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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">s8JbkRBPM7DQqd48KxdWhbj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500364</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005010103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180131</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Obstructive Sleep Apnea is Common and Associated with Heart Remodeling in Patients with Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secundo</surname>
            <given-names>Isaac Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Ant&#244;nio da Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castilho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria del</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Afonso Luiz Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson de</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzi-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio do Sono</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio do Sono e Cora&#231;&#227;o do Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) da Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas e insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas e insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - PROCAPE da Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Recife</city>
          <state>PE</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Rodrigo Pinto Pedrosa.</bold> Rua dos Palmares, SN. Postal Code 50100-060, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rppedrosa@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Medeiros CA, Oliveira J&#250;nior W, Pedrosa RP; Acquisition of data: Medeiros CA, Secundo IV, Martins SM, Pedrosa RP; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Medeiros CA, Secundo IV, Silveira CAM, del Castilho JM, Albuquerque ALT, Martins SM, Pedrosa RP; Statistical analysis: Pedrosa RP; Writing of the manuscript: Medeiros CA, Martins SM, Lorenzi-Filho G, Pedrosa RP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira J&#250;nior W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>09</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>03</issue>
      <fpage>364</fpage>
      <lpage>372</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Chagas Disease (CD) is an important cause of morbimortality due to heart failure and malignant arrhythmias worldwide, especially in Latin America.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the association of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with heart remodeling and cardiac arrhythmias in patients CD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Consecutive patients with CD, aged between 30 to 65 years old were enrolled. Participants underwent clinical evaluation, sleep study, 24-hour Holter monitoring, echocardiogram and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We evaluated 135 patients [age: 56 (45-62) years; 30% men; BMI: 26 &#177; 4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, Chagas cardiomyopathy: 70%]. Moderate to severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI, &#8805; 15 events/h) was present in 21% of the patients. OSA was not associated with arrhythmias in this population. As compared to patients with mild or no OSA, patients with moderate to severe OSA had higher frequency of hypertension (79% vs. 72% vs. 44%, p &lt; 0.01) higher nocturnal systolic blood pressure: 119 &#177; 17 vs. 113 &#177; 13 vs. 110 &#177; 11 mmHg, p = 0.01; larger left atrial diameter [37 (33-42) vs. 35 (33-39) vs. 33 (30-36) mm, p &lt; 0.01]; and a greater proportion of left ventricular dysfunction [LVEF &lt; 50% (39% vs. 28% vs. 11%), p &lt; 0.01], respectively. Predictor of left atrial dimension was Log<sub>10</sub> (AHI) (b = 3.86, 95% CI: 1.91 to 5.81; p &lt; 0.01). Predictors of ventricular dysfunction were AHI &gt; 15 events/h (OR = 3.61, 95% CI: 1.31 - 9.98; p = 0.01), systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02 - 1.10; p &lt; 0.01) and male gender (OR = 3.24, 95% CI: 1.31 - 8.01; p = 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>OSA is independently associated with atrial and ventricular remodeling in patients with CD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Sleep Apnea, Obstructive</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chagas disease (CD) is the third most common parasitic infection, after malaria and schistosomiasis, affecting about 7 to 8 million people worldwide.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> CD is caused by the protozoan <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi,</italic> transmitted to humans by insects (<italic>Triatominae</italic>), blood transfusion, organ and tissue transplantation, oral contamination or congenital transmission.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>The epidemiological profile of the disease has been modified in recent decades, due to migratory flows,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>thus also generating attention in non-endemic countries such as the United States, Canada, Spain, Italy and Japan.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Chagas cardiomyopathy is the most common form of nonischemic cardiomyopathy and one of the leading causes of complications and death in Latin America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Approximately one third of patients with CD develop Chagas cardiomyopathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> characterized by ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac blockages, alterations in cardiac proteins with heart remodeling, heart failure and sudden death. Heart failure due to CD worsens patient prognosis, when compared with other cardiomyopathies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In addition to the myriad of characteristics involved in CD, it is important to consider potential comorbidities that may have a negative impact on patients' health.</p>
      <p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most frequent respiratory disturbance in the overall population and is associated with heart remodeling and arrhythmias in patients without<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and with comorbidities, including heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> However, whether this association exists in patients with CD is unknown. We hypothesized that OSA is independently associated with cardiac arrhythmias and heart remodeling in patients with CD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subjects</title>
        <p>Consecutive patients with CD (with two positive blood tests-immunofluorescence and ELISA), aged between 30 and 65 years old were recruited from a specialized outpatient service from August 2013 to August 2014. Chagas cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in patients with serological evidence of antibodies to <italic>T. cruzi</italic> and evidence of Chagas heart disease who may or may not have cardiac symptoms (such as dyspnea, edema, and chest pain). The indeterminate form of CD was diagnosed in patients with serological and/or parasitological evidence of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection who lacked symptoms, physical signs, electrocardiographic abnormalities and any radiographic evidence (on chest radiography, barium-contrast esophageal, or colon radiography) of cardiac or gastrointestinal involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Patients with cardiac pacemakers, manifest or suspected coronary disease; decompensated heart failure requiring hospital admission, predominant central sleep apnea (&gt;50% of events scored as central), or renal disease (serum creatinine &gt;2mg/dL), as well as those with a previous stroke were excluded.</p>
        <p>Patients were invited to undergo the sleep study in the week after they underwent all examinations, including echocardiography, Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) and 24-hour Holter monitoring as described below.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sleep Study</title>
        <p>All patients underwent portable sleep monitoring in the sleep laboratory using a validated device (Embletta Gold, PDS; Medcare, Reykjavik, Iceland)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> to evaluate oxygen saturation, body position, nasal flow measurements (pressure cannula), and respiratory effort measurements using two respiratory inductance plethysmography belts. All exams were scored by an experienced physician. Apnea was defined as total absence (&gt;90%) and hypopneas as a decrease (&gt;30%) in nasal flow for &#8805; 10 seconds, followed by a 4% desaturation (in hypopneas), respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was calculated by dividing the total number of apnea and hypopnea events by the total hours in bed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Mild OSA was defined by an AHI between 5 and 14.9 events/h and moderate to severe OSA was considered when the AHI was &#8805; 15 events/h. The oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was calculated as the total number of desaturations, divided by the total time in bed.</p>
        <p>Excessive daytime sleepiness was evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. A total score &gt; 10 was considered excessive daytime somnolence.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Office blood pressure</title>
        <p>Blood pressure (BP) was measured after 5 min of rest using standard protocols.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> The average of two readings was obtained at 5 min intervals with an automatic digital sphygmomanometer (Omron BP742).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM)</title>
        <p>All participants underwent blood pressure monitoring for 24 hours, using SpaceLabs equipment (model 90207; SpaceLabs, Redmond, WA). The BP reading was taken every 10 minutes during the day and every 20 minutes at night, using an appropriate cuff placed on the non-dominant arm. Participants were instructed to perform their ordinary daily activities and not to move their arm during the ongoing measurement. Activity, bedtime, and time on awakening from sleep were recorded by participants in diaries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The normal BP dip was defined separately for systolic and diastolic BP as a &#8805; 10% reduction in BP during sleep compared with the awake period. Nondipping was defined as a decrease of &lt; 10%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Holter monitoring</title>
        <p>Holter monitoring (Cardios&#174;, Cardio Systems, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) was performed in all patients for 24 hours. The following characteristics of the ECG were analyzed: baseline heart rhythm, heart rate, ventricular and atrial arrhythmias, and breaks. The complexities of the arrhythmias were described as follows: isolated, paired, or tachycardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Patients were instructed to keep a diary with their symptoms during the exam. The Holter analysis was performed by an experienced observer, who was blinded to the presence or absence of OSA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Echocardiogram</title>
        <p>A transthoracic echocardiogram was performed using a Philips IE33 S5-1 device. Conventional M-mode echocardiography was used to measure cavity dimensions (diastolic and systolic diameters, wall thickness, and aorta and left atrial size).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Left atrial volumes were indexed by body surface area according to the American Society of Echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Using two-dimensional echocardiography, segmental and global contractility were assessed, and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated using Simpson's formula. Ventricular dysfunction was considered when LVEF &lt;50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><bold>Le</bold>ft ventricular longitudinal strain with speckle-tracking was calculated and values below -16% were considered abnormal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> The Echocardiographic evaluation was performed by the same experienced observer, who was blinded to the presence or absence of OSA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Normality distribution was evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.</p>
        <p>For the categorical variables, the Chi-square test of Pearson was used. Quantitative variables with a normal distribution were presented as mean and standard deviation and the ANOVA test was used, whereas the variables without normal distribution were presented as median and percentiles (P25; P75) and the Kruskal-Wallis was used, with Bonferroni post-hoc test, when appropriate.</p>
        <p>A multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate independent predictors of left atrial dimensions. The independent variables of the left atrial dimensions were age, 24-hour systolic BP, body mass index (BMI), and AIH. Due to the non-normality of the AHI, a log-transformed version of this variable was used in the multivariate model. To analyze the predictors of ventricular dysfunction, a multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with the following variables: age, BMI, male gender, 24-hour systolic BP, diabetes mellitus diagnosis, AHI &#8805;15 events/h, ODI, and saturation &lt; 90%. The data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 statistical software (IBM Corporation) and a value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>We consecutively evaluated 287 patients with CD (41 [30%] with the indeterminate form of the disease and 94 [70%] with Chagas cardiomyopathy). Most of the exclusions were due to the presence of cardiac pacemakers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). One patient had a predominance of central sleep apnea and was also excluded, resulting in a final sample of 135 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagrama de fluxo do paciente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0364-80131-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The frequency of OSA in patients with CD was 58%. Mild OSA was diagnosed in 50 patients (37%) and moderate-to-severe OSA (IAH &#8805; 15 events/h) in 28 patients (21%). None of the participants had a previous OSA diagnosis. Patients with moderate-to-severe OSA had larger neck and waist circumferences, a higher frequency of high blood pressure and a higher percentage of them were on diuretics, b-blockers and ACE inhibitors, as well as AT1 inhibitors compared to patients with mild and no OSA, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).There was no difference in the degree of sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). The demographics and clinical characteristics according with the absence or presence of OSA are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Anthropometrics and clinical characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Total n = 135</th>
              <th align="center">No OSA n = 57</th>
              <th align="center">Mild OSA n = 50</th>
              <th align="center">Mod/Severe OSA n = 28</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">56 (45-62)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (42-58)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (55-63)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (51-63)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (26)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.67<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">26.3 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">24.7 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">27.4 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Neck circumference, cm</td>
              <td align="center">35 (33-38)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (32-36)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (33-39)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (34-39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Waist, cm</td>
              <td align="center">92 (83-96)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (79-92)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (89-102)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (91-104)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Caucasians, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (32)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (33)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (32%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (29%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">83 (62)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (44)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (72)</td>
              <td align="center">22 (79)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Office Systolic BP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">131 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">128 &#177; 20</td>
              <td align="center">135 &#177; 22</td>
              <td align="center">133 &#177; 26</td>
              <td align="center">0.27<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Office Diastolic BP, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">81 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">83 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">81 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">78 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">0.14<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Use of antihypertensive drugs, n</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0-2)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0-2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1-2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0-3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diuretics, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (23%)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (52%)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (54%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACE inhibitors / AT1 inhibitors n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">76 (56)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (30%)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (46%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (24%)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">B-blockers, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (42)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (30%)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (54%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Spironolactone, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (9%)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (10%)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (14%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.73<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Epworth sleepiness scale, Score, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 5.2</td>
              <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 3.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.57<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values are mean (&#177;SD). Variables with skewed distribution presented as median (interquartile range). Abbreviations: BMI body mass index; BP: blood pressure.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Test of Kruskal-Wallis;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chi-square test of Pearson;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>&#165;</label>
            <p>Anova test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Overall, there were no clinically significant differences in supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmia frequencies across the three groups. However, there was a greater proportion of supraventricular paired in patients with moderate-to-severe OSA, compared with patients with mild and no OSA (50% vs 40% and 23%; p = 0.03), respectively. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Holter evaluation - Distribution of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Total n = 135</th>
              <th align="center">No OSA n = 57</th>
              <th align="center">Mild OSA n = 50</th>
              <th align="center">Mod/Severe OSA n = 28</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR Minimum (b.p.m)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (45-55)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (45-56)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (45-56)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (46-54)</td>
              <td align="center">0.97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR Average (b.p.m)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (65-77)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (66-79)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (65-74)</td>
              <td align="center">71 (62-75)</td>
              <td align="center">0.82<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR Maximum (b.p.m)</td>
              <td align="center">113 (105-25)</td>
              <td align="center">118 (109-132)</td>
              <td align="center">112 (103-121)</td>
              <td align="center">109 (98-121)</td>
              <td align="center">0.045<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total awake ventricular (%)</td>
              <td align="center">94 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (68)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (74)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (64)</td>
              <td align="center">0.65<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total sleep ventricular (%)</td>
              <td align="center">95 (70)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (63)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (80)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.16<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Isolated ventricular arrhythmias (%)</td>
              <td align="center">107 (79)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (77)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (80)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (82)</td>
              <td align="center">0.86<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventricular bigeminy (%)</td>
              <td align="center">38 (79)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (36)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ventricular paired (%)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (37)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (32)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (38)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (46)</td>
              <td align="center">0.41<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia</td>
              <td align="center">27 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.72<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total awake supraventricular</td>
              <td align="center">115 (85)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (83)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (84)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.43<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total sleep supraventricular</td>
              <td align="center">118 (87)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (84)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (88)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Isolated supraventricular tachycardia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">124 (92)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (90)</td>
              <td align="center">48 (96)</td>
              <td align="center">25 (89)</td>
              <td align="center">0.40<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Supraventricular paired (%)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (35)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (23)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (40)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.03<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-sustained supraventricular tachycardia (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">0.26<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Chronic atrial fibrillation (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.43<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.15<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Right bundle-branch block (%)</td>
              <td align="center">62 (46)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (46)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (54)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (41)</td>
              <td align="center">0.59<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>HR: Heart Rate;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Test of Kruskal-Wallis;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chi-square test of Pearson.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Patients with moderate-to-severe OSA had increased nocturnal blood pressure (119 &#177; 17 vs. 113 &#177; 13 and 110 &#177; 11 mmHg; p = 0.01) compared to patients with mild and no OSA, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). The aorta size, left ventricular systolic and diastolic diameters, septum and posterior wall thickness were similar between groups. Left atrial diameter [37 (33-42) vs. 35 (33-39) and 33 (30-36) mm, p &lt; 0.01(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>) and volume [66(54-95)vs. 46(39-65) and 42(35-56) mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0.001] were larger in patients with moderate-to-severe OSA, compared with mild and no OSA groups, respectively(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Echocardiography, Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and sleep study characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Total n = 135</th>
              <th align="center">No OSA n = 57</th>
              <th align="center">Mild OSA n = 50</th>
              <th align="center">Mod/Severe OSA n = 28</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVFE (%)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (51-65)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (57-66)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (47-65)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (43-63)</td>
              <td align="center">0.09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LA volume index (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">29 (23-38)</td>
              <td align="center">27 (21-33)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (23-38)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (51-55)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aorta (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (28-33)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (28-32)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (29-34)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (27-34)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV diastolic dimension (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">52 (49-58)</td>
              <td align="center">51 (48-55)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (49-58)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (50-61)</td>
              <td align="center">0.24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV systolic dimension (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (30-41)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (30-37)</td>
              <td align="center">34 (30-40)</td>
              <td align="center">39 (30-48)</td>
              <td align="center">0.14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Septum (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (8.0-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (7.5-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (8.0-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (8.0-9.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Posterior wall thickness (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (7.0-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (7.0-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (8.0-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">8.0 (8.0-9.0)</td>
              <td align="center">0.27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LV longitudinal strain (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">**</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">-17 (-20/-13)</td>
              <td align="center">-19 (-21/-15)</td>
              <td align="center">-17 (-20/-12)</td>
              <td align="center">-16 (-19/-13)</td>
              <td align="center">0.04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ABPM</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP awake, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">121 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">118 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">121 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">123 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">0.22<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic BP awake, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">74 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">76 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">73 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">73 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">0.34<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic BP Sleep, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">110 &#177; 11</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">119 &#177; 17</td>
              <td align="center">0.01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic BP sleep, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 8</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 9</td>
              <td align="center">0.41<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Systolic non-dipping, %</td>
              <td align="center">78</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">79</td>
              <td align="center">89</td>
              <td align="center">0.29<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diastolic non-dipping, %</td>
              <td align="center">48</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">75</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Sleep variables</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AHI. Events/hour</td>
              <td align="center">5.8 (2.7-11.9)</td>
              <td align="center">2.4 (1.6-3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">7.2 (5.8-10.0)</td>
              <td align="center">20.3 (16.7-29.1)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean SaO<sub>2</sub>, %</td>
              <td align="center">96 (95-97)</td>
              <td align="center">97 (94-97)</td>
              <td align="center">96 (94-97)</td>
              <td align="center">95 (94-97)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Lowest SaO<sub>2</sub>, %</td>
              <td align="center">88 (83-92)</td>
              <td align="center">92 (89-94)</td>
              <td align="center">86 (83-89)</td>
              <td align="center">83 (79-87)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Desaturation index. Number/hour</td>
              <td align="center">5.5 (2.2-12.8)</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 (0.9-3.4)</td>
              <td align="center">7.5 (4.9-10.4)</td>
              <td align="center">19.0 (5.9-26.5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SaO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 90. % of night time</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-3)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0-4)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (1-5)</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <p>Values are mean (&#177;SD). Variables with skewed distribution presented as median (interquartile range). Abbreviations: LVFE: left ventricular ejection fraction; LA: left atrial; LV: left ventricular; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure measurement; BP: blood pressure; AHI: apnoea-hypopnoea index; SaO<sub>2</sub>: arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Data from 103 patients.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Test of Kruskal-Wallis;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Chi-square test of Pearson;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>&#165;</label>
            <p>Anova test.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas. AOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono. Teste de Kruskal-Wallis, com post-hoc de Bonferroni.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0364-80131-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>These findings were significant when the whole study population was analyzed, as well as in the subgroup of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy, but not in patients from the indeterminate group. Left ventricular longitudinal strain was lower in patients with moderate-to-severe OSA compared with patients with mild and no OSA -16(-19/-13)% vs. -17(-20/-12)% and -19 (-21/-15)%, p = 0.04. The prevalence of ventricular dysfunction [LVEF &lt; 50% (39% vs 28% and 11%), p &lt; 0.01] was also higher in the group with moderate-to-severe OSA than in participants with mild or no OSA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). This higher prevalence was also observed in the subgroup of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas. AOS: Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono; IAH: &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia; e/h: eventos por hora. Teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0364-80131-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The only predictor of left atrial dimension in the multivariate analysis was Log<sub><italic>10</italic></sub> (AHI) (b = 3.86, 95% CI: 1.91 to 5.81; p &lt; 0.01) in the whole population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), as well as in the subgroup with Chagas cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Univariate and multiple linear regression predictors of left atrial dimension</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Univariate</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5">Multivariate</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Variable</td>
              <td align="center">(&#946;)</td>
              <td align="center">p</td>
              <td align="center">(&#946;)</td>
              <td align="center">CI</td>
              <td align="center">p</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (Years)</td>
              <td align="center">0.05</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24h Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.03</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI. kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.32</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.16</td>
              <td align="center">-0.01 to 0.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Log<sub>10</sub>AHI (events/hour)</td>
              <td align="center">3.86</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">3.86</td>
              <td align="center">1.91 to 5.81</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <p>BP: blood pressure; BMI: body mass index; AHI: Apnoea-hypopnoea; CI: Confidence interval</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The independent predictors of the presence of ventricular dysfunction were AHI (&#8805; 15 events/h) (OR = 3.61, 95% C.I.:1.31 to 9.98; p = 0.01), systolic blood pressure (OR = 1.06, 95% C.I.: 1.02 - 1.10; p =&lt; 0.01) and male gender (OR = 3.24, 95% C.I.: 1.31 - 8.01; p = 0.01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Logistic regression to assess predictors of ventricular dysfunction</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Univariate</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Multivariate</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Variable</td>
              <td align="center">p</td>
              <td align="center">OR</td>
              <td align="center">CI</td>
              <td align="center">p</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI. kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.09</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male %</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">3.24</td>
              <td align="center">1.31 - 8.01</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">24h Systolic BP (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
              <td align="center">1.06</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 - 1.10</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AHI (&#8805; 15 events per hour)</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
              <td align="center">3.61</td>
              <td align="center">1.31 - 9.98</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Desaturation index. number/hour</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SaO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 90%. % of night time</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN14">
            <p>BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; DM: Diabetes mellitus; AHI: apnoea-hypopnoea; OR: odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated OSA in consecutive patients with CD. We found a high frequency of moderate to severe OSA in patients with CD (21%). None of the participants had a previous diagnosis of OSA, which suggests a low awareness of the disease in this population. Patients with moderate to severe OSA were more hypertensive, used more antihypertensive drugs and had increased nocturnal blood pressure. In addition, moderate to severe OSA was independently associated with cardiac remodeling parameters, including larger left atrium dimension and a higher prevalence of ventricular dysfunction, especially in the subgroup of patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy. Taken together, our study emphasizes the concept that OSA may contribute to a poor prognosis in patients with CD.</p>
      <p>OSA is a prevalent condition in patients with cardiovascular disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> and our study confirms its high frequency in patients with CD. Particular characteristics of studied OSA patients deserves some comments: First, the presence of higher BMI and neck circumference in patients with moderate to severe OSA as compared to patients with mild or no OSA denotes a typical phenotype of the disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table1</xref>). However, the lack of excessive daytime sleepiness, a characteristic of OSA patients from the overall population referred to sleep laboratories may explain the low awareness of OSA in patients with cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21 </xref>This finding is in line with other populations with cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> The low prevalence of central sleep apnea in our sample is in contrast with a previous study that evaluated sleep disorders in patients with heart failure (LVEF &lt; 45%), including CD. Silva et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> included 24 patients with CD, of which only 12% had OSA, but 44% of whom had Cheyne-Stokes respiration. The median LVEF of our sample was within the normal range (60%) and the majority of our sample did not have heart failure. Moreover, we excluded patients with decompensated heart failure from our study, which may explain the different frequencies.</p>
      <p>OSA is recognized as being a cause of hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> In our sample, hypertension was more frequent in the group with moderate to severe OSA and this group used more antihypertensive drugs. However, only systolic BP during sleep was higher in patients with moderate-to-severe OSA. This finding may be related to the fact that the study took place in a reference center for cardiology, where most patients are being properly treated for hypertension. The relatively low frequency of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in our study may be also explained by the exclusion of more severe cases of CD cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>Our study demonstrated that in patients with CD, OSA is independently associated with left atrial enlargement. This finding is consistent with other OSA populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Rossi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> conducted a meta-analysis of 1,157 patients who took part in 18 heart failure studies, and concluded that left atrial enlargement was associated with a worse prognosis, regardless of age, functional class, ejection fraction or diastolic function pattern,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> reinforcing the importance of our findings. In our study, moderate to severe OSA was also associated with a lower left ventricular longitudinal strain and a four-fold higher proportion of ventricular dysfunction than patients with no OSA. This finding is consonant with an earlier study that evaluated patients referred to a sleep laboratory and may impact negatively on mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There are several mechanisms that can contribute to cardiac remodeling in OSA patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> One possible explanation for the heart remodeling in our study may be partially explained by the increased frequency of hypertension and higher nocturnal systolic blood pressure, as well as increased frequency of abnormal blood pressure dip in the moderate to severe OSA group. Taken together, the increased hypertension burden may increase arterial stiffness and left ventricular afterload, contributing to these abnormalities.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Moreover, inspiratory efforts during the apneas generate negative intrathoracic pressure, which leads to an increase in the left ventricular afterload and a decrease in the left ventricular preload, which in turn cause a reduction in the ejection volume and may induce left atrial enlargement, as demonstrated in our study. Intermittent hypoxia may also influence cardiac contractility, directly or indirectly, thereby reducing cardiac output.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> OSA induces hypoxia, hypercapnia and sleep arousals, thus promoting an increase in sympathetic activity and hence, in blood pressure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Long-term exposure to high sympathetic nerve activity can induce hypertrophy and apoptosis of the cardiac myocytes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and thereby cause left ventricular dysfunction. These adverse hemodynamic effects may be more pronounced in individuals with heart failure,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> as shown in our subgroup with Chagas cardiomyopathy compared with patients with the indeterminate form.</p>
      <p>The major strength of the present study is that it is the largest and one of the only cohorts evaluating the association between sleep apnea in patients with CD. The recruitment of consecutive patients with well-characterized CD not referred to a sleep laboratory may generalizes the findings of our study, as does the use of gold-standard techniques to assess blood pressure (ABPM) and respiratory effort (inductance plethysmography belts).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> The study has some potential limitations. A portable sleep monitor that does not measure sleep duration was used. Thus, measurements of the AHI were taken based on the total recording time and not on the total length of sleep, although this device has already been validated against full polysomnography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Furthermore, our findings are derived from a cross-sectional study and we cannot infer causality, but only an independent association between OSA and heart remodeling. The fact that we could not demonstrate the same atrial and ventricular remodeling findings in the subgroup of patients with the indeterminate form of CD could be due to the small number of patients in this category. Moreover, the absence of increased incidence of arrhythmias in OSA patients in this study should be analyzed with caution, as 24 h Holter monitoring could not detect intermittent arrhythmias. New studies with technologies that analyze long periods of time are warranted.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>OSA is common and independently associated with atrial and ventricular remodeling in patients with CD. The improvement in OSA recognition and treatment may contribute to reducing the morbidity attributed to CD.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Sources of Funding</p>
        <p>This study was funded by FACEPE and CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Study Association</p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Carolina de Ara&#250;jo Medeiros, from Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Complexo Hospitalar - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz - PROCAPE - Universidade de Pernambuco/UPE under approval the protocol ZAAE - 16127213.7.0000.5192, report number: 358162. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono &#233; Comum e est&#225; Associada &#224; Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Medeiros</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Secundo</surname>
            <given-names>Isaac Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Ant&#244;nio da Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castilho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Maria del</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Afonso Luiz Tavares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson de</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lorenzi-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio do Sono e Cora&#231;&#227;o do Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE) da Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Ambulat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas e insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - PROCAPE da Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Pinto Pedrosa.</bold> Rua dos Palmares, SN. CEP 50100-060, Santo Amaro, Recife, PE - Brasil. E-mail: <email>rppedrosa@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Medeiros CA, Oliveira J&#250;nior W, Pedrosa RP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Medeiros CA, Secundo IV, Martins SM, Pedrosa RP; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Medeiros CA, Secundo IV, Silveira CAM, del Castilho JM, Albuquerque ALT, Martins SM, Drager LF, Pedrosa RP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Pedrosa RP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Medeiros CA, Martins SM, Lorenzi-Filho G, Drager LF, Pedrosa RP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira J&#250;nior W.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) &#233; uma causa importante de morbimortalidade por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmias malignas em todo o mundo, especialmente na Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) com remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e arritmias card&#237;acas em pacientes com DC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes consecutivos com DC, com idade entre 30 e 65 anos. Os participantes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, estudo do sono, Holter de 24 horas, ecocardiograma e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados 135 pacientes [idade: 56 (45-62) anos; 30% homens; IMC: 26 &#177; 4 kg/m2, cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica: 70%]. AOS moderada a grave (&#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia, IAH, &#8805; 15 eventos/h) estava presente em 21% dos pacientes. AOS n&#227;o estava associada a arritmias nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com AOS leve ou ausente, pacientes com AOS moderada a grave apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (79% vs. 72% vs. 44%, p &lt; 0,01) e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica noturna mais alta: 119 &#177; 17 vs. 113 &#177; 13 vs. 110 &#177; 11 mmHg, p = 0,01; di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo maior [37 (33&#8209;42) vs. 35 (33-39) vs. 33 (30-36) mm, p &lt; 0,01]; e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda [FEVE &lt; 50% (39% vs. 28% vs. 11%), p &lt; 0,01], respectivamente. O preditor de dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo foi Log10 (IAH) (&#946; = 3,86, IC 95%: 1,91 a 5,81; p &lt; 0,01). Os preditores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram IAH &gt;15 eventos/h (OR = 3,61, IC 95%: 1,31 - 9,98; p = 0,01), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (OR = 1,06, IC95%: 1,02 - 1,10; p &lt; 0,01) e sexo masculino (OR = 3,24, IC 95%: 1,31 - 8,01; p = 0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A AOS est&#225; independentemente associada &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular em pacientes com DC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) &#233; a terceira infec&#231;&#227;o parasit&#225;ria mais comum, ap&#243;s mal&#225;ria e esquistossomose, afetando cerca de 7 a 8 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A DC &#233; causada pelo protozo&#225;rio <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, transmitido aos seres humanos por insetos (<italic>Triatominae</italic>), transfus&#227;o de sangue, transplante de &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos, contamina&#231;&#227;o oral ou transmiss&#227;o cong&#234;nita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O perfil epidemiol&#243;gico da doen&#231;a tem mudado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas devido aos fluxos migrat&#243;rios,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> assim causando alerta em pa&#237;ses n&#227;o end&#234;micos, como Estados Unidos, Canad&#225;, Espanha, It&#225;lia e Jap&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica &#233; a forma mais comum de cardiomiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e uma das principais causas de complica&#231;&#245;es e morte na Am&#233;rica Latina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com DC desenvolve cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> caracterizada por arritmias ventriculares, bloqueios card&#237;acos, altera&#231;&#245;es em prote&#237;nas card&#237;acas com remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte s&#250;bita. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por DC piora o progn&#243;stico do paciente, quando comparado com outras cardiomiopatias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Al&#233;m das diversas caracter&#237;sticas envolvidas na DC, &#233; importante considerar comorbidades potenciais que podem ter impacto negativo na sa&#250;de dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>A apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) &#233; o dist&#250;rbio respirat&#243;rio mais frequente na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e est&#225; associada &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e arritmias em pacientes sem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e com comorbidades, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Entretanto, n&#227;o se sabe se essa associa&#231;&#227;o existe em pacientes com DC. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a AOS est&#225; independentemente associada a arritmias card&#237;acas e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com DC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>Pacientes consecutivos com DC (com dois exames de sangue positivos - imunofluoresc&#234;ncia e ELISA), com idade entre 30 e 65 anos, foram recrutados em um servi&#231;o ambulatorial especializado de agosto de 2013 a agosto de 2014. A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica foi diagnosticada em pacientes com evid&#234;ncia sorol&#243;gica de anticorpos ao <italic>T. cruzi</italic> e evid&#234;ncias de cardiopatia chag&#225;sica que podiam ou n&#227;o apresentar sintomas card&#237;acos (como dispneia, edema e dor tor&#225;cica). A forma indeterminada de DC foi diagnosticada em pacientes com evid&#234;ncia sorol&#243;gica e/ou parasitol&#243;gica de infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> que n&#227;o apresentavam sintomas, sinais f&#237;sicos, anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e qualquer evid&#234;ncia radiogr&#225;fica (em radiografia de t&#243;rax, contraste de b&#225;rio esof&#225;gico ou radiografias de c&#243;lon) de envolvimento card&#237;aco ou gastrointestinal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com marcapasso card&#237;aco, doen&#231;a coronariana manifesta ou suspeitada; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada com necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, predomin&#226;ncia de apneia central do sono (&gt;50% dos eventos marcados como centrais), ou doen&#231;a renal (creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2 mg/dL) e acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes foram convidados a participar do estudo do sono na semana ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de todos os exames, incluindo ecocardiografia, Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) e Holter de 24 horas, conforme descrito a seguir.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudo do sono</title>
          <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; monitora&#231;&#227;o port&#225;til do sono no laborat&#243;rio de sono utilizando um dispositivo validado (Embletta Gold, PDS; Medcare, Reykjav&#237;k, Isl&#226;ndia)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> para avaliar a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, a posi&#231;&#227;o do corpo, as medidas do fluxo nasal (c&#226;nula de press&#227;o) e as medidas de esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio utilizando duas cintas de pletismografia respirat&#243;ria por indut&#226;ncia. Todos os exames foram avaliados por um m&#233;dico experiente. A apneia foi definida como aus&#234;ncia total (&gt; 90%) e a hipopneia como diminui&#231;&#227;o (&gt; 30%) no fluxo nasal por &#8805; 10 segundos, seguido por uma dessatura&#231;&#227;o de 4% (em hipopneias), respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH) foi calculado dividindo-se o n&#250;mero total de apneias e hipopneias pelo total de horas no leito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					</p>
          <p>AOS leve foi definida para um IAH entre 5 e 14.9 eventos/hora, e AOS moderada a grave para um IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/hora. O &#237;ndice de dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (IDO) foi calculado como o n&#250;mero total de dessatura&#231;&#245;es dividido pelo tempo total no leito.</p>
          <p>A sonol&#234;ncia diurna excessiva foi avaliada pela escala de sonol&#234;ncia de Epworth. Um escore total &gt; 10 foi considerado como sonol&#234;ncia diurna excessiva.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial (PA) foi medida ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, utilizando protocolos padronizados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A m&#233;dia de duas leituras foi obtida com intervalo de 5 minutos utilizando um esfigmoman&#244;metro digital autom&#225;tico (Omron BP742).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA)</title>
          <p>Todos os participantes foram submetidos a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial por 24 horas, utilizando o <italic>equipamento SpaceLabs</italic> (modelo 90207; SpaceLabs, Redmond, WA). A leitura da PA foi realizada a cada 10 minutos durante o dia e a cada 20 minutos &#224; noite, utilizando-se um manguito apropriado no bra&#231;o n&#227;o dominante. Os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a realizar suas atividades di&#225;rias normais e a n&#227;o movimentar o bra&#231;o durante a mensura&#231;&#227;o em curso. As atividades, o hor&#225;rio de dormir e hor&#225;rio de despertar foram registrados pelos participantes em di&#225;rios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O descenso normal da PA foi definido separadamente para a PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica como uma redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 10% na PA durante o sono em compara&#231;&#227;o com o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia. A aus&#234;ncia de descenso foi definida como uma diminui&#231;&#227;o &lt; 10%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitora&#231;&#227;o por Holter</title>
          <p>A Monitora&#231;&#227;o por Holter (Cardios&#174;, Cardio Systems, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) foi realizada em todos os pacientes por 24 horas. As seguintes caracter&#237;sticas do ECG foram analisadas: ritmo card&#237;aco basal, freq&#252;&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias ventriculares e atriais e interrup&#231;&#245;es. As complexidades das arritmias foram descritas da seguinte forma: isolada, pareada ou taquicardia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Os pacientes foram instru&#237;dos a manter um di&#225;rio com seus sintomas durante o exame. A an&#225;lise de Holter foi realizada por um observador experiente, cegado quanto &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de AOS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
          <p>Um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi realizado utilizando um dispositivo Philips IE33 S5-1. Utilizou-se a ecocardiografia Modo-M (convencional) para medir as dimens&#245;es das cavidades card&#237;acas (di&#226;metros diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico, espessura das paredes e tamanho da aorta e do &#225;trio esquerdo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> Os volumes atriais esquerdos foram indexados pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal de acordo com a <italic>American Society of Echocardiography.</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Utilizando o ecocardiograma bidimensional, a contratilidade segmentar e global foram avaliadas, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi calculada atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula de Simpson. A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi considerada quando a FEVE &lt; 50%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Foi calculado o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal ventricular esquerdo com <italic>speckle-tracking</italic> e valores abaixo de -16% foram considerados anormais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada pelo mesmo observador experiente, cegado para presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de OSA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, sendo utilizado o teste ANOVA, enquanto as vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como mediana e percentis (P25; P75), utilizando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com o teste post-hoc de Bonferroni quando apropriado.</p>
          <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise por regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla para avaliar os preditores independentes das dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo. As vari&#225;veis independentes das dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo foram idade, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de 24 horas, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e IAH. Devido &#224; n&#227;o normalidade do IAH, utilizamos uma vers&#227;o log-transformada dessa vari&#225;vel no modelo multivariado. Para analisar os preditores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla com as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade, IMC, sexo masculino, PA sist&#243;lica de 24h, diagn&#243;stico de diabetes mellitus, IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/hora, IDO e satura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 90%. Os dados foram analisados com o software estat&#237;stico SPSS 21.0 (IBM Corporation), e um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 287 pacientes, consecutivamente, com DC (41 [30%] com a forma indeterminada e 94 [70%] com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica). A maioria das exclus&#245;es deveu-se &#224; presen&#231;a de marcapassos card&#237;acos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Um paciente tinha predomin&#226;ncia de apneia central do sono e tamb&#233;m foi exclu&#237;do, resultando em uma amostra final de 135 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama de fluxo do paciente.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0364-80131-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de AOS em pacientes com DC foi de 58%. A AOS leve foi diagnosticada em 50 pacientes (37%) e a AOS moderada a grave (IAH &#8805; 15 eventos/h) em 28 pacientes (21%). Nenhum dos participantes tinha um diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de AOS. Pacientes com AOS moderada a grave apresentaram maiores circunfer&#234;ncias de pesco&#231;o e cintura, maior frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e maior percentual de uso de diur&#233;ticos, betabloqueadores e inibidores de ECA, bem como do receptor AT1, quando comparados com pacientes com AOS leve ou sem AOS, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no grau de sonol&#234;ncia (<italic>Epworth Sleepiness Scale</italic>) entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de acordo com a aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a da AOS est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados antropom&#233;tricos e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Total n = 135</th>
                <th align="center">Sem AOS n = 57</th>
                <th align="center">AOS leve n = 50</th>
                <th align="center">AOS moderada/grave n = 28</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, Anos</td>
                <td align="center">56 (45-62)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (42-58)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (55-63)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (51-63)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26,3 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">24,7 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,4 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o, cm</td>
                <td align="center">35 (33-38)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (32-36)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (33-39)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (34-39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cintura, cm</td>
                <td align="center">92 (83-96)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (79-92)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (89-102)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (91-104)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Caucasianos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (62)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (79)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA Sist&#243;lica no consult&#243;rio, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">131 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">128 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">133 &#177; 26</td>
                <td align="center">0,27<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA Diast&#243;lica no consult&#243;rio, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">78 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,14<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, n</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0-2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0-2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1-2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0-3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (54%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inibidores de ECA/inibidores de AT1 n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Beta-bloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (54%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espironolactona, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (10%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escala de Sonol&#234;ncia de Epworth, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 5,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 3,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,57<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia (&#177;DP). Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica s&#227;o apresentadas como mediana (intervalo interquart&#237;lico). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Kruskal-Wallis;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>Teste Anova.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No geral, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as clinicamente significantes nas frequ&#234;ncias de arritmias ventriculares e supraventriculares entre os tr&#234;s grupos. No entanto, houve uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de supraventriculares emparelhadas em pacientes com AOS moderada a grave, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com AOS leve e ausente (50% vs. 40% e 23%; p = 0,03), respectivamente. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Holter - Distribui&#231;&#227;o das arritmias atriais e ventriculares</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Total n = 135</th>
                <th align="center">Sem AOS n = 57</th>
                <th align="center">AOS leve n = 50</th>
                <th align="center">AOS moderada/grave n = 28</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC m&#237;nima (b.p.m)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (45-55)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (45-56)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (45-56)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (46-54)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC m&#233;dia (b.p.m)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (65-77)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (66-79)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (65-74)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (62-75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,82<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC m&#225;xima (b.p.m)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (105-25)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (109-132)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (103-121)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (98-121)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventricular total na vig&#237;lia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (74)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (64)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventricular total durante o sono (%)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (70)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (63)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Arritmias ventriculares isoladas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (79)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (77)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bigeminismo ventricular (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (79)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventricular pareada (%)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (38)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o-sustentada</td>
                <td align="center">27 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Supraventricular total na vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">115 (85)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (83)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (84)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Supraventricular total durante o sono</td>
                <td align="center">118 (87)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (84)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (88)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taquicardia supraventricular isolada (%)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (92)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (90)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (96)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,40<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Supraventricular pareada (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (35)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Taquicardia supraventricular n&#227;o sustentada (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,43<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Bloqueio de ramo direito (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (46)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (54)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Kruskal-Wallis;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pacientes com AOS moderada a grave apresentaram press&#227;o arterial noturna aumentada (119 &#177; 17 vs. 113 &#177; 13 e 110 &#177; 11 mmHg; p = 0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com AOS leve e ausente, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>). O tamanho da aorta, os di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, espessura do septo e parede posterior foram semelhantes entre os grupos. O di&#226;metro [37 (33-42) vs. 35 (33-39) e 33 (30-36) mm, p &lt; 0,01 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>) e volume do &#225;trio esquerdo [66 (54-95) vs. 46 (39-65) e 42 (35-56) mL/m<sup>2</sup>, p &lt; 0,001] foram maiores em pacientes com AOS moderada a grave, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos com AOS leve e ausente, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Ecocardiografia, Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial e caracter&#237;sticas do estudo do sono</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Total n = 135</th>
                <th align="center">Sem AOS n = 57</th>
                <th align="center">AOS leve n = 50</th>
                <th align="center">AOS Moderada/Grave n = 28</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (51-65)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (57-66)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (47-65)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (43-63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Volume do AE indexado (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">29 (23-38)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (21-33)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (23-38)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (51-55)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aorta (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (28-33)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (28-32)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (29-34)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (27-34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (49-58)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (48-55)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (49-58)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (50-61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (30-41)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (30-37)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (30-40)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (30-48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (8,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (7,5-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (8,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (8,0-9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Espessura da parede posterior (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (7,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (7,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (8,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (8,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Strain</italic> longitudinal do VE (%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">-17 (-20/-13)</td>
                <td align="center">-19 (-21/-15)</td>
                <td align="center">-17 (-20/-12)</td>
                <td align="center">-16 (-19/-13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>MAPA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">118 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">121 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0,22<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA diast&#243;lica na vig&#237;lia, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,34<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica durante o sono, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">119 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">0,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA diast&#243;lica durante o sono, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,41<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem descenso da PA sist&#243;lica, %</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center">0,29<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem descenso da PA diast&#243;lica, %</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;veis do sono</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAH. Eventos/hora</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 (2,7-11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (1,6-3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7,2 (5,8-10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">20,3 (16,7-29,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#165;</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SaO<sub>2</sub> m&#233;dia, %</td>
                <td align="center">96 (95-97)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (94-97)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (94-97)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (94-97)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SaO<sub>2</sub> m&#237;nima, %</td>
                <td align="center">88 (83-92)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (89-94)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (83-89)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (79-87)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de dessatura&#231;&#227;o. N&#250;mero/hora</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 (2,2-12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 (0,9-3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 (4,9-10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">19,0 (5,9-26,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SaO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 90. % do per&#237;odo noturno</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-3)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0-4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1-5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref>
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia (&#177;DP). Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica s&#227;o apresentadas como mediana (intervalo interquart&#237;lico). Abrevia&#231;&#245;es: FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#193;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MAPA: Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial; PA: press&#227;o arterial; IAH: &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia; SaO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxihemoglobina. Dados de 103 pacientes</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Teste de Kruskal-Wallis;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>&#165;</label>
              <p>Teste Anova.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas. AOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono. Teste de Kruskal-Wallis, com post-hoc de Bonferroni.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0364-80131-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Esses achados foram significantes quando toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi analisada, bem como no subgrupo de pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, mas n&#227;o em pacientes do grupo indeterminado. O <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi menor em pacientes com AOS moderada a grave em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com AOS leve ou ausente: -16(-19/-13)% vs. -17(-20/-12)% e -19(-21/-15)%, p = 0,04. A preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular [FEVE &lt; 50% (39% vs 28% e 11%), p &lt; 0,01] tamb&#233;m foi maior no grupo com AOS moderada a grave do que nos participantes com AOS leve ou ausente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). Essa maior preval&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi observada no subgrupo de pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Freq&#252;&#234;ncia de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas. AOS: Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono; IAH: &#237;ndice de apneia-hipopneia; e/h: eventos por hora. Teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-03-0364-80131-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O &#250;nico preditor da dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda na an&#225;lise multivariada foi o Log<sub>10</sub> (IAH) (b = 3,86; IC95%: 1,91 a 5,81; p &lt; 0,01) em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>) e no subgrupo com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Preditores de regress&#227;o linear univariada e multivariada da dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Univariada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5">Multivariada</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vari&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">(&#946;)</td>
                <td align="center">p</td>
                <td align="center">(&#946;)</td>
                <td align="center">CI</td>
                <td align="center">p</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica de 24h (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC. kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01 to 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Log<sub>10</sub>AHI (eventos/hora)</td>
                <td align="center">3,86</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">3,86</td>
                <td align="center">1,91 to 5,81</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IAH: &#205;ndice de Apneia-hipopneia; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os preditores independentes da presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular foram IAH (&#8805; 15 eventos/h) (OR = 3,61, IC95%: 1,31 a 9,98; p = 0,01), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (OR = 1,06, IC95%: 1,02 - 1,10; p =&lt; 0,01) e sexo masculino (OR = 3,24; IC95%: 1,31 - 8,01; p = 0,01) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para avaliar os preditores de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Multivariada</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Vari&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">p</td>
                <td align="center">OR</td>
                <td align="center">CI</td>
                <td align="center">p</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC. kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino %</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">3,24</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 - 8,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PA sist&#243;lica de 24h (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">1,06</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 - 1,10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAH (&#8805; 15 eventos por hora)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">3,61</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 - 9,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice de dessatura&#231;&#227;o. N&#250;mero/hora</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SaO<sub>2</sub> &lt; 90%. % do per&#237;odo noturno</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; DM: Diabetes mellitus; AHI: apnoea-hypopnoea; OR: odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Que seja de nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que avaliou a AOS em pacientes consecutivos com DC. Encontramos uma alta frequ&#234;ncia de AOS moderada a grave em pacientes com DC (21%). Nenhum dos participantes tinha um diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de AOS, o que sugere uma baixa conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre AOS nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes com AOS moderada a grave apresentaram maior incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, utilizavam mais drogas anti-hipertensivas e tinham aumento da press&#227;o arterial noturna. Al&#233;m disso, a AOS moderada a grave foi independentemente associada a par&#226;metros de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, incluindo maior dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo e uma maior preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, especialmente no subgrupo de pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Em conjunto, nosso estudo enfatiza o conceito de que a AOS pode contribuir para um progn&#243;stico ruim em pacientes com DC.</p>
        <p>A AOS &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o prevalente em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> e nosso estudo confirma sua alta frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes com DC. Caracter&#237;sticas particulares dos pacientes com AOS estudados merecem alguns coment&#225;rios: em primeiro lugar, a presen&#231;a de maior IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o em pacientes com AOS moderada a grave, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com AOS leve ou ausente, denota um fen&#243;tipo t&#237;pico da doen&#231;a (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>). No entanto, a falta de sonol&#234;ncia diurna excessiva, uma caracter&#237;stica dos pacientes com AOS provenientes da popula&#231;&#227;o geral e encaminhados para laborat&#243;rios do sono, pode explicar a baixa conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre a AOS em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Esse achado est&#225; de acordo com outras popula&#231;&#245;es com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> e cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> A baixa preval&#234;ncia de apneia central do sono em nossa amostra contrasta com um estudo pr&#233;vio que avaliou dist&#250;rbios do sono em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FEVE&lt;45%), incluindo Silva et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> inclu&#237;ram 24 pacientes com DC, dos quais apenas 12% tinham AOS embora 44% dos pacientes apresentassem respira&#231;&#227;o de Cheyne-Stokes. A mediana da FEVE da nossa amostra est&#225; dentro do intervalo normal (60%) e a maior parte da nossa amostra n&#227;o apresentou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, exclu&#237;mos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca descompensada em nosso estudo, o que pode explicar as diferentes frequ&#234;ncias.</p>
        <p>A AOS &#233; reconhecida como causa de hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Em nossa amostra, a hipertens&#227;o foi mais frequente no grupo com AOS moderada a grave, e esse grupo usava mais anti-hipertensivos. No entanto, durante o sono, apenas a PA sist&#243;lica foi maior em pacientes com AOS moderada a grave. Esse achado pode estar relacionado ao fato de o estudo ter ocorrido em um centro de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia, onde a maioria dos pacientes &#233; tratada adequadamente para hipertens&#227;o. A frequ&#234;ncia relativamente baixa de arritmias atriais e ventriculares em nosso estudo tamb&#233;m pode ser explicada pela exclus&#227;o de casos mais graves de cardiomiopatia da DC.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que, entre os pacientes com DC, a AOS est&#225; independentemente associada ao aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo. Esse achado &#233; consistente com outras popula&#231;&#245;es com AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>. Rossi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> realizaram uma metan&#225;lise de 1.157 pacientes que participaram de 18 estudos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e conclu&#237;ram que o aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo estava associado ao pior progn&#243;stico, independentemente da idade, classe funcional, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ou padr&#227;o de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia de nossos achados. Em nosso estudo, a AOS moderada a grave tamb&#233;m foi associada a um <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo inferior e a uma propor&#231;&#227;o quatro vezes maior de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular do que os pacientes sem AOS. Esse achado est&#225; de acordo com um estudo anterior que avaliou pacientes encaminhados a um laborat&#243;rio do sono, com impacto negativo na mortalidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Existem v&#225;rios mecanismos que podem contribuir para a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com a AOS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em nosso estudo pode ser parcialmente explicada pelo aumento da frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e maior press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica noturna, bem como no aumento da frequ&#234;ncia de descenso anormal da press&#227;o arterial no grupo AOS moderado a grave. Considerados conjuntamente, o aumento da carga da hipertens&#227;o pode aumentar a rigidez arterial e a p&#243;s-carga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, contribuindo para essas anormalidades.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os esfor&#231;os inspirat&#243;rios durante as apneias geram press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica negativa, o que leva a um aumento da p&#243;s-carga e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o que, por sua vez, causa redu&#231;&#227;o do volume de eje&#231;&#227;o podendo induzir o aumento atrial esquerdo, como demonstrado em nosso estudo. A hip&#243;xia intermitente tamb&#233;m pode influenciar a contratilidade card&#237;aca, direta ou indiretamente, reduzindo, assim, o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A AOS induz hip&#243;xia, hipercapnia e despertares durante o sono, promovendo dessa forma um aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica e, consequentemente, da press&#227;o arterial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> A exposi&#231;&#227;o prolongada &#224; atividade nervosa simp&#225;tica elevada pode induzir a hipertrofia e apoptose dos mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e, assim, causar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. Esses efeitos hemodin&#226;micos adversos podem ser mais pronunciados em indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> como demonstrado em nosso subgrupo com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com a forma indeterminada.</p>
        <p>O principal ponto forte do presente estudo &#233; que o mesmo &#233; o maior e uma das &#250;nicas coortes com avalia&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre apneia do sono em pacientes com DC. O recrutamento de pacientes consecutivos com DC bem caracterizada n&#227;o encaminhados a um laborat&#243;rio do sono pode generalizar os achados do presente estudo, assim como o uso de t&#233;cnicas padr&#227;o-ouro para avaliar a press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) e o esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio (cintas indutoras na pletismografia respirat&#243;ria).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es potenciais. Foi utilizado um monitor de sono port&#225;til que n&#227;o mede a dura&#231;&#227;o do sono. Assim, as medidas do IAH foram tomadas com base no tempo total de registro e n&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o total do sono, embora este dispositivo j&#225; tenha sido validado contra a polissonografia completa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Al&#233;m disso, nossos achados s&#227;o derivados de um estudo transversal e n&#227;o podemos inferir causalidade, mas apenas uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre AOS e remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O fato de n&#227;o podermos demonstrar os mesmos achados de remodela&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular no subgrupo de pacientes com a forma indeterminada de DC pode ser devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes nessa categoria. Al&#233;m disso, a aus&#234;ncia de aumento da incid&#234;ncia de arritmias em pacientes com AOS nesse estudo deve ser analisada com cautela, pois o monitoramento Holter de 24 horas n&#227;o detectou arritmias intermitentes. Novos estudos com tecnologias que analisem longos per&#237;odos de tempo s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>A AOS &#233; comum e independentemente associada &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o atrial e ventricular em pacientes com DC. A melhora no reconhecimento e no tratamento da AOS pode contribuir para reduzir a morbidade atribu&#237;da &#224; DC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FACEPE e CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Carolina de Ara&#250;jo Medeiros pelo Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Complexo Hospitalar - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Oswaldo Cruz - PROCAPE - Universidade de Pernambuco/UPE sob aprova&#231;&#227;o N&#176; CAAE - 16127213.7.0000.5192, parecer n&#250;mero: 358162. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
