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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">w9rHqj98tFBLdqKnrFKv9qm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500373</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180177</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Marker of Cardiac Remodeling in Patients with Chronic Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bestetti</surname>
            <given-names>Reinaldo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <label>1</label>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Curso de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Ribeir&#227;o Preto</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Curso de Medicina - Universidade de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mauiling Address: Reinaldo B. Bestetti</bold>, Av. Cost&#225;bile Romano, 2201. Postal Code 14096-900, Ribeir&#226;nia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rbestetti44@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>373</fpage>
      <lpage>374</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma Cruzi</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea, Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Polisomnography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Remodeling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Chronic Chagas disease (CCD) continues to be a major scourge for people living in South America and an emergent medical problem outside the American Continent because of world globalization. Chronic Chagas heart disease (CCHD) affects about 30% of patients with CCD, appearing 20-30 years after infection with <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Prognosis of CCD patients is relentless, with a 5-year mortality approaching 35%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> CCHD patients have an outcome even worse,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> particularly those with ventricular and atrial remodeling, which manifests by chronic systolic heart failure and atrial fibrillation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>It is, therefore, important to recognize predictors of ventricular and atrial remodeling in patients with CCHD to offer the proper available treatment for patients with this condition. Systolic blood pressure, male sex, and New York Heart Association Functional Class appear to predict ventricular remodeling in patients with CCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Conversely, as far as I know, predictors of atrial remodeling have not yet been established for patients with this condition.</p>
    <p>In this issue of the Journal, Medeiros et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> report on an original study of 135 Chagas disease patients (30% of them in the indeterminate form and the remaining with CCHD) who have undergone overnight polysomnography to assess the relationship of sleep-disordered breathing and cardiac remodeling. Importantly, 62% of patients also had concomitant systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). Moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was found in 21% of patients. Medeiros et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> confirm that male sex and SAH are predictors of ventricular remodeling, and also discovered that the apnea-hypopnea index, a diagnostic marker of the severity of OAS, was a predictor of both atrial and ventricular remodeling.</p>
    <p>The prevalence of OSA is 21% in a general population. It is moderate to severe in 9% of affected individuals,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> and increases morbidity and mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> OSA has independently been associated with SAH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and with several different types of cardiovascular disorders, including chronic heart failure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> a condition usually associated with cardiac remodeling. It is noteworthy that OSA by itself has also been independently associated with left ventricular remodeling and left atrial diameter.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>How can the exciting findings reported by Medeiros et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> be incorporated in clinical practice? I think that it would be necessary to test the usefulness of polysomnography in patients with CCD without concomitant SAH. By doing that, we could rule out the additive effect of OSA and SAH<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> on the genesis of cardiac remodeling, as well as to establish the real effect of OSA on the induction of cardiac abnormalities in patients with this condition.</p>
    <p>On the other hand, it is important to recognize that a substantial proportion of patients with CCD do not have concomitant SAH in the study by Medeiros et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Therefore, it is reasonable to admit that OSA by itself could have induced, at least in part, the atrial and ventricular remodeling observed in that study. The appearance of OSA by itself might represent an additional burden to myocardial function to patients with CCD/CCHD because OSA activates sympathetic activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and is proinflammatory.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The histological findings observed in catecholamine cardiomyopathy are similar to those found in CCHD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> thus suggesting a role for autonomic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of this disease. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokines are more increased in patients with CCHD and SAH in comparison with patients with CCHD alone,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> suggesting a role for cytokines in the pathogenesis of patients with this condition as well. Clearly, the presence of OSA might represent a potential curable threat for patients with CCHD.</p>
    <p>I congratulate Medeiros et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> for this important study, and I do hope that they continue to pursue this research line not only because its potential contribution to the understanding of the pathogenesis of CCHD, but also for its potential impact on the clinical course of this scourge to our people.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Obstructive Sleep Apnea is Common and Associated with Heart Remodeling in Patients with Chagas Disease</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Ramos</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Figuer&#234;do-Silva</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
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              <given-names>JSM</given-names>
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          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>916</fpage>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <mixed-citation>14 Bestetti RB, Dellalibera-Joviliano R, Lopes GS, Faria Jr M, Furlan-Daniel R, Lopes KC, et al. Determination of the Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cytokine profile in patients with chronic Chagas heart disease and systemic arterial hypertension. Heart Vessels. 2018 Jul 25. [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1007/s))380-018-1228-z.</mixed-citation>
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          <source>Heart Vessels</source>
          <day>25</day>
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          <comment>[Epub ahead of print]</comment>
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    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono: Um Marcador de Remodelamento Card&#237;aco em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bestetti</surname>
            <given-names>Reinaldo B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Curso de Medicina - Universidade de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Reinaldo B. Bestetti</bold>, Av. Cost&#225;bile Romano, 2201. CEP 14096-900, Ribeir&#226;nia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil. Email: <email>rbestetti44@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma Cruzi</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Polissonografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodelamento Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A Doen&#231;a de Chagas Cr&#244;nica (DCC) continua sendo um grande flagelo para as pessoas que vivem na Am&#233;rica do Sul e uma quest&#227;o m&#233;dica emergente fora do Continente Americano, devido &#224; globaliza&#231;&#227;o. A Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica (CCC) afeta cerca de 30% dos pacientes com DCC, surgindo de 20 a 30 anos ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o com <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> O progn&#243;stico de pacientes de DCC &#233; implac&#225;vel, com uma mortalidade de 5 anos chegando a 35%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Pacientes com CCC tem um resultado ainda pior ,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> particularmente aqueles com remodelamento ventricular e atrial, que se manifesta atrav&#233;s de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica cr&#244;nica e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Assim, &#233; importante reconhecer preditores de remodelamento ventricular e atrial em pacientes com CCC para oferecer o tratamento dispon&#237;vel adequado aos pacientes com esse quadro. Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, sexo masculino e a Classifica&#231;&#227;o Funcional da New York Heart Association predizem remodelamento ventricular em pacientes com DCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Por outro lado, at&#233; onde sei, ainda n&#227;o foram determinados os preditores de remodelamento de atrial para pacientes com essa doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da Revista, Medeiros et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> relatam um estudo original de 135 pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas (30% dos quais na forma indeterminada e os demais com CCC) que foram submetidos a polissonografia noturna para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o da respira&#231;&#227;o do dist&#250;rbio do sono e remodelamento card&#237;aco. Significativamente, 62% dos pacientes tamb&#233;m sofriam de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) concomitante. Foi encontrada apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) de moderada a grave em 21% dos pacientes. Medeiros et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> confirmam que ser do sexo masculino e ter HAS s&#227;o preditores de remodelamento ventricular, e tamb&#233;m descobriram que o &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia, um marcador diagn&#243;stico de severidade da AOS, foi um preditor de remodelamento tanto atrial, quanto ventricular.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de AOS na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral &#233; de 21%. Ela &#233; de moderada a grave em 9% dos indiv&#237;duos afetados,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> e aumenta a morbidade e mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A AOS tem sido associada independentemente com HAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e com diversos tipos de dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares diferentes, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> condi&#231;&#227;o geralmente associada ao remodelamento card&#237;aco. Vale observar que a AOS por si s&#243; tem tamb&#233;m sido independentemente associada ao remodelamento ventricular esquerdo e ao di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Como as excelentes descobertas relatadas por Medeiros et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> podem ser incorporadas &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica? Acredito que seria necess&#225;rio testar a utilidade da polissonografia em pacientes com DCC sem HAS concomitante. Atrav&#233;s desse teste, poder&#237;amos eliminar o efeito aditivo da AOS e da HAS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> sobre a g&#234;nese do remodelamento card&#237;aco, bem como determinar o efeito real da AOS sobre a indu&#231;&#227;o de anomalias card&#237;acas em pacientes com esse quadro.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, &#233; importante reconhecer que uma propor&#231;&#227;o substancial dos pacientes com DCC n&#227;o possui HAS concomitante no estudo de Medeiros et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Assim, &#233; razo&#225;vel admitir que a AOS, por si s&#243;, poderia ter induzido, pelo menos em parte, o remodelamento atrial e ventricular observado naquele estudo. O aparecimento da AOS pode, por si s&#243;, representar um fardo extra &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de pacientes com DCC/CCC porque a AOS ativa a atividade simp&#225;tica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e &#233; pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Os achados histol&#243;gicos observados na cardiomiopatia por catecolaminas s&#227;o similares &#224;quelas encontradas em CCC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> sugerindo assim um papel para a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na patog&#234;nese dessa doen&#231;a. Ademais, as citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias se encontram mais aumentadas em pacientes com CCC e HAS, se comparado a pacientes com apenas CCC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> sugerindo tamb&#233;m um papel para as citocinas na patog&#234;nese de pacientes com esta condi&#231;&#227;o. Claramente, a presen&#231;a da AOS pode representar uma amea&#231;a potencial cur&#225;vel para pacientes com CCC.</p>
      <p>Parabenizo a Medeiros et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> por esse estudo importante, e espero muito que continuem no curso essa linha de pesquisa n&#227;o apenas por sua contribui&#231;&#227;o potencial para o entendimento da patog&#234;nese do CCC, mas tamb&#233;m por seu impacto potencial sobre o curso cl&#237;nico deste flagelo para o nosso povo.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono &#233; Comum e est&#225; Associada &#224; Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
