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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xZSZjn89GYDrdWMBcRtdmSt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400215</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180157</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Correlation</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 4 &#8211; A 59-Year-Old Woman with Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease (Severe Stenosis and Regurgitation), Severe Dyspnea, Shock and Pulmonary Condensation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Section editor:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Associate Editors:</bold> Desiderio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>), Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>215</fpage>
      <lpage>222</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Murmurs</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A 59-year-old female patient with double mitral lesion was hospitalized with fever, cough and worsening dyspnea with shock.</p>
    <p>At 58 years old, the patient reported onset of dyspnea in medium exertions for five months, associated with dry cough at night with dyspnea, which was relieved with orthostatism. Cardiac murmur was detected and the patient was referred to InCor, a heart specialist hospital, for treatment (17/Sept/2010).</p>
    <p>There was no reference to rheumatic outbreaks in the past, and the patient had arterial hypertension and hypothyroidism.</p>
    <p>Physical exam when the patient was first examined (17/Sep/2010) showed the patient weighed 73 Kg, was 1.55 m tall, body mass index was 30.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, cardiac frequency was 88 bpm, arterial blood pressure 140 x 90 mmHg; pulmonary auscultation resulted normal; cardiac auscultation revealed hypophonic 1<sup>st</sup> heart sound, hypophonic pulmonary component of 2<sup>nd</sup> heart sound and mitral holosystolic murmur ++++/6+; abdomen exam resulted normal; there was no edema in the lower limbs and pulse palpation was normal.</p>
    <p>The ECG (14/Sep/2010) showed sinus tachycardia, with 127 bpm frequency, PR interval 200 ms, dQRS 92 ms, S&#194;QRS + 150&#186; reverse, QTc 459 ms, overload of the left atrium and indirect signs of overload of the right atrium (Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi signal), low-voltage front plane and overload of the right ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG. Sinus tachycardia. Overloaded left atrium and indirect signs of overloaded right atrium (Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi signal) and overloaded right ventricle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Laboratorial exams (14/Sep/2010) showed red blood cells 5.0 million/mm<sup>3</sup>, hemoglobin 14.6 g/dL, hematocrit 45%, creatinine 1.08 mg/dL (FG = 55L/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), potassium 4.4 mEq/L and sodium 142 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (25/Aug/2010) revealed aortic diameter 25 mm, left atrium 52 mm, right ventricle 44 mm, left ventricle 34/21 mm, ejection fraction 70%, septum thickness and posterior wall 11 mm; there was no alteration in segment contraction of the left ventricle; right ventricle&#8217;s systolic function was normal; mitral valve presented thickened cusps with commissural fusion and reduced opening, compatible with a severely compromised rheumatic condition, and there was significant valve insufficiency. The maximum diastolic gradient between the left atrium and the ventricle was estimated at 30 mm Hg, and the medium, at 18 mm Hg; the aortic valve showed discrete signs of fibrocalcification without functional alterations; the tricuspid valve had severe insufficiency. Pulmonary artery systolic pressure was estimated at 140 mmHg.</p>
    <p>Losartan 100 mg, furosemide 40 mg, digoxin 0,25 mg and acetylsalicylic acid 100 mg daily were prescribed.</p>
    <p>Surgical treatment of the mitral valve was indicated.</p>
    <p>In December 2010 the patient sought emergency medical attention due to tachycardia and dyspnea.</p>
    <p>The ECG (16/Dec/2010) revealed nodal reentrant tachycardia, with 178 bpm frequency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). The patient underwent chemical cardioversion with intravenous amiodarone.</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG. Nodal reentrant tachycardia, retrograde P wave (negative II, III and aVF) after QRS with short PR interval (&lt; 70 ms)</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>At the outpatient ward (5/Apr/2011) the patient was asymptomatic, with controlled blood pressure (120/80 mmHg) and heart rate of 84 bpm, and the physical exam resulted normal, except for preexisting alterations in the cardiac auscultation. The patient used 200 mg of amiodarone, 40 mg of furosemide, 100 mg of losartan and 60 mg of diltiazem.</p>
    <p>The patient continued waiting to be operated and on 16/Sep/2011 she sought emergency medical care, with dyspnea in small exertions and productive cough with purulent sputum, and no fever was reported.</p>
    <p>The physical exam showed a sleepy patient, with cold extremities and a heart rate of 98 bpm, blood pressure 93 x 58 mmHg. Pulmonary auscultation revealed crackling rales in the lower third of both hemithorax; cardiac auscultation revealed rhythmic heart sounds, mitral regurgitation systolic murmur +++/6+ and diastolic arrhythmia ++/6+; the abdomen had no abnormalities and there was edema ++/4+ in the lower limbs.</p>
    <p>The ECG (16/Sep/2011) showed sinus rhythm with 97 bpm frequency, PR 168 ms, dQRS 89 ms, S&#194;QRS + 150&#186; reverse, QTc 513 ms, biatrial overload, giant P wave positive at V1 and right ventricular overload (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG. Sinus rhythm; Both atria overloaded with giant P wave positive at V<sub>1</sub> and overloaded right ventricle.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The echocardiogram (17/Sep/2011) revealed hypokinesia of the right and left ventricles, the latter with 55% ejection fraction, from moderate to strong mitral insufficiency, maximal mitral transvalve gradient at 22 mm Hg and medium, at 13 mmHg. Pulmonary artery pressure was estimated at 81 mmHg; however, the patient had systemic arterial hypotension, 53 mmHg medium pressure.</p>
    <p>Antibiotics were prescribed (ceftriaxone and clarithromycin), which later were changed for the piperacillin/tazobactam and vancomycin association, in addition to vasoactive amines, oxygen mask, and then orotracheal intubation for respiratory support.</p>
    <p>Laboratorial exams (17/Sep/2011) showed: red blood cells 4.2 million/mm<sup>3</sup>, hemoglobin 12 g/dL, hematocrit 39%, VCM 93 fL, RDW-CV 17.9%, leukocytes 13840/mm<sup>3</sup> (90% neutrophils, 7% lymphocytes and 3% monocytes), platelets 161000/mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 63m/dL, creatinine 1.44 m/dL (FG = 40 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), magnesium 1.3 mEq/L, sodium 137 mEq/L, potassium 3.9 mEq/L, prothrombin time (INR) 1.7 and APTT rel 1.26.</p>
    <p>Thorax radiography (18/Sep/2011) revealed pulmonary congestion, opacification at the right base and increased cardiac area (presence of double contour and bulging unfolding of the mid aortic arch) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-ray. Pulmonary congestion, opacification at the right base, and cardiomegaly with double contour (enlargement of the left atrium), and abnormal enlargement or bulging at mid-arch of the aorta (enlargement of the right ventricle).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>The coronary angiography (20/Sep/2011) did not reveal coronary obstructions; and there was severe calcification of the mitral valve.</p>
    <p>Laboratorial exams (20/Sep/2011) revealed hemoglobin 11 g/dL, hematocrit 36%, VCM 92 fL, RDW-CV 17.8%, leukocytes 13440/mm<sup>3</sup> (90% neutrophils, 7% lymphocytes, 3% monocytes), platelets 142000/mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 74 mg/dL, creatinine 1.97 mg/dL (FG = 28 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), AST 34 U/L, ALT 34 U/L, calcium 4 mEq/L, magnesium 1.3 mEq/L, arterial lactate 155 m dL.</p>
    <p>Exams of 21/Sep/2011 showed hemoglobin 10.5 g/dL, hematocrit 37%, VCM 102 fL, RDW-CV 16.8%, leukocytes 17840 mm/mm<sup>3</sup> (93% neutrophils, 5% lymphocytes, 2% monocytes), platelets 148000/mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 104 mg/dL, creatinine 2.88 mg/dl (FG = 18 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), sodium 145 mEq/L, potassium 4.5 mEq/L, AST 1863 U/L, ALT 426 U/L, gammaGT 87 U/L, alkaline phosphatase 152 U/L, magnesium 1.9 mE L, total bilirubin 4.05 mg/dL, direct bilirubin 3.5 mg/dL, arterial lactate 173 mg/dL; arterial gasometry: pH 7, 16, pCO<sub>2</sub> 32.7 mm Hg, pO<sub>2</sub> 160 mm Hg, O<sub>2</sub> Saturation 99%, bicarbonate 11mEq/L, base excess (-) 16.2 mEq/L; TP (INR) 3.2; TTPA rel times 3.13.</p>
    <p>Thorax radiography (21/Sep/2011) showed hypotransparency in the right pulmonary base and an increase in the cardiac area (presence of double contour and abnormal enlargement or bulging at mid-arch of the aorta) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figure 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Chest X-ray. More penetrated than the previous one. Presence of endotracheal cannula. Pulmonary congestion, opacification at the right base and cardiomegaly with double contour (enlargement of the left atrium) and abnormal enlargement or bulging at mid-arch of the aorta (right ventricle enlargement).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>During hospitalization the patient developed hemodynamic instability, consumption coagulopathy, and presented cardiac arrest in pulseless electrical activity, with no response to resuscitation maneuvers, and she passed away (16h and 55min; 21/Sep/2011).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical aspects</title>
      <p>This is about a 59-year-old woman with double mitral lesions with pulmonary hypertension who, while awaiting surgery, had arterial hypotension, respiratory failure with hypotransparency in the right lung field. It evolved without improvement with vasoactive drugs, orotracheal intubation and antibiotic therapy, and she passed away in electrical activity without pulse.</p>
      <p>The etiology of this patient's valve disease should be attributed to rheumatic fever, although there is no description of an acute outbreak of that disease in the patient&#8217;s medical history. That is not unusual in a rheumatic disease scenario once using echocardiogram raises its frequency from 5 to 10 times when compared to a clinical diagnosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>That difference in frequency between clinical diagnosis and echocardiography may be due to the autoimmune response triggered by molecular mimicry,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> which may go ahead with predominance of humoral response mediated by Th2 lymphocytes, causing more symptoms and leading more easily to the use of secondary prophylaxis. Others show a predominance of cellular response, mediated by Th1 lymphocytes with milder forms of clinical manifestations, but those where cardiac involvement predominates. Thus, patients who would benefit the most from the use of that prophylaxis fail to do it and are subject to relapses that aggravate valve lesions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Those subtypes of CD4 + (Th1 and Th2) lymphocytes produce different cytokines, those of Th1-type produce interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma cytokines, and those of Th2 subtype secrete Interleukins 4, 5 and 10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The guidelines of the World Health Organization and the US National Institute of Health (NIH) have defined the diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease by the presence of cardiac murmur consistent with mitral or aortic insufficiency, and echocardiographic evidence of rheumatic valve damage, or history of acute rheumatic fever without echocardiogram done in the acute outbreak.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The predominant clinical onset of the heart rheumatic disease is dyspnea, which occurs between the third and fourth decade in life, mostly in women.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this case, clinical manifestations happened later, but like in the rheumatic disease, they presented alterations in the mitral valve, the valve most frequently affected in the disease. Mitral regurgitation usually occurs earlier than stenosis, attributed to persistent or recurrent valvulitis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite its earlier onset, mitral regurgitation generally has a longer asymptomatic period due to increased atrial compliance due to its progressive increase, maintenance of cardiac output by dilatation of the left ventricle, and decreased regurgitation fraction in exertions to decrease peripheral resistance in the exertion.</p>
      <p>Still on this case, the initial clinical scenario of de-compensation due to the presence of tachycardia, once a shorter diastole is more detrimental to mitral stenosis, suggests its predominance. Additionally, the first echocardiogram (2010) was more compatible with the predominance of mitral stenosis with major hemodynamic repercussion, once the dimensions of the left ventricle were normal and there was an increase in the left atrium and in the pulmonary systolic pressure, as well as dilation of the right ventricle.</p>
      <p>Echocardiographic criteria for severe stenosis were present, although the valve area was not calculated, which would be less than 1.0 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> or &lt; 1.5 cm<sup>2</sup>, there was fusion of the cusps, in addition to the pressure gradient between the left atrium and the upper ventricle at 10 mmHg, and pulmonary arterial hypertension above 50 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The indication for percutaneous and/or surgical treatment is based on the presence of symptoms or atrial fibrillation, or systemic embolism, in patients using anticoagulant and moderate or severe mitral stenosis, and in asymptomatic patients with pulmonary systolic pressure &#8805; 80 mmHg. Percutaneous valvuloplasty still requires the presence of favorable morphology - mobile thin cusps, free from calcification.</p>
      <p>In the second echocardiogram, one year after the accompaniment had started, the predominance of mitral insufficiency was not discarded because there was malfunction of the left ventricle.</p>
      <p>The right time of an indication for surgery in patients with severe mitral incompetence has always been controversial due to the symptoms&#8217; late onset. Surgical treatment is indicated for the onset of symptoms, of dilatation (systolic diameter &gt; 4.5 cm), or left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction &lt; 60%). The guidelines define severe mitral regurgitation based on several parameters: valve morphology - ring dilation &#8805; 3.5 cm; characteristics of the regurgitation jet - a rotating jet (multicolor) that reaches the posterior atrial wall, or lateral jet that fills at least 40% of the atrial surface; the <italic>vena contracta</italic> - width of the jet next to the valve &#8805; 0.7 cm; effective regurgitation orifice &#8805; 0.4 cm<sup>2</sup>; regurgitation volume &#8805; 60 mL; regurgitation fraction &#8805; 50%, ventricular filling pattern &#8211; ratio of the mitral valve&#8217;s velocity-time integral and the aortic valve above 1.3; wave velocity E &#8805; 150 cm/s; pulmonary artery systolic pressure &#8805; 50 mm Hg; indexed atrial volume 60 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; and left ventricle systolic diameter &gt; 4.5 cm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Thus, whichever was the predominance of valvular dysfunction, the patient already had indication for surgical treatment of the mitral valve because there was already severe hemodynamic repercussion and, as it usually happens in valvopathy with a rheumatic origin, there was a double lesion.</p>
      <p>Other ways in which the disease may appear are atrial arrhythmias, the most common being atrial fibrillation, embolic events, acute heart failure, or infective endocarditis.</p>
      <p>In this case there was de-compensation of heart failure due to nodal reentrant tachycardia, arrhythmia is usually not associated with mitral valvopathy. In mitral stenosis there is usually atrial fibrillation due to dilation and atrial fibrosis, in addition to an inflammatory process in the acute phase (Aschoff nodules).</p>
      <p>Atrial phenomena in mitral insufficiency are similar to those of stenosis as interstitial fribrosis and inflammation; however, there is no hypertrophy, myolysis and necrosis of atrial myocytes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As to the patient's final condition, there are three possible causes: infectious endocarditis, pulmonary infection or pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>For the diagnosis of endocarditis there would be only fever and de-compensation of heart failure, lacking worsened murmur and vegetation in the valves.</p>
      <p>In other words, the involvement of the endocardium in systemic infection has not been proven. Blood culture is not a diagnostic criterion. The clinical criteria of strong suspicion are: new valve injury (insufficiency), embolic events of unknown origin, sepsis of unknown origin, hematuria and fever in a patient who has a prosthesis, previous valvopathy and dental or endoscopic manipulation of the colons, new conduction disorders (atrioventricular blockage due to perivalvular abscess), first episode of cardiac de-compensation, positive blood cultures, skin complications (Osler spots, Janeway) or ophthalmic complications (Roth), peripheral abscesses (kidneys, spleen).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to their frequency, the most common complications - heart failure &gt; systemic embolization &gt; stroke &gt; intracardiac abscess.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
			</p>
      <p>However, endocarditis cannot be ruled out because in rheumatic valvular disease it can be difficult to diagnose the vegetation.</p>
      <p>Infection at any place can be responsible for the de-compensation of heart failure in patients with severe valvopathy. In this case, pneumonia was suspected due to the presence of suggestive image at the right base (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>) and leukocytosis, and antibiotic therapy was introduced; however, there was no change in the clinical situation compatible with the presence of pneumonia.</p>
      <p>As the last and most probable cause of the onset of the patient's final hemodynamic status there is pulmonary thromboembolism.</p>
      <p>The clinical situation is very non-specific and may be mixed up with acute coronary syndrome or pneumonia. Favoring it there is the image at the base of the right lung and dysfunction of the right ventricle.</p>
      <p>In the &#8220;International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER)&#8221; pulmonary thromboembolism is associated with the presence of heart failure (hazard ratio 2.4), right ventricle hypokinesia (2.0), systolic arterial hypotension &lt; 90 mmHg (2.9), age &gt; 70 years (1.6), cancer (2.3), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.8). In the same sense, pulmonary thromboembolism with right ventricle hypokinesia doubled the mortality within 3 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The exam deemed "gold standard" in the diagnosis of pulmonary thromboembolism is angiotomography, but failing that, or due to the patients&#8217; hemodynamic instability, the finding of dilation and right ventricle dysfunction on the echocardiogram can be diagnostic alternatives.</p>
      <p>And as to hepatic alterations &#8211; elevation of transaminases and disorders in coagulation (elevation of TAP-INR- and relation of APTT times) &#8211; they are compatible with ischemic hepatitis with extensive liver necrosis due to low cardiac output in patients with high ventricular diastolic pressures. Its onset takes on average one week after the episode of low hepatic flow leading to centrilobular necrosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypotheses:</bold> Rheumatic mitral valvopathy (double lesion), pulmonary thromboembolism, cardiogenic shock, multiple organ failure. (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Necropsy</title>
      <p>The exam of the heart showed increased weight (470 g) as well as moderate to significant increase in volume of both atria. The mitral valve showed a lesion characterized by fusion of commissures and marked calcification of the cusps, compatible with rheumatic disease sequelae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 6</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">7</xref>). The other valves suffered no significant morphological alterations. The left ventricle had its volume unchanged. There was hemothorax on the left (about 1000 ml). The lungs showed macroscopically thromboembolic vessels in hilar vessels, in addition to purplish-red areas with a firmer consistency in the lower lobes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 8</xref>). Histological exam showed recent pulmonary infarctions, organized thrombi in pulmonary arteries, and signs of chronic passive congestion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 9</xref>). The wall of the pulmonary veins had thickened, with intimal fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 10</xref>) and hypertrophy of the tunica media of the arteries and arterioles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 11</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Right atrium open showing the mitral valve with fusion of commissures and multiple foci of calcification.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Base of the heart from where the atria were removed. Observe that the aortic valve (Ao) is preserved and the tricuspid valve (Tr) shows insufficiency secondary to the ring dilatation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Surface of a lung cut with thrombus-plunger in hilar artery (arrow) and purplish-red areas at the base.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Lung photomicrograph showing histiocytes with hemosiderotic pigment in alveolar lumen (cells of the cardiac defect). Hematoxylin-eosin staining, lens with increase = 5X.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photomicrography of pulmonary venules with fibrotic lesions in the tunica intima (asterisk). Miller elastin staining, 20X macro lens</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figure 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Photomicrograph of a muscular pulmonary artery showing tunica media hypertrophy and proliferative lesion of the tunica intima, concentric (double arrows). Hematoxylin-eosin staining, 5X macro lens.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf11.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the other organs there were signs compatible with shock, such as, for instance, recent centrilobular hepatic necrosis, acute renal tubular necrosis, and small sub-endocardial infarcts on ventricular walls.</p>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses</bold>: rheumatic heart disease with mitral valve sequelae (calcified mitral stenosis); chronic passive pulmonary congestion with signs of passive pulmonary hypertension; hemothorax on the left without a defined causal factor.</p>
      <p><bold>Cause of death</bold>: Pulmonary thromboembolism (<bold>Prof. Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>The involvement of the mitral valve in this case is typical of rheumatic disease sequelae, and the heart showed signs of de-compensation, such as marked dilation of the atria. Signals of terminal shock were found in the various organs.</p>
      <p>The involvement of only the mitral valve is common in rheumatic disease, and it can be found in over 50% of the cases of chronic rheumatic diseases as double dysfunction (stenosis and insufficiency) or just insufficiency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
			</p>
      <p>No lesions were found in arterial or venous thoracic vessels able to explain hemothorax.</p>
      <p>The pulmonary situation included recent aspects, such as thromboembolism of hilar vessels and pulmonary infarcts, with other chronic ones, characterized by long-term chronic passive congestion. Passive congestion ends up by causing passive pulmonary hypertension, which starts in the venous territory. The case under discussion presented lesions in venules characteristic of this type of impairment. In the last classification of pulmonary hypertension, this group (of hypertension secondary to lesions of the left heart) is known as pulmonary hypertension group 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> In addition to the lesions in the cardiac valves on the left side, myocardial diseases can also evolve chronically with secondary pulmonary hypertensive involvement. Individuals thus affected can have a troubled evolution in the postoperative period of valve surgery, or that of a cardiac transplantation, when this is a therapeutic option. A recent study by our laboratory revealed that venous lesions of pulmonary hypertension group 2 are frequent and that the appearance of phosphodiesterase 5 in pulmonary vessels of those patients is greater than in the normal ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> (<bold>Prof. Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>)</p>
    </sec>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 4 - Mulher de 59 Anos com Dupla Les&#227;o Mitral de Grau Acentuado com Dispneia Intensa, Choque e Condensa&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold> Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, subsolo, bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, <email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email>ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desiderio Favarato (<email>dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>), Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email>anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Valva Mitral/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Sopros Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Paciente do sexo feminino com 59 anos de idade, portadora de dupla les&#227;o mitral, foi internada por febre, tosse e piora da dispneia com choque.</p>
      <p>Aos 58 anos a paciente referiu in&#237;cio de dispneia aos m&#233;dios esfor&#231;os por cinco meses, associada a tosse seca noturna com dispneia que se aliviavam com ortostatismo. Foi detectado sopro card&#237;aco e a paciente foi encaminhada ao InCor para tratamento (17/set/2010).</p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; refer&#234;ncia a surtos reum&#225;ticos no passado, era portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial e hipotireoidismo.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico no primeiro atendimento (17/set/2010) revelou peso de 73 kg, altura de 1,55 m, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea 30,6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 88 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 140 x 90 mmHg; a ausculta pulmonar foi normal; a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou hipofonese de 1&#170; bulha em foco mitral, hiperfonese do componente pulmonar da 2&#170; bulha e sopro holossist&#243;lico mitral ++++/6+; o exame do abdome foi normal; n&#227;o havia edema dos membros inferiores e a palpa&#231;&#227;o dos pulsos foi normal.</p>
      <p>O ECG (14/set/2010) revelou taquicardia sinusal, com frequ&#234;ncia de 127 bpm, intervalo PR 200 ms, dQRS 92 ms, S&#194;QRS + 150&#186; para tr&#225;s, QTc 459 ms, sobrecarga atrial esquerda e sinais indiretos de sobrecarga atrial direta (sinal de Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi), baixa voltagem plano frontal e sobrecarga ventricular direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG. Taquicardia sinusal. Sobrecarga atrial esquerda e sinais indiretos de sobrecarga atrial direita (sinal de Pe&#241;aloza-Tranchesi), e sobrecarga ventricular direita.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (14/set/2010) revelaram hem&#225;cias 5,0 milh&#245;es/mm<sup>3</sup>, hemoglobina 14,6 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 45%, creatinina 1,08 mg/dL (FG = 55 L/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>), pot&#225;ssio 4,4 mEq/L e s&#243;dio 142 mEq/L.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (25/ago/2010) revelou di&#226;metro da aorta 25 mm, &#225;trio esquerdo 52 mm, ventr&#237;culo direito 44 mm, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 34/21 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 70%, espessura do septo e parede posterior 11 mm; n&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#227;o de contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito era normal; a valva mitral apresentava espessamento das c&#250;spides, com fus&#227;o comissural e redu&#231;&#227;o de abertura, compat&#237;vel com comprometimento reum&#225;tico acentuado, e havia insufici&#234;ncia valvar acentuada. O gradiente diast&#243;lico m&#225;ximo entre &#225;trio esquerdo e ventr&#237;culo foi estimado em 30 mmHg, o m&#233;dio em 18 mmHg; a valva a&#243;rtica apresentava discretos sinais de fibrocalcifica&#231;&#227;o sem altera&#231;&#245;es de funcionamento; a valva tric&#250;spide apresentava insufici&#234;ncia acentuada. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada em 140 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Foram prescritos losartana 100 mg, furosemida 40 mg, digoxina 0,25 mg e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico 100 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Foi indicado tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva mitral.</p>
      <p>Em dezembro de 2010 a paciente procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia por palpita&#231;&#245;es taquic&#225;rdicas e dispneia.</p>
      <p>O ECG (16/dez/2010) revelou taquicardia por reentrada nodal, com frequ&#234;ncia de 178 bpm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figura 2</xref>). A paciente foi submetida &#224; cardiovers&#227;o qu&#237;mica com uso de amiodarona intravenosa.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG. Taquicardia de reentrada nodal, onda P retr&#243;gada (negativa II, III e aVF) ap&#243;s QRS com intervalo RP curto (&lt; 70 ms)</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em consulta ambulatorial (5/abr/2011) a paciente estava assintom&#225;tica, com a press&#227;o controlada (120/80 mmHg) e com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 84 bpm e exame f&#237;sico normal, exceto pelas altera&#231;&#245;es da ausculta card&#237;aca pr&#233;-existentes. Fazia uso de 200 mg de amiodarona, 40 mg de furosemida, 100 mg de losartana e 60 mg de diltiazem.</p>
      <p>A paciente continuou aguardando interna&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia at&#233; que em 16/set/2011 procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia por dispneia aos pequenos esfor&#231;os e tosse produtiva com esputo purulento, n&#227;o referindo febre.</p>
      <p>O exame f&#237;sico de entrada revelou a paciente sonolenta, com extremidades frias e com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 98 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 93 x 58 mmHg. A ausculta pulmonar revelou estertores crepitantes no ter&#231;o inferior de ambos hemit&#243;rax; a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas r&#237;tmicas, sopro sist&#243;lico regurgitativo mitral +++/6+ e ruflar diast&#243;lico ++/6+; o abdome n&#227;o apresentava anormalidades e havia edema ++/4+ nos membros inferiores.</p>
      <p>O ECG (16/set/2011) revelou ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia de 97 bpm, PR 168 ms, dQRS 89 ms, S&#194;QRS + 150&#186; para tr&#225;s, QTc 513 ms, sobrecarga biatrial, com onda P gigante e positiva em V<sub>1</sub> e sobrecarga ventricular direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f14">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ECG. Ritmo sinusal;Sobrecarga biatrial com onda P gigante e positiva em V<sub>1</sub> e sobrecarga ventricular direita.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma (17/set/ 2011) revelou hipocinesia do ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo, este com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 55%, insufici&#234;ncia mitral de grau moderado a acentuado, gradiente transvalvar mitral m&#225;ximo de 22 mmHg e m&#233;dio 13 mmHg. A press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi estimada em 81 mmHg; contudo a paciente estava com hipotens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, press&#227;o m&#233;dia de 53 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Foram prescritos antibi&#243;ticos (ceftriaxona e claritomicina), depois trocados pela associa&#231;&#227;o piperacilina/tazobactam e vancomina, al&#233;m de aminas vasoativas, oxig&#234;nio por m&#225;scara, e depois intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal para suporte respirat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (17/set/2011) revelaram &#8211; hem&#225;cias 4,2 milh&#245;es/mm<sup>3</sup>, hemoglobina 12 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 39%, VCM 93 fL, RDW-CV 17,9%, leuc&#243;citos 13840/mm<sup>3</sup> (90% neutr&#243;filos, 7% linf&#243;citos e 3% mon&#243;citos), plaquetas 161000/mm<sup>3</sup>, ureia 63 mg/dL, creatinina 1,44 mg/dL (FG = 40 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>), magn&#233;sio 1,3 mEq/L, s&#243;dio 137 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 3,9 mEq/L, tempo de protrombina (INR) 1,7 e TTPA rel 1,26.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (18/set/2011) revelou congest&#227;o pulmonar, opacifica&#231;&#227;o na base direita e aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca (presen&#231;a de duplo contorno e abaulamento e desdobramento do arco m&#233;dio) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>A cinecoronariografia (20/set/2011) n&#227;o revelou obstru&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias; e havia acentuada calcifica&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f15">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia do t&#243;rax. Congest&#227;o pulmonar, opacifica&#231;&#227;o na base direita, e cardiomegalia com presen&#231;a de duplo contorno (aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo), e abaulamento e desdobramento do arco m&#233;dio (aumento do ventr&#237;culo direito).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Os exames laboratoriais (20/set/2011) revelaram hemoglobina 11 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 36%, VCM 92 fL, RDW-CV 17,8%, leuc&#243;citos 13440/mm<sup>3</sup> (90% neutr&#243;filos, 7% linf&#243;citos, 3% mon&#243;citos), plaquetas 142000/mm<sup>3</sup>, ureia 74 mg/dL, creatinina 1,97 mg/dL (FG = 28 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>), AST 34 U/L, ALT 34 U/L, c&#225;lcio 4 mEq/L, magn&#233;sio 1,3 mEq/L, lactato arterial 155 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Os exames de 21/set/2011 mostraram hemoglobina 10,5 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 37%, VCM 102 fL, RDW-CV 16,8%, leuc&#243;citos 17840 mm/mm<sup>3</sup> (93% neutr&#243;filos, 5% linf&#243;citos, 2% mon&#243;citos), plaquetas 148000/mm<sup>3</sup>, ureia 104 mg/dL, creatinina 2,88 mg/dl (FG = 18 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>), s&#243;dio 145 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,5 mEq/L, AST 1863 U/L, ALT 426 U/L, gamaGT 87 U/L, fosfatase alcalina 152 U/L, magn&#233;sio 1,9 mEq/L, bilirrubinas total 4,05 mg/dL, bilirrubina direta 3,5 mg/dL, lactato arterial 173 mg/dL; gasimetria arterial: pH 7, 16, pCO<sup>2</sup> 32,7 mmHg, pO<sup>2</sup> 160 mmHg, Satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sup>2</sup> 99%, bicarbonato 11mEq/L, excesso da base (-) 16,2 mEq/L; TP (INR) 3,2; TTPA rel tempos 3,13.</p>
      <p>A radiografia de t&#243;rax (21/set/2011) mostrava hipotranspar&#234;ncia na base direita pulmonar e aumento da &#225;rea card&#237;aca (presen&#231;a de duplo contorno e abalamento e desdobramento do arco m&#233;dio) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f16">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Radiografia do t&#243;rax. Mais penetrado que o anterior. Presen&#231;a de c&#226;nula endotraqueal. Congest&#227;o pulmonar, opacifica&#231;&#227;o na base direita e cardiomegalia com presen&#231;a de duplo contorno (aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo) e abaulamento e desdobramento do arco m&#233;dio (aumento do ventr&#237;culo direito).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o a paciente evoluiu com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, coagulopatia de consumo, e apresentou parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, sem respostas &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e faleceu (16h e 55 min; 21/set/2011).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de mulher de 59 anos portadora de dupla les&#227;o mitral com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar que, enquanto aguardava cirurgia, apresentou quadro de hipotens&#227;o arterial, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria com hipotranspar&#234;ncia no campo pulmonar direito. Evoluiu sem melhora com o uso de drogas vasoativas, intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal e antibioticoterapia, e faleceu em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso.</p>
        <p>A etiologia da doen&#231;a valvar da paciente deve ser atribu&#237;da &#224; febre reum&#225;tica, apesar de n&#227;o haver descri&#231;&#227;o de surto agudo dessa doen&#231;a. Este &#233; um fato n&#227;o infrequente na doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, pois o uso do ecocardiograma eleva sua frequ&#234;ncia de 5 a 10 vezes quando comparado ao diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Esta diferen&#231;a de frequ&#234;ncia entre o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e pelo ecocardiograma pode dever-se &#224; resposta autoimune desencadeada pelo mimetismo molecular,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> a qual pode seguir com predom&#237;nio de resposta humoral mediada pelos linf&#243;citos Th2, ocasionando mais sintomas e levando mais facilmente ao uso da profilaxia secund&#225;ria. Outros apresentam predom&#237;nio da resposta celular, mediada pelos linf&#243;citos Th1 com formas mais leves de manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, mas aquelas onde o acometimento card&#237;aco predomina. Assim, os pacientes que mais se beneficiariam com o uso da profilaxia n&#227;o o fazem, e ficam sujeitos a recidivas que agravam as les&#245;es valvares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Esses subtipos de linf&#243;citos CD4<sup>+</sup> (Th1 e Th2) produzem citocinas diferentes, os do tipo Th1 produzem as citocinas interleucina-2 e interferon-gama, e os do subtipo Th2 secretam Interleucinas 4, 5 e 10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>As diretrizes da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de e do Instituto Nacional de Sa&#250;de dos Estados Unidos (NIH) definiram diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o pela presen&#231;a de sopro card&#237;aco consistente com insufici&#234;ncia mitral ou a&#243;rtica, e evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica de dano valvar reum&#225;tico, ou hist&#243;ria de febre reum&#225;tica aguda sem ecocardiograma realizado no surto agudo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica predominante da doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; a dispneia, que ocorre entre a terceira e a quinta d&#233;cada de vida, sendo mais prevalente em mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No caso atual, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram mais tardias, mas em comum com a doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es na valva mitral, a mais frequente valva acometida na doen&#231;a. Geralmente a insufici&#234;ncia mitral &#233; mais precoce do que a estenose, atribu&#237;da esta &#250;ltima &#224; valvulite persistente ou recorrente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar da instala&#231;&#227;o mais precoce, a insufici&#234;ncia mitral geralmente tem um per&#237;odo assintom&#225;tico mais longo devido ao aumento da complac&#234;ncia atrial pelo seu aumento progressivo, a manuten&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco pela dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o nos esfor&#231;os pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica no esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>Ainda no caso em discuss&#227;o, o quadro cl&#237;nico inicial de descompensa&#231;&#227;o pela presen&#231;a de taquicardia, uma vez que o encurtamento da di&#225;stole &#233; mais prejudicial &#224; estenose mitral, sugere seu predom&#237;nio. E ainda, o primeiro ecocardiograma (2010) era mais compat&#237;vel com o predom&#237;nio da estenose mitral com grande repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica, pois as dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo eram normais, e havia aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo e eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar, bem como dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da estenose acentuada estavam presentes, apesar de n&#227;o ter havido c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea valvar, que seria menor que 1,0 cm<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup> ou &lt; 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup>, havia fus&#227;o das c&#250;spides, al&#233;m do gradiente de press&#227;o entre &#225;trio esquerdo e ventr&#237;culo superior a 10 mmHg, e hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar acima de 50 mmHg.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento percut&#226;neo e/ou cir&#250;rgico &#233; baseada na presen&#231;a de sintomas ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ou embolia sist&#234;mica, em paciente em uso de anticoagulante e estenose mitral moderada ou acentuada, e em assintom&#225;ticos com press&#227;o sist&#243;lica pulmonar &#8805; 80 mmHg. A valvoplastia percut&#226;nea necessita ainda da presen&#231;a de morfologia favor&#225;vel &#8211; c&#250;spides m&#243;veis, finas e livres de calcifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>J&#225; no segundo ecocardiograma, um ano ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do acompanhamento, n&#227;o se descartou predom&#237;nio da insufici&#234;ncia mitral, pois havia disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>O tempo de indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada sempre foi controverso devido ao tardio aparecimento de sintomas. Est&#225; indicado o tratamento cir&#250;rgico no aparecimento dos sintomas, da dilata&#231;&#227;o (di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &gt; 4,5 cm), ou da disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 60%). As diretrizes definem insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada com base em v&#225;rios par&#226;metros: morfologia valvar &#8211; dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel &#8805; 3,5 cm; caracter&#237;sticas do jato regurgitante &#8211; jato rotativo (multicolorido) que chega &#224; parede atrial posterior, ou jato lateral que preenche pelo menos 40% da superf&#237;cie atrial; a <italic>vena contracta</italic> &#8211; largura do jato junto &#224; valva &#8805; 0,7 cm; o orif&#237;cio de regurgita&#231;&#227;o efetivo &#8805; 0,4 cm<sup>2</sup>; volume regurgitante &#8805; 60 mL; fra&#231;&#227;o de regurgita&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50%, padr&#227;o de enchimento ventricular &#8211; rela&#231;&#227;o da integral da velocidade-tempo da valva mitral pela valva a&#243;rtica acima de 1,3; velocidade da onda E &#8805; 150 cm/s; press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#8805; 50 mm Hg; volume atrial indexado 60 mL/m<sup>2</sup>; e di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &gt;4,5 cm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Assim, qualquer que fosse o predom&#237;nio da disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, a paciente j&#225; tinha indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva mitral, pois apresentava repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica acentuada e, como &#233; comum na valvopatia de origem reum&#225;tica, apresentava dupla les&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Outras formas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o as arritmias atriais, as mais comuns sendo fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, eventos emb&#243;licos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, ou endocardite infecciosa.</p>
        <p>No caso atual houve descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por taquicardia de reentrada nodal, arritmia esta habitualmente n&#227;o associada &#224; valvopatia mitral. Na estenose mitral temos habitualmente o aparecimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial por dilata&#231;&#227;o e fibrose atrial, al&#233;m do processo inflamat&#243;rio na fase aguda (n&#243;dulos de Aschoff).</p>
        <p>Os fen&#244;menos atriais na insufici&#234;ncia mitral s&#227;o semelhantes aos da estenose como fibrose intersticial e inflama&#231;&#227;o, contudo n&#227;o h&#225; hipertrofia, mi&#243;lise e necrose de mi&#243;citos atriais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Quanto ao quadro final da paciente h&#225; tr&#234;s causas poss&#237;veis &#8211; endocardite infeciosa, infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ou tromboembolismo pulmonar.</p>
        <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico de endocardite somente ter&#237;amos a febre e a descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, faltando caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de piora do sopro e vegeta&#231;&#245;es nas valvas.</p>
        <p>Isto &#233;, o envolvimento do endoc&#225;rdio em infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica n&#227;o foi comprovado. A hemocultura n&#227;o &#233; crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico. Os crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos de alta suspeita s&#227;o: nova les&#227;o valvar (insufici&#234;ncia), eventos emb&#243;licos de origem desconhecida, sepse de origem desconhecida, hemat&#250;ria e febre em portador de pr&#243;tese, valvopatia pr&#233;via e manipula&#231;&#227;o dent&#225;ria ou endosc&#243;pica dos c&#243;lons, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o novos (bloqueio atrioventricular por abscesso perivalvar), primeiro epis&#243;dio de descompensa&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, hemoculturas positivas, complica&#231;&#245;es de pele (manchas de Osler, Janeway) ou oft&#225;lmicas (Roth), abscessos perif&#233;ricos (rins, ba&#231;o).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em ordem de frequ&#234;ncia, as complica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns &#8211; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt; emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica &gt; acidente vascular cerebral &gt; abscesso intracard&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Contudo, n&#227;o se pode afastar endocardite, pois em valvopatia reum&#225;tica pode ser dif&#237;cil o diagn&#243;stico das vegeta&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o de qualquer lugar pode ser respons&#225;vel pela descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em portadores de valvopatia de grau acentuado. No caso atual, houve suspeita de pneumonia pela presen&#231;a de imagem sugestiva na base direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figura 4</xref>) e leucocitose, e foi introduzida antibioticoterapia, contudo n&#227;o houve qualquer altera&#231;&#227;o no quadro cl&#237;nico que fosse compat&#237;vel com a presen&#231;a de pneumonia.</p>
        <p>Como &#250;ltima e mais prov&#225;vel causa do desencadeamento do quadro hemodin&#226;mico final da paciente temos o tromboembolismo pulmonar. </p>
        <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico &#233; muito inespec&#237;fico e pode ser confundido com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda ou pneumonia. A seu favor temos a imagem na base do pulm&#227;o direito e a disfun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
        <p>No &#8220;International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry (ICOPER)&#8221; o tromboembolismo pulmonar esteve associado &#224; presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (hazard ratio 2,4), hipocinesia do ventr&#237;culo direito (2,0), hipotens&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt; 90 mm Hg (2,9), idade &gt; 70 anos(1,6), c&#226;ncer (2,3), doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (1,8). Neste mesmo registro, tromboembolismo pulmonar com hipocinesia do ventr&#237;culo direito dobrou a mortalidade em 3 meses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O exame considerado &#8220;padr&#227;o ouro&#8221; no diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo pulmonar &#233; a angiotomografia, mas na sua falta, ou por instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica do paciente, a constata&#231;&#227;o de dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito no ecocardiograma podem ser alternativas diagn&#243;sticas.</p>
        <p>E em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es hep&#225;ticas &#8211; eleva&#231;&#227;o de transaminases e dist&#250;rbios da coagula&#231;&#227;o (eleva&#231;&#227;o de TAP-INR- e rela&#231;&#227;o dos tempos de TTPA) - s&#227;o compat&#237;veis com um quadro de hepatite isqu&#234;mica com necrose extensa do f&#237;gado devido ao baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em pacientes com press&#245;es diast&#243;licas ventriculares elevadas. A sua temporalidade de aparecimento &#233; em m&#233;dia uma semana ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio de baixo fluxo hep&#225;tico levando &#224; necrose centrolobular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato)</bold></p>
        <p><bold>Hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas</bold>: Valvopatia mitral reum&#225;tica (dupla les&#227;o), tromboembolismo pulmonar, choque cardiog&#234;nico, fal&#234;ncia m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os. (<bold>Dr. Desiderio Favarato)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Necropsia</title>
        <p>O exame do cora&#231;&#227;o mostrou peso aumentado (470 g), bem como de moderado a acentuado aumento de volume de ambos os &#225;trios. A valva mitral exibia les&#227;o caracterizada por fus&#227;o de comissuras e acentuada calcifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#250;spides, compat&#237;vel com seq&#252;ela de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figuras 6</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">7</xref>). As demais valvas n&#227;o mostravam altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas significativas. O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mostrava volume preservado. Havia hemot&#243;rax &#224; esquerda (cerca e 1000 ml). Os pulm&#245;es mostravam macroscopicamente trombo&#234;mbolos em vasos hilares, al&#233;m de &#225;reas vinhosas e de consist&#234;ncia mais firme nos lobos inferiores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figura 8</xref>). O exame histol&#243;gico mostrou infartos pulmonares recentes, trombos em organiza&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias pulmonares musculares, e sinais de congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figura 9</xref>). Havia tamb&#233;m espessamento da parede das veias pulmonares, com fibrose intimal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figura 10</xref>) e hipertrofia da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia das art&#233;rias e arter&#237;olas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figura 11</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f17">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#193;trio direito aberto mostrando a valva mitral com fus&#227;o das comissuras e m&#250;ltiplos focos de calcifica&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f18">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Base do cora&#231;&#227;o, de onde foram retirados os &#225;trios. Nota-se que a valva a&#243;rtica (Ao) se encontra preservada, e a valva tric&#250;spide (Tr) mostra insufici&#234;ncia secund&#225;ria &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do anel.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf07-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f19">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Superf&#237;cie de corte de pulm&#227;o com trombo-&#234;mbolo em art&#233;ria hilar (seta) e &#225;reas vinhosas na base.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf08-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f20">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografia de pulm&#227;o exibindo histi&#243;citos com pigmento hemossider&#243;tico em luzes alveolares (c&#233;lulas do v&#237;cio card&#237;aco). Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina&#8209;eosina, aumento da objetiva = 5X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf09-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f21">
            <label>Figura 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografia de v&#234;nulas pulmonares com les&#245;es fibr&#243;ticas da t&#250;nica &#237;ntima (asterisco). Colora&#231;&#227;o pela elastina de Miller, aumento da objetiva = 20X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf10-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f22">
            <label>Figura 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fotomicrografia de uma art&#233;ria pulmonar muscular, mostrando hipertrofia da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia e les&#227;o proliferativa da t&#250;nica &#237;ntima, conc&#234;ntrica (setas duplas). Colora&#231;&#227;o pela hematoxilina-eosina, aumento da objetiva = 5X.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0215-80157-gf11-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nos outros &#243;rg&#227;os encontramos sinais compat&#237;veis com choque, como, por exemplo, necrose hep&#225;tica centrolobular recente, necrose tubular aguda renal, e pequenos infartos sub-endoc&#225;rdicos em paredes ventriculares.</p>
        <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</bold>: cardiopatia reum&#225;tica com sequela valvar mitral (estenose mitral calcificada); congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica pulmonar com sinais de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar passiva; hemot&#243;rax &#224; esquerda sem fator causal definido.</p>
        <p><bold>Causa de &#243;bito</bold>: Tromboembolismo pulmonar <bold>(Profa. Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>O comprometimento da valva mitral neste caso &#233; t&#237;pico de seq&#252;ela de doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, e o cora&#231;&#227;o mostrava sinais de descompensa&#231;&#227;o, como dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada dos &#225;trios. Nos diversos &#243;rg&#227;os foram encontrados sinais do choque terminal.</p>
        <p>O comprometimento valvar mitral isolado &#233; comum na doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, estando presente em mais de 50% dos casos de doen&#231;as reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica, sob a forma de dupla disfun&#231;&#227;o (estenose e insufici&#234;ncia) ou de insufici&#234;ncia pura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
				</p>
        <p>N&#227;o encontramos les&#245;es em vasos tor&#225;cicos arteriais ou venosos que pudessem explicar o quadro de hemot&#243;rax.</p>
        <p>O quadro pulmonar juntava aspectos recentes, como tromboembolismo de vasos hilares e infartos pulmonares, com outros cr&#244;nicos, caracterizados por congest&#227;o passiva cr&#244;nica de longa evolu&#231;&#227;o. A congest&#227;o passiva acaba por ocasionar hipertens&#227;o pulmonar passiva, que se origina no territ&#243;rio venoso. O caso em discuss&#227;o exibia les&#245;es em v&#234;nulas que s&#227;o caracter&#237;sticas deste tipo de comprometimento. Na &#250;ltima classifica&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, este grupo (de hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria a les&#245;es do cora&#231;&#227;o esquerdo) &#233; conhecido como hipertens&#227;o pulmonar do grupo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Al&#233;m das les&#245;es de valvas card&#237;acas da esquerda, tamb&#233;m as doen&#231;as mioc&#225;rdicas podem evoluir cronicamente com comprometimento pulmonar hipertensivo secund&#225;rio. Os indiv&#237;duos acometidos podem ter evolu&#231;&#227;o conturbada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio da cirurgia valvar, ou ent&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco, quando este &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. Estudo recente do nosso laborat&#243;rio revelou que as les&#245;es venosas da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar do grupo 2 s&#227;o frequentes, e que a express&#227;o de fosfodiesterase 5 nos vasos pulmonares desses pacientes &#233; maior do que nos normais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><bold>(Profa. Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
