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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">n8sYyCRXQTNmHwPbpdcsVvf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400180</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180146</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertension and Exercise: A Search for Mechanisms</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Bertha F. Polegato</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP - Campus de Botucatu - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. Postal Code 18618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>berthafurlan@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>180</fpage>
      <lpage>181</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension/prevention &amp; control</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>MicroRNAs/genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Molecular Targeted Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Arterial hypertension is a chronic disease that affects approximately 40% of the population, with higher incidence at older ages.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Arterial hypertension is a risk factor for other cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, stroke, atherosclerosis and also chronic renal disease. It is estimated that more than 50% of deaths from coronary diseases and stroke occur in hypertensive patients;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> for this reason, hypertension produces high costs in health and constitutes a public health problem.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In this context, the development of nonpharmacological therapies is a cost-effective strategy with few side effects, that helps in the prevention of comorbidities, such as diabetes and obesity, and increases the cardiovascular risk of the patient. Among nonpharmacological strategies, physical exercise deserves consideration.</p>
    <p>Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> in the study published in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, evaluated the effect of moderate aerobic exercise on a treadmill in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The animals ran at 18-22m/min for 60 minutes, five times a week, for eight weeks.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The study confirmed the anti-hypertensive effects of aerobic exercise, as already reported previously.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> More recently, other types of exercise in addition to aerobic training, such as resistance and interval training, have been shown to be promising in preventing hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Prescription of physical exercise for the treatment and prevention of hypertension is well established, and more recent guidelines for the treatment of hypertension strongly recommend exercise as a therapeutic option.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Even though no doubt remains about the importance of physical exercise for the management of hypertension, the mechanisms of the beneficial effects have not been fully elucidated. In this regard, the study by Rodrigues et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> proposed to investigate the transient concentration of intracellular calcium as well as the expression of microRNA (miRNA)-214, which is related to regulation of intracellular calcium and Serca-2a expression. The authors observed that physical exercise, in the presence of hypertension, increased the amplitude and decreased decay time of cytosolic calcium, which may suggest a higher availability of intracellular calcium, faster removal of this ion from the cytosol, and consequently, increased cellular relaxation. These results contribute to the understating of biological processes induced by exercises in the cardiomyocytes.</p>
    <p>Another interesting result of the study by Rodrigues et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> was that non-hypertensive animals that underwent exercise training did not have any change in miRNA-214 expression whereas hypertensive animals that underwent training showed higher expression of this miRNA. MiRNAs are small RNA fragments that do not encode proteins, and negatively regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. When discovered, miRNAs were believed to be non-functional sequences; however, since the 90&#8217;s decade, the interest in these molecules has grown and today is known to be involved in the regulation of important biological processes, including physiological and pathological ones.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In hypertension, clinical and experimental studies have identified many miRNAs that may be related to the hypertension and its complications,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> emerging as possible biological markers and therapeutic targets in hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
		</p>
    <p>MiRNAs constitute a complex biological control network &#8211; one miRNA can have multiple genes as targets, while one gene can be regulated by many miRNAs.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> So far, all possible interactions between miRNAs involved in a signaling pathway, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of miRNA functions are unknown. Maybe a miRNA expression panel is a stronger determinant than the expression of one unique miRNA in disease conditions. Despite these uncertainties, the promising role of miRNAs for the future of medicine is unquestionable, be it as a biomarker or as a therapeutic target.</p>
    <p>Despite the results of this study, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effect of exercise still need to be elucidated.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Short Editorial regarding the article: Physical Exercise and Regulation of Intracellular Calcium in Cardiomyocytes of Hypertensive Rats</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o e Exerc&#237;cio: A Busca por Mecanismos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polegato</surname>
            <given-names>Bertha F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bertha F. Polegato</bold> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP - Campus de Botucatu - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>berthafurlan@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/preven&#231;&#227;o &amp; controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>MicroRNAs/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia de Alvo Molecular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica que afeta aproximadamente 40% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, sendo sua incid&#234;ncia maior nas faixas et&#225;rias mais avan&#231;adas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; fator de risco para outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, acidente vascular cerebral, aterosclerose e tamb&#233;m para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Estima-se que mais de 50% das mortes por doen&#231;as coronarianas e acidentes vasculares cerebrais ocorrem em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o.<sup>2</sup> Devido a essa caracter&#237;stica, a hipertens&#227;o gera custos elevados em sa&#250;de, tornando-se um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Nesse contexto, o est&#237;mulo a tratamentos n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos &#233; estrat&#233;gia custo-efetiva, com poucos efeitos colaterais, que ajuda na preven&#231;&#227;o de outras doen&#231;as que acompanham a hipertens&#227;o, como o diabetes e a obesidade, e aumentam o risco cardiovascular do paciente. Dentre essas estrat&#233;gias n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, merece destaque o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
      <p>Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> em estudo publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, avaliaram o efeito do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico moderado realizado em esteira em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos. Os animais correram a velocidade de 18 a 22 m/min durante 60 minutos, 5 vezes por semana, por 8 semanas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Os resultados do estudo confirmam o efeito anti-hipertensivo do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico, j&#225; observado em outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Mais recentemente, outros tipos de exerc&#237;cio, al&#233;m do aer&#243;bico, tem se mostrado promissores em tratar a hipertens&#227;o, como exerc&#237;cio resistido e o exerc&#237;cio intervalado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> A prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico para tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecida, de modo que as diretrizes mais recentes para tratamento dessa doen&#231;a recomendam fortemente o exerc&#237;cio como op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
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      <p>Apesar de, aparentemente, n&#227;o restarem d&#250;vidas a respeito da import&#226;ncia do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o, os mecanismos envolvidos no seu efeito ben&#233;fico n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente esclarecidos. Nesse sentido, o estudo de Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> prop&#245;e avaliar a concentra&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria de c&#225;lcio intracelular e a express&#227;o do microRNA (miRNA)-214, que est&#225; relacionado &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio intracelular e express&#227;o de Serca-2a. Os autores observaram que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, na presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o, levou a aumento da amplitude e diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de decaimento do c&#225;lcio citos&#243;lico, o que poderia sugerir maior disponibilidade intracelular de c&#225;lcio, maior taxa de remo&#231;&#227;o citoplasm&#225;tica desse &#237;on e, consequentemente, melhor relaxamento celular. Esses resultados somam conhecimentos para o melhor entendimento dos processos biol&#243;gicos induzidos pelo exerc&#237;cio nos cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
      <p>Outro resultado interessante do estudo de Rodrigues et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> foi que os animais n&#227;o hipertensos submetidos a treinamento n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do miRNA-214, no entanto, os animais hipertensos treinados exibiram maior express&#227;o desse miRNA. Os miRNAs s&#227;o pequenos fragmentos de RNA que n&#227;o codificam prote&#237;nas, e que regulam negativamente a express&#227;o g&#234;nica em n&#237;vel p&#243;s-transcricional. No momento de seu descobrimento, acreditava-se que eram sequ&#234;ncias n&#227;o funcionais, entretanto, a partir da d&#233;cada de 90, o interesse nessas mol&#233;culas vem crescendo e hoje se sabe que os miRNAs est&#227;o envolvidos na regula&#231;&#227;o de importantes processos biol&#243;gicos, sejam fisiol&#243;gicos ou patol&#243;gicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Na hipertens&#227;o, estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais j&#225; identificaram v&#225;rios miRNAs que podem estar relacionados ao surgimento da hipertens&#227;o e de suas complica&#231;&#245;es,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> fazendo com que os miRNAs emerjam como poss&#237;veis marcadores biol&#243;gicos e alvos terap&#234;uticos na hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
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      <p>Os miRNAs constituem uma complexa rede de controle biol&#243;gico, uma vez que um &#250;nico miRNA pode ter como alvo m&#250;ltiplos genes, bem como um &#250;nico gene pode ser regulado por m&#250;ltiplos miRNA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> No momento, n&#227;o conhecemos todas as poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es entre miRNAs envolvidos em uma mesma via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o, bem como todos os mecanismos regulat&#243;rios de suas fun&#231;&#245;es. Pode ser que um painel de express&#227;o miRNA de uma c&#233;lula ou tecido seja mais determinante no contexto de doen&#231;a que a express&#227;o de um miRNA isoladamente. A despeito dessas incertezas, &#233; indubit&#225;vel o papel promissor dos miRNAs no futuro da medicina, seja como biomarcador ou como alvo terap&#234;utico.</p>
      <p>Apesar dos resultados obtidos nesse estudo, os mecanismos subjacentes ao efeito ben&#233;fico do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico ainda permanecem por serem elucidados.</p>
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            <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Regula&#231;&#227;o de C&#225;lcio Intracelular em Cardiomi&#243;citos de Ratos Hipertensos</italic>
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