<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">J5rzFSyKTBgxGpNmBtB8mHc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500362</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180187</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Secondary Dyslipidemia In Obese Children - Is There Evidence For Pharmacological Treatment?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanaka</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Sayuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica e Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas no Adulto - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Ana Cristina Sayuri Tanaka</bold>, Rua: Andrea Caporale, 20. Postal Code 05590-060, Vila Gomes, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>anacris.tanaka@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>362</fpage>
      <lpage>363</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Obesity is a condition that has progressively increased throughout the world, also affecting children and adolescents, leading to high costs for health systems. Pediatric obesity is associated with dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction, cardiovascular risk factors and components of the metabolic syndrome,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> and leads to adverse consequences such as early mortality and physical morbidity in adulthood in the short and long term.</p>
    <p>Obesity-related dyslipidemia consists of increased triglycerides and free fatty acids, and decreased HDL-c (high-density cholesterol), normal or slightly increased LDL-c (low-density cholesterol), and increased VLDL-c (cholesterol of very low density). Plasma apolipoprotein B (apo B) concentrations are also frequently increased, in part due to increased hepatic production of apo B-containing lipoproteins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In most cases, dyslipidemia is a consequence of bad lifestyle habits, such as a diet rich in saturated or trans fats, and sedentarism. To plan monitoring and treatment, a cardiovascular risk stratification should be done since childhood, and not only the child, but especially the entire family living with him/her, should be educated. Longitudinal studies have shown that interventions in children are effective in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults.</p>
    <p>The treatment of obesity-related dyslipidemia should be directed to weight loss through increased physical exercise and better eating habits, with a reduction in total calorie intake and reduced intake of essential fatty acids. Lifestyle changes synergistically improve insulin resistance and dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The child and the adolescent should be ideally followed by a nutritionist or nutrologist, because of the risk of growth and development impairment.</p>
    <p>Interaction among genes, obesity and lipid levels, but also with the type of fat taken in the diet, was recently described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Studies suggest the potential utility of a nutrigenomic approach to dietary interventions to prevent or treat obesity and its associated dyslipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Further studies should be conducted on the behavior of coronary artery disease markers, and of serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein B, and high-density lipoprotein in children and adolescents compared to adults,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> both in the pre- and post-treatment of obesity-related dyslipidemia, and in the short and long term, considering the cardiovascular risks, and the adverse effects resulting from pharmacological treatment, especially of statins.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Lipid-lowering therapy should be started after at least six months of intensive lifestyle modification. The drugs used are statins, cholesterol absorption inhibitors (ezetimibe), bile acid sequestrants, phytosterol supplements, omega-3s, and fibrates.</p>
    <p>Statins are the drugs of choice among all pharmacological agents to reduce LDL-c, non-HDL-c and/or apoB. However, statins do not lower triglycerides well, and do not completely correct the characteristic dyslipidemia observed in obesity, keeping a residual risk after therapy initiation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Recently, strategies for therapies combined with statins and other drugs to achieve even lower cholesterol levels have been reviewed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Children and adolescents with dyslipidemias who do not adequately respond to changes in lifestyle and habitual doses of lipid-lowering medications should be referred to specialist centers.</p>
    <p>The work presented in this issue on secondary dyslipidemia in obese children demonstrates the scarcity of randomized clinical trials in the literature on the use of statins for the treatment of children and adolescents with obesity-related dyslipidemia.</p>
    <p>Undoubtedly, this is a topic that should be investigated in depth and in details, with well-defined studies, to prove the efficacy of the several treatments already consecrated for the adult population in the pediatric and adolescent age.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Secondary Dyslipidemia In Obese Children - Is There Evidence For Pharmacological Treatment?</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dislipidemia Secund&#225;ria em Crian&#231;as Obesas - H&#225; Evid&#234;ncias para Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanaka</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Sayuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica e Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas no Adulto - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Cristina Sayuri Tanaka</bold>, Rua: Andrea Caporale, 20. CEP 05590-060, Vila Gomes, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: anacris.tanaka@incor.usp.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Indicadores de Morbimortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A obesidade &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o que vem aumentando progressivamente em todo o mundo, inclusive em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, gerando elevados custos para os sistemas de sa&#250;de. A obesidade pedi&#225;trica est&#225; associada &#224; dislipidemia, ao estresse oxidativo, &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, fatores de risco cardiovascular e componentes da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> e leva a consequ&#234;ncias adversas como a mortalidade precoce e morbidade f&#237;sica na idade adulta em curto e em longo prazos.</p>
      <p>A dislipidemia t&#237;pica da obesidade consiste no aumento dos triglic&#233;rides e dos &#225;cidos graxos livres associado &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do HDL-c (colesterol de alta densidade), normalidade ou discreto aumento do LDL-c (colesterol de baixa densidade) e aumento do VLDL-c (colesterol de densidade muito baixa). As concentra&#231;&#245;es de apolipoproteina plasm&#225;tica B (apo B) tamb&#233;m est&#227;o frequentemente aumentadas, em parte devido &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica aumentada de lipoprote&#237;nas contendo apo B.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Na maioria dos casos, a dislipidemia &#233; decorrente de maus h&#225;bitos de vida, como dieta rica em gorduras saturadas ou trans e sedentarismo. Para fins de planejamento de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e tratamento, deve-se fazer a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular desde a inf&#226;ncia, orientando-se n&#227;o s&#243; a crian&#231;a, mas principalmente toda a fam&#237;lia que convive com ela. Estudos longitudinais t&#234;m demonstrado que interven&#231;&#245;es em crian&#231;as s&#227;o efetivas na preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular em adultos.</p>
      <p>O tratamento da dislipidemia associada &#224; obesidade deve ser direcionado para a perda de peso, por meio do aumento do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e de melhores h&#225;bitos alimentares, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o total de calorias e redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos essenciais. As mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida melhoram sinergicamente a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e a dislipidemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> A crian&#231;a e o adolescente devem idealmente ser acompanhados por um nutricionista ou nutr&#243;logo, devido ao risco de comprometimento do seu crescimento e desenvolvimento.</p>
      <p>Intera&#231;&#227;o entre genes, obesidade e n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos, mas tamb&#233;m com o tipo de gordura consumida na dieta, foi recentemente descrita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Estudos sugerem a utilidade potencial de uma abordagem nutrigen&#244;mica para interven&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas para prevenir ou tratar a obesidade e sua dislipidemia associada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>&#201; necess&#225;rio conhecermos mais a respeito do comportamento dos marcadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, apolipoprote&#237;na B, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade das crian&#231;as e adolescentes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos adultos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> tanto no pr&#233; e no p&#243;s tratamento da dislipidemia secund&#225;ria &#224; obesidade, como no curto e longo prazos, considerando os riscos cardiovasculares e os efeitos adversos decorrentes do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, sobretudo das estatinas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A terapia hipolipemiante deve ser iniciada ap&#243;s pelo menos seis meses de intensiva modifica&#231;&#227;o de estilo de vida. Os medicamentos utilizados s&#227;o as estatinas, os inibidores da absor&#231;&#227;o do colesterol (ezetimiba), os sequestradores dos &#225;cidos biliares, os suplementos de fitoster&#243;is, o &#244;mega 3 e os fibratos.</p>
      <p>As estatinas s&#227;o o f&#225;rmaco de primeira escolha dentre todos os agentes farmacol&#243;gicos para reduzir LDL-c, n&#227;o-HDL-c e/ou apoB. Entretanto, as estatinas reduzem pouco os triglic&#233;rides e n&#227;o corrigem totalmente a dislipidemia caracter&#237;stica observada na obesidade, mantendo um risco residual ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da terapia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Recentemente, estrat&#233;gias para terapias combinadas com estatinas e outras drogas para atingir n&#237;veis ainda mais baixos de colesterol foram revisadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As crian&#231;as e os adolescentes com dislipidemias e que n&#227;o respondem adequadamente a mudan&#231;as de estilo de vida e a doses habituais de hipolipemiantes devem ser encaminhados a centros especializados.</p>
      <p>O trabalho apresentado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o sobre a dislipidemia secund&#225;ria em crian&#231;as obesas demonstra a raridade na literatura de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados do uso de estatinas para o tratamento de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com dislipidemia secund&#225;ria &#224; obesidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Sem d&#250;vida, &#233; um tema que devemos pesquisar profunda e detalhadamente com estudos bem delimitados para atestarmos a efic&#225;cia dos diversos tratamentos, j&#225; consagrados para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica e de adolescentes.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Dislipidemia Secund&#225;ria em Crian&#231;as Obesas - H&#225; Evid&#234;ncias para Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico?</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
