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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4VLSKNpfGjdGp6Gmt3Dps3r</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400193</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180139</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Role of Quantitative Aortographic Assessment of Aortic Regurgitation by Videodensitometry in the Guidance of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyazaki</surname>
            <given-names>Yosuke</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modolo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdelghani</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tateishi</surname>
            <given-names>Hiroki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Collet</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Asano</surname>
            <given-names>Taku</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katagiri</surname>
            <given-names>Yuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tenekecioglu</surname>
            <given-names>Erhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soliman</surname>
            <given-names>Osama I.I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Onuma</surname>
            <given-names>Yoshinobu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serruys</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">9</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio S. de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">11</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Thoraxcenter</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rotterdam</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam &#8211; Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Amsterdam</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">the Academic Medical Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Amsterdam</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - the Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam &#8211; Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Campinas</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna - Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Clinical science and Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Yamaguchi</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="JP">Japan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology - Department of Clinical science and Medicine - Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi &#8211; Japan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia e Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardialysis</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rotterdam</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardialysis, Rotterdam &#8211; Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Imperial College London</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">National Heart &amp; Lung Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>London</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
        <institution content-type="original">NHLI, Imperial College London, London &#8211; United Kingdom</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">niversidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Patrick W. Serruys</bold> P.O. Box 2125, 3000 CC. Rotterdam &#8211; Netherlands E-mail: <email>patrick.w.j.c.serruys@gmail.com</email>, <email>patrick.w.j.c.serruys@pwserruys.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Tateishi H, Cavalcante R, Collet C, Asano T, Tenekecioglu E, Mangione JA, Abizaid A, Soliman OII, Onuma Y, Serruys PW, Lemos PA, Brito Jr. FS; Acquisition of data: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Tateishi H, Cavalcante R, Katagiri Y, Sarmento-Leite R, Mangione JA, Abizaid A, Soliman OII, Onuma Y, Serruys PW, Lemos PA, Brito Jr. FS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Tateishi H, Cavalcante R, Collet C, Asano T, Katagiri Y, Tenekecioglu E, Mangione JA, Abizaid A, Soliman OII, Onuma Y, Serruys PW; Statistical analysis: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Cavalcante R, Collet C, Asano T, Katagiri Y, Mangione JA, Abizaid A, Soliman OII, Serruys PW, Brito Jr. FS; Writing of the manuscript: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Asano T, Mangione JA, Abizaid A, Serruys PW; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Tateishi H, Cavalcante R, Collet C, Asano T, Katagiri Y, Tenekecioglu E, Sarmento-Leite R, Mangione JA, Soliman OII, Onuma Y, Serruys PW, Lemos PA, Brito Jr. FS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite, Jos&#233; A. Mangione, and Fabio S. de Brito Jr are proctors for Medtronic and Edwards Lifesciences. Pedro A. Lemos is a proctor for Edwards Lifesciences and Boston Scientific. All other authors have no relevant conflicts of interest to declare.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>193</fpage>
      <lpage>202</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Balloon post-dilatation (BPD) is often needed for optimizing transcatheter heart valve (THV) implantation, since paravalvular leak (PVL) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation is associated with poor outcome and mortality. Quantitative assessment of PVL severity before and after BPD is mandatory to properly assess PVL, thus improving implantation results and outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate a quantitative angiographic assessment of aortic regurgitation (AR) by videodensitometry before and after BPD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Videodensitometric-AR assessments (VD-AR) before and after BPD were analysed in 61 cases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>VD-AR decreased significantly from 24.0[18.0-30.5]% to 12.0[5.5-19.0]% (p &lt; 0.001, a two-tailed p &lt; 0.05 defined the statistical significance). The relative delta of VD-AR after BPD ranged from -100% (improvement) to +40% (deterioration) and its median value was -46.2%. The frequency of improvement, no change, and deterioration were 70% (n = 43), 25% (n = 15) and 5% (n = 3), respectively. Significant AR (VD-AR &gt; 17%) was observed in 47 patients (77%) before and in 19 patients (31%) after BPD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>VD-AR after THV implantation provides a quantitative assessment of post-TAVI regurgitation and can help in the decision-making process on performing BPD and in determining its efficacy.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Insufficiency/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiography/evaluation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Balloon post-dilatation (BPD) is often needed for optimizing transcatheter heart valve (THV) implantation, since paravalvular leak (PVL) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is associated with long- term fatal prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> The incidence of moderate or severe PVL following TAVI varies from 0% to 24% and that of mild PVL from 7% to 70%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> BPD is performed in 21% to 28% of cases with the first generation THVs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Although newer generations of THVs have been designed to reduce the PVL, BPD is still performed in up to 17% of cases receiving the new generation of THVs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Therefore, BPD remains one important technique to optimize implantation of the THV.</p>
      <p>The Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) consensus document recommends to perform quantitative and semi-quantitative hemodynamic assessments of PVL severity and other definitions for valve failure than mild PVL only.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> TAVI under conscious sedation is increasingly adopted in clinical practice (i.e. the minimalist approach) restricting the usage of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) as a guidance for TAVI and increasing the role of aortography as a screening tool to determine the severity of PVL during the procedure. We have previously reported the <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> validation of quantitative angiographic assessment of aortic regurgitation (AR) by videodensitometry technique after implantation of THV with an excellent reproducibility and accuracy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> This technique provides an accurate assessment of the severity of PVL and it has been shown that a Videodensitometric-AR (VD-AR) &gt; 17% correlates with increased mortality and impaired reverse cardiac remodelling as determined by echocardiography after TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> This prognostic cut-off value (VD-AR &gt; 17%) could have the potential to guide operators in deciding the need for BPD. However, the change of VD-AR from before to after BPD has not been investigated. The aim of this study is to assess a quantitative aortographic approach of PVL by videodensitometry before and after BPD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This is a report on patients enrolled in the the Brazilian TAVI registry including between January 2008 and January 2013. List of participating centers, inclusion and exclusion criteria and technical description of TAVI-procedure were previously reported.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee at each of the participating centers and all patients provided informed written consent. Three hundred ninety-nine patients were enrolled in the Brazilian TAVI registry in that period. VD-AR was performed and found to be analysable in 228 patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> In this population, 102 patients underwent BPD, and in 17 cases, no angiography was available before BPD. Out of 85 cases with available aortograms before and after BPD, VD-AR was analysable at both time points in 61 cases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). The reasons of non-analysable are discriminated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of this study. TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation; VD-RA: Videodensitometric of aortic regurgitation; TEE: transesophageal echocardiography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aortographic assessment of AR</title>
        <p>Aortic root angiography was performed before and after BPD, using at least 20 ml of non-ionic contrast injected through a pigtail catheter positioned above the prosthetic valve stent (in case of a balloon-expandable device) or within the distal third of the prosthetic valve stent (in case of a self-expanding device). The decision on the total contrast volume and speed of injection, catheter size, and the projection were left to the discretion of the operators. Visual assessment of AR was performed by experienced observers based on Sellers&#8217; grade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> In a blinded fashion, assessment of post-BPD aortograms was performed by observers different from those who analyzed pre-BPD aortograms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quantification of AR using videodensitometric technology</title>
        <p>VD-AR before and after BPD was analysed at an independent core laboratory (Cardialysis Clinical Trials Management and Core Laboratories, Rotterdam, the Netherlands) by experienced observers using a dedicated software (CAAS A-Valve 2.0.2; Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, The Netherlands). The details of this technique have been described elsewhere.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> After drawing the contours of the aortic root (<italic>i.e</italic>. reference region) and the subaortic one third of the left ventricle (i.e. region of interest [ROI]), the contrast time-density curves were generated for both regions over at least three cardiac cycles after contrast injection. The areas under these curves (AUC) are automatically calculated and represent the time-density integral. VD-AR is automatically calculated as the ratio of the AUC of the ROI to that of the reference region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Theoretically, the value of VD-AR ranges from 0.0% to 100%. The relative delta VD-AR was calculated as = (VD-AR after BPD - VD-AR before BPD)/VD-AR before BPD, where a negative value indicates an improvement of the severity of AR.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Videodensitometric assessment of aortic regurgitation. A) Delineation of the aortic root (reference region: red area in the aortography) and the subaortic one third of LV (ROI: yellow area in the aortography) are shown by the analyser. The time-density curves are provided for both ROI (yellow) and reference (red) regions, and the AUC is automatically computed by the software time-density integrals. VD-AR corresponds to the relative AUC, which is automatically calculated as the ratio of the relative AUC in the ROI (yellow) to that in the reference area (red). Theoretically, the value of VD-AR ranges from 0 to 1. B) An example of VD-AR measurement before BPD. C) An example of VD-AR measurement after BPD. Reproduce and adopted from Tateishi et al. EuroIntervention 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>THV and post-dilatation balloon diameters / annulus diameter ratios</title>
        <p>Multislice computed tomography (MSCT) was performed following the local radiological protocol. Cover index was calculated as &#8220;(prosthesis nominal diameter &#8211; annulus diameter) / (prosthesis nominal diameter) &#215; 100&#8221;. The post-dilatation balloon size / annulus diameter ratio was calculated as &#8220;(balloon nominal diameter &#8211; annulus diameter) / (balloon nominal diameter) &#215; 100&#8221;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistics</title>
        <p>When continuous variables were normally distributed, we summarized data as mean &#177; standard deviation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> If they were not normally distributed, median and inter-quartile range [IQR] were used. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous variables between independent samples. Wilcoxon signed ranks test was performed to compare the serial changes between before and after BPD. All analyses were performed with SPSS 23 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). A two-tailed p &lt; 0.05 defined the statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Baseline characteristics and echocardiographic data of this population (n = 61) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>. The mean age was 81.6 &#177; 7.6 years, and patients had a high Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS)-Predicted Risk Of Mortality score, 8.8(4.6-16.3). Either CoreValve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) (72%) or SapienXT (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) (28%) have been implanted. In most cases, TAVI was performed with general anaesthesia (98%) and transfemoral approach (97%).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Baseline and echocardiographic characteristics of the study population (n = 61)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="50%"/>
            <col width="50%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Median (IQR)/Frequency</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years (median[IQR])</td>
              <td align="center">81.6 &#177; 7.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">37(60.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">24.6 &#177; 3.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA II, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13(21.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA III, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">27(44.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA IV, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">21(34.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">47(77.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">DM, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15(24.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Renal insufficiency<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">51(83.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CAD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">31(50.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PAD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">13(21.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COPD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15(24.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PH<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref>, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">12(19.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior PCI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">15(24.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior CABG, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">10(16.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior MI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6(9.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior stroke, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6(9.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior BAV, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">4(6.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior AVR, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">1(1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prior PMI, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7(11.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Af/AFL, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9(15.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STS-PROM, %</td>
              <td align="center">8.8[4.6-16.3]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">EuroSCORE, %</td>
              <td align="center">15.9[9.2-25.4]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Preprocedural echocardiographic parameters</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVDd, mm</td>
              <td align="center">50.0[46.0-55.0]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF,</td>
              <td align="center">61.0[45.0-68.0]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVM index, %</td>
              <td align="center">136.9[114.2-162.9]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">AVA, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">0.6[0.5-0.8]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peak PG, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">75.0[64.0-92.5]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean PG, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center">47.0[41.0-61.0]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MR &gt;mild, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">16(26.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TEE guidance, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">56(91.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">General anesthesia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">60(98.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Transfemoral approach, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">59(96.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Procedural characteristics</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CoreValve, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">44(72)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CoreValve 26mm, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">9(20.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CoreValve 29mm, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17(38.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CoreValve 31mm, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18(40.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sapien-XT, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">17(28)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sapien-XT 23mm, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">7(41.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sapien-XT 26mm, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">8(47.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sapien-XT 29mm, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">2(11.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Pre-dilatation performed, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center">18(29.5%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>BMI: body mass index, NYHA: New York Heart Association, DM: diabetes mellitus, CAD: coronary artery disease, PAD: peripheral artery disease, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PH: pulmonary hypertension, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG: Coronary artery bypass grafting, MI: myocardial infarction, BAV: balloon aortic valvuloplasty, AVR: aortic valve replacement, PMI: pacemaker implantation, AF: atrial fibrillation, AFL: atrial flutter, STS-PROM: the Society of Thoracic Surgeons - predicted risk of mortality, LVDd: left ventricular diastolic diameter, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, LVM index: left ventricular mass index, AVA: aortic valve area, PG: pressure gradient, MR: mitral regurgitation, TEE: transesophageal echocardiography.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Defined as glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 mL/min,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>Defined as a systolic pulmonary artery pressure &#8805; 60 mm Hg at rest</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Influence of BPD on VD-AR</title>
        <p>The change of VD-AR from before- to after- BPD is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref> and a representative case is displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Movie 1</xref>. VD-AR decreased significantly from 24.0[18.0-30.5]% (before BPD) to 12.0[5.5-19.0]% (after BPD) (p &lt; 0.001). The median value of absolute delta VD-AR was -10.0%, corresponding to a relative delta of - 46.2% (range: -100% to +40%). The frequencies of any improvement or deterioration of AR (as defined by VD-AR) were 82% (n = 50) and 18% (n = 11), respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref>). The 25th percentile of the relative delta VD-AR was 20%, and this cut-point was arbitrarily used to define &#8220;a significant change&#8221; as follows: a relative delta &lt; -20% defined as &#8220;a significant improvement&#8221;, a relative delta of -20 to +20% as &#8220;no change&#8221;, and a relative delta &gt; +20% as &#8220;a significant deterioration&#8221;. There were 43 patients (70%) with significant improvement, 15 patients (25%) with no change, and 3 patients (5%) with significant deterioration.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Serial changes of the Videodensitometric-AR. Individual serial changes before and after balloon post-dilatation are shown in this figure. In patients with VD&#8209;AR &gt; 17%, 7 deaths (34%) occurred, whereas in patients with VD-AR &#8804; 17%, 8 deaths (19%) were observed.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Cumulative frequency curve of the rate of improvement or deterioration of aortic regurgitation by balloon post-dilatation. The formula of the relative delta VD-AR was &#8220;(VD-AR after BPD - VD-AR before BPD)/VD-AR before BPD&#8221;. Negative values indicate improvements of AR after BPD, whereas positive values stand for deterioration of AR after BPD. Using twenty-fifth percentile of the absolute delta VD-AR, arbitrarily we defined a relative delta of less than -20% as a significant improvement (blue), from -20 to 20% as no change (green), and 20% more as a significant deterioration (orange).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f13">
            <label>Video 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Videodensitometric assessment of aortic regurgitation before and after balloon post-dilatation. Left panel shows VD-AR assessment before BPD (VD&#8209;AR = 20%). Right panel shows VD-AR assessment after BPD (VD-AR = 6%).</title>
            </caption>
            <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4VLSKNpfGjdGp6Gmt3Dps3r/5568a0bea6f4cb85ea99ba2426ce4ddd9d65ab15.mp4"/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>The THV cover index and the balloon size used in post-dilatation were both available in 38 out of 61 patients &#8211; 25 (66%) among those with significantly improvement of PVL after BPD, 11 (29%) with no change in VD-AR, and 2 (5%) with deterioration of AR. THV cover index was 11.5[4.1,15.9] and ranged from 0.0% to 22.8% in patients with a significant improvement of AR, and 13.8[3.3,16.5], ranging -29.0% to 19.3% in those with no change or a significant deterioration of AR. Post-dilatation balloon size / annulus diameter ratio was 0.0[-7.9,7.6] and ranged from -25.0% to 14.3% in patients with a significant improvement of AR, and 0.0[-5.6,13.4], ranging from -33.3% to 16.4% in patients with no change or with a significant deterioration of AR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Serial change of AR based on Sellers&#8217; grade</title>
        <p>Before BPD, AR was visually classified as Sellers&#8217; III in 36 patients (59%), and as Sellers&#8217; II in 25 patients (41%). After post-dilatation, there were 3 (5%) cases with Seller&#8217; III, 19 (31%) cases with Sellers&#8217; II, 34 (56%) cases with Sellers&#8217; I and 5 (8%) cases with Sellers&#8217; 0. Out of 36 patients with Sellers&#8217; III before BPD, 34 patients had their Sellers&#8217; grade reduced (to Sellers&#8217; II in 16, Sellers&#8217; I in 17, and Sellers&#8217; 0 in one patient. Out of 25 patients with Sellers&#8217; II before BPD, PVL improved to Sellers&#8217; I in 17 patients and to Sellers&#8217; 0 in 4 patients, deteriorated to Sellers&#8217; III in one patient, and remained unchanged (Sellers&#8217; II) in three patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Serial changes of visual aortographic assessment.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efficacy of BPD</title>
        <p>Before BPD, VD-AR &gt; 17%, a value that has a prognostic significance in long-term follow-up, was observed in 47 patients (77%). Fourteen cases (23%) had a VD-AR &#8804; 17%, eleven (11/14, 79%) were evaluated as Sellers&#8217; II before BPD and 3 (3/14, 21%) as Sellers&#8217; III. After BPD, VD-AR &gt; 17% was observed in 19 patients (falling from 77% to 31% of subjects) &#8211; 3 patients (16%) in Seller&#8217;s III, 10 patients (53%) in Sellers&#8217; II, and 6 patients in Sellers&#8217; I (32%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 6</xref>). In addition, in these patients with VD-AR &gt; 17%, 7 deaths (34%) occurred during follow-up period, whereas among 42 patients with VD-AR &#8804; 17%, 8 patients (19%) died.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Videodensitometric- assessment of aortic regurgitation and Sellers&#8217; grade before and after balloon post-dilatation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Predilatation was performed in 18 patients and had no impact on the reduction of AR assessed by VD-AR. VD-AR was 25.5% (19.5%-36.0%) with predilatation and 23.0% (16.0%-29.0%) without predilatation (p = 0.159) before PBD, and 16.5% (9.5%-22.8%) with predilatation and 11.0% (5.0%-17.0%) without predilatation (p = 0.106) after PBD. Normalized delta VD-AR was -44.5 (-60.1 &#8211; -13.0) with predilatation and -50.0(-75.0 &#8211; -17.9) without predilatation (p = 0.569).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This is the first study to report the value of VD-AR in assessing periprocedural changes in AR. In clinical practice, echocardiogram and aortography are the standard tools to define the device success. As mentioned in the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) consensus document, quantitative and semi-quantitative hemodynamic assessment are recommended to assess AR severity by echocardiogram and moderate-to-severe AR is defined as valve failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nombela-Franco et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> reported serial changes using semi-quantitative grading based on echocardiogram and showed a reduction of at least 1 degree of AR in 71% of patients. To make a decision whether BPD is needed or not, echocardiogram is an important tool to evaluate the severity of AR. However, we must consider that with the increasing minimalist TAVI approach, the usage of TEE as a guidance of TAVI is becoming unfeasible. Moreover, low inter-observer agreement for the PVL 4-class grading (kappa 0.481) and the 7-class grading (kappa 0.517) has been reported,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> making a more reliable technique necessary.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> These facts support the value of aortography with VD assessment as the most practical and objective screening tool to determine the severity of PVL during the procedure. The technique has a median time of execution of 3 minutes.</p>
      <p>We have previously shown that a VD-AR &gt; 17% correlates with increased mortality and with impaired cardiac reverse remodelling as determined by echocardiography after TAVI with excellent reproducibility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> This value (VD-AR &gt; 17%) could be decisive in helping the operator to make a decision as whether BPD should be performed during the procedure. When BPD was performed, we showed that before BPD, 77% of patients had a VD-AR &gt; 17%, and the other patients (VD-AR &#8804; 17%) (23%) would not require BPD. This finding is important, since BPD is associated with higher rate of cerebrovascular events compared to the patients without BPD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Avoiding unnecessary BPD would possibly reduce the risk of cerebrovascular events as well as procedural costs. Moreover, most cases of VD-AR &#8804; 17% before BPD were found in Sellers&#8217; II, suggesting that the visual assessment of the Sellers&#8217; classification could lead to unnecessary PBD.</p>
      <p>After BPD, VD-AR &gt; 17% was still seen in 31% of patients. Based on current available data, for patients with residual AR (VD-AR &gt; 17%), additional measures should be taken. We found higher mortality in patients with VD-AR &gt; 17% compared to patients with VD-AR &#8804; 17% during the follow-up (34% vs. 19%). Although the difference in mortality was not significant (log rank p = 0.273) in this small population with BPD, a tendency for high mortality was previously reported in patients with VD-AR &gt; 17% in a large population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>VD-AR deteriorated numerically in 11 patients, and this deterioration was significant in 3. This comes in agreement with previous studies which also reported AR deterioration in a small proportion of patients after BPD,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> and could be due to prosthetic overexpansion with secondary leaflet maladaptation and transvalvular regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Serial changes of VD-AR showed predominantly improvement of AR. A reduction of the regurgitation by BPD was reported in 68%-91% in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The mechanisms of regurgitation after implantation of THV are multifactorial as, for example, calcification of the native aortic annulus and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and cover index are well known predicting factors of regurgitation after implantation of a THV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To make a decision whether BPD is needed or not and to judge its efficiency, repeated injections of large doses of contrast medium would be needed. Contrast medium volume used in this population was 150[131-209] ml/procedure. In the setting of TAVI, peri-procedural acute kidney injury (AKI) develops in 12% to 57% of cases and portends a significant increase in early and late mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> The mechanisms of AKI following TAVI are multifactorial, and the role of the contrast medium volume is controversial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> However, there is some evidence suggesting that a larger contrast volume is related to an increased risk of AKI after TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Taking into account the important role of aortography in the minimalist TAVI era, repeated aortograms cannot be avoided. However, the possibility of reducing contrast medium is reported using a diastolic phase-synchronized injection of only 8 ml of contrast medium in an <italic>in-vitro</italic> setting.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> This technique could enable the reduction of the total amount of contrast medium during the procedure.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>After implantation of the THV, the guidewire is frequently left in the left ventricle and may produce artificial transvalvular regurgitation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> However, the effect of the guidewire on AR during TAVI is variable according to the weight of the wire. Most operators decide whether to perform BPD with or without a guidewire in LV by using echocardiography and aortography. Indeed, in the present study, VD-AR before BPD was analysed either with (n = 49) or without (n = 12) the guidewire being left in the left ventricle.</p>
        <p>One limitation of our study is the absence of data on aortic regurgitation index, thus lacking the possibility of comparing this to our method. Limitations of VD-AR assessment are its feasibility. The current report is a retrospective study so that the acquisition of aortography was not dedicated for VD-AR assessment. In order to perform videodensitometric assessment appropriately, the acquisition of aortography should be done without overlapping ROI with contrast filled ascending/descending aorta. Recently, Teng et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> reported how to plan an overlap free projection for VD-AR assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> A dedicated acquisition protocol would achieve a high feasibility of assessment. We tried to overcome this limitation by choosing the cases that did had an adequate acquisition of images, lowering our sample size. However, a prospective clinical study is needed to confirm this hypothetical assumption. So far, CAAS-A-valve software is available as an offline system. Currently, attempts are being made to allow online assessment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> In the near future, online system will probably foster the VD-AR as guidance for TAVI.</p>
        <p>In this registry, no echocardiographic parameters recorded were reported after THV deployment but before BPD. The information of calcification of the native aortic valve, annulus and LVOT from computed tomography were not available.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>VD-AR after THV implantation enables the operator to assess quantitatively regurgitation, to rationalise BPD and to assess its efficacy.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>We thank Jean-Paul Aben for preparing the supporting movie.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Yosuke Miyazaki, from Erasmus University.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study used data from the Brazilian TAVI Registry. This Registry was approved by the Ethics Committe of all the Institutions participating, and all patients included prospectively provided written informed consent. All procedures were in accordance with the Decalration of Helsinki.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Kodali SK, Williams MR, Smith CR, Svenson LG, Webb JG, Makkan RR, et al. Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement. N Engl J Med. 2012; 366(18): 1686-95.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Kodali</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svenson</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webb</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makkan</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Two-year outcomes after transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1686</fpage>
          <lpage>1695</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel da Avalia&#231;&#227;o Aortogr&#225;fica Quantitativa da Regurgita&#231;&#227;o A&#243;rtica por Videodensitometria na Orienta&#231;&#227;o do Implante da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miyazaki</surname>
            <given-names>Yosuke</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Modolo</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abdelghani</surname>
            <given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tateishi</surname>
            <given-names>Hiroki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Collet</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Asano</surname>
            <given-names>Taku</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Katagiri</surname>
            <given-names>Yuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tenekecioglu</surname>
            <given-names>Erhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento-Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mangione</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">6</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">7</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soliman</surname>
            <given-names>Osama I.I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Onuma</surname>
            <given-names>Yoshinobu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">8</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serruys</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">9</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">10</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio S. de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">11</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - Thoraxcenter, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterd&#227; &#8211; Pa&#237;ses Baixos</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology - the Academic Medical Center - University of Amsterdam, Amsterd&#227; &#8211; Pa&#237;ses Baixos</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna - Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia - Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology - Department of Clinical science and Medicine - Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi &#8211; Jap&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia e Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardialysis, Rotterd&#227; &#8211; Pa&#237;ses Baixos</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="original">NHLI, Imperial College London, London &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Patrick W. Serruys</bold> P.O. Box 2125, 3000 CC. Rotterd&#227; &#8211; Pa&#237;ses Baixos E-mail: <email>patrick.w.j.c.serruys@gmail.com</email>, <email>patrick.w.j.c.serruys@pwserruys.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Tateishi H, Cavalcante R, Collet C, Asano T, Tenekecioglu E, Mangione JA, Abizaid A, Soliman OII, Onuma Y, Serruys PW, Lemos PA, Brito Jr. FS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Tateishi H, Cavalcante R, Katagiri Y, Sarmento-Leite R, Mangione JA, Abizaid A, Soliman OII, Onuma Y, Serruys PW, Lemos PA, Brito Jr. FS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Tateishi H, Cavalcante R, Collet C, Asano T, Katagiri Y, Tenekecioglu E, Mangione JA, Abizaid A, Soliman OII, Onuma Y, Serruys PW; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Cavalcante R, Collet C, Asano T, Katagiri Y, Mangione JA, Abizaid A, Soliman OII, Serruys PW, Brito Jr. FS; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Asano T, Mangione JA, Serruys PW; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Miyazaki Y, Modolo R, Abdelghani M, Tateishi H, Cavalcante R, Collet C, Asano T, Katagiri Y, Tenekecioglu E, Sarmento-Leite R, Mangione JA, Abizaid A, Soliman OII, Onuma Y, Serruys PW, Lemos PA, Brito Jr. FS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Rog&#233;rio Sarmento-Leite, Jos&#233; A. Mangione, e Fabio S. de Brito Jr s&#227;o proctors da Medtronic e Edwards Lifesciences. Pedro A. Lemos proctor da Edwards Lifesciences e Boston Scientific. Todos os demais autores n&#227;o t&#234;m conflitos de interesse relevantes a declarar.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o (PDB) &#233; normalmente necess&#225;ria para otimiza&#231;&#227;o do implante da v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter (THV), uma vez que o &#8220;escape&#8221; ou leak paravalvar (PVL) ap&#243;s implante de valva a&#243;rtica transcateter est&#225; associada com desfecho ruim e mortalidade. A avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da gravidade do PVL antes e ap&#243;s a PDB &#233; mandat&#243;ria para se avaliar adequadamente o PVL e, assim, melhorar os resultados e os desfechos do implante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar uma avali&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica quantitativa da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (RA) por videodensitometria (VD-RA) antes e ap&#243;s a PDB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Resultados da VD-RA antes e ap&#243;s a PDB foram analisados em 61 casos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da VD-RA de 24,0(18,0-30,5)% para 12,0(5,5-19,0)% (p &lt; 0,001; p &lt; 0,05 bilateral foi definido como signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica). O delta relativo de VD-RA ap&#243;s a PDB variou de -100% (melhora) a +40% (piora) e o valor mediano foi -46,2%. As frequ&#234;ncias de melhora, aus&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;a, e piora foram 70% (n = 43), 25% (n = 15) e 5% (n = 3), respectivamente. Observou-se RA significativo (VD-RA &gt; 17%) em 47 pacientes (77%) antes e em 19 pacientes (31%) ap&#243;s a PDB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A VD-RA ap&#243;s o implante de THV possibilita a avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da regurgita&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-TAVI, e pode auxiliar na tomada de decis&#227;o quanto &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o da PDB, bem como na avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua efic&#225;cia.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva A&#243;rtica/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia/avalia&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Implante de Pr&#243;tese de Valva Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da Valva A&#243;rtica Transcateter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o (PDB) &#233; geralmente um procedimento necess&#225;rio para se otimizar o implante da v&#225;lvula card&#237;aca transcateter (THV), uma vez que a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#8220;escape&#8221; ou <italic>leak</italic> paravalvar (PVL) ap&#243;s implante da valva a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVI) est&#225; associada com progn&#243;stico fatal em longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> A incid&#234;ncia de PVL moderada a grave ap&#243;s TAVI varia entre 0 a 24% e a de PVL leve entre 7 e 70%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A PBD &#233; realizada em 21 a 28% dos casos com THV de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Apesar de gera&#231;&#245;es mais recentes de THV terem sido desenvolvidas com intuito de se reduzir a ocorr&#234;ncia de PVL, a PDB ainda &#233; realizada em at&#233; 17% dos casos com THVs de nova gera&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Assim, a PBD continua sendo uma importante t&#233;cnica para se otimizar a implanta&#231;&#227;o de THV.</p>
        <p>O <italic>Valve Academic Research Consortium-2</italic> (VARC-2) recomenda realizar avalia&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas quantitativas e semi-quantitativas da gravidade do PVL e estabelecer outras defini&#231;&#245;es para insufici&#234;ncia valvar al&#233;m de PVL leve.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> O TAVI sob seda&#231;&#227;o consciente tem sido amplamente realizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica (abordagem minimalista), restringindo a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) no TAVI e aumentando o papel da aortografia como ferramenta para determinar a gravidade do PVL durante o procedimento. Recentemente, relatamos a valida&#231;&#227;o <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic> da avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica quantitativa da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (RA) por videodensitometria (VD) ap&#243;s implante de THV, mostrando excelente reprodutibilidade e acur&#225;cia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Essa t&#233;cnica possibilita uma avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa da gravidade do PVL e tem mostrado que uma RA &gt; 17% avaliada pelo m&#233;todo (VD-AR) est&#225; correlacionada com aumento da mortalidade e remodelamento reverso prejudicado, como evidenciado pela ecocardiografia p&#243;s TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esse ponto de corte progn&#243;stico (VD-AR &gt; 17%) do momento anterior &#224; PDB ao momento p&#243;s-PDB ainda n&#227;o foi estudado. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar uma abordagem aortogr&#225;fica quantitativa do PVL por VD antes e ap&#243;s PDB.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
          <p>Este &#233; um relat&#243;rio de pacientes inclu&#237;dos entre janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2013 no registro brasileiro de TAVI. A lista dos centros participantes, os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, e a descri&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica do procedimento de TAVI foram apresentados anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica de cada centro participante, e todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento. Um total de 399 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no registro brasileiro de TAVI nesse per&#237;odo. Foi poss&#237;vel a an&#225;lise dos resultados da VD-RA de 288 pacientes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Entre esses, 102 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; PDB e, em 17 casos, n&#227;o havia angiografia dispon&#237;vel antes da PDB. Dos 85 casos com aortografias antes e ap&#243;s a PDB, a an&#225;lise dos exames de VD-AR foi poss&#237;vel em 61 casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>). As raz&#245;es para impossibilidade de an&#225;lise est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma do estudo. TAVI: implante da valva a&#243;rtica transcateter; VD-RA: avalia&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica por videodensitometria; ETE: ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o aortogr&#225;fica da RA</title>
          <p>A angiografia da raiz a&#243;rtica foi realizada antes e ap&#243;s a PDB, usando-se o m&#237;nimo de 20mL de contraste n&#227;o i&#244;nico injetado por um cateter <italic>pigtail</italic> posicionado acima da v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica (no caso de um <italic>stent</italic> expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o) ou no interior do ter&#231;o distal do dispositivo (no caso de um <italic>stent</italic> auto-expans&#237;vel). O volume total de contraste e velocidade de inje&#231;&#227;o, o tamanho do cateter e a proje&#231;&#227;o foram decididos pelos cirurgi&#245;es. A avalia&#231;&#227;o visual da RA foi realizada por observadores experientes com base na classifica&#231;&#227;o de Sellers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos aortogramas p&#243;s-PDB foi realizada &#224;s cegas por observadores diferentes daqueles que analisaram os aortogramas pr&#233;-PDB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da RA por tecnologia videodensitom&#233;trica</title>
          <p>Resultados das VD-AR antes e ap&#243;s a PDB foram analisados em um laborat&#243;rio central independente (<italic>Cardialysis Clinical Trials Management and Core Laboratories,</italic> Roterd&#227;, Holanda) por observadores experientes por meio de um software espec&#237;fico (CAAS A-Valve 2.0.2; Pie Medical Imaging, Maastricht, Holanda). Os detalhes dessa t&#233;cnica foram previamente descritos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Ap&#243;s o delineamento da raiz a&#243;rtica (i.e., a regi&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia) e do ter&#231;o suba&#243;rtico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (i.e., regi&#227;o de interesse, ROI) foram geradas curvas tempo x densidade do contraste para ambas as regi&#245;es durante tr&#234;s ou mais ciclos card&#237;acos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste. As &#225;reas sob as curvas (AUCs) foram calculadas automaticamente e representam a integral tempo x densidade. A VD-RA &#233; automaticamente calculada como a raz&#227;o entre a AUC da ROI para a AUC da regi&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>). Teoricamente, o valor da VD-AR pode variar de 0% a 100%. O valor do delta relativo da VD-RA foi calculado como: (VD-RA ap&#243;s PDB - VD-RA antes da PDB)/VD-RA antes da PDB, onde um valor negativo indicou uma melhora da gravidade da RA.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o videodensitom&#233;trica da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. A) Delineamento da raiz a&#243;rtica (regi&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia: &#225;rea vermelha na aortografia) e do ter&#231;o sub-a&#243;rtico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (ROI, regi&#227;o de interesse: regi&#227;o em amarelo na aortografia) exibido pelo analisador. Curvas tempo-densidade s&#227;o fornecidas para ambas as regi&#245;es: ROI (em amarelo) e regi&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia (em vermelho) e a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) &#233; automaticamente computada pelo programa de integrais tempo-densidade. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica por videodensitrometria corresponde &#224; AUC relativa, a qual &#233; automaticamente calculada como a raz&#227;o entre a AUC relativa na ROI (amarela) e aquela na &#225;rea de refer&#234;ncia (vermelha). Teoricamente, o valor da VD-RA varia de 0 a 1. B) Exemplo da medida de VD-RA antes da PDB. C) Exemplo de medida de VD-RA ap&#243;s a PDB. Reproduzido de Tateishi et al. EuroIntervention 2016.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>THV e raz&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro do bal&#227;o p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o / di&#226;metro do anel</title>
          <p>Tomografia computadorizada <italic>multislice</italic> foi realizada seguindo o protocolo local. O &#8220;<italic>cover index</italic>&#8221; foi calculado como (di&#226;metro nominal da pr&#243;tese &#8211; di&#226;metro do anel) / (di&#226;metro nominal da pr&#243;tese) x 100. A raz&#227;o tamanho do bal&#227;o de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o / di&#226;metro do anel foi calculada como (di&#226;metro nominal do bal&#227;o &#8211; di&#226;metro do anel)/(di&#226;metro nominal do bal&#227;o) x 100.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> e aquelas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal expressas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). O teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre amostras independentes. O teste de Wilcoxon foi usado para compara&#231;&#245;es das medidas antes e ap&#243;s a PDB. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa SPSS 23 (IBM, Armonk, NY, EUA). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 bilateral foi estabelecido para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais e os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes (n = 61) s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia foi 81,6 &#177; 7,6 anos, e os pacientes apresentavam um elevado risco de mortalidade &#8211; 8.8(4,6-16,3) &#8211; segundo a <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons-Predicted Risk Of Mortality</italic> (STS) &#8211; 8,8(4.6-16.3). Foi utilizada a pr&#243;tese CoreValve (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, EUA) (72%) ou SapienXT (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, EUA) (28%). Na maioria dos casos, o TAVI foi realizado sob anestesia geral (98%) por acesso transfemoral (97%).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n = 61)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Mediana (IIQ) /Frequ&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">81,6 &#177; 7,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37(60,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">24,6 &#177; 3,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA II, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13(21,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA III, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27(44,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA IV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21(34,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">47(77,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15(24,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51(83,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31(50,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13(21,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPOC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15(24,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HP<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">**</xref>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12(19,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15(24,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><italic>Bypass</italic> coron&#225;rio cr&#244;nico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10(16,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6(9,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Infarto pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6(9,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VAB pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4(6,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Substitui&#231;&#227;o da VA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1(1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Marcapasso pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7(11,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FA/FLA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9(15,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STS-PROM, %</td>
                <td align="center">8,8[4,6-16,3]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">EuroSCORE, %</td>
                <td align="center">15,9[9,2-25,4]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233;&#8209;procedimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">dDVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">50,0[46,0-55,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">61,0[45,0-68,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#205;ndice MVE, %</td>
                <td align="center">136,9[114,2-162,9]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVA, cm<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,6[0,5-0,8]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GP m&#225;ximo, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">75,0[64,0-92,5]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">GP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">47,0[41,0-61,0]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RM &gt;leve, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16(26,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Orienta&#231;&#227;o por ETE, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56(91,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Anestesia geral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60(98,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Abordagem transfemoral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">59(96,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CoreValve, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44(72)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CoreValve 26mm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">9(20,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CoreValve 29mm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17(38,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CoreValve 31mm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18(40,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sapien-XT, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17(28)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sapien-XT 23mm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7(41,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sapien-XT 26mm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8(47,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sapien-XT 29mm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2(11,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o realizada, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18(29,5%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massas corporal; NYHA: New York Heart Association, DM: diabetes mellitus, DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, HP: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; VAB: valvuloplastia a&#243;rtica por bal&#227;o, VA: v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, FLA: flutter atrial, STS-PROM: the Society of Thoracic Surgeons - predicted risk of mortality (risco previsto de mortalidade segundo a Sociedade de Cirurgi&#245;es Tor&#225;cicos); dDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; AVA: &#225;rea valvar a&#243;rtica; GP: gradiente de press&#227;o; RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; ETE: ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>definido como taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt; 60 mL/min,</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>Definido como press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica de repouso &#8805; 60 mm Hg</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Influ&#234;ncia da PDB sobre a VD-RA</title>
          <p>Resultados de VD-RA de cada indiv&#237;duo antes e ap&#243;s a PDB est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>, e um dos casos encontra-se representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref> e no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">V&#237;deo 1</xref>. Houve diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na VD-RA, de 24,0% (18,0-30,5%) (antes da PDB) para 12,0% (5,5-19,0%) (ap&#243;s a PDB) (p &lt; 0,001). Os valores absolutos medianos do delta VD-RA foi -10,0%, correspondendo a um delta relativo de -46,2% (-100% a +40%). Houve melhora ou piora da RA (definido pelo exame de VD-RA) em 82% (n = 50) e 18% (n = 11%), respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 4</xref>). O percentil 25 do delta relativo do VD-RA foi 20%, e esse ponto de corte foi arbitrariamente usado para definir a ocorr&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;a significativa &#8211; um delta relativo &gt;+20% como &#8220;piora significativa&#8221;. Quarenta e tr&#234;s (70%) pacientes apresentaram melhora significativa, em 15 pacientes (25%) n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a, e 2 pacientes (5%) apresentaram piora significativa. O <italic>cover index</italic> do THV foi de 11,5 (4,1 &#8211; 15,9), variando de 0,0% a 22,8% nos pacientes com melhora significativa no RA, e 13,8 (3,3 &#8211; 16,5), variando entre -29,0% e 1,3% naqueles sem mudan&#231;as e naqueles com piora significativa no RA. A raz&#227;o tamanho do bal&#227;o p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o/di&#226;metro do anel foi de 0,0(-7,9 &#8211; 7,6), variando de -25,0% a 14,3% em pacientes com melhora significativa no RA, e 0,0(-5,6 &#8211; 13,4), com varia&#231;&#227;o entre -33,3% e 16,4% naqueles sem mudan&#231;as ou com piora significativa no RA.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f9">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Mudan&#231;as em s&#233;rie da avalia&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o atrial por videodensitometria (VD-RA). Mudan&#231;as individuais antes e ap&#243;s da p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o (PDB). Em pacientes com VD-AR &gt; 17% e em pacientes com VD-AR &#8804; 17%, foram observadas 7 (34%) e 8 (19%) mortes, respectivamente.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva da frequ&#234;ncia acumulada da taxa de melhora ou piora da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (RA) pela p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o (PDB). A f&#243;rmula do delta relativo da avalia&#231;&#227;o da RA por videodensitometria (VD-RA) foi: (VD-RA ap&#243;s PDB - VD-RA antes da PDB)/VD-RA antes da PDB. Valores negativos indicam melhora da RA ap&#243;s a PDB, enquanto valores positivos indicam piora da RA ap&#243;s a PDB. Com base no percentil 25 do valor absoluto do delta VD-RA, definimos, arbitrariamente, um delta relativo de &lt;-20% como melhora significativa (azul), de -20 a 20% como aus&#234;ncia de mudan&#231;a (verde), e 20% como piora significativa (laranja).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f14">
              <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o videodensitom&#233;trica da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (VD-RA) antes (painel esquerdo, VD-RA = 20%) e ap&#243;s (painel direito, VD-AR = 6%) a p&#243;s&#8209;dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o.</title>
              </caption>
              <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4VLSKNpfGjdGp6Gmt3Dps3r/5568a0bea6f4cb85ea99ba2426ce4ddd9d65ab15.mp4"/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mudan&#231;as no RA segundo classifica&#231;&#227;o de Sellers</title>
          <p>Antes da PDB, a partir de um exame visual, o RA foi classificado como grau III de Sellers em 36 pacientes (50%), e grau II em 25 pacientes (41%). Ap&#243;s a p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, havia 3 casos (5%) com grau III de Sellers, 19 (31%) com grau II, 34 (56%) com grau I de Sellers e 5 (8%) com grau 0. Em 34 dos 36 pacientes com grau III de Sellers antes da PDB, houve diminui&#231;&#227;o do grau em 34 pacientes &#8211; para grau II de Sellers em 16, para grau I em 17, e grau 0 em um paciente). Em 25 pacientes com grau II de Sellers antes da PDB, houve melhora no EP para grau I de Sellers em 17 pacientes e para Sellers 0 em 4 pacientes, e piora para grau III em um paciente, n&#227;o observando mudan&#231;as em 3 pacientes com grau II (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Mudan&#231;as em s&#233;rie da avalia&#231;&#227;o aortogr&#225;fica visual.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efic&#225;cia da PDB</title>
          <p>Antes da PDB, uma VD-RA &gt; 17%, valor com import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica em longo prazo, foi observada em 47 pacientes (77%); 14 casos (23%) apresentaram VD-RA &#8804; 17%, 11 desses (79%) avaliados como grau II de Sellers antes da PDB e 3 (21%) como grau III de Sellers. Ap&#243;s a PDB, VD-RA &gt; 17% foi observada em 19 pacientes (com diminui&#231;&#227;o de 77% a 31% dos indiv&#237;duos), 3 (16%) apresentaram grau III de Sellers, 10 (53%) com grau II de Sellers, e 6 com grau I (32%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figura 6</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, entre os pacientes com VD-RA &gt; 17%, houve 7 mortes (35%) durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, ao passo que naqueles com VD-RA &#8804; 17% (n = 42), 8 pacientes (19%) morreram.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o videodensitom&#233;trica da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (VD-RA) e classifica&#231;&#227;o de Sellers antes e ap&#243;s a p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o (PDB).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0193-80139-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em 18 pacientes e n&#227;o teve efeito sobre a RA avaliada por VD. A VD-RA foi de 25,5% (19,5%-36,0%) com pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o e 23,0% (16,0%-29,0%) naqueles sem dilata&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,159) antes da PDB, e 16,5% (9,5%-22,8%) com pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o e 11,0% (5,0%-17,0%) sem dilata&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,106) ap&#243;s a PDB. O delta de VD-RA normalizado foi -44,5 (-60,1 &#8211; -13,0) com pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o e -50,0 (-75,0 &#8211; -17,9) sem pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,569).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a descrever o valor da VD-RA na avalia&#231;&#227;o da RA antes, durante e ap&#243;s o procedimento de TAVI. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a ecocardiografia e a aortografia s&#227;o os m&#233;todos padr&#245;es para avaliar o sucesso do dispositivo. O consenso do <italic>Valve Academic Research Consortium-2</italic> (VARC-2) recomenda a avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica quantitativa e semi-quantitativa da gravidade da RA por ecocardiograma e a defini&#231;&#227;o de RA moderada ou grave como insufici&#234;ncia valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nombela-Franco et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> usaram uma classifica&#231;&#227;o semi-quantitativa baseada na ecocardiografia e mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos um grau na RA em 71%. Para decidir se a PDB &#233; necess&#225;ria ou n&#227;o, a ecorcardiografia &#233; um exame importante para avaliar a gravidade da RA. No entanto, devemos considerar que, com o aumento de t&#233;cnicas minimalistas de TAVI, o uso de ETE para orientar o TAVI tem se tornado invi&#225;vel. Ainda, foi relatada uma baixa concord&#226;ncia entre observadores para a classifica&#231;&#227;o do PVL baseada em 4 e em 7 classes (kappa 0,481e 0,517, respectivamente),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> aumentando a necessidade de uma t&#233;cnica mais confi&#225;vel.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Esses dados corroboram a import&#226;ncia da aortografia combinada com a VD como uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica e objetiva para identificar a gravidade do PVL durante o procedimento. Essa t&#233;cnica tem um tempo mediano de execu&#231;&#227;o de 3 minutos.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo pr&#233;vio, mostramos que uma VD-RA &gt; 17% correlaciona-se com maior mortalidade e remodelamento reverso prejudicado, conforme evidenciado pela ecocardiografia p&#243;s-TAVI, com excelente reprodutibilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esse valor (VD-RA &gt; 17%) poderia ser decisivo na tomada de decis&#227;o sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de PDB durante o procedimento. Quando a PDB foi realizada, mostramos que antes da PDB, 77% dos pacientes apresentaram uma VD-RA &gt; 17%, e os outros pacientes (VD-RA &#8804; 17%) (23%) n&#227;o necessitariam de PDB. Esse resultado &#233; importante, uma vez que a PDB est&#225; associada com maior taxa de eventos cerebrovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sem PDB.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Ao evitar a realiza&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria de PDB reduziria possivelmente o risco de eventos cerebrovasculares e custos do procedimento. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos casos com VD-RA &lt; 17% antes da PDB encontravam-se em pacientes com grau II de Sellers, sugerindo que a avalia&#231;&#227;o visual da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Sellers poderia levar &#224; PDB desnecess&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a PDB, VD-AR &gt; 17% ainda era observada em 31% dos pacientes. Com base nos dados dispon&#237;veis atualmente, outras medidas dever&#227;o ser realizadas para pacientes com RA residual (VD-AR &gt; 17%). Encontramos uma maior mortalidade em pacientes com VD-RA &gt; 17% em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com VD-RA &#8804; 17% durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento (34% vs.19%). Apesar de a diferen&#231;a na mortalidade n&#227;o ter sido significativa (log rank 0,273) nessa pequena popula&#231;&#227;o com PDB, estudos pr&#233;vios relataram uma tend&#234;ncia de alta mortalidade em pacientes com VD-RA &gt; 17% em uma grande popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em 11 pacientes, houve piora da VD-RA numericamente, e de maneira significativa em 3. Esse dado est&#225; de acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios que tamb&#233;m relataram piora da RA em uma pequena propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes ap&#243;s a PDB,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> e pode ser explicado por uma expans&#227;o excessiva da pr&#243;tese e consequente m&#225;-adapta&#231;&#227;o da c&#250;spide e regurgita&#231;&#227;o transvalvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Mudan&#231;as da s&#233;rie da VD-RA apresentaram predominantemente uma melhora na RA. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o pela PDB foi relatada em 68%-91% na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Os mecanismos da regurgita&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s implante de THV s&#227;o multifatoriais. Por exemplo, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel da valva nativa e na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o <italic>cover index</italic> s&#227;o fatores predisponentes bem conhecidos de regurgita&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o implante de THV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para se decidir se a PDB &#233; necess&#225;ria ou n&#227;o, bem como avaliar sua efici&#234;ncia, seriam necess&#225;rias inje&#231;&#245;es repetidas de altas doses de contraste. O volume de contraste usado nessa popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 150[131-209] mL/procedimento. Em TAVI, a les&#227;o renal aguda (LRA) ocorre em 12% a 57% dos casos, indicando um aumento significativo na mortalidade em curto e em longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> Os mecanismos da LRA ap&#243;s o TAVI s&#227;o multifatoriais, e o papel do volume do contraste &#233; controverso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> No entanto, h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que um maior volume de contraste esteja relacionado com um risco aumentado de LRA ap&#243;s TAVI.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> Considerando o importante papel da aortografia em uma era de TAVI minimalista, a realiza&#231;&#227;o repetida de aortografias n&#227;o pode ser evitada. Contudo, a possibilidade de se reduzir o meio contraste foi relatada <italic>in vitro</italic>, usando-se uma inje&#231;&#227;o de apenas 8 mL de contraste, sincronizada com a fase diast&#243;lica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Essa t&#233;cnica possibilitaria a redu&#231;&#227;o da quantidade total de contraste durante o procedimento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s o implante de THV, o fio-guia &#233; frequentemente deixado no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, podendo produzir regurgita&#231;&#227;o artificial transvalvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> No entanto, o efeito do fio-guia sobre a RA durante o TAVI &#233; vari&#225;vel de acordo com o peso do fio. A maioria dos cirurgi&#245;es decidem em realizar a PDB com ou sem um fio-guia no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por ecocardiografia e aortografia. De fato, no presente estudo, a VD-RA antes da PBD foi analisada com (n = 40) e sem (n = 12) fio-guia remanescente no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
          <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o de nosso estudo &#233; a aus&#234;ncia do &#237;ndice de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, o que impossibilita sua compara&#231;&#227;o com o nosso m&#233;todo. Limita&#231;&#245;es da avalia&#231;&#227;o por VD-RA incluem sua viabilidade. Por ser um estudo retrospectivo, a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da aortografia n&#227;o foi espec&#237;fica para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da RA por VD. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da VD de maneira adequada, a aquisi&#231;&#227;o da aortografia deveria ser feita sem sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de ROIs com contraste preenchendo a aorta ascendente/descendente. Recentemente, Teng et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> relataram como planejar uma proje&#231;&#227;o livre de sobreposi&#231;&#245;es para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da RA por VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Um protocolo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fico possibilitaria maior viabilidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o. N&#243;s tentamos contornar essa limita&#231;&#227;o escolhendo os casos que realmente apresentaram adequada aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens, o que acarretou diminui&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da nossa amostra. Um estudo cl&#237;nico prospectivo &#233; necess&#225;rio para confirmar essa hip&#243;tese. At&#233; o momento, o programa <italic>CAAS-A-valve</italic> est&#225; apenas dispon&#237;vel como um sistema <italic>offline</italic>. Tentativas est&#227;o sendo feitas para permitir uma avalia&#231;&#227;o <italic>online</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, um sistema <italic>online</italic> provavelmente possibilitar&#225; o uso da VD-RA como guia para TAVI.</p>
          <p>Neste estudo, nenhum par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi registrado ap&#243;s implante de THV, e sim ap&#243;s a PDB. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel, da valva nativa e na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo por tomografia computadorizada n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>VD-RA ap&#243;s implante de THV permite que o operador avalie quantitativamente a regurgita&#231;&#227;o, racionalize a realiza&#231;&#227;o da PDB e avalie sua efic&#225;cia.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimentos</title>
        <p>Agradecemos a Jean-Paul Aben pelo preparo do v&#237;deo de apoio.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Yosuke Miyazaki pela Erasmus University.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Para este estudo foram usados dados do Registro brasileiro de TAVI. Este registro foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica de todas as institui&#231;&#245;es participantes, e todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos prospectivamente assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Todos os procedimentos realizados estavam de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
