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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">MThC4qH4mNDsZKfzR4HLnHv</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400182</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005010102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180124</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sympathetic Dysautonomia in Heart Failure by <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG: comparison between Chagasic, non-Chagasic and heart transplant patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Santuari Parisotto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dumont</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Monetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Luciene das Gra&#231;as</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Saliba de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Anatomia e Imagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Anatomia e Imagem da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Viviane Santuari Parisotto Marino.</bold> Alameda Serra da Canastra, 284. Condom&#237;nio Vila del Rey. Postal Code 34007-206, Nova Lima, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>parisottoviviane@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Marino VSP, Dumont SM, Mota LG, Moreira MCV; Acquisition of data: Marino VSP, Mota LG, Braga DS, Moreira MCV; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Marino VSP, Dumont SM, Moreira MCV; Statistical analysis: Marino VSP, Moreira MCV; Obtaining financing: Moreira MCV; Writing of the manuscript: Marino VSP, Dumont SM, Freitas SS, Moreira MCV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Marino VSP, Dumont SM, Mota LG, Braga DS, Freitas SS, Moreira MCV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>182</fpage>
      <lpage>190</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Heart failure (HF) is a severe public health problem because of its high morbidity and mortality and elevated costs, thus requiring better understanding of its course. In its complex and multifactorial pathogenesis, sympathetic hyperactivity plays a relevant role. Considering that sympathetic dysfunction is already present in the initial phases of chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) and frequently associated with a worse prognosis, we assumed it could be more severe in CCC than in cardiomyopathies of other etiologies (non-CCC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the cardiac sympathetic dysfunction <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) of HF, comparing individuals with CCC to those with non-CCC, using heart transplant (HT) patients as denervated heart parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We assessed 76 patients with functional class II-VI HF, being 25 CCC (17 men), 25 non-CCC (14 men) and 26 HT (20 men), by use of cardiac <sup>123</sup>I-metaiodobenzylguanidine <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) scintigraphy, estimating the early and late heart-to-mediastinum ratio (HMR) of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG uptake and cardiac washout (WO%). The 5% significance level was adopted in the statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The early and late HMR values were 1.73 &#177; 0.24 and 1.58 &#177; 0.27, respectively, in CCC, and 1.62 &#177; 0.21 and 1.44 &#177; 0.16 in non-CCC (p = NS), being, however, higher in HT patients (p &lt; 0.001). The WO% values were 41.65 &#177; 21.4 (CCC), 47.37 &#177; 14.19% (non-CCC) and 43.29 &#177; 23.02 (HT), p = 0.057. The late HMR values showed a positive weak correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in CCC and non-CCC (r = 0.42 and p = 0.045; and r = 0.49 and p = 0.015, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Sympathetic hyperactivity <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) was evidenced in patients with class II-IV HF, LVEF &lt; 45%, independently of the HF etiology, as compared to HT patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Dysautonomies</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial/radionuclide imaging</kwd>
        <kwd><sup>123</sup> I-metaiodobenzylguanidine <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) currently represents a public health problem because of its epidemic proportions (worldwide prevalence greater than 23 million individuals), its high morbidity and mortality, and, consequently, high health expenditures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A large variety of cardiac conditions can result in HF, whose prevalence differs when comparing developed and developing countries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> In Brazil, the ischemic etiology accounts for 34.1% of the HF cases, being followed by the Chagasic (21.4%) and hypertensive (13.2%) etiologies, the Chagasic being associated with a worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Previous studies have suggested that the pathogenesis of HF is complex and multifactorial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> sympathetic dysautonomia playing a relevant role in the process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> In the initial phase of HF, the sympathetic nervous system activation would modulate the pump function; however, over time, its action would become deleterious, leading to myocardial remodeling and restructuring, with progressive decline of the cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> In such patients, sympathetic dysfunction would be characterized by a significant reduction in the presynaptic uptake of norepinephrine, with consequent elevation in its serum levels and reduction in the postsynaptic density of b-adrenoreceptors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC), early impairment of the parasympathetic nervous system has been well established,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> and sympathetic dysfunction, although not totally established, is believed to be present in the initial phases of the disease,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> when the cardiac pump function is preserved and potentially associated with malignant arrhythmias and sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Because cardiac autonomous dysfunction is present early in CCC and the incidence of malignant arrhythmias and sudden death is elevated in those patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> this study was designed aimed at assessing the presence and the magnitude of cardiac sympathetic dysfunction in Chagasic patients with HF. Chagasic <italic>versus</italic> non-Chagasic patients were compared, and heart transplant (HT) patients were considered as the denervated heart pattern (known to be abnormal).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Cardiac <sup>123</sup>I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) scintigraphy was used to assess the patients, because it properly evaluates cardiac sympathetic dysfunction,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> providing relevant parameters to understand the progression of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study of 76 patients selected from the Heart Failure and Heart Transplant outpatient clinic of our institution from March 2014 to February 2016.</p>
      <p>The eligibility criteria for individuals with HF were: age over 18 years; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 45%; confirmed non-Chagasic or Chagasic etiology (positivity for Chagas disease confirmed by use of two different serological techniques) associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> and accepting to participate in the study. In addition, for individuals with HF submitted to HT (comparison group or denervated heart model),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> time from HT shorter than 12 months was required. Patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Parkinson disease, non-sinus heart rhythm or implantable pacemaker were excluded.</p>
      <p>The patients were studied prospectively, divided into three groups: CCC group - 25 patients with CCC (mean age, 53.3 &#177; 9.2 years; 17 males); non-CCC group - 25 patients with heart disease etiologies other than CCC (56% idiopathic, 36% ischemic, and 8% post-partum cardiomyopathy; mean age, 43.3 &#177; 12 years; 14 males); and HT group - 26 patients previously submitted to HT within less than 12 months (mean, 6.5 &#177; 3.8 months), with mean age of 47.3 &#177; 13.1 years, being 20 of the male sex. All patients provided written informed consent, which had been approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution, according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients underwent clinical control during the study period.</p>
      <p>Clinical, electrocardiographic (ECG at rest) and echocardiographic data were collected by the same researcher. Echocardiography was performed using the Phillips iE33&#174; ultrasound device (Phillips Medical, Andover, MA, USA), LVEF being estimated by using Simpson's formula.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Planar scintigraphy of the myocardial innervation was performed by use of slow intravenous administration of 111 MBq/3 mCi <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG (IPEN/CNEN), with anterior image acquisition of the chest after 15 minutes and 180 minutes on a Hawkeye&#174; gamma-camera (GE healthcare, Milwaukie, USA), 10 min/frame, <sup>123</sup>I photopeak of 159 KeV, window of 20%, and low-energy high-resolution collimator (LEHR). The heart region of interest (ROI) was drawn encompassing the entire left ventricle, while that of the superior mediastinum encompassed a square ROI of 12x12 pixels. Early and late cardiac uptakes were estimated by use of the ratio between the radioactive counts of the heart and mediastinal ROIs on early and late imaging (early HMR and late HMR, respectively). The cardiac washout rate (WO%) of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG was calculated using the formula: (early heart uptake early mediastinal uptake) (late heart uptake late mediastinal uptake) / (early heart uptake early mediastinal uptake) x 100, without considering radioactive decay, and expressed as percentages<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Two nuclear physicians analyzed separately the images, with 98% of interobserver agreement, and defined the following as abnormal: WO% &gt; 27% and late HMR &#8804; 1.8.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Early (15-minute) and late (180-minute) anterior planar imaging of the chest by 123I-MIBG scintigraphy, with regions of interest (ROI) positioned on the superior mediastinum between the pulmonary fields and heart.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The effective radiation dose for the patient, resulting from the administration of 111 MBq/3mCi of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG was estimated as approximately 4.8 mSv, comparable to one of the phases of myocardial perfusion studies with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-isonitrile.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>For this analysis, a sample of 76 patients was calculated to detect a 12% variation in the early or late <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG uptake (HMR), with 5% alpha error and 80% power (CI = 95%) for three groups of patients.</p>
        <p>To characterize the sample, descriptive analysis of the following variables was initially performed: sex, age, heart rate (HR), LVEF, early HMR, late HMR and WO% of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG expressed according to the distribution of frequency or measures of central tendency and variability. This analysis was stratified per group (CCC, non-CCC and HT). When comparing the three groups, for the categorical variables (sex, HR, NYHA functional class, use of beta-blockers), Pearson chi-square test was performed; for the continuous variables (age, LVEF, WO%), one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used; and for multiple comparisons, the least significant difference (LSD) test was used. In addition, ANOVA was used to assess the variables (early and late HMR), based, however, on repeated-measures analysis and LSD test for multiple comparisons.</p>
        <p>It is worth noting that the assumptions to use ANOVA were verified and accepted, that is, normally distributed residuals (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and constant variances (Levene's test).</p>
        <p>To analyze the correlation between the measures of early HMR, late HMR or WO% and LVEF, Pearson correlation test and its respective p value were used. In all analyses, a 5% significance level was considered, and the statistical software SPSS, version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Illinois, USA), was used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the demographic, clinical and echocardiographic data of the patients studied. Those with HF on angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and beta-blockers maintained their medications. In approximately 70% of the HT patients, HR was maintained over 80 bpm (mean of 90.7 bpm), while in individuals with CCC and non-CCC, the mean HR values were 72.7 bpm and 75.6 bpm, respectively (p = 0.03). No patient was on tricyclic antidepressants.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Demographic, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of the patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">CCC</th>
              <th align="center">non-CCC</th>
              <th align="center">HT</th>
              <th align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">68.0</td>
              <td align="center">56.0</td>
              <td align="center">77.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.281<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">53.3 &#177; 9.2</td>
              <td align="center">43.3 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">47.3 &#177; 13.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.016<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">c</xref></sup></bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HR &gt; 80 bpm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">30.8</td>
              <td align="center">33.3</td>
              <td align="center">69.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.072<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NYHA II-IV<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">62.5</td>
              <td align="center">92.0</td>
              <td align="center">0.0</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF % (Echo)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">30.6 &#177; 7.8</td>
              <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 8.0</td>
              <td align="center">66.6 &#177; 8.3</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">c</xref></sup></bold> CCC = non-CCC &lt; HT</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ACEI<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">91.3</td>
              <td align="center">88</td>
              <td align="center">77.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.394<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">b</xref></sup></bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beta-blockers<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center">91.3</td>
              <td align="center">100</td>
              <td align="center">18.2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">a</xref></sup></bold> CCC = non-CCC &gt; HT</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>CCC: chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy; non-CCC: cardiomyopathy other than Chagas disease; HT: heart transplant; HR: heart rate (bpm); NYHA: New York Heart Association (heart failure functional classification); ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; Echo: echocardiography;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>expressed as mean and standard deviation;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>(&#8224;)</label>
            <p>expressed as percentage. Note: The probability of statistical significance for the comparison of the groups refers to</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>(a)</label>
            <p>chi-square test,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>(b)</label>
            <p>Fisher exact test, and</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>(c)</label>
            <p>analysis of variance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The early and late HMR values were greater than those reported for HT patients (p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>), but did not differ in CCC or non-CCC patients with HF, even when adjusted for age and age group (early HMR: p = 0.251; and late HMR: p = 0.011). The early HMR values of CCC patients were 8.6% higher than those found in non-CCC patients, and 39.7% higher than those found in HT patients. The late HMR values of CCC patients were 9.7% higher than those of non-CCC patients, and 31.7% higher than those of HT patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Scintigraphic parameters of myocardial dysfunction (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) in CCC, non-CCC and HT patients</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left"><sup>123</sup>I-MIBG</th>
              <th align="center">CCC</th>
              <th align="center">non-CCC</th>
              <th align="center">HT</th>
              <th align="center">p </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Early HMR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.73 &#177; 0.24</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 &#177; 0.21</td>
              <td align="center">1.26 &#177; 0.10</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Late HMR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.58 &#177; 0.27</td>
              <td align="center">1.44 &#177; 0.16</td>
              <td align="center">1.20 &#177; 0.12</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">WO%</td>
              <td align="center">41.60 &#177; 21.41</td>
              <td align="center">47.37 &#177; 14.19</td>
              <td align="center">43.29 &#177; 23.02</td>
              <td align="center">0.057<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">b</xref></sup></bold></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>CCC: chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy; non-CCC: cardiomyopathy other than Chagas disease; HT: heart transplant; early HMR: ratio of the heart/mediastinum radioactive counts estimated on 15-minute images (early uptake); late HMR: ratio of the heart/mediastinum radioactive counts estimated on 180-minute images (late uptake); WO%: cardiac washout of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, expressed as percentage;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>(*)</label>
            <p>values expressed as mean and standard deviation. Note: The probability of statistical significance refers to analysis of variance based on</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>(a)</label>
            <p>repeated measures and</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <label>(b)</label>
            <p>analysis of variance.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Early and late HMR of 123I-MIBG in CCC or non-CCC or HT patients. Early HMR - ratio of the heart/mediastinum radioactive counts estimated on 15-minute images (early uptake); late HMR: ratio of the heart/mediastinum radioactive counts estimated on 180-minute images (late uptake). Groups: CCC: chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy; non-CCC: cardiomyopathy etiology other than Chagas disease; HT: heart transplant.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The WO% values showed no statistically significant difference between individuals with HF, and between individuals with HF and those submitted to HT (p = 0.577) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac washout (WO%) of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG in CCC or non-CCC or HT patients. Groups: CCC: chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy; non-CCC: cardiomyopathy etiology other than Chagas disease; HT: heart transplant.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A weak positive correlation was observed between late HMR values and LVEF in CCC patients (r = 0.42; p = 0.045). Regarding the non-CCC patients, a positive correlation was observed both between LVEF and early HMR (r = 0.46; p = 0.023) and between LVEF and late HMR (r = 0.49; p = 0.015). However, none of the groups showed a correlation between LVEF and WO% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figures 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dispersion graph to assess the correlation between LVEF and early HMR in CCC or non-CCC or HT patients. Early HMR: ratio of the heart/mediastinum radioactive counts estimated on 15-minute images (early uptake); LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. (A) CCC: chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy; (B) non-CCC: cardiomyopathy etiology other than Chagas disease; (C) HT: heart transplant.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dispersion graph to assess the correlation between LVEF and late HMR in CCC or non-CCC or HT patients. Late HMR: ratio of the heart/mediastinum radioactive counts estimated on 180-minute images (late uptake); LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. (A) CCC: chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy; (B) non-CCC: cardiomyopathy etiology other than Chagas disease; (C) HT: heart transplant.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dispersion graph to assess the correlation between LVEF and WO% of 123I-MIBG in CCC or non-CCC or HT patients. CCC: chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction. (A) CCC: chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy; (B) non-CCC: cardiomyopathy etiology other than Chagas disease; (C) HT: heart transplant.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study investigated the presence and magnitude of cardiac dysautonomia in patients with HF and LVEF &#8804; 45% by use of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy. Patients were divided into three groups, CCC, non-CCC and HT, the latter, by representing the denervated heart model, served as the abnormality pattern.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
			</p>
      <p>There was scintigraphic evidence of sympathetic hyperactivity, based on the findings of low <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG uptake (early and late HMR) by the presynaptic endings in the three groups studied, which is aligned with the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The low <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG uptake indicates dysfunction of the receptors and integrity loss of the presynaptic sympathetic fibers, reinforcing the theory of sympathetic hyperactivity in the pathogenesis of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Scintigraphy is the only noninvasive and safe method, sufficiently sensitive to assess the autonomic sympathetic nervous system,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> that can provide parameters known for their accuracy and reproducibility to estimate the efficacy of clinical treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> and the prognosis of patients with HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> However, the lack of standardization in the scintigraphic imaging acquisition and processing hinders the incorporation of the method into clinical practice, because there is no well-defined reference value.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> In a meta-analysis of seven studies with 96 healthy individuals, Patel and Iskandrian have reported HMR of 2.13 &#177; 0.3 and WO% of 20 &#177; 10% (ranging from 10 &#177; 6% to 37 &#177; 5%) for healthy individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The literature on HF has reported reduced late HMR values (1.80),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> with a correlation between a reduction in uptake and worse prognosis, expressed as a higher number of cardiac events and higher mortality.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> The late HMR values found for our patients with HF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>) were lower than those adopted by different authors using cutoff point values &lt; 1.75 (sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 60%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> &lt; 1.68,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> or even, more restrictive, &lt; 1.60.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The HMR values found for HT patients (1.20 &#177; 0.12) were lower than those found for individuals with HF, with statistical significance (p&lt;0.001), which is aligned with that reported in the literature for patients within the first post-HT year, specially individuals with idiopathic heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the patients of this study were on regular use of beta-blockers and ACEI, which do not interfere directly in the uptake of noradrenaline. However, by improving the cardiac performance, and, thus, the sympathetic tone, they increment the <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG uptake.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Thus, supposedly, the HMR values of our patients are overestimated, reinforcing their sympathetic dysfunction degree.</p>
      <p>Considering that the late HMR values of individuals with CCC (1.58 &#177; 0.27) are overestimated, and that Gadioli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> have reported a significant correlation between late HMR values of 1.68 &#177; 0.19 and severe ventricular arrhythmias, we assumed that the sympathetic dysfunction was more severe in the CCC group because of its arrhythmic findings as compared to the non-CCC group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> However, in our study, those values did not differ significantly from those of the non-CCC group (1.44 &#177; 0.16), even when statistically adjusted to age and LVEF (p = 0.111).</p>
      <p>This fact might be explained by the advanced HF stage of our patients, when sustained autonomic sympathetic dysfunction represents a deleterious mechanism in the pathogenesis of HF itself,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> independently of etiology, which is aligned with the report by other authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the importance of sympathetic dysfunction in CCC has been questioned by different authors because of: variation in the intensity of denervation; absence of correlation between parasympathetic denervation and myocardial dysfunction extent;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> presence of autonomic dysfunction in the early stages of Chagas disease;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> correlation between persistence of the myocardial inflammatory process and those patients' morbidity and mortality,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> despite the serum levels of catecholamines.</p>
      <p>The estimated WO% values were elevated and abnormal in the three groups studied, being compatible with sympathetic dysfunction in patients with HF and not different from those of HT (p = 0.577). The sympathetic tone, translated by WO%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> might be altered earlier and more markedly than late HMR, and, thus, could be a more sensitive parameter for prognostic assessment, as described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Finally, a positive, although weak, but statistically significant correlation between HMR and LVEF was observed in individuals with HF. The LVEF is routinely used for the prognostic assessment of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Thus, that weak correlation can indicate that this scintigraphic parameter is more accurate and earlier altered, as reported by Ogita et al., suggesting it is a better predictor of prognosis than LVEF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> In addition, it is worth noting that the correlation of early and late HMR with LVEF in CCC patients identified in this study has not been reported in the literature.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional nonrandomized study of patients with advanced HF (NYHA functional class II-IV), thus its findings cannot be generalized to all individuals with CCC. There are no strictly established reference values to quantify the scintigraphic parameters because different methodologies have been used (decay factor, correction of septal penetration of iodine).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The maintenance of the medication by the patients (ACEI and beta-blockers) might have led to overestimation of the HMR values and influenced our results, although the number of patients on medications did not differ between the CCC and non-CCC groups, and most studies in the literature have been performed considering the severity of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This study evidenced the presence of cardiac sympathetic autonomic dysfunction on myocardial <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy, regardless of the HF etiology, and its magnitude was equal in individuals with CCC and non-CCC as compared to HT patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPEMIG.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Post-Doctoral submitted by Viviane Santuari Parisotto Marino, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Comit&#234; de &#233;tica em Pesquisa (COEP) under the protocol number ETIC 0116.0.203.000-11. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Disautonomia Simp&#225;tica na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca pela <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG: Compara&#231;&#227;o entre Pacientes Chag&#225;sicos, n&#227;o-Chag&#225;sicos e Transplantados Card&#237;acos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marino</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Santuari Parisotto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dumont</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Monetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Luciene das Gra&#231;as</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Stephanie Saliba de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Consola&#231;&#227;o Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Anatomia e Imagem da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Viviane Santuari Parisotto Marino.</bold> Alameda Serra da Canastra, 284. Condom&#237;nio Vila del Rey. CEP 34007-206, Nova Lima, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>parisottoviviane@yahoo.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Marino VSP, Dumont SM, Mota LG, Moreira MCV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marino VSP, Mota LG, Braga DS, Freitas SS, Moreira MCV; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Marino VSP, Dumont SM, Moreira MCV; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Marino VSP, Moreira MCV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Moreira MCV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Marino VSP, Dumont SM, Freitas SS, Moreira MCV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Marino VSP, Dumont SM, Mota LG, Braga DS, Freitas SS, Moreira MCV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) representa um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica pela alta morbimortalidade e custos envolvidos, exigindo uma melhor compreens&#227;o de sua evolu&#231;&#227;o. Em sua patog&#234;nese, complexa e multifatorial, a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica ocupa relevante papel. Considerando que a disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica est&#225; presente j&#225; nas fases iniciais da cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC), frequentemente associando-se a um pior progn&#243;stico, supomos que pudesse ser mais grave na CCC que nas demais etiologias (n&#227;o-CCC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) da IC, comparando-se os portadores de CCC aos n&#227;o-CCC, utilizando os pacientes transplantados card&#237;acos (TC) como par&#226;metro de cora&#231;&#227;o desnervado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudamos 76 pacientes com IC classe funcional II-VI, sendo 25 CCC (17 homens), 25 n&#227;o-CCC (14 homens) e 26 TC (20 homens), pela cintilografia card&#237;aca (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG), estimando-se a capta&#231;&#227;o (HMR) precoce e tardia e o <italic>washout</italic> card&#237;aco (Wc%). Nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os valores da HMR precoce e da tardia foram 1,73 &#177; 0,24 e 1,58 &#177; 0,27, respectivamente, na CCC, e 1,62 &#177; 0,21 e 1,44 &#177; 0,16 na n&#227;o-CCC (p = NS), sendo, por&#233;m, mais elevados nos TC (p &lt; 0,001). Os valores de Wc% foram 41,65 &#177; 21,4 (CCC), 47,37 &#177; 14,19% (n&#227;o-CCC) e 43,29 &#177; 23,02 (TC), p = 0,057. Os valores de HMR tardia apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) na CCC e na n&#227;o-CCC (r = 0,42 e p = 0,045; e r = 0,49 e p = 0,015, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Evidenciou-se a presen&#231;a de hiperatividade simp&#225;tica (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) em pacientes com IC classe II-IV, FEVE &lt; 45%, independentemente da etiologia da IC, quando comparados aos pacientes TC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Disautonomias Prim&#225;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cintilografia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd><sup>123</sup> I-metaiodobenzilguanidina (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) representa hoje um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica pelas propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#234;micas, com preval&#234;ncia mundial superior a 23 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos, pela sua alta morbimortalidade e, consequentemente, pelos elevados gastos em sa&#250;de.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma grande variedade de condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas pode resultar em IC, cuja preval&#234;ncia difere quando comparados pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> No Brasil, a etiologia isqu&#234;mica &#233; respons&#225;vel por 34,1% dos casos, seguida pela chag&#225;sica (21,4%) e hipertensiva (13,2%), estando a chag&#225;sica associada a um pior progn&#243;stico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios sugerem que a patog&#234;nese da IC seja complexa e multifatorial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> exercendo a disautonomia simp&#225;tica um papel relevante nesse processo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Na fase inicial da IC, a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico modularia a fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba; por&#233;m, com o passar do tempo, sua a&#231;&#227;o se tornaria delet&#233;ria, levando ao remodelamento e &#224; reestrutura&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, com progressivo decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Nesses pacientes, a disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica se caracterizaria pela significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-sin&#225;ptica da norepinefrina, com consequente eleva&#231;&#227;o de seus n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos e redu&#231;&#227;o da densidade dos b-adrenoreceptores p&#243;s-sin&#225;pticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC), est&#225; bem estabelecido que h&#225; comprometimento precoce do sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> acreditando-se, ainda que n&#227;o totalmente estabelecido, que a disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica esteja presente tamb&#233;m nas fases iniciais da doen&#231;a,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> quando a fun&#231;&#227;o de bomba card&#237;aca est&#225; preservada e potencialmente associada &#224;s arritmias malignas e morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Uma vez que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca est&#225; presente precocemente na CCC e a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias malignas e morte s&#250;bita est&#225; elevada nesses pacientes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> delineou-se este estudo objetivando avaliar a presen&#231;a e a magnitude da disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca em pacientes chag&#225;sicos com IC. Compararam-se pacientes chag&#225;sicos <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o-chag&#225;sicos, considerando os pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco (TC) como padr&#227;o de cora&#231;&#227;o desnervado (sabidamente anormais).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Para essa avalia&#231;&#227;o, utilizou-se a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com metaiodobenzilguanidina marcada com <sup>123</sup>Iodo (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) por adequadamente avaliar a disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> oferecendo par&#226;metros relevantes para a compreens&#227;o da progress&#227;o dos quadros de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal composto por 76 pacientes, selecionados dentre aqueles atendidos no "Ambulat&#243;rio do Centro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Transplante Card&#237;aco" da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, no per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2014 a fevereiro de 2016.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para os portadores de IC foram: idade maior que 18 anos; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8804; 45%; etiologia comprovadamente n&#227;o chag&#225;sica ou chag&#225;sica (positividade para doen&#231;a de Chagas confirmada por duas t&#233;cnicas sorol&#243;gicas diferentes) associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> e concord&#226;ncia em participar do estudo. Para os portadores de IC submetidos ao TC (grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o ou modelo de cora&#231;&#227;o desnervado),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> considerou-se tamb&#233;m: tempo de TC inferior a 12 meses. Pacientes portadores de diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a de Parkinson, de ritmo card&#237;aco n&#227;o sinusal, ou ainda de marca-passo implant&#225;vel foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram estudados prospectivamente, divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: grupo CCC - 25 pacientes portadores de CCC, com m&#233;dia de idade de 53,3 &#177; 9,2 anos, sendo 17 deles do sexo masculino; grupo n&#227;o-CCC - 25 portadores de cardiopatias de outras etiologias que n&#227;o a CCC, dos quais 56% eram portadores de miocardiopatia idiop&#225;tica, 36% de etiologia isqu&#234;mica e 8% de miocardiopatia p&#243;s-parto, com m&#233;dia de idade de 43,3 &#177; 12 anos, sendo 14 do sexo masculino; e grupo TC - 26 pacientes previamente submetidos a TC h&#225; menos de 12 meses (m&#233;dia de 6,5 &#177; 3,8 meses), com m&#233;dia de idade de 47,3 &#177; 13,1 anos, sendo 20 do sexo masculino. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o, de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, e mantiveram-se em controle cl&#237;nico durante o per&#237;odo deste estudo.</p>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (ECG em repouso) e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram coletados pelo mesmo investigador. O ecocardiograma foi realizado utilizando-se o ultrassom Phillips iE33&#174; (Phillips Medical, Andover, MA, EUA), sendo a FEVE estimada utilizando-se a f&#243;rmula de Simpson.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> A cintilografia planar de inerva&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi realizada administrando-se lentamente 111MBq/3mCi de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG (IPEN/CNEN) por via venosa, com aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens anterior do t&#243;rax ap&#243;s 15 minutos e 180 minutos em gama-c&#226;mara Hawkeye&#174; (GE healthcare, Milwaukie, EUA), 10 min/<italic>frame</italic>, fotopico do <sup>123</sup>I de 159KeV, janela de 20%, colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (LEHR). A regi&#227;o de interesse (ROI) do cora&#231;&#227;o foi tra&#231;ada englobando todo o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a do mediastino superior, tra&#231;ando-se um ROI quadrado de 12x12 pixels. As capta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas precoce e tardia foram estimadas pela raz&#227;o entre as contagens radioativas da ROI card&#237;aca e do mediastino na imagem precoce (HMR precoce) e na tardia (HMR tardia), respectivamente. O <italic>washout</italic> card&#237;aco (Wc%) da <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula: (capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca precoce capta&#231;&#227;o mediastino precoce) (capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tardia capta&#231;&#227;o mediastino tardia) / (capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca precoce capta&#231;&#227;o mediastino precoce) x 100, sem considerar o decaimento radioativo, expressos em porcentagem<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 1</xref>). Dois m&#233;dicos nucleares analisaram separadamente as imagens, com 98% de concord&#226;ncia interobservador, definindo-se valores de Wc% &gt; 27% e de HMR tardia &#8804; 1,8 como anormais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Imagem planar na proje&#231;&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax precoce (15 min) e tardia (180 min) de cintilografia com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, com defini&#231;&#227;o de regi&#245;es de interesse (ROIs) posicionadas no mediastino e no cora&#231;&#227;o. ROI: Regi&#227;o de Interesse (ROI) do mediastino, de 12x12 pixels, posicionada no mediastino superior entre os campos pulmonares e ROI do cora&#231;&#227;o, envolvendo o mioc&#225;rdio na proje&#231;&#227;o anterior.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Estima-se que a dose efetiva de radia&#231;&#227;o para o paciente, resultante da administra&#231;&#227;o de 111MBq/3mCi de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, seja aproximadamente 4,8mSv, compar&#225;vel a uma das etapas dos estudos de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-isonitrila.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para esta an&#225;lise, a amostra de 76 pacientes foi calculada para detectar uma varia&#231;&#227;o de 12% para a capta&#231;&#227;o da <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG (HMR) precoce ou tardia, com erro &#945; de 5% e poder de 80% (IC = 95%), para tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes.</p>
          <p>Para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra, inicialmente, realizou-se an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis: sexo, idade, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), FEVE, HMR precoce, HMR tardia e Wc% de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG expressos por distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia ou medidas de tend&#234;ncia central e variabilidade. Esta an&#225;lise foi estratificada por grupo (CCC, n&#227;o-CCC e TC). Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os tr&#234;s grupos, para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas (sexo, FC, NYHA, uso de betabloqueadores), foi realizado o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson; para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (idade, FEVE, Wc%), utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia com um fator; e para as compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas, utilizou-se o m&#233;todo <italic>Least significant difference</italic> (LSD). Na an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis (HMR precoce e tardia) tamb&#233;m foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, baseada, por&#233;m, no modelo de medidas repetidas e teste LSD para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas.</p>
          <p>Ressalta-se que os pressupostos para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desta an&#225;lise (ANOVA) foram verificados e aceitos, isto &#233;, a normalidade de res&#237;duos (Teste K-S - Kolmogorov-Smirnov) e vari&#226;ncias constantes (teste de Levene).</p>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas de HMR precoce, HMR tardia ou Wc% e a FEVE, utilizou-se teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e seu respectivo valor p. Em todas as an&#225;lises, considerou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e utilizou-se o <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico SPSS, vers&#227;o 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Illinois, EUA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes estudados. Os pacientes portadores de IC medicados com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (iECA) e betabloqueadores mantiveram o uso dessas medica&#231;&#245;es. Em cerca de 70% dos pacientes TC, a FC manteve-se acima de 80 bpm (m&#233;dia de 90,7 bpm), enquanto nos portadores de CCC e n&#227;o-CCC, a m&#233;dia foi de 72,7 bpm e 75,6 bpm, respectivamente (p = 0,03). Nenhum dos pacientes estava em uso de antidepressivos tric&#237;clicos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">CCC</th>
                <th align="center">n&#227;o-CCC</th>
                <th align="center">TC</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">sexo masculino<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">68,0</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">77,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,281<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">53,3 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">43,3 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">47,3 &#177; 13,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,016<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FC &gt; 80 bpm<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">30,8</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
                <td align="center">69,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,072<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">NYHA II-IV<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">62,5</td>
                <td align="center">92,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE % (ECO)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">30,6 &#177; 7,8</td>
                <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">66,6 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">c</xref></sup></bold>CCC = n&#227;o-CCC &lt; TC</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">iECA<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">91,3</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">77,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,394 <bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">b</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Betabloqueadores<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">91,3</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">18,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">a</xref></sup></bold> CCC = n&#227;o-CCC &gt; TC</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>CCC: cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica; n&#227;o-CCC: cardiopatia de outra etiologia que n&#227;o chag&#225;sica; TC: pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, expressa em batimentos por minuto (bpm); NYHA - New York Heart Association (classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca); iECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>expresso pela m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>(&#8224;)</label>
              <p>expresso em porcentagem. Nota: a probabilidade de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos refere-se ao teste</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>(a)</label>
              <p>qui-quadrado</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>(b)</label>
              <p>Exato de Fisher e</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>(c)</label>
              <p>an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os valores de HMR precoce e tardia foram superiores aos descritos para os pacientes TC (p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>), por&#233;m n&#227;o diferentes entre os pacientes portadores de IC, sejam CCC ou n&#227;o-CCC, mesmo quando ajustados para a idade e faixa et&#225;ria (HMR precoce: p = 0,251 e HMR tardia: p = 0,011). Os valores de HMR precoce dos pacientes CCC foram 8,6% mais elevados que os encontrados para os n&#227;o-CCC e 39,7% mais elevados que os encontrados para os TC. Por sua vez, os valores para HMR tardia dos CCC foram 9,7% mais elevados que os dos n&#227;o-CCC e 31,7% maior que os dos TC, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros cintilogr&#225;ficos de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) nos pacientes CCC, n&#227;o-CCC e TC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left"><sup>123</sup>I-MIBG</th>
                <th align="center">CCC</th>
                <th align="center">n&#227;o-CCC</th>
                <th align="center">TC</th>
                <th align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HMR precoce<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HMR tardia<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,58 &#177; 0,27</td>
                <td align="center">1,44 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 &#177; 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">a</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Wc %</td>
                <td align="center">41,60 &#177; 21,41</td>
                <td align="center">47,37 &#177; 14,19</td>
                <td align="center">43,29 &#177; 23,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,057<bold><sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">b</xref></sup></bold></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>CCC: cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica; n&#227;o-CCC: cardiopatia de outra etiologia que n&#227;o chag&#225;sica; TC: pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco; HMR precoce: rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino nas imagens de 15 min (capta&#231;&#227;o precoce); HMR tardia: rela&#231;&#227;o de contagens cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino nas imagens de 180 min (capta&#231;&#227;o tardia); Wc%: washout card&#237;aco da <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, expresso em porcentagem;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>(*)</label>
              <p>valores expressos pela m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Nota: A probabilidade de signific&#226;ncia refere-se &#224; an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia baseada em</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>(a)</label>
              <p>medidas repetidas e</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>(b)</label>
              <p>an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>HMR precoce e tardia de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG nos pacientes CCC, n&#227;o-CCC e TC. HMR precoce - rela&#231;&#227;o das contagens cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino estimada nas imagens de 15 min (capta&#231;&#227;o precoce). Grupos: CCC: cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica; n&#227;o-CCC: cardiopatia de outra etiologia que n&#227;o chag&#225;sica; TC: transplantados card&#237;acos; HMR tardia: rela&#231;&#227;o das contagens cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino estimada nas imagens de 180min (capta&#231;&#227;o tardia).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os valores do Wc% tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os portadores de IC e entre os portadores de IC comparados aos pacientes TC (p = 0,577), conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Washout card&#237;aco da 123I-MIBG (Wc%) nos pacientes CCC, n&#227;o-CCC e TC. Grupos: CCC: cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica; n&#227;o-CCC: cardiopatia de outra etiologia que n&#227;o chag&#225;sica; TC: pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Por fim, observou-se uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os valores de HMR tardia e a FEVE nos pacientes CCC (r = 0,42; p = 0,045). Quando considerados os pacientes n&#227;o-CCC, observou-se correla&#231;&#227;o positiva tanto entre a FEVE e a HMR precoce (r = 0,46; p = 0,023) quanto entre a FEVE e a HMR tardia (r = 0,49; p = 0,015), por&#233;m, em nenhum dos grupos, nem no de pacientes TC, foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FEVE e o Wc%, ilustrado pelas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">figuras 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">6</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FEVE e a HMR precoce em CCC, n&#227;o-CCC e TC. HMR precoce - rela&#231;&#227;o das contagens cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino estimadas nas imagens de 15min (capta&#231;&#227;o precoce); FEVE- fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (A) CCC: cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica; (B) n&#227;o-CCC: cardiopatia de outra etiologia que n&#227;o chag&#225;sica; (C) TC: pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FEVE e a HMR tardia na CCC, n&#227;o-CCC e TC. HMR tardia - rela&#231;&#227;o das contagens cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino estimadas nas imagens de 180min (capta&#231;&#227;o tardia); FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (A) CCC: cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica; (B) n&#227;o-CCC: cardiopatia de outra etiologia que n&#227;o chag&#225;sica; (C) TC: pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f12">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FEVE e o washout card&#237;aco da <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG (Wc%) na CCC, n&#227;o-CCC e TC. CCC: cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica; FEVE:fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. (A) CCC: cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica; (B) n&#227;o-CCC: cardiopatia de outra etiologia que n&#227;o chag&#225;sica; (C) TC: pacientes submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0182-80124-gf06-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo investigou a presen&#231;a e a magnitude da disautonomia card&#237;aca em pacientes com IC, com FEVE &#8804; 45%, empregando o m&#233;todo cintilogr&#225;fico (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) e dividindo os pacientes em tr&#234;s grupos CCC, n&#227;o-CCC e TC, esse &#250;ltimo analisado como padr&#227;o de anormalidade, uma vez que representa o modelo cora&#231;&#227;o desnervado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Foram encontradas evid&#234;ncias cintilogr&#225;ficas de hiperatividade simp&#225;tica, traduzidas por baixos valores de capta&#231;&#227;o (HMR precoce e tardia) da <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG pelas termina&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticas, nos tr&#234;s grupos estudados, conforme dados da literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A baixa capta&#231;&#227;o da <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG traduz a disfun&#231;&#227;o dos receptores e a perda da integridade das fibras simp&#225;ticas pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticas, refor&#231;ando a teoria da hiperatividade simp&#225;tica na patog&#234;nese da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O m&#233;todo cintilogr&#225;fico &#233; a &#250;nica modalidade n&#227;o invasiva, segura, com sensibilidade suficiente para avaliar o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo simp&#225;tico,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> capaz de oferecer par&#226;metros reconhecidamente acurados e reprodut&#237;veis para estimar a efic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica cl&#237;nica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes portadores de IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> No entanto, a falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o da aquisi&#231;&#227;o e do processamento das imagens cintilogr&#225;ficas dificulta a incorpora&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, uma vez que inexistem valores de refer&#234;ncia bem definidos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> Em meta-an&#225;lise de sete estudos, totalizando 96 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, Patel e Iskandrian,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> descreveram valores de 2,13 &#177; 0,3 para HMR e de 20 &#177; 10% para Wc% (variando de 10 &#177; 6% a 37 &#177; 5%) para indiv&#237;duos sadios.</p>
        <p>Na IC, a literatura relata valores reduzidos de HMR tardia (&#8804;1,80),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> havendo correla&#231;&#227;o entre redu&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o e pior progn&#243;stico, expresso por maior n&#250;mero de eventos card&#237;acos e por mortalidade mais elevada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Os valores de HMR tardia encontrados para os nossos pacientes portadores de IC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref>) foram inferiores aos adotados por diferentes autores que utilizaram como ponto de corte valores &lt; 1,75 (sensibilidade de 84% e especificidade de 60%),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> &lt; 1,68,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> ou ainda, mais restritivo, &lt; 1,60.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os valores de HMR encontrados para os pacientes TC (1,20 &#177; 0,12) foram mais baixos que os encontrados para os portadores de IC, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,001), em concord&#226;ncia com o descrito pela literatura para pacientes no primeiro ano p&#243;s-transplante, especialmente em portadores de cardiopatia idiop&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ressalta-se que os pacientes deste estudo estavam em uso regular de betabloqueadores e iECA. Essas drogas n&#227;o interferem diretamente na capta&#231;&#227;o da noradrenalina, por&#233;m, ao melhorar a <italic>performance</italic> card&#237;aca e, consequentemente, o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, incrementam tamb&#233;m a capta&#231;&#227;o da <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Dessa forma, presume-se que os valores de HMR de nossos pacientes estejam superestimados, refor&#231;ando o seu grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>Considerando que os valores de HMR tardia dos portadores de CCC (1,580,27) estejam superestimados e que Gadioli et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> encontraram em seu estudo correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os valores de HMR tardia de 1,68 &#177; 0,19 e arritmias ventriculares severas, sup&#250;nhamos que a disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica fosse mais grave na CCC em fun&#231;&#227;o de seus quadros arr&#237;tmicos quando comparados aos n&#227;o-CCC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> No entanto, em nosso estudo, esses valores n&#227;o diferiram significativamente daqueles dos n&#227;o-CCC (1,44 &#177; 0,16), mesmo quando feito ajuste estat&#237;stico para idade e FEVE (p = 0,111).</p>
        <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel que esse fato se explique pelo quadro avan&#231;ado de IC dos nossos pacientes, quando a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica simp&#225;tica sustentada representa um mecanismo delet&#233;rio na patog&#234;nese da pr&#243;pria IC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> e, portanto, independente da etiologia, conforme descrito previamente por outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, a import&#226;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica na CCC vem sendo questionada por diferentes autores em decorr&#234;ncia de: varia&#231;&#227;o da intensidade da desnerva&#231;&#227;o; aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#227;o entre desnerva&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica e extens&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> presen&#231;a da disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica j&#225; nos est&#225;gios precoces da doen&#231;a de Chagas;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> correla&#231;&#227;o entre a persist&#234;ncia do processo inflamat&#243;rio mioc&#225;rdico e a morbimortalidade desses pacientes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> a despeito dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de catecolaminas.</p>
        <p>Os valores estimados para o Wc% mostraram-se elevados e anormais nos tr&#234;s grupos estudados, sendo compat&#237;veis com disfun&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica em pacientes com IC n&#227;o diferente dos TC (p = 0,577). &#201; poss&#237;vel que o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, traduzido pelo Wc%,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> encontre-se alterado mais precocemente e de maneira mais acentuada que a HMR tardia e, portanto, podendo at&#233; mesmo se constituir em par&#226;metro mais sens&#237;vel para avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, conforme j&#225; descrito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por fim, observamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva, ainda que fraca, por&#233;m com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre HMR e FEVE nos portadores de IC. A FEVE &#233; rotineiramente utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica na IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Assim, essa fraca correla&#231;&#227;o pode indicar que esse par&#226;metro cintilogr&#225;fico seja mais acurado e mais precocemente alterado, conforme relatado por Ogita et al., sugerindo que seja melhor preditor progn&#243;stico que a FEVE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Ressaltamos tamb&#233;m que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre HMR precoce e tardia com FEVE em pacientes CCC identificada por este estudo ainda n&#227;o foi descrita na literatura.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal, n&#227;o randomizado e de pacientes portadores de IC avan&#231;ada, classe funcional II-IV (NYHA), de modo que os achados n&#227;o podem ser generalizados para todos os portadores de CCC. N&#227;o existem valores de refer&#234;ncia rigidamente estabelecidos para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros cintilogr&#225;ficos em fun&#231;&#227;o do uso de diferentes metodologias (uso de fator de decaimento, corre&#231;&#227;o da penetra&#231;&#227;o septal do iodo).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A manuten&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o pelos pacientes (iECA e betabloqueadores) pode ter superestimado os valores de HMR e influenciado nossos resultados, embora o n&#250;mero de pacientes em uso de medicamentos n&#227;o tenha diferido entre aqueles com CCC e n&#227;o-CCC, tendo a maioria dos estudos da literatura sido realizada dessa maneira em fun&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo evidenciou a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca &#224; cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) independentemente da etiologia da IC, sendo de mesma magnitude em portadores de CCC e n&#227;o-CCC quando comparados a pacientes TC.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPEMIG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de teses de P&#243;s-Doutorado de Viviane Santuari Parisotto Marino pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Comit&#234; de &#233;tica em Pesquisa (COEP) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo ETIC 0116.0.203.000-11. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
