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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RjxCm4m3BsY6QMXxNdpkJFD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001500345</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180172</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adiponectin in Relation to Coronary Plaque Characteristics on Radiofrequency Intravascular Ultrasound and Cardiovascular Outcome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Campos Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buljubasic</surname>
            <given-names>Nermina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akkerhuis</surname>
            <given-names>Martijn</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Jin M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia-Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Hector M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Regar</surname>
            <given-names>Evelyn</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Geuns</surname>
            <given-names>Robert-Jan van</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serruys</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boersma</surname>
            <given-names>Eric</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kardys</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erasmus MC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rotterdam</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">the Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam - the Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Washington Hospital Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Washington DC</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Washington Hospital Center, Washington DC - USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Hospital of Zurich</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Zurich</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Switzerland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich - Switzerland</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Imperial College</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>London</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">United Kingdom</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Imperial College, London - United Kingdom</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Isabella Kardys</bold>, P.O. Box 2040. 3000CA, Rotterdam. E-mail: <email>i.kardys@erasmusmc.nl</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Akkerhuis M, Garcia-Garcia HM, Serruys PW, Boersma E, Kardys I; Acquisition of data: Buljubasic N, Cheng JM, Garcia-Garcia HM, Regar E, Robert-Jan VG, Serruys PW, Kardys I; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Marino BCA, Buljubasic N, Akkerhuis M, Cheng JM, Garcia-Garcia HM, Regar E, Robert-Jan VG, Serruys PW, Boersma E, Kardys I; Statistical analysis: Marino BCA; Obtaining financing: Serruys PW, Boersma E, Kardys I; Writing of the manuscript: Marino BCA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Buljubasic N, Akkerhuis M, Cheng JM, Garcia-Garcia HM, Regar E, Robert-Jan VG, Serruys PW, Boersma E, Kardys I.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>345</fpage>
      <lpage>353</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Prospective data on the associations of adiponectin with in-vivo measurements of degree, phenotype and vulnerability of coronary atherosclerosis are currently lacking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate the association of plasma adiponectin with virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS)-derived measures of atherosclerosis and with major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with established coronary artery disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> In 2008-2011, VH-IVUS of a non-culprit non-stenotic coronary segment was performed in 581 patients undergoing coronary angiography for acute coronary syndrome (ACS, n = 318) or stable angina pectoris (SAP, n = 263) from the atherosclerosis-intravascular ultrasound (ATHEROREMO-IVUS) study. Blood was sampled prior to coronary angiography. Coronary plaque burden, tissue composition, high-risk lesions, including VH-IVUS-derived thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA), were assessed. All-cause mortality, ACS, unplanned coronary revascularization were registered during a 1-year-follow-up. All statistical tests were two-tailed and p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> In the full cohort, adiponectin levels were not associated with plaque burden, nor with the various VH-tissue types. In SAP patients, adiponectin levels (median[IQR]: 2.9(1.9-3.9) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL) were positively associated with VH-IVUS derived TCFA lesions, (OR[95%CI]: 1.78[1.06-3.00], p = 0.030), and inversely associated with lesions with minimal luminal area (MLA) &#8804; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> (OR[95%CI]: 0.55[0.32-0.92], p = 0.025). In ACS patients, adiponectin levels (median[IQR]: 2.9 [1.8-4.1] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL)were not associated with plaque burden, nor with tissue components. Positive association of adiponectin with death was present in the full cohort (HR[95%CI]: 2.52[1.02-6.23], p = 0.045) and (borderline) in SAP patients (HR[95%CI]: 8.48[0.92-78.0], p = 0.058). In ACS patients, this association lost statistical significance after multivariable adjustment (HR[95%CI]: 1.87[0.67-5.19], p = 0.23).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p> In the full cohort, adiponectin levels were associated with death but not with VH-IVUS atherosclerosis measures. In SAP patients, adiponectin levels were associated with VH-IVUS-derived TCFA lesions. Altogether, substantial role for adiponectin in plaque vulnerability remains unconfirmed.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Adiponectin</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaque, Atherosclerotic</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography, Interventional</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease / complications.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Coronary plaque rupture has been described as the main mechanism through which mildly stenotic coronary atherosclerosis can lead to acute coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> High-risk plaques that are vulnerable to such rupture demonstrate distinct morphological characteristics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> They can be differentiated from lesions responsible for stable coronary artery disease (CAD) by their large necrotic cores, thin inflamed fibrous caps, and positive remodeling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Because plaque vulnerability is associated with inflammation, neovascularization, and necrotic core formation, circulating mediators of these processes may aid in detection of high-risk patients and therefore warrant investigation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> One important inflammatory mediator of CAD is adiponectin. Adiponectin is a protein mainly produced in white adipose tissue, involved in several antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic processes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Several studies have demonstrated associations of adiponectin with clinical adverse coronary events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Yet, prospective data on the associations of adiponectin with <italic>in-vivo</italic> measurements of degree, phenotype and vulnerability of coronary atherosclerosis are currently lacking. To further elucidate the pathophysiology of adiponectin in patients with established CAD, we investigated the association of adiponectin with virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS)-derived measures of degree and composition of coronary atherosclerosis, and with major adverse cardiac events (MACE), in patients undergoing coronary angiography.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>The design of The European Collaborative Project on Inflammation and Vascular Wall Remodeling in Atherosclerosis - Intravascular Ultrasound (ATHEROREMO-IVUS) study has been described in detail elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> In brief, 581 patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS, n=318) or stable angina pectoris (SAP, n = 263) have been included between 2008 and 2011 in the Erasmus University Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The ATHEROREMO-IVUS study was approved by the medical ethics committee of Erasmus MC. The study was performed in accordance with the criteria described in the declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all included patients. This study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01789411.</p>
      <p>Blood samples for biomarker measurements were drawn from the arterial sheath prior to coronary angiography and were available in 570 patients for the current study. The blood samples were stored at the clinical laboratory of Erasmus MC at a temperature of -80&#176;C within 2 hours after blood collection. C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured in serum samples using an immunoturbidimetric high sensitivity assay (Roche Diagnostics Ltd., Rotkreuz, Switzerland) on the Roche Cobas 8000 modular analyzer platform. These analyses were performed in the clinical laboratory of Erasmus MC. Frozen EDTA plasma samples were transported under controlled conditions (at a temperature of -80&#176;C) to Myriad RBM, Austin, Texas, USA, where adiponectin was measured using a validated multiplex assay (Custom Human Map, Myriad RBM).</p>
      <p>Following the standard coronary angiography or PCI procedure, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging took place in a target segment of a non-culprit coronary artery which was required to be at least 40 mm in length and without significant luminal narrowing (&lt; 50% stenosis) as assessed by on-line angiography. Selection of the non-culprit vessel was predefined in the study protocol. The order of preference for selection of the non-culprit vessel was: (1) left anterior descending (LAD) artery; (2) right coronary artery (RCA); (3) left circumflex (LCX) artery. All IVUS data were acquired with the Volcano s5/s5i Imaging System (Volcano Corp., San Diego, California) using a Volcano Eagle Eye Gold IVUS catheter (20 MHz). An automatic pullback system was used with a standard pullback speed of 0.5 mm per second. The IVUS images were analyzed offline by an independent core laboratory (Cardialysis BV, Rotterdam, the Netherlands) blinded for clinical and biomarker data. The IVUS gray-scale and IVUS radiofrequency analyses, also known as VH-IVUS, were performed using pcVH 2.1 and qVH (Volcano Corp., San Diego, California) software. The external elastic membrane and luminal borders were contoured for each frame (median inter-slice distance, 0.40 mm). Extent and phenotype of the atherosclerotic plaque were assessed. Plaque volume was defined as the total volume of the external elastic membrane occupied by atheroma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Plaque burden was defined as plaque and media cross-sectional area divided by external elastic membrane cross-sectional area and is presented as a percentage. The composition of the atherosclerotic plaque was characterized into four different tissue types: fibrous, fibrofatty, dense calcium and necrotic core.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A coronary lesion was defined as a segment with a plaque burden of more than 40% in at least three consecutive frames. The following types of VH-IVUS high-risk lesions were identified:</p>
      <p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) lesions: lesions with presence of &gt;10% confluent necrotic core in direct contact with the lumen;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>TCFA lesions with a plaque burden of at least 70%;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>lesions with a plaque burden of at least 70%;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>lesions with a minimal luminal area (MLA) of &#8804;4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
						</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </p>
      <p>Follow-up started at inclusion and lasted 1 year. Post-discharge survival status was obtained from municipal civil registries. Post-discharge rehospitalizations were prospectively assessed during follow-up. Questionnaires focusing on the occurrence of MACE were sent to all living patients. Subsequently, hospital discharge letters were obtained, and treating physicians and institutions were contacted for additional information whenever necessary. ACS was defined as the clinical diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-STEMI or unstable angina pectoris in accordance with the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Unplanned coronary revascularization was defined as unplanned repeat PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The primary clinical endpoint was MACE, defined as all-cause mortality, ACS or unplanned coronary revascularization. Secondary endpoints included acute MACE (defined as the composite of all-cause mortality or ACS) and all-cause mortality. The endpoints were adjudicated by a clinical event committee blinded for biomarker and IVUS data.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The distributions of continuous variables, including adiponectin levels and IVUS parameters, were evaluated for normality by visual examination of the histogram. Normally distributed variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), while non-normally distributed variables are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR). Adiponectin concentration was not normally distributed and was therefore ln-transformed for further analysis. Categorical variables are presented in percentages. We examined associations of adiponectin concentrations with plaque burden, plaque volume, necrotic core fraction, dense calcium fraction, fibro-fatty fraction, and fibrous tissue fraction in the imaged coronary segment by linear regression, with continuous ln-transformed adiponectin concentration as the independent variable. Furthermore, we examined the relation between adiponectin concentrations and the presence of high-risk lesions using logistic regression analyses, with continuous ln-transformed adiponectin concentration as the independent variable. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between adiponectin concentration and MACE. Clinical variables age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and indication for coronary angiography were considered as potential confounders and were entered into the full model. These covariates were a priori chosen based on existing literature, and taking into account the number of events available. CRP was also entered into the full model, as it is the most widely investigated inflammatory marker in CAD, and has been shown to be (inversely) associated with plasma adiponectin levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> When analyzing the association of adiponectin with the secondary, composite endpoint of death and ACS, and death alone, we only adjusted for age and gender because of the limited number of endpoints.</p>
        <p>First, statistical analyses were performed in the full cohort. Then, we included interaction terms (adiponectin multiplied by indication for angiography) into the models to investigate possible effect modification by indication. Subsequently, we repeated the analyses separately in patients with SAP and patients with ACS. All data were analyzed with SPSS software (SPSS 20.0, IBM corp., Armonk, New York). All statistical tests were two-tailed and p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Mean age of the patients was 61.5&#177;11.4 years, 75.4% were men, 17.4% had diabetes mellitus, and median adiponectin concentration was 2.8 (1.9-4.0) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Coronary angiography or PCI was performed for ACS in 309 (54.2%) patients and for SAP in the remaining 261 (45.8%). Median adiponectin concentration was 2.9 (1.8-4.1) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL in ACS patients and 2.9 (1.9-3.9) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL in SAP patients. A total of 239 (41.9%) patients had at least 1 VH-IVUS-derived TCFA, including 69 (12.1%) patients with at least 1 VH-IVUS-derived TCFA with a plaque burden &#8805; 70%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">Total (n = 570)</th>
              <th align="center">ACS patients (n = 309)</th>
              <th align="center">SAP patients (n = 261)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Patient characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years (mean&#177;SD)</td>
              <td align="center">61.5 &#177; 11.4</td>
              <td align="center">59.7 &#177; 11.9</td>
              <td align="center">63.6 &#177; 10.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Men, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">430 (75.4)</td>
              <td align="center">227 (73.5)</td>
              <td align="center">203 (77.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (17.4)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (12.9)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (22.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%) </td>
              <td align="center">295 (51.8)</td>
              <td align="center">134 (43.4)</td>
              <td align="center">161 (61.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypercholesterolemia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">317 (55.6)</td>
              <td align="center">137 (44.3)</td>
              <td align="center">180 (69.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">164 (28.8)</td>
              <td align="center">115 (37.2)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (18.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Positive family history, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">293 (51.5)</td>
              <td align="center">140 (45.3)</td>
              <td align="center">153 (58.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous MI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">184 (32.3)</td>
              <td align="center">80 (25.9)</td>
              <td align="center">104 (58.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous PCI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">185 (32.5)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (18.4)</td>
              <td align="center">128 (49.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous CABG, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2.3)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (4.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (4.0)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (5.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral artery disease, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (3.9)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (9.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of renal insufficiency (%)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (5.6)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (4.2)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (7.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of heart failure, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">19 (3.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (1.9)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (5.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Procedural characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Indication for coronary angiography</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Acute coronary syndrome, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">309 (54.2)</td>
              <td align="center">309 (100)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Myocardial infarction, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">159 (27.9)</td>
              <td align="center">159 (51.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina pectoris, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">150 (26.3)</td>
              <td align="center">150 (48.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Stable angina pectoris, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">261 (45.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">261 (100)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Coronary artery disease</italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No significant stenosis, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (7.4)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (5.8)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (9.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1-vessel disease, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">301 (52.8)</td>
              <td align="center">168 (54.4)</td>
              <td align="center">133 (51.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2-vessel disease, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">166 (29.1)</td>
              <td align="center">88 (28.5)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (29.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">3-vessel disease, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">61 (10.7)</td>
              <td align="center">35 (11.3)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (10.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PCI performed, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">501 (87.9)</td>
              <td align="center">287 (92.9)</td>
              <td align="center">214 (82.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>IVUS characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Segment length (mm), median (IQR)</td>
              <td align="center">44.1 (33.7-55.4)</td>
              <td align="center">43.9 [32.9-54.1]</td>
              <td align="center">44.8 [34.2-57.2]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Plaque burden (%), median (IQR) </td>
              <td align="center">39.2 (30.0-46.4)</td>
              <td align="center">37.2 [28.0-45.5]</td>
              <td align="center">40.2 [31.8-47.8]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Presence lesion with MLA &#8804; 4.0mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">176 (30.9)</td>
              <td align="center">88 (28.7)</td>
              <td align="center">88 (33.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Presence of VH-TCFA, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">239 (41.9)</td>
              <td align="center">140 (45.5)</td>
              <td align="center">99 (37.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Presence of VH-TCFA with PB &#8805; 70%, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">69 (12.1)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (10.4)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (14.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Serum biomarker concentrations</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">C-reactive protein (mg/L), median [IQR]</td>
              <td align="center">2.1 [0.8-5.3]</td>
              <td align="center">2.8 [1.1-7.0]</td>
              <td align="center">1.5[0.6-3.1]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Adiponectin (<italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL) median [IQR]</td>
              <td align="center">2.8 [1.9-4.0]</td>
              <td align="center">2.9 [1.8-4.1]</td>
              <td align="center">2.9 [1.9-3.9]</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; SAP: stable angina pectoris; SD: standard deviation; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; IQR: interquartile range; MLA: minimal luminal area; VH-TCFA: virtual histology thin-cap fibroatheroma; PB: plaque burden.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the full cohort, adiponectin levels were not associated with composition or burden of atherosclerosis on multivariable analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>). Adiponectin levels were not associated with MACE after adjustment for age, gender and indication for angiography (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>). After further multivariable adjustment, effect estimates remained non-significant (data not shown). Adiponectin levels tended to be univariably associated with acute MACE, (median [IQR] 1.16[0.82-1.62] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL, <italic>vs.</italic> 1.02[0.64-1.38] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL; HR [95%CI]: 1.77[0.96-3.23], p = 0.069), but after further adjustment this tendency disappeared. Adiponectin levels were independently associated with occurrence of death (median[IQR]1.48(1.03-1.79) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL <italic>vs.</italic> 1.02(0.64-1.36) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL, HR[95%CI]: 2.52[1.02-6.23], p = 0.045).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association of adiponectin plasma levels with segment intravascular ultrasound characteristics in the total study cohort, acute coronary syndrome and stable angina patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="19%"/>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">IVUS characteristics</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Unadjusted Model</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Multivariable model<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Beta &#8225; (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">Beta &#8225; (95% CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">All patients (n = 570)</td>
              <td align="center">Segment plaque Burden</td>
              <td align="center">-0.40 (-2.04 &#8211; 1.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.62</td>
              <td align="center">-0.95 (-2.74 &#8211; 0.85)</td>
              <td align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Dense calcium fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">1.35 (0.27 &#8211; 2.44)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.36 (-0.86 &#8211; 1.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Necrotic core fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">0.43 (-0.71 &#8211; 1.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
              <td align="center">0.39 (-0.92 &#8211; 1.70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Fibrofatty tissue fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">-0.62 (-1.51 &#8211; 0.27)</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.46 (-1.46 &#8211; 0.55)</td>
              <td align="center">0.37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Fibrous tissue fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">-1.17 (-2.81 &#8211; 0.48)</td>
              <td align="center">0.17</td>
              <td align="center">-0.29 (-2.16 &#8211; 1.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">ACS patients (n = 309)</td>
              <td align="center">Segment plaque Burden</td>
              <td align="center">0.03 (-2.27 &#8211; 2.33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.98</td>
              <td align="center">-0.89 (-3.42 &#8211; 1.63)</td>
              <td align="center">0.49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Dense calcium fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">2.53 (0.92 &#8211; 3.78)</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 (-0.50 &#8211; 2.70)</td>
              <td align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Necrotic core fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">0.56 (-1.12 &#8211; 2.24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
              <td align="center">0.23 (-1.69 &#8211; 2.16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Fibrofatty tissue fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">-1.47 (-2.78 &#8211; -0.15)</td>
              <td align="center">0.029</td>
              <td align="center">-0.99 (-2.49 &#8211; 0.50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Fibrous tissue fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">-1.45 (-3.78 &#8211; 0.89)</td>
              <td align="center">0.22</td>
              <td align="center">-0.35 (-3.00 &#8211; 2.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="5">SAP patients (n = 261)</td>
              <td align="center">Segment plaque Burden</td>
              <td align="center">-0.71 (-3.00 &#8211; 1.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
              <td align="center">-0.87 (-3.46 &#8211; 1.73)</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Dense calcium fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">0.39 (-1.25 &#8211; 2.01)</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
              <td align="center">-0.41 (-2.28 &#8211; 1.47)</td>
              <td align="center">0.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Necrotic core fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">0.24 (-1.29 &#8211; 1.77)</td>
              <td align="center">0.76</td>
              <td align="center">0.57 (-1.20 &#8211; 2.35)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Fibrofatty tissue fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">0.38 (-0.80 &#8211; 1.57)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
              <td align="center">0.01 (-1.32 &#8211; 1.34)</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Fibrous tissue fraction %</td>
              <td align="center">-1.01 (-3.31 &#8211; 1.30)</td>
              <td align="center">0.39</td>
              <td align="center">-0.17 (-2.82 &#8211;2.48)</td>
              <td align="center">0.90</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adjusted for age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Additionally adjusted for indication for coronary angiography in the total cohort.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Logarithmically transformed.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN04">
            <label>&#8225;</label>
            <p>Beta per unit increase in ln-transformed adiponectin concentration. IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; CI: confidence interval of 95%; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; SAP: stable angina pectoris; CRP: C-reactive protein.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association of adiponectin with presence of virtual histology intravascular ultrasound-derived high-risk lesions in the total cohort, acute coronary syndrome and stable angina patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="19%"/>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Unadjusted Model</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Multivariable model<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">OR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref> (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">OR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06">&#8224;</xref> (95% CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Total cohort (n = 570)</td>
              <td align="center">TCFA</td>
              <td align="center">1.11 (0.84 &#8211; 1.49)</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
              <td align="center">1.23 (0.88 &#8211; 1.71)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TCFA PB &#8805;70%</td>
              <td align="center">0.88 (0.57 &#8211; 1.37)</td>
              <td align="center">0.55</td>
              <td align="center">0.81 (0.50 &#8211; 1.33)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Lesion with MLA &#8804; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.84 (0.62 &#8211; 1.14)</td>
              <td align="center">0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.70 (0.49 &#8211; 1.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.052</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Lesion with PB &#8805;70%</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (0.72 &#8211; 1.44)</td>
              <td align="center">0.93</td>
              <td align="center">0.93 (0.63&#8211; 1.39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.73</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">ACS patients (n = 309)</td>
              <td align="center">TCFA</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.58 &#8211; 1.26)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
              <td align="center">0.90 (0.58 &#8211; 1.42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TCFA PB &#8805;70%</td>
              <td align="center">0.90 (0.57 &#8211; 1.42)</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
              <td align="center">0.77 (0.37 &#8211; 1.58)</td>
              <td align="center">0.48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Lesion with MLA &#8804; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">1.13 (0.74 &#8211; 1.74)</td>
              <td align="center">0.57</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.53 &#8211; 1.44)</td>
              <td align="center">0.59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Lesion with PB &#8805;70%</td>
              <td align="center">1.25 (0.76 &#8211; 2.07)</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 (0.60 &#8211; 1.94)</td>
              <td align="center">0.80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">SAP patients (n = 261)</td>
              <td align="center">TCFA</td>
              <td align="center">1.54 (0.99 &#8211; 2.38)</td>
              <td align="center">0.057</td>
              <td align="center">1.78 (1.06 &#8211; 3.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.030</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">TCFA PB &#8805;70%</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.48 &#8211; 1.52)</td>
              <td align="center">0.60</td>
              <td align="center">0.87 (0.45 &#8211; 1.69)</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Lesion with MLA &#8804; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.62 (0.40 &#8211; 0.97)</td>
              <td align="center">0.035</td>
              <td align="center">0.55 (0.32 &#8211; 0.93)</td>
              <td align="center">0.025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Lesion with PB &#8805;70%</td>
              <td align="center">0.86 (0.54 &#8211; 1.39)</td>
              <td align="center">0.54</td>
              <td align="center">0.85 (0.49 &#8211; 1.47)</td>
              <td align="center">0.56</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN05">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Adjusted for age, gender, diabetes, hypertension, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Additionally adjusted for indication for coronary angiography in the total cohort. OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval of 95%; TCFA: thin-cap fibroatheroma; PB: plaque burden; MLA: minimal luminal area; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; SAP: stable angina pectoris.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN06">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Odds ratio per unit increase in ln-transformed biomarker concentration</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association of adiponectin with major adverse cardiac events, secondary endpoints and death</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="14%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="28%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="18%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">
							</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Univariable</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Adjusted for age and gender<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">&#8224;</xref>
							</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">HR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref> (95% CI)</th>
              <th align="center">HR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">*</xref> (95% CI)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Total (n = 570)</td>
              <td align="center">MACE (n = 56)</td>
              <td align="center">1.28 (0.81 &#8211; 2.02)</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">1.19 (0.71 &#8211; 1.99)</td>
              <td align="center">0.52</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Acute MACE (n = 32)</td>
              <td align="center">1.77 (0.96 &#8211; 3.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.069</td>
              <td align="center">1.36 (0.68 &#8211; 2.72)</td>
              <td align="center">0.38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Death (n = 19)</td>
              <td align="center">3.36 (1.49 &#8211; 7.59)</td>
              <td align="center">0.004</td>
              <td align="center">2.52 (1.02 &#8211; 6.23)</td>
              <td align="center">0.045</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">ACS (n = 309)</td>
              <td align="center">MACE (n = 26)</td>
              <td align="center">1.29 (0.66 &#8211; 2.50)</td>
              <td align="center">0.46</td>
              <td align="center">1.02 (0.48 &#8211; 2.19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Acute MACE (n = 20)</td>
              <td align="center">1.75 (0.81 &#8211; 3.72)</td>
              <td align="center">0.14</td>
              <td align="center">1.40 (0.59 &#8211; 3.29)</td>
              <td align="center">0.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Death (n = 14)</td>
              <td align="center">2.44 (0.98 &#8211; 6.06)</td>
              <td align="center">0.055</td>
              <td align="center">1.87 (0.67 &#8211; 5.19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">SAP (n = 261)</td>
              <td align="center">MACE (n = 30)</td>
              <td align="center">1.30 (0.69 &#8211; 2.46)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
              <td align="center">1.43 (0.69 &#8211; 2.98)</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Acute MACE (n = 12)</td>
              <td align="center">1.75 (0.61 &#8211; 4.94)</td>
              <td align="center">0.29</td>
              <td align="center">1.33 (0.41 &#8211; 4.28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">Death (n = 5)</td>
              <td align="center">8.15 (1.49 &#8211; 44.68)</td>
              <td align="center">0.016</td>
              <td align="center">8.48 (0.92 &#8211; 78.03)</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN07">
            <p>HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval of 95%; MACE: major adverse cardiac events; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; SAP: stable angina pectoris; Acute MACE: composite of death or acute coronary syndrome (secondary endpoints).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN08">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>Additionally adjusted for indication for coronary angiography in the total cohort.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN09">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Hazard ratio per unit increase in ln-transformed biomarker concentration</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Signs of interactions between adiponectin and indication for angiography were present for associations with TCFA (p for interaction 0.050 (univariable) and 0.029 (multivariable)), with lesions with MLA &#8804; 4.0 (p for interaction 0.058 (univariable) and 0.10 (multivariable)), and with fibrofatty tissue fraction (p for interaction 0.042 (univariable) and 0.082 (multivariable)). The remaining interaction terms were not significant (data not shown).</p>
      <p>In patients with SAP, adiponectin levels were associated with the presence of VH-IVUS-derived TCFA lesions (median[IQR] 1.16[0.72-1.48] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 0.95[0.62-1.30] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL; OR[95%CI] per 1 unit increase in ln-transformed-adiponectin: 1.78[1.06-3.00], p = 0.030) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Furthermore, adiponectin levels were inversely associated with presence of lesions with MLA &#8804; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup> (median[IQR] 0.95[0.49-1.30] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL <italic>vs.</italic> 1.06[0.69-1.41] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL; OR [95%CI]: 0.55[0.32-0.93], p = 0.025) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>). Finally, adiponectin levels were associated with death (median[IQR] 1.62[1.32-1.84] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL <italic>vs.</italic> 1.02[0.64-1.36] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL; HR [95%CI]: 8.15[1.49-44.68]). After adjustment for age and gender, the HR remained similar in magnitude, although statistical significance was lost (HR [95%CI: 8.48[0.92 - 78.03], p = 0.058).</p>
      <p>In patients with ACS, no associations were present between adiponectin and composition or burden of atherosclerosis. Although no associations were present with MACE or acute MACE, a tendency toward a univariable association with death was present (median[IQR] 1.39[0.90-1.86] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL <italic>vs.</italic> 1.01[0.60-1.38] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL; HR [95%CI]: 2.44[0.98-6.06], p = 0.055). After adjustment for age and gender, statistical significance was lost (HR [95%CI]: 1.87[0.67-5.19], p = 0.23).</p>
      <p>Given the positive associations we found between adiponectin and death, we performed a post-hoc analysis to explore whether a synergistic effect of adiponectin and TCFA was present on death. For this purpose, we entered interaction terms into the models that consisted of adiponectin multiplied by presence of TCFA lesions. However, no effect modification could be demonstrated (interaction terms were not significant).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>To our best knowledge, this is the largest study that correlates circulating adiponectin with <italic>in-vivo</italic> measurements of coronary atherosclerosis using VH-IVUS in patients with known coronary disease. We found that in the full cohort, adiponectin levels were associated with death during 1-year follow-up, but not with VH-IVUS measures of atherosclerosis. In patients with SAP, adiponectin levels were positively associated with presence of VH-IVUS-derived TCFA lesions and were inversely associated with presence of lesions with MLA &#8804; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup>; while the association with death was borderline significant. In ACS patients we only found a tendency toward an association with death during follow-up.</p>
      <p>Fundamental experiments, animal models and human studies on vascular function in subjects free of symptomatic cardiovascular disease have all demonstrated associations of adiponectin with vasoprotective mechanisms, including insulin-sensitizing characteristics and anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> In line with this, higher levels of adiponectin have been linked to decreased prevalence of CAD in healthy individuals and have demonstrated an inverse association with risk of myocardial infarction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> However, in patients with manifested CAD, adiponectin seems to play a different role. When elevated in patients with symptomatic CAD, this adipocytokine becomes associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events; a phenomenon that has been described under the term "reverse epidemiology".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> To explain these conflicting findings, it has been proposed that increased adiponectin levels reflect a compensatory and vasculoprotective mechanism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Specifically, in conditions characterized by a marked systemic pro-inflammatory state and endothelial dysfunction, adiponectin levels increase as an attempt to counter-regulate or compensate for this systemic inflammation. Consequently, the protective effects of adiponectin are superseded by the underlying disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a cohort of 981 patients with stable ischemic heart disease, with average follow-up of 7.1 years, an association was found between higher adiponectin and adverse cardiovascular events (death, heart failure), but after adjustment for cardiac disease severity, the association was no longer statically significant.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Another cohort with median follow-up of 2.5 years found that higher adiponectin levels were associated with future cardiovascular death or nonfatal myocardial infarction in SAP patients (n = 1130), but found no association in ACS patients (n = 760).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Our results, demonstrating an association of adiponectin with death in SAP patients, comply with these findings. The lack of statistical significance for this association in ACS patients in our study may, in part, have been caused by a limited number of clinical events. Moreover, pathophysiological differences may possibly have contributed to the difference we found between SAP and ACS. While in SAP patients, atherosclerosis appears to be a slowly progressing disorder, in ACS patients, coronary plaque rupture may be present, and the latter is accompanied by the production of tissue factor and other homeostatic factors that increase the risk of thrombosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Plasma adiponectin levels have been inversely correlated with markers of platelet activation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> This might have possibly influenced the association between adiponectin and clinical outcome in these patients.</p>
      <p>Adipose tissue produces both pro- and anti-inflammatory adipocytokines,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and adiponectin has shown <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> anti-inflammatory effects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> However, little is known about the clinical significance of adiponectin for coronary plaque stability <italic>in vivo</italic>. Only a few studies have been performed on this topic, all of which at the University of Kobe, Japan. Sample size of these studies was modest. In a randomized trial of 54 patients with type 2 diabetes and stable angina, treated with pioglitazone, adiponectin was found to be associated with a reduction of necrotic core components as assessed by VH-IVUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A case control study of 63 ACS and 43 non-ACS patients showed that serum adiponectin was inversely associated with necrotic core evaluated by VH-IVUS in both culprit and non-culprit lesions in patients with ACS, but not in those with stable angina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> In 50 men with stable CAD, low plasma adiponectin was associated with presence of TCFA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> Altogether, these studies point toward an inverse association of adiponectin with plaque vulnerability. In contrast, in our study, we found a positive association of adiponectin with VH-IVUS TCFA in SAP patients. This finding is in line with the association of adiponectin with death, as well as the association of VH-IVUS TCFA with adverse outcome which we demonstrated earlier.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> However, the exact mechanism behind the positive association between adiponectin and VH-IVUS-derived TCFA lesions warrants further investigation. With regard to the discrepancy between our study and the Japanese ones, differences in study population and sample size could have played a part. Ethnic differences in adiponectin levels are of particular interest in this context. The Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) have shown that adiponectin levels are lowest in persons from South Asian or Chinese descent compared to other ethnic groups.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Moreover, polymorphisms in the adiponectin gene have been found to be associated with adiponectin levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Some of these polymorphisms have also shown associations with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and the onset of CAD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Finally, while we found a positive association of adiponectin with VH-IVUS TCFA, we could not demonstrate such an association with necrotic core fraction. This seeming discrepancy may be explained by the fact that these measures reflect somewhat different aspects of atherosclerosis. Size of necrotic core fraction alone may not be able to fully capture the properties of rupture-prone plaques; the definition of VH-IVUS TCFA on its part incorporates additional plaque properties, such as confluence of the necrotic core and direct contact of the necrotic core with the lumen.</p>
      <p>Some limitations of this study need to be acknowledged. The spatial resolution of VH-IVUS (200 <italic>&#181;</italic>m) is insufficient to exactly replicate histopathological definitions of a thin fibrous cap (&lt;65 <italic>&#181;</italic>m).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Therefore, VH-IVUS tends to over-estimate the number of TCFA lesions. Nevertheless, the presence of VH-IVUS-detected TCFA lesions carries prognostic information<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> and is therefore clinically relevant. Furthermore, VH-IVUS imaging was performed in a prespecified single target segment of a single non-culprit coronary artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> This approach was chosen because previous studies have demonstrated that such segments reflect larger coronary disease burden and are associated with subsequent cardiac events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Finally, adiponectin was associated with mortality, but the number of deaths in our dataset was small.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, in the full cohort, adiponectin levels were associated with death but not with VH-IVUS measures of atherosclerosis. In SAP patients, adiponectin levels were associated with VH-IVUS derived TCFA lesions, while the association with death was borderline significant. Altogether, a substantial role for adiponectin in plaque vulnerability remains unconfirmed and warrants investigation by other, large studies.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by European Commission, Dutch Government and Netherlands Heart Foundation.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Barbara C. A. Marino, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Erasmus MC under the protocol number NCT01789411. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We would like to thank the following interventional cardiologists and technical staff for their contribution to this study: Eric Duckers, MD, PhD; Willem van der Giessen, MD, PhD; Peter P.T. de Jaegere, MD, PhD; Jurgen M.R. Ligthart; Nicolas M.D.A. van Mieghem, MD, PhD; Carl Schultz, MD, PhD; Karen T. Witberg and Felix Zijlstra, MD, PhD.</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da Adiponectina com as Caracter&#237;sticas da Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica ao Ultrassom Intravascular com Radiofrequ&#234;ncia e Desfechos Cardiovasculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Campos Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buljubasic</surname>
            <given-names>Nermina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akkerhuis</surname>
            <given-names>Martijn</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Jin M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia-Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Hector M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Regar</surname>
            <given-names>Evelyn</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Geuns</surname>
            <given-names>Robert-Jan van</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serruys</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boersma</surname>
            <given-names>Eric</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kardys</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Roterd&#227; - Holanda</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Washington Hospital Center, Washington DC - EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University Hospital of Zurich, Zurique - Sui&#231;a</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Imperial College, Londres - Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Isabella Kardys</bold>, P.O. Box 2040. 3000CA, Rotterdam. E-mail: <email>i.kardys@erasmusmc.nl</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Akkerhuis M, Garcia-Garcia HM, Serruys PW, Boersma E, Kardys I; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Buljubasic N, Cheng JM, Garcia-Garcia HM, Regar E, Robert-Jan VG, Serruys PW, Kardys I; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Marino BCA, Buljubasic N, Akkerhuis M, Cheng JM, Garcia-Garcia HM, Regar E, Robert-Jan VG, Serruys PW, Boersma E, Kardys I; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Marino BCA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Serruys PW, Boersma E, Kardys I; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Buljubasic N, Akkerhuis M, Cheng JM, Garcia-Garcia HM, Regar E, Robert-Jan VG, Serruys PW, Boersma E, Kardys I.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p> Faltam dados prospectivos sobre as associa&#231;&#245;es de adiponectina com medidas in-vivo de grau, fen&#243;tipo e vulnerabilidade da aterosclerose coronariana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p> Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o da adiponectina plasm&#225;tica com medidas de aterosclerose derivadas de ultrassonografia virtual intravascular (VH-IVUS) e eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes (<italic>major adverse cardiac events</italic> - MACE) em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana estabelecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Em 2008-2011, a VH-IVUS de um segmento coronariano n&#227;o esten&#243;tico n&#227;o culpado foi realizado em 581 pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana para s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA, n = 318) ou angina pectoris est&#225;vel (APE, n = 263) a partir do estudo de ultrassonografia ateroscler&#243;tica-intravascular (ATHEROREMO-IVUS). Sangue foi amostrado antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria. Foram avaliados a carga de placa coron&#225;ria, a composi&#231;&#227;o tecidual, as les&#245;es de alto risco, incluindo fibroateroma de capa fina (FCF) derivado de VH-IVUS. Mortalidade por todas as causas, SCA, e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria n&#227;o planejada foram registradas durante um ano de acompanhamento. Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bicaudais e os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Na coorte completa, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina n&#227;o foram associados &#224; carga de placa, nem a v&#225;rios tipos de tecido virtual histol&#243;gico. Entre os pacientes com APE, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina (mediana[IIQ]: 2,9(1,9-3,9) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL) foram associados positivamente &#224;s les&#245;es FCF derivadas de VH-IVUS, (OR[IC 95%]: 1,78[1,06-3,00], p = 0,030), e inversamente associados a les&#245;es com &#225;rea luminal m&#237;nima (ALM) &#8804;4,0 mm<sup>2</sup> (OR[IC 95%]: 0,55[0,32-0,92], p = 0,025). Em pacientes com SCA, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina (mediana[IIQ]: 2,9 [1,8-4,1] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL) n&#227;o foram associados &#224; carga de placa nem a componentes teciduais. A associa&#231;&#227;o positive de adiponectina ao &#243;bito esteve presente na coorte completa (HR[IC 95%]: 2,52[1,02-6,23], p = 0,045) e (lim&#237;trofe) em pacientes com APE (HR[IC 95%]: 8,48[0,92-78,0], p = 0,058). Entre pacientes com SCA, essa associa&#231;&#227;o perdeu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado (HR[IC 95%]: 1,87[0,67-5,19], p = 0,23).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p> Na coorte completa, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina foram associados &#224; obito, mas n&#227;o a medidas de aterosclerose por VH-IVUS. Em pacientes com APE, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina foram associados a les&#245;es FCF derivadas de VH-IVUS. Em geral, o papel da adiponectina na vulnerabilidade da placa permanece n&#227;o confirmado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Adiponectina</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia de Interven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ruptura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica tem sido descrita como o principal mecanismo pelo qual a aterosclerose coronariana levemente esten&#243;tica pode levar &#224; trombose coronariana aguda e ao infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As placas de alto risco vulner&#225;veis a essa ruptura demonstram caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas distintas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Elas podem ser diferenciadas das les&#245;es respons&#225;veis por doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel devido aos seus grandes n&#250;cleos necr&#243;ticos, suas capas fibrosas finas inflamadas e seu remodelamento positivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Uma vez que a vulnerabilidade da placa est&#225; relacionada &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, &#224; neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o e &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico, os mediadores circulantes desses processos podem auxiliar na detec&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco e, portanto, merecem ser investigados.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Um importante mediador inflamat&#243;rio de DAC &#233; a adiponectina. A adiponectina &#233; uma prote&#237;na produzida principalmente no tecido adiposo branco, envolvida em v&#225;rios processos antioxidantes, anti-inflamat&#243;rios e antiateroscler&#243;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Diversos estudos demonstraram associa&#231;&#245;es entre a adiponectina e eventos adversos coronarianos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No entanto, atualmente observa-se falta de dados prospectivos sobre as associa&#231;&#245;es de adiponectina a medidas <italic>in vivo</italic> de grau, fen&#243;tipo e vulnerabilidade da aterosclerose coronariana. Para melhor elucidar a fisiopatologia da adiponectina em pacientes com DAC estabelecida, investigou-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a adiponectina e as medidas de grau e composi&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose coron&#225;ria derivadas de ultrassonografia virtual intravascular (VH-IVUS), e a eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes (MACE), em pacientes submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>O delineamento do Projeto Colaborativo Europeu sobre Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Remodela&#231;&#227;o da Parede Vascular em Aterosclerose - Ultrassom Intravascular (<italic>The European Collaborative Project on Inflammation and Vascular Wall Remodeling in Atherosclerosis - Intravascular Ultrasound</italic> - ATHEROREMO-IVUS) foi descrito em detalhes em outros trabalhos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Em resumo, foram inclu&#237;dos 581 pacientes submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) por s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA, n = 318) ou angina pectoris est&#225;vel (APE, n = 263) entre 2008 e 2011 no Centro M&#233;dico da <italic>Erasmus University</italic> (<italic>Erasmus University Medical Center</italic> - Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, Holanda. O estudo ATHEROREMO-IVUS foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica m&#233;dica do Erasmus MC. O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com os crit&#233;rios descritos na declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Foi obtido o Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido de todos os pacientes. Este trabalho est&#225; registrado em ClinicalTrials.gov, sob n&#250;mero NCT01789411.</p>
        <p>As amostras de sangue para medi&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores foram retiradas da bainha arterial antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria e estavam dispon&#237;veis em 570 pacientes no presente estudo. As amostras de sangue foram armazenadas no laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico do Erasmus MC a uma temperatura de -80&#176;C em at&#233; 2 horas ap&#243;s a coleta do sangue. A prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) foi mensurada em amostras de soro usando um m&#233;todo imunoturbidim&#233;trico de alta sensibilidade (Roche Diagnostics Ltd., Rotkreuz, Su&#237;&#231;a) na plataforma de an&#225;lise modular Roche Cobas 8000. Essas an&#225;lises foram realizadas no laborat&#243;rio cl&#237;nico do Erasmus MC. Amostras congeladas de plasma EDTA foram transportadas sob condi&#231;&#245;es controladas (a uma temperatura de -80&#176;C) at&#233; Myriad RBM, Austin, Texas, EUA, onde a adiponectina foi medida pelo m&#233;todo multiplex validado (<italic>Custom Human Map</italic>, Myriad RBM).</p>
        <p>Seguindo a angiografia coron&#225;ria ou o procedimento ICP padr&#245;es, a ultrassonografia intravascular (IVUS) foi feita em um segmento alvo de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria n&#227;o culpada que deveria ter, pelo menos, 40 mm de comprimento e n&#227;o apresentar estreitamento luminal significativo (&lt; 50% de estenose), como avaliado pela angiografia <italic>on-line</italic>. A sele&#231;&#227;o do vaso n&#227;o culpado foi predefinida no protocolo do estudo. A ordem de prefer&#234;ncia para a sele&#231;&#227;o do vaso n&#227;o culpado foi: (1) art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE); (2) art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD); (3) art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda (CXE). Todos os dados de IVUS foram adquiridos com o sistema de imagens <italic>Volcano s5/s5i Imaging System</italic> (Volcano Corp., San Diego, Calif&#243;rnia) usando o cateter Volcano Eagle Eye Gold IVUS (20 MHz). Um sistema de recuo autom&#225;tico foi usado com uma velocidade de recuo padr&#227;o de 0,5 mm por segundo. As imagens IVUS foram analisadas <italic>offline</italic> por um laborat&#243;rio independente (Cardialysis BV, Rotterdam, Holanda) cego para dados cl&#237;nicos e biomarcadores. As an&#225;lises de IVUS em escala de cinza e por radiofrequ&#234;ncia, tamb&#233;m conhecidas como VH-IVUS, foram realizadas usando os <italic>softwares</italic> pcVH 2.1 e qVH (Volcano Corp., San Diego, Calif&#243;rnia). A membrana el&#225;stica externa e as bordas luminais foram contornadas para cada quadro (dist&#226;ncia mediana entrecortes, 0,40 mm). A extens&#227;o e o fen&#243;tipo da placa ateroscler&#243;tica foram avaliados. O volume de placa foi definido como o volume total da membrana el&#225;stica externa ocupada pelo ateroma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A carga da placa foi definida como &#225;rea transversal da placa e do meio, dividida por &#225;rea seccional externa da membrana el&#225;stica e &#233; apresentada como uma porcentagem. A composi&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica foi classificada em quatro tipos diferentes de tecido: fibroso, fibroadiposo, c&#225;lcio denso a n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A les&#227;o coron&#225;ria foi definida como um segmento com placa de carga superior a 40% em pelo menos tr&#234;s quadros consecutivos. Foram identificados os seguintes tipos de les&#245;es de alto risco para VH-IVUS:</p>
        <p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>les&#245;es de fibroateroma de capa fina (FCF): les&#245;es com n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico confluente &gt;10% em contato direto com o <italic>l&#250;men</italic>;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>les&#245;es de FCF com carga de placa de pelo menos 70%;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>les&#245;es com carga de placa de pelo menos 70%;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>les&#245;es com &#225;rea luminal m&#237;nima (ALM) de &#8804;4,0 mm<sup>2</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
							</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </p>
        <p>O acompanhamento come&#231;ou na etapa de inclus&#227;o e durou 1 ano. O <italic>status</italic> de sobreviv&#234;ncia p&#243;s-alta foi obtido dos registros civis municipais e as reospitaliza&#231;&#245;es foram prospectivamente avaliadas durante o seguimento. Question&#225;rios com foco na ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE foram enviados a todos os pacientes vivos. Em seguida, foram obtidas cartas de alta hospitalar e os m&#233;dicos e institui&#231;&#245;es foram contatados para a obten&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais sempre que necess&#225;rio. SCA foi definida como o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST), infarto sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST ou angina inst&#225;vel, de acordo com as diretrizes da European Society of Cardiology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria n&#227;o planejada foi definida como ICP repetida n&#227;o planejada ou enxerto de <italic>bypass</italic> de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (<italic>coronary artery bypass grafting</italic> - CABG). O desfecho cl&#237;nico prim&#225;rio foi o MACE, definido como mortalidade por todas as causas, SCA ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria n&#227;o planejada. Desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram MACE agudo (definido como a combina&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade por todas as causas ou SCA) e mortalidade por todas as causas. Os desfechos foram julgados por um comit&#234; de evento cl&#237;nico cego para dados de biomarcadores e IVUS.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As distribui&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, incluindo os n&#237;veis de adiponectina e par&#226;metros IVUS foram avaliadas quanto &#224; normalidade por exame visual do histograma. As vari&#225;veis distribu&#237;das normalmente s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), enquanto as n&#227;o distribu&#237;das normalmente s&#227;o apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina n&#227;o foi distribu&#237;da normalmente e, portanto, transformada em ln para posterior an&#225;lise. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas em porcentagens. Analisamos as associa&#231;&#245;es das concentra&#231;&#245;es de adiponectina com carga de placa, volume de placa, fra&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico, fra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio densa, fra&#231;&#227;o fibro-gordurosa e fra&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso na imagem do segmento coronariano por regress&#227;o linear, com concentra&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina transformada em ln como vari&#225;vel independente. Al&#233;m disso, examinamos a rela&#231;&#227;o entre concentra&#231;&#245;es de adiponectina e a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es de alto risco usando an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, com concentra&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de adiponectina transformada em ln como vari&#225;vel independente. As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o de risco proporcionais de Cox foram realizadas para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina e MACE. As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas idade, sexo, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o e indica&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana foram consideradas potenciais confundidoras e foram inseridas no modelo completo. Essa covari&#225;veis foram escolhidas <italic>a priori</italic> com base na literatura existente, a levando em conta a quantidade de eventos dispon&#237;veis. A PCR tamb&#233;m foi inserida no modelo completo, uma vez que &#233; o marcador inflamat&#243;rio mais amplamente investigado da DAC e tem se mostrado (inversamente) associada aos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de adiponectina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Durante a an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina aos desfecho secund&#225;rio, composto por morte e SCA, e apenas morte, apenas foram ajustados a idade e o sexo, devido ao limitado n&#250;mero de desfechos.</p>
          <p>Primeiramente, an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas na coorte completa. Em seguida, inclu&#237;mos os termos de intera&#231;&#227;o (adiponectina multiplicada pela indica&#231;&#227;o da angiografia) nos modelos para investigar poss&#237;vel modifica&#231;&#227;o do efeito por indica&#231;&#227;o. Posteriormente, repetimos as an&#225;lises separadamente em pacientes com APE e pacientes com SCA. Todos os dados foram analisados com o <italic>software</italic> SPSS (SPSS 20.0, IBM corp., Armonk, Nova Iorque). Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bicaudais e os valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 61,5 &#177; 11,4 anos, 75,4% eram homens, 17,4% tinham diabetes mellitus, e a mediana da concentra&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina foi 2,8 (1,9-4,0) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>). A angiografia coronariana ou ICP foi realizada para SCA em 309 (54,2%) pacientes e para APE nos pacientes restantes 261 (45,8%). A mediana da concentra&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina foi 2,9 (1,8-4,1) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL em pacientes com SCA e 2,9 (1,9-3,9) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL em pacientes com APE. Um total de 239 (41,9%) pacientes tiveram pelo menos 1 FCF derivado de VH-IVUS, incluindo 69 (12,1%) pacientes com pelo menos 1 FCF derivado de VH-IVUS com carga de placa &#8805; 70%.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas base</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">Total (n = 570)</th>
                <th align="center">Pacientes SCA (n = 309)</th>
                <th align="center">Pacientes APE (n = 261)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">61,5 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">59,7 &#177; 11,9</td>
                <td align="center">63,6 &#177; 10,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Homens, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">430 (75,4)</td>
                <td align="center">227 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">203 (77,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (17,4)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (22,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%) </td>
                <td align="center">295 (51,8)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (43,4)</td>
                <td align="center">161 (61,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipercolesterolemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">317 (55,6)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (44,3)</td>
                <td align="center">180 (69,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fumante, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">164 (28,8)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (37,2)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (18,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico familiar positivo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">293 (51,5)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (45,3)</td>
                <td align="center">153 (58,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">184 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (25,9)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (58,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">185 (32,5)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (18,4)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (49,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CABG anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVE anterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (9,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia renal (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (7,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (5,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas processuais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Indica&#231;&#227;o para angiografia coronariana</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">309 (54,2)</td>
                <td align="center">309 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">159 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">159 (51,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina pectoris inst&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (26,3)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (48,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina pectoris est&#225;vel, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">261 (45,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">261 (100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem estenose significativa, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (9,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de vaso 1, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">301 (52,8)</td>
                <td align="center">168 (54,4)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (51,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de vaso 2, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">166 (29,1)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (29,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Doen&#231;a de vaso 3, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (10,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP realizada, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">501 (87,9)</td>
                <td align="center">287 (92,9)</td>
                <td align="center">214 (82,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas de IVUS</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comprimento do segmento (mm), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">44,1 (33,7-55,4)</td>
                <td align="center">43,9 [32,9-54,1]</td>
                <td align="center">44,8 [34,2-57,2]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Carga de placa (%), mediana (IIQ) </td>
                <td align="center">39,2 (30,0-46,4)</td>
                <td align="center">37,2 [28,0-45,5]</td>
                <td align="center">40,2 [31,8-47,8]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presen&#231;a de les&#227;o com ALM &#8804; 4,0mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">176 (30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (28,7)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (33,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presen&#231;a de VH-FCF, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">239 (41,9)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (37,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Presen&#231;a de VH-FCF com CP &#8805; 70%, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (14,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de biomarcadores</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Prote&#237;na C reativa (mg/L), mediana [IIQ]</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 [0,8-5,3]</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 [1,1-7,0]</td>
                <td align="center">1,5[0,6-3,1]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adiponectina (<italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL) mediana [IIQ]</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 [1,9-4,0]</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 [1,8-4,1]</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 [1,9-3,9]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; APE: angina pectoris est&#225;vel; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CABG: enxerto de bypass de art&#233;ria coronariana; AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; IVUS: ultrassonografia intravascular; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; ALM: &#225;rea luminal m&#237;nima; VH-FCF: histologia virtual de firbroateroma de capa fina; CP: carga de placa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na coorte completa, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina n&#227;o foram associados &#224; composi&#231;&#227;o ou carga de aterosclerose na an&#225;lise multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">3</xref>). Os n&#237;veis de adiponectina n&#227;o foram associados a MACE ap&#243;s ajustes para idade, sexo e indica&#231;&#227;o para angiografia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>). Ap&#243;s novo ajuste multivariado, as estimativas de efeito permaneceram n&#227;o significativas (dados indispon&#237;veis). Os n&#237;veis de adiponectina tendem a estar univariavelmente associados a MACE agudo, (mediana [IIQ] 1,16[0,82-1,62] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL, <italic>vs.</italic> 1,02[0,64-1,38] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL; RR [IC 95%]: 1,77[0,96-3,23], p = 0,069), mas essa tend&#234;ncia desapareceu ap&#243;s novo ajuste. Os n&#237;veis de adiponectina foram independentemente associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de morte (mediana[IIQ]1,48(1,03-1,79) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL <italic>vs.</italic> 1,02(0,64-1,36) <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL, RR[IC 95%]: 2,52[1,02-6,23], p = 0,045).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de adiponectina com caracter&#237;sticas de ultrassonografia intravascular de segmento na coorte total do estudo, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e pacientes com angina est&#225;vel</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="19%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas de IVUS</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo n&#227;o ajustado</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo multivariado <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Beta &#8225; (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">Beta &#8225; (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Todos os pacientes (n = 570)</td>
                <td align="center">Placa de segmento</td>
                <td align="center">-0,40 (-2,04 &#8211; 1,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
                <td align="center">-0,95 (-2,74 &#8211; 0,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio densa %</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (0,27 &#8211; 2,44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,36 (-0,86 &#8211; 1,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico %</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 (-0,71 &#8211; 1,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 (-0,92 &#8211; 1,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroadiposo %</td>
                <td align="center">-0,62 (-1,51 &#8211; 0,27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,46 (-1,46 &#8211; 0,55)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso %</td>
                <td align="center">-1,17 (-2,81 &#8211; 0,48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">-0,29 (-2,16 &#8211; 1,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Pacientes com SCA (n = 309)</td>
                <td align="center">Segmento de carga de placa</td>
                <td align="center">0,03 (-2,27 &#8211; 2,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
                <td align="center">-0,89 (-3,42 &#8211; 1,63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio densa %</td>
                <td align="center">2,53 (0,92 &#8211; 3,78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (-0,50 &#8211; 2,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico %</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 (-1,12 &#8211; 2,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,23 (-1,69 &#8211; 2,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroadiposo %</td>
                <td align="center">-1,47 (-2,78 &#8211; -0,15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
                <td align="center">-0,99 (-2,49 &#8211; 0,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso %</td>
                <td align="center">-1,45 (-3,78 &#8211; 0,89)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">-0,35 (-3,00 &#8211; 2,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5">Pacientes com APE (n = 261)</td>
                <td align="center">Segmento de carga de placa</td>
                <td align="center">-0,71 (-3,00 &#8211; 1,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">-0,87 (-3,46 &#8211; 1,73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio densa %</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 (-1,25 &#8211; 2,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
                <td align="center">-0,41 (-2,28 &#8211; 1,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico %</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (-1,29 &#8211; 1,77)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 (-1,20 &#8211; 2,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroadiposo %</td>
                <td align="center">0,38 (-0,80 &#8211; 1,57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,01 (-1,32 &#8211; 1,34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fra&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso %</td>
                <td align="center">-1,01 (-3,31 &#8211; 1,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">-0,17 (-2,82 &#8211;2,48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Ajustado para idade, sexo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR). Adicionalmente ajustado para indica&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coron&#225;ria na coorte total.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Transformado logaritmicamente.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Beta por aumento unit&#225;rio na concentra&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina transformada em ln. IVUS: ultrassonografia intravascular; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; APE: angina pectoris est&#225;vel; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina com presen&#231;a de les&#245;es de alto risco derivadas de ultrassonografia intravascular de histologia virtual na coorte total, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e pacientes com angina est&#225;vel</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="19%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo n&#227;o ajustado</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Modelo multivariado <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">OR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref> (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">OR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">&#8224;</xref> (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Coorte total(n = 570)</td>
                <td align="center">FCF</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 (0,84 &#8211; 1,49)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
                <td align="center">1,23 (0,88 &#8211; 1,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">FCF CP &#8805; 70%</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 (0,57 &#8211; 1,37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,81 (0,50 &#8211; 1,33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Les&#245;es com ALM &#8804; 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,84 (0,62 &#8211; 1,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 (0,49 &#8211; 1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,052</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Les&#227;o com CP &#8805; 70%</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,72 &#8211; 1,44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,93 (0,63&#8211; 1,39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Pacientes com SCA (n = 309)</td>
                <td align="center">FCF</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,58 &#8211; 1,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,58 &#8211; 1,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">FCF CP &#8805; 70%</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,57 &#8211; 1,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,77 (0,37 &#8211; 1,58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Les&#227;o com ALM &#8804; 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,74 &#8211; 1,74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,53 &#8211; 1,44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Les&#227;o com CP &#8805; 70%</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 (0,76 &#8211; 2,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,60 &#8211; 1,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Pacientes com APE (n = 261)</td>
                <td align="center">FCF</td>
                <td align="center">1,54 (0,99 &#8211; 2,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
                <td align="center">1,78 (1,06 &#8211; 3,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">TCFA PB &#8805; 70%</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,48 &#8211; 1,52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,45 &#8211; 0,69)</td>
                <td align="center">0068</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Lesion with MLA &#8804; 4.0 mm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,62 (0,40 &#8211; 0,97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 (0,32 &#8211; 0,93)</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Lesion with PB &#8805; 70%</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (0,54 &#8211; 1,39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,49 &#8211; 1,47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Ajustado para idade, sexo, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR). Adicionalmente ajustada para indica&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coron&#225;ria na coorte total. OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; FCF: fibroateroma de capa fina; CP: carga de placa; ALM: &#225;rea luminal m&#237;nima; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; APE: angina pectoris est&#225;vel.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Odds ratio por unidade de aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores transformados em ln.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina com eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes, desfechos secund&#225;rios e &#243;bito</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="14%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="28%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">
								</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Univari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Ajustado para idade e sexo<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref>
								</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">RR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref> (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="center">RR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref> (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Total (n = 570)</td>
                <td align="center">MACE (n = 56)</td>
                <td align="center">1,28 (0,81 &#8211; 2,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">1,19 (0,71 &#8211; 1,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MACE Agudo (n = 32)</td>
                <td align="center">1,77 (0,96 &#8211; 3,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,069</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (0,68 &#8211; 2,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito (n = 19)</td>
                <td align="center">3,36 (1,49 &#8211; 7,59)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">2,52 (1,02 &#8211; 6,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">ACS (n = 309)</td>
                <td align="center">MACE (n = 26)</td>
                <td align="center">1,29 (0,66 &#8211; 2,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,48 &#8211; 2,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MACE agudo (n = 20)</td>
                <td align="center">1,75 (0,81 &#8211; 3,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (0,59 &#8211; 3,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito (n = 14)</td>
                <td align="center">2,44 (0,98 &#8211; 6,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,055</td>
                <td align="center">1,87 (0,67 &#8211; 5,19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">SAP (n = 261)</td>
                <td align="center">MACE (n = 30)</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 (0,69 &#8211; 2,46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 (0,69 &#8211; 2,98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">MACE agudo (n = 12)</td>
                <td align="center">1,75 (0,61 &#8211; 4,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (0,41 &#8211; 4,28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#211;bito (n = 5)</td>
                <td align="center">8,15 (1,49 &#8211; 44,68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,016</td>
                <td align="center">8,48 (0,92 &#8211; 78,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>RR: raz&#227;o de risco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; MACE: eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; APE: angina pectoris est&#225;vel; MACE agudo: composto de &#243;bito ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (desfechos secund&#225;rios).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Adicionalmente ajustado para indica&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coronariana na coorte total.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Raz&#227;o de risco por aumento de unidade na concentra&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores transformados em ln</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Sinais de intera&#231;&#245;es entre adiponectina e indica&#231;&#227;o para angiografia estavam presentes para associa&#231;&#245;es entre FCF (p por intera&#231;&#227;o 0,050 (univari&#225;vel) e 0,029 (multivari&#225;vel)), com les&#245;es com ALM &#8804; 4,0 (p por intera&#231;&#227;o 0,058 (univari&#225;vel) e 0,10 (multivari&#225;vel)), e com fra&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibrogorduroso (p por intera&#231;&#227;o 0,042 (univari&#225;vel) e 0,082 (multivari&#225;vel)). Os demais termos de intera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram significativos (dados indispon&#237;veis).</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com APE, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina foram associados &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es de FCF derivadas de VH-IVUS (mediana[IIQ] 1,16[0,72-1,48] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL <italic>vs</italic>. 0,95[0,62-1,30] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL; OR[IC 95%] por aumento de 1 unidade na adiponectina transformada em ln: 1,78[1,06-3,00], p = 0,030) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina foram inversamente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es com ALM &#8804; 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup> (mediana [IIQ] 0,95[0,49-1,30] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL <italic>vs.</italic> 1,06[0,69-1,41] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL; OR [IC 95%]: 0,55[0,32-0,93], p = 0,025) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>). Finalmente, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina foram associados &#224; morte (mediana[IIQ] 1,62[1,32-1,84] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL <italic>vs.</italic> 1,02[0,64-1,36] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL; RR [IC 95%]: 8,15[1,49-44,68]). Ap&#243;s ajuste por idade e sexo, o RR manteve-se semelhante quanto &#224; magnitude, embora a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica tenha sido perdida (RR [IC 95%: 8,48[0,92 - 78,03], p = 0,058).</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a adiponectina e a composi&#231;&#227;o ou carga de aterosclerose em pacientes com SCA. Embora nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o com MACE ou MACE agudo tenha sido observada, havia uma tend&#234;ncia a uma associa&#231;&#227;o univari&#225;vel com a morte (mediana[IIQ] 1,39[0,90-1,86] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL <italic>vs.</italic> 1,01[0,60-1,38] <italic>&#181;</italic>g/mL; RR [IC 95%]: 2,44[0,98-6,06], p = 0,055). Ap&#243;s ajuste para idade e sexo, a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi perdida (RR [IC 95%]: 1,87[0,67-5,19], p = 0,23).</p>
        <p>Dadas as associa&#231;&#245;es positivas observadas entre a adiponectina e a morte, realizamos uma an&#225;lise post-hoc para explorar se havia efeito sin&#233;rgico de adiponectina e FCF em caso de &#243;bito. Para tanto, inserimos termos de intera&#231;&#227;o nos modelos formados por adiponectina multiplicada pela presen&#231;a de les&#245;es de FCF. No entanto, nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o de efeito p&#244;de ser observada (os termos de intera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram significativos).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o maior estudo correlacionando adiponectina circulante a medidas <italic>in vivo</italic> da aterosclerose coronariana atrav&#233;s de VH-IVUS em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana conhecida. Observou-se que na coorte completa, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina estavam associados &#224; morte durante o acompanhamento de 1 ano, mas n&#227;o &#224; medidas de ateroscleroses por VH-IVUS. Entre pacientes com APE, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina foram positivamente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es de FCF derivadas de VH-IVUS e inversamente associados &#224; presen&#231;a de les&#245;es com ALM &#8804; 4,0 mm<sup>2</sup>; enquanto a associa&#231;&#227;o com a morte foi significativamente lim&#237;trofe. Observou-se apenas uma tend&#234;ncia a associa&#231;&#227;o &#224; morte durante o acompanhamento de pacientes com SCA.</p>
        <p>Experimentos fundamentais, modelos animais e estudos em humanos sobre fun&#231;&#227;o vascular em indiv&#237;duos livre de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares t&#234;m mostrado associa&#231;&#245;es de adiponectina com mecanismos vasoprotetores, incluindo caracter&#237;sticas de sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o &#224; insulina e propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamat&#243;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Seguindo essa linha, n&#237;veis mais elevados de adiponectina t&#234;m sido associados &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de DAC em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com risco de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> No entanto, entre pacientes com DAC manifestada, a adiponectina parece desempenhar um papel diferente. Quando elevada em pacientes com DAC sintom&#225;tica, essa adipocitocina se associa a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares; um fen&#244;meno descrito pelo termo "epidemiologia reversa".<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Para explicar esses achados conflitantes, foi proposto que n&#237;veis aumentados de adiponectina refletem um mecanismo compensat&#243;rio e vasculoprotetor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Especificamente, em condi&#231;&#245;es caracterizadas por um estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico acentuado e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina aumentam como uma tentativa de contrarregular ou compensar essa inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Consequentemente, os efeitos protetores da adiponectina s&#227;o suplantados pela doen&#231;a subjacente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em uma coorte de 981 pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, com acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 7,1 anos, foi encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre adiponectina alta e eventos cardiovasculares adversos (morte, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), mas ap&#243;s ajuste para gravidade da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, essa associa&#231;&#227;o deixou de ser estatisticamente significante.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Outra coorte com acompanhamento mediano de 2,5 anos observou que n&#237;veis mais altos de adiponectina est&#227;o associados a &#243;bito cardiovascular futuro ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal em pacientes com APE (n = 1130), mas n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com SCA (n = 760).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Os resultados apresentados aqui, demonstrando a associa&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina com a morte em pacientes com APE, confirmam esses achados. A falta de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para essa associa&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com SCA em nosso estudo, em partes, &#233; causada pelo n&#250;mero limitado de eventos cl&#237;nicos. Al&#233;m disso, diferen&#231;as fisiopatol&#243;gicas podem ter contribu&#237;do para a diferen&#231;a encontrada entre APE e SCA. Em pacientes com APE, a aterosclerose parece ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o de progress&#227;o lenta, e em pacientes com SCA, pode haver presen&#231;a de ruptura da placa coronariana, sendo que esta &#250;ltima &#233; acompanhada da produ&#231;&#227;o de fator tecido e outros fatores homeost&#225;ticos que aumentam o risco de trombose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Os n&#237;veis de adiponectina plasm&#225;tica est&#227;o inversamente relacionados aos marcadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Isso pode ter influenciado a associa&#231;&#227;o entre adiponectina e o desfecho cl&#237;nico desses pacientes.</p>
        <p>O tecido adiposo produz adipocitocinas pr&#243;- e anti-inflamat&#243;rias,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e a adiponectina t&#234;m demonstrado efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da adiponectina para estabilidade de placa coron&#225;ria <italic>in vivo</italic>. Apenas alguns estudos foram realizados sobre esse tema, todos os quais na Universidade de Kobe, Jap&#227;o. O tamanho das amostras desse estudo foi modesto. Em um estudo randomizado com 54 pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 e angina est&#225;vel, tratados com pioglitazona, descobriu-se a associa&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina e a redu&#231;&#227;o de componentes essenciais necr&#243;ticos, conforme avaliado por VH-IVUS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Um estudo de caso controle de 63 pacientes com SCA e 43 pacientes sem SCA demonstrou que a adiponectina s&#233;rica &#233; inversamente associada ao n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico avaliado por VH-IVUS em les&#245;es culpadas e n&#227;o-culpadas em pacientes com SCA, mas o mesmo n&#227;o &#233; verdade para aqueles com angina est&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> Em 50 homens com DAC est&#225;vel, a baixa adiponectina plasm&#225;tica estava relacionada &#224; presen&#231;a de FCF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> De maneira geral, esses estudos apontam para uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa de adiponectina com a vulnerabilidade da placa. Por outro lado, nosso estudo observou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a adiponectina e o FCF por VH-IVUS em pacientes com APE. Esse achado est&#225; de acordo com a associa&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina com a morte, assim como a associa&#231;&#227;o de FCF por VH-IVUS com desfecho adverso, o qual foi demonstrado anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No entanto, o mecanismo exato por tr&#225;s da associa&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a adiponectina e les&#245;es de FCF derivadas de VH-IVUS merece investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada. A discrep&#226;ncia entre o nosso estudo e os estudos japoneses pode ser resultado das diferen&#231;as entre as popula&#231;&#245;es de estudo e o tamanho amostral. Diferen&#231;as &#233;tnicas em n&#237;veis de adiponectina s&#227;o de particular interesse nesse contexto. O estudo Mediadores da Aterosclerose em Sul Asi&#225;ticos que Vivem na Am&#233;rica (<italic>Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America</italic> - MASALA) e o Estudo Multi&#233;tnico de Aterosclerose (<italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> - MESA) mostraram que os n&#237;veis de adiponectina s&#227;o mais baixos em pessoas de descend&#234;ncia sulasi&#225;tica ou chinesa em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros grupos &#233;tnicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se que polimorfismos no gene da adiponectina est&#227;o associados aos n&#237;veis de adiponectina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Alguns desses polimorfismos tamb&#233;m demonstraram associa&#231;&#245;es com resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e o surgimento de DAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Finalmente, embora tenhamos encontrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva de adiponectina com FCF por VH-IVUS, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar tal associa&#231;&#227;o com a fra&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico. Essa aparente discrep&#226;ncia pode ser explicada pelo fato de que essas medidas refletem aspectos um pouco diferentes da aterosclerose. O tamanho da fra&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico por si s&#243; pode n&#227;o ser capaz de capturar totalmente as propriedades das placas propensas &#224; ruptura; a defini&#231;&#227;o de FCF por VH-IVUS por sua vez incorpora propriedades de placa adicionais, tais como conflu&#234;ncia do n&#250;cleo necr&#243;tico e contato direto do n&#250;cleo com o l&#250;men.</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo precisam ser reconhecidas. A resolu&#231;&#227;o especial da VH-IVUS (200 <italic>&#181;</italic>m) &#233; insuficiente para replicar com exatid&#227;o as defini&#231;&#245;es de uma capa fibrosa fina (&lt; 65 <italic>&#181;</italic>m).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Portanto, a VH-IVUS tende a superestimar o n&#250;mero de les&#245;es de FCF. No entanto, a presen&#231;a de les&#245;es de FCF detectadas por VH-IVUS cont&#233;m informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> e &#233;, portanto, relevante. Al&#233;m disso, a imagem por VH-IVUS foi realizada em um &#250;nico segmento alvo pr&#233;-especificado de uma &#250;nica art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria n&#227;o culpada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Essa abordagem foi escolhida porque estudos anteriores demonstraram que tais segmentos refletem maios carga de doen&#231;a coronariana e est&#227;o associados a eventos card&#237;acos subsequentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Finalmente, a adiponectina foi associada &#224; mortalidade, mas o n&#250;mero de mortes em nosso conjunto de dados foi pequeno.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Concluiu-se que, na coorte completa, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina forma associados &#224; morte, mas n&#227;o com medidas de aterosclerose de VH-IVUS. Entre os pacientes com APE, os n&#237;veis de adiponectina foram associados a les&#245;es FCF derivadas de VH-IVUS enquanto a associa&#231;&#227;o com o &#243;bito foi lim&#237;trofe em signific&#226;ncia. De maneira geral, um papel substancial para a adiponectina na vulnerabilidade da placa permanece e merece investiga&#231;&#227;o por outros grandes estudos.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo European Commission, Dutch Government e Netherlands Heart Foundation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Barbara C. A. Marino pela Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Erasmus MC sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo NCT01789411. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer ao seguintes cardiologistas intervencionistas e equipe t&#233;cnica por sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para este estudo: Eric Duckers, MD, PhD; Willem van der Giessen, MD, PhD; Peter P.T. de Jaegere, MD, PhD; Jurgen M.R. Ligthart; Nicolas M.D.A. van Mieghem, MD, PhD; Carl Schultz, MD, PhD; Karen T. Witberg and Felix Zijlstra, MD, PhD.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
