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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hDXVYJRdC44FckWhtCbMkdm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400213</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180145</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Downstream Change of the Primary Endpoint in the ISCHEMIA Trial: the Elephant in the Room</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Anis</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>BA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Goi&#226;nia</city>
          <state>GO</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Anis Rassi, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. Postal Code 40150-080, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Correia LCL, Rassi Junior A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>213</fpage>
      <lpage>214</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Catheterization</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Treatment Outcom</kwd>
        <kwd>Evaluation Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The ongoing ISCHEMIA trial (International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches, NCT01471522),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> aims to overcome the limitations of previous trials to identify the best management strategy for patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the most common form of coronary revascularization, and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have been used successfully to improve angina symptoms and quality of life in patients with severe coronary obstructions.</p>
    <p>The findings of recent trials such as COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation), BARI 2D (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes), and FAME 2 (Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) fail to show any difference in mortality or myocardial infarction (MI) between patients with SIHD who were treated invasively compared with those who were treated with optimal medical therapy (OMT). However, these trials had a substantial proportion of patients with no significant myocardial ischemia, potentially underestimating the beneficial effect of revascularization. Therefore, the ISCHEMIA trial was set to resolve this issue by including only patients with moderate-to-severe ischemia inducible at stress imaging.</p>
    <p>The primary aim of the ISCHEMIA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> trial is to test the hypothesis that the use of a routine invasive strategy with cardiac catheterization followed by revascularization (PCI or CABG) plus OMT is superior to a conservative strategy of OMT, with cardiac catheterization and revascularization reserved for those who fail OMT. ISCHEMIA is a major study funded by the National Institutes of Health and is the largest clinical trial comparing alternative treatment strategies in patients with SIHD. With an average follow-up period estimated to be about 3.5 years (minimum of 12 months), the trial was designed to provide at least 83% power (with a two-sided alpha = 0.05) to detect an 18% relative reduction in the composite primary endpoint (from 20% to 16.4%) in the invasive strategy compared with the conservative strategy. Enrollment began in mid-2012 and ended recently (January 31, 2018) with 5,179 participants randomized in 328 sites in 37 countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Modification of the Trial Protocol</title>
      <p>Recently we learned that the protocol of the ISCHEMIA trial published on ClinicalTrials.gov had a major modification in January 2018, only 11 months before the estimated completion of this 7-year trial. The primary endpoint was changed from the composite of cardiovascular death or nonfatal MI (2012 version) to a 5-component endpoint that also includes resuscitated cardiac arrest, hospitalization for unstable angina and hospitalization for heart failure (January 2018 version).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Then, in February 2018, the full version of the 2012 ISCHEMIA protocol was published on ClinicalTrials.gov. This version of the protocol stated that if the incidence of the primary endpoint pooled across randomized groups is lower than expected, an independent advisory panel can decide to extend the follow-up period or change the primary endpoint.</p>
      <p>Strict adherence to study protocol is a cornerstone of the trial methodology. Extending follow-up improves precision towards the true effect and conserves the primary hypothesis of the trial. By contrast, the current wisdom in randomized clinical trials is that once the primary endpoint is selected, the trial should proceed with no further changes. Although trialists recognize that there may be appropriate reasons for modifying endpoints after the trial has started,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> evidence suggests that such changes often appear to favor the intervention group,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> raising the risk that failure to adhere to predetermined endpoints can inflate type I errors.</p>
      <p>A change in primary endpoint is considered appropriate and unbiased when the decision is based on external information, independent of the trial data, such as the results of other studies. On the other hand, modification based on data from the trial itself will have a detrimental effect on the validity of the trial&#8217;s findings. A decision based on the pool incidence of events permits reasonable prediction of the main result and induces operational bias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>The Elephant in the Room</title>
      <p>The decision to modify the primary endpoint of ISCHEMIA discards the original hypothesis and misses the elephant in the room: the incidence of death or MI was lower than expected, suggesting that the prognosis of patients with stable coronary disease is quite satisfactory. Such a good overall prognosis may reduce statistical power, but also makes futile the choice for an invasive procedure expected to protect patients from an unlikely outcome, at the expense of physical and mental stress, unintended consequences and monetary costs. In fact, the need for a higher than expected statistical power indicates the intention to detect an absolute risk reduction that may be clinically irrelevant.</p>
      <p>The new components added to the composite primary endpoint also have implications for the trial&#8217;s findings. The original outcomes of cardiovascular death or MI are unequivocal, whereas hospitalization for angina or heart failure is mediated by a physician&#8217;s reaction to a clinical scenario. In an open study such as ISCHEMIA, it is possible that the knowledge that the patient was not revascularized could lower the physician's threshold for admitting patients due to symptoms.</p>
      <p>Although unstable angina and MI belong to the same spectrum of pathophysiological processes collectively described as acute coronary syndromes, the diagnosis of unstable angina involves significant subjectivity on the part of the treating clinician, the investigator, and adjudication committees.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Additionally, the prognostic relevance of unstable angina is much lower than that of MI and, of course, cardiovascular death. Therefore, the inclusion of hospitalization for unstable angina in the composite primary endpoint is susceptible to ascertainment bias and may alter the results towards a benefit for the routine invasive strategy.</p>
      <p>Heart failure is a heterogeneous syndrome related not only to atherosclerosis but also to hypertension, renal disease, and other causes that are generally not discernible from the records available to the study adjudicators. It is also often difficult to distinguish heart failure from other causes of acute dyspnea.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, it is highly questionable whether improving statistical power at the cost of impairing validity and relevance justifies this protocol modification. Changing the primary endpoint of a trial often evokes cynicism from the medical community and a study that uses a less relevant end point may not provide answers to clinically important questions. Time will tell whether such a strategy was a wise decision.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2018 March 4</date-in-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mudan&#231;a do Desfecho Prim&#225;rio na Reta Final do Estudo ISCHEMIA: o Elefante na Sala</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Anis</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica - Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Funda&#231;&#227;o Monte Tabor, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Anis Rassi, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lu&#237;s Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia</bold> Av. Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402. CEP 40150-080, Gra&#231;a, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, <email>lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Correia LCL, Rassi Junior A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo Card&#237;aco</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Avalia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Resultado do Tratamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O estudo ISCHEMIA (<italic>International Study of Comparative Health Effectiveness with Medical and Invasive Approaches</italic>, NCT01471522),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> tem como objetivo superar as limita&#231;&#245;es de estudos anteriores na identifica&#231;&#227;o da melhor estrat&#233;gia de tratamento de pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel. A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, e a <italic>cirurg</italic>ia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica t&#234;m sido utilizados com sucesso para melhorar os sintomas de angina e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com obstru&#231;&#245;es graves das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>Resultados de estudos pr&#233;vios, tais como o COURAGE (<italic>Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation</italic>), o BARI 2D (<italic>Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes</italic>), e o FAME 2 (<italic>Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation</italic>) n&#227;o demonstraram qualquer diferen&#231;a na mortalidade ou ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio entre pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel tratados com procedimentos invasivos e pacientes que receberam tratamento medicamentoso. Contudo, esses estudos tinham uma propor&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de pacientes sem isquemia mioc&#225;rdica importante, o que pode ter subestimado os efeitos positivos da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Assim, o estudo ISCHEMIA foi planejado para resolver essa quest&#227;o, incluindo somente pacientes com isquemia moderada ou grave.</p>
      <p>O principal objetivo do estudo ISCHEMIA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> &#233; testar a hip&#243;tese de que o uso de uma estrat&#233;gia invasiva de rotina com cateterismo card&#237;aco seguido de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica) mais tratamento cl&#237;nico &#233; superior &#224; estrat&#233;gia conservadora do tratamento cl&#237;nico. O ISCHEMIA &#233; um estudo financiado pelo <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> e consiste no maior ensaio cl&#237;nico que compara estrat&#233;gias alternativas de tratamentos em pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel. Com um tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de aproximadamente 3,5 anos (m&#237;nimo de 12 meses), o estudo foi delineado para detectar (com poder de 83% e alfa bicaudal de 5%) uma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa de 18% (de 20% para 16,4%) no desfecho prim&#225;rio composto com a estrat&#233;gia invasiva em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia conservadora. A inclus&#227;o dos pacientes iniciou-se em meados de 2012 e terminou recentemente (31 de janeiro de 2018), com 5179 participantes randomizados em 328 locais em 37 pa&#237;ses.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Mudan&#231;a no protocolo do estudo</title>
        <p>Recentemente, soubemos que o protocolo do estudo ISCHEMIA publicado no ClinicalTrials.gov sofreu uma importante modifica&#231;&#227;o em janeiro de 2018, apenas 11 meses antes do per&#237;odo estimado de conclus&#227;o do estudo (7 anos). O desfecho prim&#225;rio composto foi modificado de morte cardiovascular ou infarto n&#227;o fatal (vers&#227;o 2012) para um desfecho de 5 componentes que incluiu parada card&#237;aca com ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, interna&#231;&#227;o por angina inst&#225;vel e interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (vers&#227;o de janeiro de 2018).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em fevereiro de 2018, a vers&#227;o completa do protocolo do estudo ISCHEMIA 2012 foi publicado no ClinicalTrials.gov. Nessa vers&#227;o, afirmou-se que se a incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio nos grupos randomizados fosse menor que a esperada, um comit&#234; consultivo poderia decidir prolongar o acompanhamento ou modificar o desfecho prim&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Ades&#227;o rigorosa ao protocolo &#233; um aspecto essencial da metodologia de um ensaio cl&#237;nico. Estender o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento melhora a precis&#227;o do efeito real e preserva a hip&#243;tese principal do estudo. No entanto, uma vez que o desfecho prim&#225;rio &#233; selecionado, o ensaio deve proceder sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Apesar de os pesquisadores afirmarem que a reformula&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos poderia vir a ser necess&#225;ria ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> tais mudan&#231;as aumentam o risco de erro tipo I.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A decis&#227;o de mudar o desfecho prim&#225;rio &#233; considerada apropriada e livre de vi&#233;s quando realizada com base em informa&#231;&#245;es externas, independentes dos dados do estudo, como, por exemplo, resultados de outros estudos. Por outro lado, a modifica&#231;&#227;o no desfecho prim&#225;rio baseada em dados do pr&#243;prio promove efeito negativo sobre a validade dos resultados encontrados. Uma decis&#227;o tomada com base no incid&#234;ncia geral de eventos permite uma predi&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel do resultado principal e induz ao vi&#233;s operacional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O Elefante na sala</title>
        <p>A decis&#227;o de modificar o desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo ISCHEMIA abandona a hip&#243;tese original do trabalho e ignora o elefante na sala &#8211; o fato de que a incid&#234;ncia de morte e infarto foi mais baixa que a esperada, sugerindo que o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel &#233; bom, independente da isquemia moderada-grave. Esse bom progn&#243;stico reduz poder estat&#237;stico, mas tamb&#233;m torna f&#250;til a escolha por um procedimento invasivo a fim de proteger os pacientes de um desfecho pouco prov&#225;vel, &#224; custa de estresse f&#237;sico e emocional, consequ&#234;ncias n&#227;o intencionais, e custos financeiros. De fato, a necessidade de um poder estat&#237;stico superior ao esperado indica a inten&#231;&#227;o de detectar uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco absoluto que pode ser clinicamente irrelevante.</p>
        <p>Os novos componentes do desfecho prim&#225;rio composto tamb&#233;m t&#234;m implica&#231;&#245;es para os achados do estudo. Os desfechos originais de morte cardiovascular e infarto s&#227;o objetivos, ao passo que a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; mediada pela rea&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Em um estudo aberto tal como o ISCHEMIA, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o conhecimento de que o paciente n&#227;o tenha sido revascularizado possa influenciar na decis&#227;o (diminuindo seu &#8220;limiar&#8221;) do m&#233;dico pela admiss&#227;o de pacientes por sintomas.</p>
        <p>Apesar de angina inst&#225;vel e infarto pertencerem ao mesmo espectro de processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos coletivamente descritos como s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas, o diagn&#243;stico de angina inst&#225;vel envolve importante subjetividade por parte do m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel, do pesquisador e de comit&#234;s de julgamento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica da angina inst&#225;vel &#233; muito menor que a do infarto e, obviamente, que a de morte cardiovascular. Assim, a inclus&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina inst&#225;vel no desfecho prim&#225;rio est&#225; suscept&#237;vel ao vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o e pode alterar os resultados sugerindo um efeito ben&#233;fico da estrat&#233;gia invasiva.</p>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome heterog&#234;nea relacionada n&#227;o s&#243; &#224; aterosclerose como tamb&#233;m &#224; hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a renal, e outras causas geralmente n&#227;o discern&#237;veis a partir dos registros dispon&#237;veis aos investigadores. Al&#233;m disso, a distin&#231;&#227;o entre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e outras causas de dispneia aguda &#233; geralmente dif&#237;cil.</p>
        <p>Em conclus&#227;o, &#233; question&#225;vel se melhorar o poder estat&#237;stico &#224; custa de prejudicar a validade e a relev&#226;ncia justifica a modifica&#231;&#227;o do protocolo. Mudar o desfecho prim&#225;rio de um ensaio geralmente desperta cinismo por parte da comunidade m&#233;dica, e um estudo que utiliza um desfecho menos relevante pode n&#227;o fornecer respostas a quest&#245;es clinicamente importantes. S&#243; o tempo dir&#225; se tal estrat&#233;gia foi uma decis&#227;o s&#225;bia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
