RV dysfunction in patients with moderate-to-very severe COPD in comparison with healthy subjects and also its improvement after PR program. In determination of both global and regional RV function improvement, STE was shown to be as effective as conventional 2DE. Moreover, RV global longitudinal strain was directly related to exercise tolerance determined by means of 6MWT and BODE index.</p>
      <p>Although the current available prognostic models for COPD do not include RV function, it might serve as a surrogate endpoint for determining mortality and morbidity rates in a variety of cardiopulmonary diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> On the other hand, RV assessment can be challenging. STE overcomes most of the limitations inherent in conventional 2DE, given that it is independent of cardiac translation, and it is angle- and load-independent, thus allowing accurate quantification of myocardial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> STE also demonstrates whether reduced RV performance is due to a global failure or to localized impaired contraction. Moreover, it identifies discrete and localized losses in contractility that are insufficient to affect global systolic function but have potential diagnostic and prognostic implications. The main result of the study by Focardi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> was that free wall and global RV LS had a stronger correlation with the RV ejection fraction (RVEF) calculated by CMR (cardiac magnetic resonance) than conventional echocardiographic indices. Between the two, the highest diagnostic accuracy and the strongest correlation with the RVEF measured by CMR were observed for RV free wall longitudinal strain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> In our study, RV free wall LS had higher improvement than RV global LS after PR program. Moreover, it had a statistically significant correlation with exercise tolerance indices of the patients, such as 6MWT distance and BODE index. One possible explanation for this is that the thin RV free wall contracts against low pulmonary resistance, thus leading to significantly higher strain improvement after the decline of pulmonary resistance by means of PR program. On the other hand, the septum consists of the same fibers as those forming the LV and must handle loading conditions in the RV, as well as higher LV afterload.16 Nevertheless, this hypothesis must be confirmed by further studies. In addition, we chose to analyze the septum as part of the RV. It cannot be considered simply a part of the LV because its shortening contributes to the ejection phase of the RV, and any impairment in its contractility reduces RV performance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Because of the paucity of data, no reference limits were established in the latest guidelines for RV global LS. Recent studies involving STE have focused on exploring RV function in patients with cardiopulmonary disease. Hardegree et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> showed that RV free wall LS and 6MWT distance were increased after the initiation of medical therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Motoji et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> showed that RV global LS &lt; 19.4% indicates high risk of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with PAH. In addition, Guendouz et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> reported that an absolute RV global LS value below 21% in patients with congestive heart failure identifies patients with high risk of adverse cardiac events. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no published studies using STE to determine RV dysfunction and its improvement after PR program in patients with COPD.</p>
      <p>The effect of PR on RV function in patients with COPD has been explored in 2DE-based studies. Caminiti et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> showed that TAPSE &#8804; 16 mm was an indicator of decreased 6MWT distance at baseline and 6MWT distance change in COPD patients undergoing PR. According to our study, STE was more sensitive in determining RV dysfunction than 2DE. Tanaka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> in another 2DE-based study, showed an increase of MPI, and that there was a strong correlation between MPI and the MRC breathlessness score in COPD patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Our data are in agreement with these 2DE studies of RV function in COPD patients undergoing PR program.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Several limitations of our study merit consideration. The main limitation was the small size of the study population. Moreover, RV strain was assessed only in the 4-chamber view of the six segments of the RV; however, the RV longitudinal function measured in the inlet chamber accounts for about 80% of RV function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> If we had followed up the study population, we could have investigated the impact of PR program on RV function, as well as mortality and morbidity. Finally, we did not compare our results with those of CMR. However, previous studies of LV speckle tracking-derived strain have already validated CMR use. Furthermore, although magnetic resonance imaging is considered the gold standard for determining RV volume and function, it is currently limited by cost and availability and is deemed unsuitable after the implantation of a cardiac pacemaker.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that RV dysfunction improved after PR program in patients with COPD. STE might be as effective as the more established measurements of global RV function (i.e., TAPSE, RVEF, and MPI). RV global and regional strain assessment is a simple and effective tool in the routine clinical assessment of patients with COPD in order to explore the relationship between RV function and exercise tolerance.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Marmara University under the protocol number 70737436-050.06.04. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Melhora da Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita ap&#243;s Programa de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar em Pacientes com DPOC Avaliada por Ecocardiografia <italic>Speckle Tracking</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kanar</surname>
            <given-names>Batur Gonenc</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozmen</surname>
            <given-names>Ipek</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Elif Ozari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozturk</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sunbul</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Marmara University, Istanbul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Sureyyapasa Chest Medicine Research and Training Hospital, Istanbul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Murat Sunbul.</bold> Marmara Universitesi E&#240;itim ve Ara&#254;t&#253;rma Hastanesi, Pendik. 34899, Istanbul - Turquia. E-mail: <email>drmuratsunbul@gmail.com</email>, <email>dresraaydin@yahoo.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kanar BG, Ozmen I, Yildirim EO, Ozturk M, Sunbul M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kanar BG, Sunbul M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sunbul M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Embora a disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) nas doen&#231;as pulmonares tenha sido associada ao aumento da morbidade, as ferramentas para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD n&#227;o est&#227;o bem definidas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD por ecocardiografia <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (STE) em pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), e se a STE pode ser usada como indicador de melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ap&#243;s um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (RP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Quarenta e seis pacientes com DPOC submetidos ao programa de RP e 32 controles sadios pareados por sexo e idade foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A fun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi avaliada na admiss&#227;o e ap&#243;s o programa de RP por ecocardiografia bidimensional convencional e por STE. Al&#233;m disso, a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio foi avaliada pelo teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com DPOC apresentaram pior fun&#231;&#227;o do VD segundo STE e ecocardiografia bidimensional convencional. Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo convencional, a STE mostrou maior sensibilidade em determinar melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ap&#243;s o programa de RP - <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal (SL) global do VD: 20,4 &#177; 2,4% <italic>vs</italic>. 21,9 &#177; 2,9% p &lt; 0,001; SL da parede livre do VD: 18,1 &#177; 3,4% <italic>vs</italic>. 22,9 &#177; 3,7%, p &lt; 0,001. O SL da parede livre do VD relacionou-se diretamente com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M basal (r = 0,58, p &lt; 0,001) e com a varia&#231;&#227;o no TC6M &#8710; (TC6M) (r = 0,41, p = 0,04).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a STE pode ser t&#227;o eficaz como a ecocardiografia bidimensional convencional na avalia&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es globais e regionais do VD. Ainda, a STE pode se tornar uma importante ferramenta de avalia&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento de pacientes com DPOC submetidos &#224; RP para determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita / reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica / reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia / m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Speckle Tracking</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) exerce um importante papel na morbidade e na mortalidade de pacientes com sinais e sintomas de doen&#231;a cardiopulmonar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Apesar de a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional fornecer dados importantes sobre a anatomia e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, a complexa geometria, e a estrutura em forma de meia lua ao redor do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dificultam sua avalia&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Al&#233;m disso, medidas por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional convencional, incluindo an&#225;lises de velocidade e de deslocamento, podem ser afetadas por movimento translacional do cora&#231;&#227;o por varia&#231;&#227;o na respira&#231;&#227;o. O novo m&#233;todo ecocardiogr&#225;fico baseado na t&#233;cnica de rastreamento de pontos (STE, do ingl&#234;s <italic>speckle tracking echocardiography</italic>) avalia a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em imagens em escala de cinza (modo-B) e pode ser usado para avaliar tanto a deforma&#231;&#227;o (<italic>strain</italic>) mioc&#225;rdica global como regional sem ser limitado pelo &#226;ngulo de feixe do m&#233;todo de Doppler.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a respirat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado apresentam sintomas graves apesar de um tratamento farmacol&#243;gico adequado. A reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (RP) complementa o tratamento m&#233;dico convencional, e parece atuar na redu&#231;&#227;o da dispneia, aumentar o desempenho no exerc&#237;cio, e melhorar fun&#231;&#245;es do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Atualmente, sabe-se que a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) est&#225; associada &#224; alta mortalidade e morbidade por disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional foi usada em v&#225;rios estudos para avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD de pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiopulmonares. No entanto, h&#225; dados relativamente limitados sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD por t&#233;cnica de <italic>strain</italic> obtida por <italic>speckle tracking</italic> (<italic>speckle tracking-derived strain</italic>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Portanto, nosso objetivo foi analisar o uso da STE na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o global e regional do VD e o impacto do programa de RP sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo e participantes</title>
          <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram recrutados do hospital de pesquisa em medicina tor&#225;cica <italic>Sureyyapasa Chest Medicine and Thoracic Surgery Research and Training Hospital</italic>, Istambul, Turquia. Foram inclu&#237;dos 57 pacientes com DPOC moderada a muito grave (est&#225;dio II a IV segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o da GOLD - Iniciativa Global para a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Global Initiative for Chronic Obstrutive Lung Disease</italic>). Seis pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises pela baixa qualidade dos registros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Nos demais pacientes, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel analisar o segmento apical da parede livre do VD em 3 pacientes, e a regi&#227;o apical do septo em 2 pacientes.</p>
          <p>Todos os pacientes tinham um diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DPOC sintom&#225;tica. O grupo controle incluiu 32 volunt&#225;rios sadios. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 55%), doen&#231;a valvular card&#237;aca importante, cardiomiopatia, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, cardiomiopatia, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, ou doen&#231;a maligna. O estudo foi realizado segundo princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local e todos os participantes assinaram termo de consentimento.</p>
          <p>Pacientes adultos com DPOC e doen&#231;a pulmonar sintom&#225;tica controlada, admitidos no programa de RP ambulatorial, foram encaminhados por pneumologistas ap&#243;s uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica multidisciplinar (incluindo pneumologista, cardiologista, enfermeiro e fisioterapeuta) inicial. Antes de iniciar o programa de RP, foi adquirida a hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica dos pacientes e realizado exame f&#237;sico. Medidas espec&#237;ficas registradas no in&#237;cio e no final do programa de RP inclu&#237;ram o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M), escala de dispneia do mMRC (<italic>modified Medical Research Council</italic>), &#237;ndice BODE - &#237;ndice de massa corporal, grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o (FEV1), dispneia (escala mMRC), capacidade no exerc&#237;cio. O programa de RP consistiu de 2 sess&#245;es/dia por 6 dias/semana, durante 4 semanas. Cada sess&#227;o teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 30 minutos e incluiu exerc&#237;cio de caminhada ou bicicleta (limitado por sintomas dos participantes).</p>
          <p>Todos os TC6Ms foram realizados em superf&#237;cie plana, em corredor fechado, sob temperatura controlada, seguindo instru&#231;&#245;es padronizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Dois TC6Ms e os testes ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados no in&#237;cio da pr&#233;-reabilita&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m ap&#243;s a reabilita&#231;&#227;o ao final do programa de RP devido ao poss&#237;vel efeito aprendizado. O TC6M com melhor desempenho foi registrado e usado para an&#225;lise. O delta (&#8710;)TC6M foi determinado pela diferen&#231;a entre os resultados dos testes realizados antes ap&#243;s reabilita&#231;&#227;o. O efeito do TC6M ap&#243;s o programa de RP foi avaliado pelo &#237;ndice BODE e o escore mMRC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia convencional e <italic>speckle-tracking</italic></title>
          <p>Todos os exames de ecocardiografia dos pacientes e controles sadios foram realizados de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia, utilizando-se um sistema de ultrassom (IE33, Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, US).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) foi estimada com base na velocidade m&#225;xima da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, utilizando-se a equa&#231;&#227;o simplificada de Bernoulli: 4x (velocidade m&#225;xima da regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>+press&#227;o atrial direita (PAD). A PAD foi estimada com base no di&#226;metro da veia cava inferior e no &#237;ndice de colabamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) &#233; definida como a excurs&#227;o total do anel tric&#250;spide do final da di&#225;stole ao final da s&#237;stole, e &#233; tipicamente medida no anel lateral utilizando o m&#243;dulo M. O tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV), o tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica (TCIV), o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico (IDM) [calculado como TRIV + TCIV]/tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o), e intervalos de tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o foram medidos por Doppler pulsado ou por Doppler tecidual no anel lateral tric&#250;spide. As fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD e do VE dos m&#233;todos bidimensionais foram calculadas como (volume diast&#243;lico final - volume sist&#243;lico final)/volume diast&#243;lico final.</p>
          <p>Os princ&#237;pios gerais do m&#233;todo bidimensional <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> foram descritos previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Foram obtidas imagens apicais quatro c&#226;maras em escala de cinza e taxa de quadros de 70-80 quadros/s, o que parecem ser os par&#226;metros mais apropriados para se obter uma boa resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal e defini&#231;&#227;o espacial do VD lateral e da parede livre do VD. Na an&#225;lise p&#243;s-processamento, a regi&#227;o de interesse foi obtida delimitando-se o endoc&#225;rdio do VD ao n&#237;vel do septo e a parede livre em uma imagem est&#225;tica ao final da s&#237;stole. Um programa autom&#225;tico calculou os deslocamentos dos pontos quadro a quadro na regi&#227;o de interesse ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco. As curvas do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal foram obtidas a partir de seis segmentos do VD - basal, medial e apical da parede livre e do septo. A curva do <italic>strain</italic> global do VD baseou-se na m&#233;dia das seis curvas regionais do <italic>strain</italic>, e curvas do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede lateral do VD foram obtidas repetindo-se as mesmas an&#225;lises (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). A extens&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (<italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global ou regional) foi expressa como porcentagem do encurtamento longitudinal na s&#237;stole em compara&#231;&#227;o ao encurtamento longitudinal na di&#225;stole para cada segmento de interesse. No dia seguinte, todas as an&#225;lises foram repetidas duas vezes pelo mesmo observador, para avaliar a variabilidade intraobservador, a qual foi calculada como a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre as 10 medidas realizadas. Um segundo observador independente repetiu as an&#225;lises para avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade interobservador, calculada como a m&#233;dia de duas observa&#231;&#245;es de todos os par&#226;metros. As variabilidades intraobservador e interobservador foram 5% e 7%, respectivamente.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Imagens bidimensionais representativas do strain ventricular direito. Corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras pela t&#233;cnica speckle tracking mostrando o strain longitudinal global e regional do ventr&#237;culo direito. L.Strain: strain longitudinal; L. Strain Rate: taxa de strain longitudinal.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0375-80123-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram realizados utilizando-se um programa dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (SPSS 16.0 for Windows; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). As vari&#225;veis foram investigadas por recursos visuais (histogramas, gr&#225;ficos de probabilidade) e m&#233;todos anal&#237;ticos (teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, teste de Shapiro-Wilk) para verificar se os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. No c&#225;lculo amostral, seriam necess&#225;rios 46 pacientes com DPOC e 32 indiv&#237;duos sadios em cada grupo para detectar diferen&#231;a de dois pontos na escala DAN, com poder de 80% e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 1%. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas em n&#250;meros e porcentagens, e os dados cont&#237;nuos expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Uma vez que todas as vari&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, coeficientes de correla&#231;&#245;es foram calculados pelo teste de Pearson, e compara&#231;&#245;es dos dados quantitativos pelo teste <italic>t</italic> para amostras pareadas. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos 46 pacientes (idade m&#233;dia 60,8 &#177; 10,2 anos; 28 homens) com DPOC leve a muito grave, submetidos &#224; RP, e 32 indiv&#237;duos sadios (idade m&#233;dia 58,5 &#177; 8,9 anos; 13 homens). As caracter&#237;sticas basais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>. Distribui&#231;&#245;es de sexo e idade foram similares entre os dois grupos. Segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o GOLD, 22 pacientes com DPOC foram classificados como est&#225;dio II, 18 como estado III, e 7 como est&#225;dio IV. Os pacientes com maior di&#226;metro do VD, &#225;rea sist&#243;lica final do &#225;trio direito, PSAP, IDM e menor TAPSE basais foram avaliados por ecocardiografia convencional em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles sadios. Ainda, observaram-se diferen&#231;as significativas no <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VD e no <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD entre os dois grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos, resultados da ecocardiografia convencional, e strain ventricular em pacientes submetidos &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e em indiv&#237;duos sadios controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Pacientes submetidos &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (n: 46)</th>
                <th align="center">Indiv&#237;duos sadios controle (n: 32)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">60,8 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,5 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo (masculino,%)</td>
                <td align="center">28(61%)</td>
                <td align="center">13(41%)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de massa corporal (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (batimentos/min)</td>
                <td align="center">78 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Est&#225;dios 2/3/4 classifica&#231;&#227;o GOLD, n</td>
                <td align="center">22/18/7</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final basal do VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">38,1 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro longitudinal final do VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">74,2 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">60,4 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede anterior do VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,35 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">4,19 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea sist&#243;lica final do AD (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">17,2 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">46,7 &#177; 15,4</td>
                <td align="center">24,8 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">16,6 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">20,4 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IDM (Doppler tecidual)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,35 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54,8 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">56,3 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57,7 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">59,4 &#177; 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica por DTI-VD</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 2,93</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 &#177; 3,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18,1 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal global do VD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20,4 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou porcentagens. Valores em negrito indicam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05). GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AD: &#225;trio direito; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; DTI: Doppler tecidual; IDM: &#237;ndice do desempenho mioc&#225;rdico; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nas avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e do TC6M p&#243;s-reabilita&#231;&#227;o, houve melhora significativa nas medidas do VD pela t&#233;cnica do <italic>speckle trecking</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>) e aumento no TC6M. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional, observaram-se diferen&#231;as na PSAP, no IDM e na TAPSE; contudo, somente o PSAP mostrou diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados da ecocardiografia convencional e de strain ventricular em pacientes antes e ap&#243;s a reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Antes da reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (n:46)</th>
                <th align="center">3 meses ap&#243;s a reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (n:46)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final basal do VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">38,1 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">37,7 &#177; 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Di&#226;metro longitudinal final do VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">74,2 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td align="center">73,5 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede anterior do VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">4,35 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">4,22 &#177; 0,26</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;rea sist&#243;lica final do AD (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">17,22,9</td>
                <td align="center">16,9 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PSAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">46,7 &#177; 15,4</td>
                <td align="center">43,2 &#177; 16,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">16,6 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IDM (Doppler tecidual)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 &#177; 0,07</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54,8 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">55,2 &#177; 5,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57,7 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">57,4 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica por DTI-VD</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 2,93</td>
                <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 3,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18,1 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">22,9 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal global do VD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20,4 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">21,9 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Teste de caminhada de seis minutos (m)</td>
                <td align="center">326 &#177; 42,2</td>
                <td align="center">355 &#177; 57,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escore mMRC</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice BODE</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou porcentagens. Valores em negrito indicam signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,05). VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AD: &#225;trio direito; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; DTI: Doppler tecidual; IDM: &#237;ndice do desempenho mioc&#225;rdico; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; mMRC: modified medical research council; BODE: &#237;ndice de massa corporal, grau de obstru&#231;&#227;o (FEV1), escore de dispneia (escala mMRC), capacidade no exerc&#237;cio (teste de caminhada de seis minutos).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Observou-se rela&#231;&#227;o direta do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD com a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M (r = 0,58; p &lt; 0,001) e com o &#8710; TC6M (r = 0,41; p = 0,04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). Houve melhora no &#237;ndice BODE e nos par&#226;metros MRC, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no &#237;ndice BODE. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD e o &#237;ndice BODE (r: 0,52; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito e dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M) antes da reabilita&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (r = 0,58, p &lt; 0,001). VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0375-80123-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, avaliamos a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD em pacientes com DPOC moderada a muito grave em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos sadios, bem como sua melhora ap&#243;s programa de RP. Mostramos que, para determinar uma melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o (tanto global como regional) do VD, a STE mostrou-se t&#227;o efetiva como a ecocardiografia bidimensional convencional. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se rela&#231;&#227;o direta do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global com a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio determinada pelo TC6M e o &#237;ndice BODE.</p>
        <p>Apesar de os modelos progn&#243;sticos de DPOC atualmente dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o inclu&#237;rem fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, essa pode ser utilizada como desfecho substituto na determina&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade e de morbidade em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiopulmonares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Por outro lado, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD pode ser desafiador. A STE supera a maioria das limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224; ecocardiografia bidimensional convencional, uma vez que independe da transla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, e &#233; independente de &#226;ngulo e da carga, o que permite uma quantifica&#231;&#227;o precisa da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A STE tamb&#233;m mostra se o desempenho reduzido do VD deve-se &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o global ou &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o local.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Ainda, a t&#233;cnica identifica perdas sutis e localizadas na contratilidade, que n&#227;o chegam a afetar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global, mas tem implica&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas potenciais. O principal resultado do estudo de Focardi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> foi a maior correla&#231;&#227;o entre o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal (global e da parede livre) do VD com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD calculada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o a &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais. Entre os dois par&#226;metros, a maior acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e a maior correla&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o medida por resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca magn&#233;tica foram observadas para o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD. Em nosso estudo, o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD mostrou maior melhora que o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do VD ap&#243;s o programa de RP, al&#233;m de correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com &#237;ndices de toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio dos pacientes, tais como dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M e &#237;ndice de BODE. Esse resultado pode ser explicado pelo fato de a fina parede livre do VD contrair-se contra a baixa resist&#234;ncia pulmonar, levando &#224; melhora significativa do <italic>strain</italic> ap&#243;s o decl&#237;nio da resist&#234;ncia pulmonar alcan&#231;ado pelo programa de RP. Por outro lado, o septo &#233; constitu&#237;do das mesmas fibras que formam o VE e suporta condi&#231;&#245;es de sobrecarga no VD e de p&#243;s-carga do VE. No entanto, essa hip&#243;tese deve ser confirmada por outros estudos. N&#243;s analisamos o septo como parte do VD; ele n&#227;o pode ser considerado uma parte do VE, uma vez que seu encurtamento contribui para a fase de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD, e qualquer disfun&#231;&#227;o em sua contratilidade reduz o desempenho do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; escassez dos dados, n&#227;o foram estabelecidos limites de refer&#234;ncia para o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do VD nas diretrizes mais recentes. Estudos recentes envolvendo STE tiveram como foco investigar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiopulmonar. Hardegree et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> mostraram que o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal da parede livre do VD e a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M aumentaram ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da terapia medicamentosa em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP). Motoji et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> mostraram que o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do VD &lt; 19.4% indica alto riso de eventos cardiovasculares adversos em pacientes com HAP. Ainda, Guendouz et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> relataram que um valor de <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal absoluto inferior a 21% em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva detecta pacientes com alto risco de eventos card&#237;acos adversos. Contudo, em nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o existem estudos publicados utilizando STE para determinar disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e sua melhora ap&#243;s um programa de RP em pacientes com DPOC.</p>
        <p>O efeito do programa de RP sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD em pacientes com DPOC foi explorado em estudos com ecocardiografia bidimensional. Caminiti et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> mostraram que TAPSE &#8804; 16 mm foi um indicador de uma menor dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6M no basal, e na mudan&#231;a na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste em pacientes com DPOC submetidos &#224; RP. De acordo com nossos resultados, a STE foi mais sens&#237;vel na determina&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ecocardiografia bidimensional. Em outro estudo baseado na ecocardiografia bidimensional, Tanaka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> mostraram um aumento no IDM, bem como uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre o IDM e o escore de falta de ar do MRC em pacientes com DPOC. Nossos dados est&#227;o de acordo com esses estudos que analisaram a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita de pacientes com DPOC por ecocardiografia bidimensional.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo merecem ser consideradas. A principal delas foi o pequeno tamanho da nossa amostra. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi o fato de que o <italic>strain</italic> do VD foi avaliado apenas no corte de quatro c&#226;maras dos seis segmentos do VD; no entanto, a fun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do VD medida na c&#226;mara de entrada &#233; respons&#225;vel por 80% da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Se tiv&#233;ssemos acompanhado a popula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo, poder&#237;amos ter investigado o impacto do programa de RP na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, bem como na mortalidade e na morbidade. Finalmente, n&#227;o comparamos nossos resultados com os obtidos por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. No entanto, estudos pr&#233;vios de <italic>strain</italic> do VE obtido por STE validaram o uso da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Ainda, apesar de a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica ser considerada padr&#227;o outro na avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume e da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD, o m&#233;todo tem como limita&#231;&#245;es seu custo e sua disponibilidade, al&#233;m de ser considerado invi&#225;vel de ser realizado ap&#243;s implante de marca-passo card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita melhorou ap&#243;s o programa de RP em pacientes com DPOC. A STE parece ser t&#227;o efetiva como os par&#226;metros j&#225; bem estabelecidos da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD (i.e., TAPSE, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD, e IDM). A avalia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> global e regional do VD &#233; uma ferramenta simples e efetiva na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de rotina de pacientes com DPOC para investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Marmara University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 70737436-050.06.04. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
