<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rL5WCdnyxCXxgC7MBbtxFkD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400223</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180122</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transcatheter Closure of a Traumatic VSD with an ASD Occluder</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Alexandre Pontes dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Leonor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar do T&#226;mega e Sousa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Penafiel</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar do T&#226;mega e Sousa, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Addres: Rui Alexandre Pontes dos Santos</bold> Avenida do Hospital Padre Am&#233;rico, 210, Guilhufe. 4564-007, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>rui.pontes.santos@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>223</fpage>
      <lpage>225</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Contusions</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemolysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Traumatic ventricular septal defects (VSD) are exceptionally rare. They can be a consequence of either blunt or penetrating trauma. It is believed that most patients die before reaching the hospital, which makes this condition even more challenging.</p>
      <p>Percutaneous closure of traumatic VSD has been presented as an alternative to open conventional surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Transcatheter intervention may have some benefits. The objective of this case report is to present a situation where the defect was closed using an Amplatzer septal occluder.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 23-year-old man was admitted in the emergency department after a frontal car collision. He had suffered severe blunt trauma, which included cervical subcutaneous emphysema, bilateral pulmonary contusion, left hemothorax, pneumomediastinum and complex fractures of both femurs. He was in hemorrhagic shock and was immediately taken to the operatory room. After external fixation of both femurs and reaching hemodynamic stability, he was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit. The following morning the presence of a loud holosystolic murmur was noted. The 12-lead electrocardiogram showed only sinus tachycardia. A transthoracic and later a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) were performed and both demonstrated a large muscular ventricular septal defect, located in the mid anteroseptal segment with signs of dissection through the basal septum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). It measured 19 mm on the left ventricular (LV) side and 7 mm on the right ventricular (RV) side. The peak left to right shunt gradient was estimated in 84 mmHg and the Qp/Qs ratio was estimated in 1.8/1.0. Cardiac catheterization showed limited hemodynamic repercussion (systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 35 mmHg and a Qp/Qs ratio of 1.9/1.0) and the patient remained clinically stable, so a conservative strategy was decided at that time to allow the edges to heal and create a more delimited defect.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic images of the VSD. Panel A: VSD located in the mid anteroseptal segment. Panel B: VSD measuring 19 mm on the LV side and 7 mm on the RV side. Panel C: continuous wave Doppler estimating peak gradient at 84 mmHg.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0223-80122-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>He was released after recovering from orthopedic surgery.</p>
        <p>Three months later the patient was reevaluated and remained asymptomatic. He repeated cardiac catheterization, which showed a Qp/Qs ratio of 2.95/1.0. Because the shunt increased significantly, it was decided to close the defect percutaneously.</p>
        <p>The procedure was done under general anesthesia and guided by transesophageal echocardiography. Cardiac catheterization was performed using the right femoral artery (6-Fr sheath) and vein (7-Fr sheath) and unfractionated heparin was administered. Angiogram of the LV confirmed a VSD with an oblique entry from the LV into the right ventricular outflow tract. The VSD was crossed using a retrograde arterial approach with a floppy guidewire, which was advanced into the pulmonary artery. The guidewire then snared and brought out the femoral venous sheath. This created an arteriovenous loop to allow the delivery of the closure device. A NuMed sizing balloon catheter was subsequently utilized to measure the defect, but it was not possible to maintain it steady. Therefore, the echocardiographic calculations were used to choose the device size. An 8-mm Amplatzer septal occluder was first selected and loaded into the sheath. The device was advanced across the VSD, but prolapsed back to the RV when it was being released. After this failed attempt, a slightly different approach was used. The VSD was crossed once more using the guidewire, this time in the opposite direction into the right subclavian artery. Once again, it was snared to make an arteriovenous loop, but on this occasion pulled out through the femoral arterial sheath. For this second attempt, it was decided to employ a 10-mm Amplatzer septal occluder. The device was advanced through the venous sheath and this time was successfully placed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). LV angiogram after the procedure revealed a mild residual shunt and the Qp/Qs ratio reduced to 1.53/1.0.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>10 mm ASD Occluder deployed in the VSD. Panel A: position of the device in the VSD. Panel B: LV angiogram showing mild residual shunt. Panel C and D: TEE displaying the residual shunt through the superior edge of the device.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0223-80122-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A transesophageal echocardiography was repeated a month after the procedure, which showed the device well adapted to the defect. Nevertheless, a residual shunt remained in the superior border of the device with a peak gradient estimated in 90 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Another complication of this procedure was the appearance of transient self-limited hemolysis. Initial blood analysis showed a LDH value &gt; 2000 UI/L and haptoglobin &lt; 6 mg/dL. The condition remained stable and resolved without the need of blood transfusions.</p>
        <p>The patient continued to be asymptomatic and has returned to his previous professional life.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>There are a few possible mechanisms that explain the development of traumatic VSDs. In this case, cardiac contusion after compression between the sternum and the spine or due to high intrathoracic pressures at impact seems to be the most probable explanation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>During his stay our patient was clinically improving, which led to our decision to delay the intervention. Furthermore, it is known that in VSDs fibrotic tissue facilitates the device placement in elective closures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, the progressively increasing shunt, led to the decision of closing it. He was initially considered for surgery, but given the risks associated this procedure, the alternative approach was pondered. Transcatheter closure can be a successful substitute with some advantages. It removes cardiopulmonary bypass, avoids arrhythmogenic scar formation related with ventriculotomy and reduces hospital stay and recovery time.</p>
      <p>Because these are rare cases with diverse features, it can be challenging to size accurately the defect. In this case, imprecise echocardiographic measurements and the difficulty in operating the sizing balloon catheter, led to the inappropriate choice of the first device.</p>
      <p>A possible complication of selecting this type of devices is the appearance of hemolysis. The probable mechanism is the passage of high-velocity turbulent blood flow through the device, which causes mechanical fragmentation of erythrocytes. Although there are reports of chronic hemolysis, it is usually self-resolving.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Like previous cases,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> we encountered the same complication. Our patient remained asymptomatic and the hemolysis resolved without the need of blood transfusions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>Transcatheter devices can be selected as the first choice for closing traumatic VSD. We demonstrate that ASD Occluder can be successfully implanted and that acceptable clinical effectiveness can be achieved.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fechamento Percut&#226;neo de CIV Traum&#225;tica com ASD Occluder</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Alexandre Pontes dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guedes</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Leonor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar do T&#226;mega e Sousa, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o, Porto &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rui Alexandre Pontes dos Santos</bold> Avenida do Hospital Padre Am&#233;rico, 210, Guilhufe. 4564-007, Penafiel &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>rui.pontes.santos@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interventricular / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Contus&#245;es Mioc&#225;rdicas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hem&#243;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interventricular / cirurgia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As comunica&#231;&#245;es interventriculares traum&#225;ticas (CIV) s&#227;o excepcionalmente raras. Podem ser consequ&#234;ncia de um trauma contuso ou penetrante. Acredita-se que a maioria dos pacientes morre antes de chegar ao hospital, o que torna esta condi&#231;&#227;o ainda mais desafiadora.</p>
        <p>A oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea da CIV traum&#225;tica tem sido apresentada como uma alternativa &#224; cirurgia convencional aberta.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea pode ter alguns benef&#237;cios. O objetivo deste relato de caso &#233; apresentar uma situa&#231;&#227;o em que a comunica&#231;&#227;o foi fechada usando um oclusor septal Amplatzer.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Relato de Caso</title>
          <p>Um homem de 23 anos foi admitido no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia ap&#243;s uma colis&#227;o frontal no carro. Sofreu traumatismo contuso grave, que inclu&#237;a enfisema subcut&#226;neo cervical, contus&#227;o pulmonar bilateral, hemot&#243;rax esquerdo, pneumomediastino e fraturas complexas de ambos os f&#234;mures. Estava em choque hemorr&#225;gico e foi levado imediatamente para o centro cir&#250;rgico. Ap&#243;s a fixa&#231;&#227;o externa de ambos os f&#234;mures e conseguida a estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, foi transferido para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Na manh&#227; seguinte, observou-se a presen&#231;a de um sopro holossist&#243;lico alto. O eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es mostrou apenas taquicardia sinusal. Foi realizado ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e posteriormente um transesof&#225;gico (ETE) e ambos demonstraram uma grande comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular muscular, localizada no segmento anteroseptal m&#233;dio com sinais de dissec&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do septo basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Media 19 mm no lado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e 7 mm no lado do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD). O pico de gradiente shunt de esquerda para direita foi estimado em 84 mmHg e a rela&#231;&#227;o Qp/Qs foi estimada em 1,8/1,0. O cateterismo card&#237;aco mostrou repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica limitada (press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar de 35 mmHg e rela&#231;&#227;o Qp/Qs de 1,9/1,0) e o paciente permaneceu clinicamente est&#225;vel, portanto uma estrat&#233;gia conservadora foi decidida naquele momento para permitir que as bordas se curassem e criar uma comunica&#231;&#227;o mais delimitada.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da CIV. Painel A: CIV localizada no segmento anteroseptal m&#233;dio. Painel B: CIV medindo 19 mm no lado do VE e 7 mm no lado do VD. Painel C: onda cont&#237;nua Doppler estimando gradiente de pico a 84 mmHg.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0223-80122-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Foi liberado depois de se recuperar da cirurgia ortop&#233;dica. Tr&#234;s meses depois, o paciente foi reavaliado e permaneceu assintom&#225;tico.</p>
          <p>Repetiu o cateterismo card&#237;aco, que mostrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o Qp/Qs de 2,95/1,0. Como o shunt aumentou significativamente, se decidiu fechar a comunica&#231;&#227;o percutaneamente.</p>
          <p>O procedimento foi feito sob anestesia geral e guiado por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. O cateterismo card&#237;aco foi realizado utilizando a art&#233;ria femoral direita (bainha de 6 fr) e a veia (bainha de 7 fr) e foi administrada heparina n&#227;o fraccionada. O angiograma do VE confirmou uma CIV com uma entrada obl&#237;qua desde o VE para a via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito. A CIV foi cruzada usando uma abordagem arterial retr&#243;grada com um fio-guia flex&#237;vel, que foi avan&#231;ado na art&#233;ria pulmonar. O fio-guia, ent&#227;o, enrolou e trouxe a bainha venosa femoral. Isso criou um ciclo arteriovenoso para permitir a coloca&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo de oclus&#227;o. Um cateter de bal&#227;o de dimensionamento NuMed foi posteriormente utilizado para medir a comunica&#231;&#227;o, mas n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel mant&#234;-lo est&#225;vel. Portanto, c&#225;lculos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram utilizados para escolher o tamanho do dispositivo. Um oclusor septal Amplatzer de 8 mm foi primeiro selecionado e carregado na bainha. O dispositivo foi avan&#231;ado atrav&#233;s da CIV, mas prolapsou de volta ao VD quando estava sendo soltado. Ap&#243;s essa tentativa fracassada, utilizou-se uma abordagem ligeiramente diferente. A CIV foi cruzada mais uma vez usando o fio-guia, desta vez na dire&#231;&#227;o oposta na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita. Mais uma vez, foi enrolado para fazer um ciclo arteriovenoso, mas, nesta ocasi&#227;o, puxou-se atrav&#233;s da bainha arterial femoral. Para esta segunda tentativa, foi decidido empregar um oclusor septal Amplatzer de 10 mm. O dispositivo foi avan&#231;ado atrav&#233;s da bainha venosa e nesta vez foi colocado com sucesso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>). O angiograma do VE ap&#243;s o procedimento revelou um shunt residual leve e a rela&#231;&#227;o Qp/Qs reduzida para 1,53/1,0.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Oclusor ASD de 10 mm implantado na CIV. Painel A: posi&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo na CIV. Painel B: angiograma do VE com shunt residual leve. Painel C e D: ETE exibindo o shunt residual atrav&#233;s da borda superior do dispositivo.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0223-80122-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico foi repetido um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o procedimento, o que mostrou o dispositivo bem adaptado &#224; comunica&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, um shunt residual permaneceu na borda superior do dispositivo com um gradiente de pico estimado em 90 mmHg (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>Outra complica&#231;&#227;o deste procedimento foi o aparecimento de hem&#243;lise autolimitada transit&#243;ria. A an&#225;lise sangu&#237;nea inicial mostrou um valor de LDH &gt; 2000 UI/L e haptoglobina &lt; 6 mg/dL. A condi&#231;&#227;o permaneceu est&#225;vel e resolvida sem a necessidade de transfus&#245;es de sangue.</p>
          <p>O paciente continuou sendo assintom&#225;tico e retornou &#224; sua vida profissional anterior.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Existem alguns poucos mecanismos poss&#237;veis que explicam o desenvolvimento de CIVs traum&#225;ticas. Neste caso, a contus&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s compress&#227;o entre o esterno e a coluna vertebral ou devido a altas press&#245;es intrator&#225;cicas no impacto parecem ser as explica&#231;&#245;es mais prov&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Durante a perman&#234;ncia nosso paciente estava melhorando clinicamente, o que levou a nossa decis&#227;o de atrasar a interven&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; sabido que nos DSVTs o tecido fibr&#243;tico facilita a coloca&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo em oclus&#245;es eletivas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No entanto, o shunt progressivamente crescente, levou &#224; decis&#227;o de fech&#225;-la. Foi inicialmente considerado para cirurgia, mas, considerando os riscos associados a este procedimento, a abordagem alternativa foi ponderada. A oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea pode ser um substituto bem-sucedido com algumas vantagens. Ela remove o bypass cardiopulmonar, evita a forma&#231;&#227;o de cicatrizes arritmog&#234;nicas relacionadas &#224; ventriculotomia e reduz a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e o tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Devido a que estes s&#227;o casos raros com caracter&#237;sticas diversas, pode ser um desafio dimensionar com precis&#227;o a comunica&#231;&#227;o. Neste caso, medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas imprecisas e a dificuldade em operar o cateter bal&#227;o de dimensionamento, levaram &#224; escolha inapropriada do primeiro dispositivo.</p>
        <p>Uma poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o de selecionar este tipo de dispositivos &#233; o aparecimento da hem&#243;lise. O mecanismo prov&#225;vel &#233; a passagem do fluxo sangu&#237;neo turbulento de alta velocidade atrav&#233;s do dispositivo, o que causa a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos eritr&#243;citos. Embora existam relatos de hem&#243;lise cr&#244;nica, geralmente &#233; de auto-resolu&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Como nos casos anteriores,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> encontramos a mesma complica&#231;&#227;o. Nosso paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico e a hem&#243;lise resolvida sem a necessidade de transfus&#245;es de sangue.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os dispositivos percut&#226;neos podem ser selecionados como a primeira escolha para fechar uma CIV traum&#225;tica. Demonstramos que o ASD Occluder pode ser implantado com sucesso e que a efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica aceit&#225;vel pode ser alcan&#231;ada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
