<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5pNnDpLtNgmSrpqpb5RyzTP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400191</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180148</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Sympathetic Activity and the Neuro-Humoral Theory on Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Have We Learned Enough?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Quinaglia A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Otavio Rizzi Coelho-Filho</bold> Disciplina de Cardiologia - Departamento de Medicina Interna - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP. Rua Vital Brasil, 251. Postal Code 13083-888, Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8220;Zeferino Vaz&#8221;, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>orcfilho@unicamp.br</email> ou <email>tavicocoelho@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>191</fpage>
      <lpage>192</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Dysautonomies</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial/radionuclide imaging</kwd>
        <kwd><sup>123</sup>I-MIBC</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Since the 1970s,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> in observational trials, and more recently in placebo-controlled randomized trials,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> antagonizing beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the myocardium has been shown to mitigate the burden of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Mortality has been reduced by 34-65% according to these studies. However, inhibiting the action of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by blocking alpha1 or stimulating alpha-2 central receptors has shown negative results or even an increased mortality, despite reducing norepinephrine plasma levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> This indicates that SNS effects on myocardial receptors, more than in peripheral receptors, play a pivotal role in HFrEF pathophysiology.</p>
    <p>Hyper-activation of the SNS and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, combined with an increase in load-dependent peptides and inflammatory cascades constitute the neuro-humoral theory on HFrEF progression. While the neuro-humoral response counteracts and compensates for an initial myocardial insult, in the long-term it contributes to the progression of the disease to the point that cardiovascular homeostasis eventually succumbs if not treated properly. Therapies targeting all these neuro-humoral responses have dramatically changed the natural history of HFrEF.</p>
    <p>Even though neuro-humoral theory has scaffolded for treatment of heart failure, the same has not occurred for HFrEF diagnosis. Except for the (still) scant use of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), diagnosis and follow-up of such patients has been largely based on the estimation of ejection fraction (EF). This parameter is obviously of great importance, but in addition to being highly variable (inter-observer variability can be as high as 13%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> EF reduction occurs late in disease progression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> when intervention is often less efficacious. Thus, new methods that comprise early detection of myocardium at risk and allow response to treatment assessment are desirable.</p>
    <p>Assessment of cardiac sympathetic activity can, in theory, fulfill these criteria. Iodine<sup>123</sup>&#8211; metaiodobenzylguanidine (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) scintigraphy is a well-known method to assess SNS cardiac activity and, though not widely applied, it can provide valuable information regarding early myocardial damage<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and response to beta1- adrenergic receptors blockade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> present a study with an instigating design and shed light on how cardiac sympathetic dysfunction occurs in HFrEF patients. In the study, treated patients with Chagas&#8217; cardiomyopathy appear to have similar sympathetic cardiac dysfunction compared to other treated HFrEF patients. These results could highlight the fact that treatment efficacy does not vary across HFrEF groups. Along with the current published scientific literature it is possible to speculate that cardiac Chagas disease begins with sympathetic denervation, evolves to perfusion disturbances and terminates in motility impairment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Intervention with optimized medical treatment could, then, delay the progression to terminal disease. Also, the manuscript shows that sympathetic function in HFrEF treated patients is still below normal thresholds described in previous studies, thus suggesting a possible residual risk related to SNS hyper-activation.</p>
    <p>The study by Marino et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> is timely because it reminds clinicians and researchers that in order to maintain progress in treatment improvement and disease prevention it is of utmost necessity to keep track of its pathophysiology. Hyper-activation of SNS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and inflammatory cascades, among others, are cornerstones of the disease. Novel biomarkers to evaluate early myocardium at risk are highly needed, and some interesting ones seem to be in the pipeline. Late gadolinium enhancement, extracellular volume fraction and myocyte size quantification, assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance, as well as myocardial strain imaging by echocardiography and <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG global and regional cardiac scintigraphy by nuclear imaging are promising methods, but these novel methods require validation in larger cohorts and in controlled clinical trials. Established and novel methods can be then integrated to provide a thorough evaluation of the HFrEF patient and perhaps reduce even more the burden of such ominous disease.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Short Editorial regarding the article: Sympathetic Dysautonomia in Heart Failure by <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG: comparison between Chagasic, non-Chagasic and heart transplant patients</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Swedberg K, Hjalmarson A, Waagstein F, Wallentin I. Prolongation of survival in congestive cardiomyopathy by beta-receptor blockade. Lancet. 1979;1(8131):1374-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hjalmarson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waagstein</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallentin</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prolongation of survival in congestive cardiomyopathy by beta-receptor blockade</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1979</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>8131</issue>
          <fpage>1374</fpage>
          <lpage>1376</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Waagstein F, Hjalmarson A, Varnauskas E, Wallentin I. Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1975;37(10):1022-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Waagstein</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hjalmarson</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Varnauskas</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallentin</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of chronic beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in congestive cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <year>1975</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1022</fpage>
          <lpage>1036</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet. 1999;353(9169):2001-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>353</volume>
          <issue>9169</issue>
          <fpage>2001</fpage>
          <lpage>2007</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(21):1349-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Packer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colucci</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fowler</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gilbert</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>334</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>1349</fpage>
          <lpage>1355</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE, et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(24):1547-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Archibald</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ziesche</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franciosa</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harston</surname>
              <given-names>WE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tristani</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>314</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1547</fpage>
          <lpage>1552</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 Lang CC, Rayos GH, Chomsky DB, Wood AJ, Wilson JR. Effect of sympathoinhibition on exercise performance in patients with heart failure. Circulation. 1997;96(1):238-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rayos</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chomsky</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wood</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of sympathoinhibition on exercise performance in patients with heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>238</fpage>
          <lpage>245</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Cohn JN, Pfeffer MA, Rouleau J, Sharpe N, Swedberg K, Straub M, et al; MOXCON Investigators. Adverse mortality effect of central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in patients with heart failure (MOXCON). Eur J Heart Fail. 2003;5(5):659-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rouleau</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharpe</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Straub</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>MOXCON Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adverse mortality effect of central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in patients with heart failure (MOXCON)</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>659</fpage>
          <lpage>667</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Thavendiranathan P, Grant AD, Negishi T, Plana JC, Popovic ZB, Marwick TH. Reproducibility of echocardiographic techniques for sequential assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes: application to patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(1):77-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thavendiranathan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grant</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Negishi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plana</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popovic</surname>
              <given-names>ZB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reproducibility of echocardiographic techniques for sequential assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes application to patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>77</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Thavendiranathan P, Poulin F, Lim KD, Plana JC, Woo A, Marwick TH. Use of myocardial strain imaging by echocardiography for the early detection of cardiotoxicity in patients during and after cancer chemotherapy: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt A):2751-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thavendiranathan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulin</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lim</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plana</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of myocardial strain imaging by echocardiography for the early detection of cardiotoxicity in patients during and after cancer chemotherapy a systematic review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <issue-part>Pt A</issue-part>
          <fpage>2751</fpage>
          <lpage>2768</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Lotze U, Kober A, Kaepplinger S, Neubauer S, Gottschild D, Figulla HR. Cardiac sympathetic activity as measured by myocardial 123-I-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake and heart rate variability in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(11):1548-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lotze</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kober</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaepplinger</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neubauer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottschild</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figulla</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac sympathetic activity as measured by myocardial 123-I-metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake and heart rate variability in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1548</fpage>
          <lpage>1551</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 Yamazaki J, Muto H, Kabano T, Yamashina S, Nanjo S, Inoue A. Evaluation of beta-blocker therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy--Clinical meaning of iodine 123-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography. Am Heart J. 2001;141(4):645-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yamazaki</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muto</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kabano</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamashina</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nanjo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inoue</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of beta-blocker therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy--Clinical meaning of iodine 123-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>141</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>645</fpage>
          <lpage>652</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 Marino VP, Dumont SM, Mota SG, Braga LS, Freitas S, Moreira MC. Disautonomia simp&#225;tica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pela 123I-MIBG: compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos e transplantes card&#237;acos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; 111(2):182-190.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marino</surname>
              <given-names>VP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dumont</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Disautonomia simp&#225;tica na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pela 123I-MIBG compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o chag&#225;sicos e transplantes card&#237;acos</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>190</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Simoes MV, Pintya AO, Bromberg-Marin G, Sarabanda AV, Antloga CM, Pazin-Filho A, et al. Relation of regional sympathetic denervation and myocardial perfusion disturbance to wall motion impairment in Chagas' cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86(9):975-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Simoes</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pintya</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bromberg-Marin</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarabanda</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antloga</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pazin-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relation of regional sympathetic denervation and myocardial perfusion disturbance to wall motion impairment in Chagas' cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>975</fpage>
          <lpage>981</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Bestetti RB, Coutinho-Netto J, Staibano L, Pinto LZ, Muccillo G, Oliveira JS. Peripheral and coronary sinus catecholamine levels in patients with severe congestive heart failure due to Chagas' disease. Cardiology. 1995;86(3):202-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bestetti</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coutinho-Netto</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Staibano</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>LZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muccillo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Peripheral and coronary sinus catecholamine levels in patients with severe congestive heart failure due to Chagas' disease</article-title>
          <source>Cardiology</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>202</fpage>
          <lpage>206</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividade Simp&#225;tica Card&#237;aca e Teoria Neuro-Humoral na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida: J&#225; Aprendemos o Suficiente?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Quinaglia A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Otavio Rizzi Coelho-Filho</bold> Disciplina de Cardiologia - Departamento de Medicina Interna - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP. Rua Vital Brasil, 251. CEP 13083-888, Cidade Universit&#225;ria &#8220;Zeferino Vaz&#8221;, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>orcfilho@unicamp.br</email> ou <email>tavicocoelho@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Disautonomias Prim&#225;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd><sup>123</sup>I-metaiodobenzilguanidina (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Desde a d&#233;cada de 1970,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> em estudos observacionais e, mais recentemente, em testes randomizados controlados por placebo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> tem-se demonstrado que o uso de antagonistas dos receptores beta-1 adren&#233;rgicos no mioc&#225;rdio mitiga os efeitos da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com redu&#231;&#227;o fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (ICFER). A mortalidade foi reduzida em 34 a 65%, segundo tais estudos. No entanto, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da a&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS) perif&#233;rico pelo bloqueio dos receptores alfa-1 ou pela estimula&#231;&#227;o dos receptores alfa-2 revelou resultados negativos, ou mesmo um aumento da mortalidade, apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de norepinefrina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Isso indica que os efeitos do SNS nos receptores mioc&#225;rdicos, mais do que nos perif&#233;ricos, desempenham um papel fundamental na fisiopatologia da ICFER.</p>
      <p>A hiperativa&#231;&#227;o do SNS e do eixo renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, juntamente com o aumento de pept&#237;deos dependentes de carga e ativa&#231;&#227;o de cascatas inflamat&#243;rias constituem a teoria neuro-humoral da progress&#227;o da ICFER. A resposta neuro-humoral neutraliza e compensa um insulto inicial do mioc&#225;rdio, mas a longo prazo, ela contribui para a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, de tal forma que, sem tratamento adequado, a homeostase cardiovascular eventualmente sucumbe. Por esse motivo, &#233; f&#225;cil entender porque terapias visando controlar essa resposta neuro-humoral mudaram dramaticamente a hist&#243;ria natural da ICFER.</p>
      <p>Embora a teoria neuro-humoral tenha servido de alicerce para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o mesmo n&#227;o se verificou na avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da ICFER. Com exce&#231;&#227;o do uso (ainda) escasso do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (BNP), o diagn&#243;stico e acompanhamento desses pacientes t&#234;m se baseado amplamente na estimativa da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE). Este par&#226;metro &#233; obviamente muito importante, mas, al&#233;m de ser altamente vari&#225;vel (a variabilidade interobservador pode chegar a 13%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> a redu&#231;&#227;o da FE ocorre tardiamente na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> quando a interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; frequentemente menos eficaz. Assim, novos m&#233;todos que contemplem a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce do mioc&#225;rdio em risco e permitam quantificar uma resposta ao tratamento s&#227;o desej&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, em teoria, atende a esses crit&#233;rios. A cintilografia com iodo123 &#8211; metaiodobenzilguanidina (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) &#233; um m&#233;todo bem conhecido para estimar a atividade card&#237;aca do SNS e, apesar de n&#227;o ser largamente aplicado, pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre uma les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica precoce<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e sobre a resposta ao bloqueio dos receptores beta-1 adren&#233;rgicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Marino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> apresentam um estudo com desenho instigante, e esclarecem como ocorre a disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca em pacientes com ICFER. No estudo, os pacientes com cardiomiopatia da doen&#231;a de Chagas aparentam ter disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca simp&#225;tica semelhante &#224; de outros pacientes com ICFER. Estes resultados talvez ressaltem o fato de que a efic&#225;cia do tratamento n&#227;o varia entre os grupos de ICFER. Juntamente com a literatura cient&#237;fica publicada, &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca do Chagas come&#231;a com denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica, evolui para dist&#250;rbios de perfus&#227;o e termina no comprometimento da motilidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> A interven&#231;&#227;o com tratamento m&#233;dico otimizado poderia, ent&#227;o, retardar a progress&#227;o para a doen&#231;a terminal. Al&#233;m disso, o manuscrito revela que a fun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica em pacientes com ICFER sob tratamento adequado ainda est&#225; abaixo dos limites normais conforme estudos anteriores, sugerindo um poss&#237;vel risco residual relacionado &#224; hiperativa&#231;&#227;o do SNS.</p>
      <p>O estudo de Marino et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> &#233; oportuno porque lembra aos cl&#237;nicos e pesquisadores que, para manter os progressos na melhoria do tratamento e na preven&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as, &#233; extremamente necess&#225;rio manter o entendimento de sua fisiopatologia. A hiperativa&#231;&#227;o do SNS, do eixo renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e as cascatas inflamat&#243;rias ativadas, entre outros, s&#227;o pedras angulares da doen&#231;a. Novos biomarcadores para avaliar o risco mioc&#225;rdico precoce s&#227;o altamente necess&#225;rios, e alguns exemplos interessantes parecem estar a caminho. Realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio, fra&#231;&#227;o de volume extracelular e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do tamanho dos mi&#243;citos, avaliados por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, avalia&#231;&#227;o de deforma&#231;&#227;o do miocardio (&#8220;strain&#8221; por ecocardiografia) e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cintilografia card&#237;aca global e regional com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG por imagem nuclear s&#227;o m&#233;todos promissores, mas que requerem valida&#231;&#227;o em coortes maiores e em testes cl&#237;nicos controlados. Assim, m&#233;todos estabelecidos e novos poder&#227;o ser integrados para fornecer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o completa do paciente com ICFER, e talvez reduzir ainda mais o impacto dessa enfermidade t&#227;o amea&#231;adora.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Disautonomia Simp&#225;tica na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca pela <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre Pacientes Chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o-Chag&#225;sicos e Transplantados Card&#237;acos</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
