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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bRRJnzWpVKtmJvYv4LZQxHK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400172</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005008106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180113</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physical Exercise and Regulation of Intracellular Calcium in Cardiomyocytes of Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Joel Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#237;mola-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Thales Nicolau</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Le&#244;ncio Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Danillo Laviola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Mateus Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edilamar Menezes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Natali</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jose</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Vi&#231;osa</city>
          <state>MG</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (UFV), Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Joel Alves Rodrigues,</bold> Rua Ana koester, 65 AP 302. Postal Code 36570-000, Centro, Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brazil. E-mail: <email>joel.a.rodrigues1@gmail.com</email>, <email>joel.rodrigues@ufv.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Rodrigues JA, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN, Natali AJ; Acquisition of data: Rodrigues JA, Soares LL, Leal TF, N&#243;brega C, Pedrosa DL, Rezende LMT, Oliveira EM, Natali AJ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Rodrigues JA, Soares LL, Leal TF, N&#243;brega C, Oliveira EM, Natali AJ; Statistical analysis: Rodrigues JA, Soares LL, Leal TF, N&#243;brega C, Natali AJ; Obtaining financing: Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN, Natali AJ; Writing of the manuscript: Rodrigues JA, Natali AJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Natali AJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>172</fpage>
      <lpage>179</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Regulation of intracellular calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) in cardiomyocytes is altered by hypertension; and aerobic exercise brings benefits to hypertensive individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective: </title>
          <p>To verify the effects of aerobic exercise training on contractility and intracellular calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) transients of cardiomyocytes and on the expression of microRNA 214 (miR-214) in the left ventricle of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>SHR and normotensive Wistar rats of 16 weeks were divided into 4 groups -sedentary hypertensive (SH); trained hypertensive (TH); sedentary normotensive (SN); and trained normotensive (TN). Animals of the TH and TN groups were subjected to treadmill running program, 5 days/week, 1 hour/day at 60-70% of maximum running velocity for 8 weeks. We adopted a p &#8804; 0.05 as significance level for all comparisons.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Exercise training reduced systolic arterial pressure in hypertensive rats. In normotensive rats, exercise training reduced the time to 50% cell relaxation and the time to peak contraction and increased the time to 50% decay of the intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients. In SHR, exercise increased the amplitude and reduced the time to 50% decay of Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients. Exercise training increased the expression of miR-214 in hypertensive rats only.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The aerobic training applied in this study increased the availability of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> and accelerated the sequestration of these ions in left ventricular myocytes of hypertensive rats, despite increased expression of miR-214 and maintenance of cell contractility.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Signaling</kwd>
        <kwd>Intracellular Calcium</kwd>
        <kwd>Sensing Proteins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>APQ-00876-14</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Sustained systemic arterial hypertension causes progressive myocardial remodeling. While cardiac function is increased in response to active myocyte hypertrophy in the left ventricle in the compensated phase, left ventricular (LV) remodeling is characterized by the combination of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and proliferation of other tissues. For example, collagen deposition result in fibrosis of ventricular tissue and consequent myocardial stiffness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> This has been reported in the initial compensatory phase of hypertension (3-4 months), with preservation of cardiac function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Increased proinflammatory markers (e.g. IL-6; TNF-&#945;) have been found in the left ventricle of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as young as 5-6 months.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The benefits of aerobic training to hypertensive subjects are well established in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Animal models of hypertension - SHR in the compensated stage (~ 6-month-old) - have shown the efficacy of this type of training in attenuating systolic dysfunction and restoring ventricular elasticity in female SHR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Aerobic training reduced apoptosis in the myocardium of SHR,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> improved contractile function of cardiomyocytes isolated from the left ventricle, and normalized the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of intracellular calcium cycle, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) and phospholamban.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In physiological or pathological cardiac hypertrophy, expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) related to cardiac remodeling is altered.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> MicroRNA 214 (miR-214) is involved in cardiac muscle contraction and Ca<sup>2+</sup> sequestration, due to its negative effect on SERCA-2a expression.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> With respect to physical exercise, resistance training improved cardiomyocyte contractile function, with increased expression of SERCA2a and decreased miRNA-214 expression in normotensive, infarcted rats.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> However, little is known about miR-214 expression in SHR subjected to aerobic training. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic training on cardiomyocyte contractility and miR-214 expression in the left ventricle in hypertensive rats.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimental animals</title>
        <p>SHR and normotensive Wistar rats, 16 weeks of age, obtained from the central vivarium of the Biological Science and Health Center of Vi&#231;osa Federal University, were divided into four groups (of 13 animals each): sedentary normontensive (SN); trained normotensive (TN), sedentary hypertensive (SH) and trained hypertensive (TH). Sample size was determined by convenience. In each group, 8 animals were used for cardiomyocyte isolation, and 5 for analysis of gene expression. All procedures were carried out following the ethical principles of the Brazilian Society of Laboratory Animal Science (COBEA, <italic>Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal</italic>), and approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of Vi&#231;osa Federal University (CEUA-UFV; approval number 29/2014). The animals were housed in group cages (4 animals per cage) and allowed free access to water and chow at controlled temperature (mean of 22&#176;C) and lighting (12:12 h light-dark cycle).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocol of treadmill exercise training and stress test</title>
        <p>Before the training was initiated, animals were adapted to the treadmill during a 5-day period, 10min/day, 0&#186; inclination at 5 m/min. After 48 hours, all animals were subjected to an incremental treadmill test for establishment of the maximal running velocity (MRV), starting at 5 m/min, 0&#186; inclination and increments of 3m/min every 3 minutes until exhaustion. Exhaustion was defined as the time point when the animals could not run at the predetermined speed and, at this point, the test was stopped.</p>
        <p>The TN and TH groups were subjected to an exercise training program for 8 weeks, 5 days/week (from Monday to Friday). The training started with treadmill running at 5-6 m/min and 0&#186; inclination for 10 minutes on the first day. In the first week, exercise duration was increased in 5 minutes per day and the intensity was maintained. In the second week, duration continued to be increased in 5 minutes/day, but intensity was increased by 2% of MRV per day, so that from the first day of the third week to the end of the eighth week, the animals ran at 60% of MRV (~18-22 m/min) during a 60-minute period per day.</p>
        <p>MRVs of each animal were determined before the training started and at the end of the fourth week in both TN and TH groups for measurement of the time to exhaustion (TTE) and definition of the training intensity. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the tests were repeated in all animals for analysis of the effects of the physical training on running capacity.</p>
        <p>During the experimental period, animals of the sedentary groups (SN and SH) were placed on the treadmill 3 days/week (Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays), 10 minutes/day, 0&#186; inclination at 5 m/min to subject them to similar conditions of the trained groups.</p>
        <p>Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) was measured in the beginning and in the end of the experimental period, i.e., 48 hours after the last exercise training session. The measurements were taken in the mornings, without anesthesia, by tail-cuff plethysmography (LE 5001, Panlab, Harvard Apparatus, Spain). Three measurements were performed, and the intermediate value used for analysis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolation of cardiomyocytes</title>
        <p>Forty-eight hours after the last exercise session, isolation of LV myocytes was performed as described by Locatelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Briefly, the animals were weighed and euthanized by cervical dislocation. The heart was excised, weighed, cannulated and perfused in the Langendorff's mode with the isolation solution of the following composition (in mM): 130 Na+, 5.4 K+, 1.4 Mg+, 140 Cl&#8722;, 0.75 Ca<sup>2+</sup>, 5.0 Hepes, 10 glucose, 20 taurine and 10 creatine, pH 7.3, at room temperature. The heart was then perfused with the calcium-free solution containing 0.1 mM ethylene glycol-bis (&#223;-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N&#8217;, N&#8217;-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), for 4 to 6 min. The perfusion was then changed to a solution containing 1.0 mg/mL collagenase type II (Worthington, USA) and 0.1 mg/mL protease (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) for 10-15 min. All the solutions were oxygenated (O2 100% - White Martins, Brazil) and maintained at 35&#176;C. After perfusion, ventricles were separated from the atria and weighed. The ventricles were placed in a flask containing 5.0 mL of enzymatic solution (collagenase + protease). The flasks were briefly shaken for 5 min in a water bath at 37&#176;C. Next, tissues were removed from the flasks and the remaining content centrifuged (3,000 rpm for 30s). The supernatant was removed, and the cardiomyocytes suspended in the isolation solution and stored in refrigerator (5&#186;C) until being used. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurements of cell contractility</title>
        <p>Contractility of isolated myocytes was measured by evaluation of cell length using the motion edge detector (Ionoptix, Milton, MA-USA) mounted on an inverted microscope (Nikon Eclipse - TS100, Japan), as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Briefly, myocytes were placed in a chamber with a glass coverslip base and bathed with a buffer solution containing (mM) 136.9 NaCl; 5.4 KCl; 0.37 NaH2PO4; 0.57 MgCl2; 5.0 Hepes = 5; 5.6 glucose and 1.8 CaCl<sup>2</sup>(pH = 7.4 at room temperature). Cells were visualized on a monitor with a camera (Myocam, Ionoptix, at 240 Hz) attached to a microscope using an image detector system (Ionwizard, Ionoptix). External stimulation was applied at 1.0 Hz (20V) for 5 minutes at room temperature (~25&#186;C) via platinum electrodes and an electric field stimulator (Myopacer, Ionoptix). Motions of myocyte longitudinal borders were captured by the motion edge detector (Ionwizard, Ionoptix) and stored for posterior analysis. Only myocytes in good conditions, with clear borders and striated sarcomere, relaxed at rest and without voluntary contractions were selected for analysis. Myocyte contractions were analyzed as previously described.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Measurement of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients</title>
        <p>Intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients in isolated cardiomyocytes were measured using fluorescence imaging (Ionoptix, USA), mounted on an inverted microscope (Nikon Eclipse - TS100, USA) equipped with oil immersion objective lens (S Fluor, 40x, Nikon, USA), as described by Natali et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Briefly, the myocytes were incubated with calcium probe (5 <italic>&#181;</italic>M for 10 minutes) (Fura-2AM, ThermoFisher, Waltham, USA). The ratio of fluorescence emission at 510 nm in response to excitation wavelengths of 340 nm to that in response to 380 nm wavelengths was used as concentration index of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients. The myocytes were electrically stimulated (Myopacer, Field Stimulator, Ionoptix, USA) by a pair of platinum electrodes with a 0.2 ms (20V) supra-threshold pulse, frequency of 1 Hz at room temperature (~25 &#186;C). Parameters of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients were analyzed using the IonWizard software (IonWizard, 6.3, IonOptix, Milton, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gene expression analysis</title>
        <p>For analysis of gene expression after euthanasia, LV samples were collected and stored at -80&#186;C. LV total RNA was isolated in 1 mL of Trizol (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer&#8217;s recommendations and stored at -70&#186;C. RNA samples were diluted 1:100 with water and analyzed by spectrophotometry at 260-280 nm.</p>
        <p>Analysis of the miRNA-214 gene expression was performed using the Taqman MicroRNA Assays (Applied Biosystems) following the manufacturers&#8217; recommendations. Gene expression quantification was performed in two stages: first, complementary DNA (cDNA) was obtained from reverse transcription of the total RNA sample using a stem-looped primer for reverse transcription to detect the miRNA analyzed and the TaqMan&#174; MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit; second, by real-time polymerase chain reaction, PCR products were amplified from the cDNA samples previously obtained using the TaqMan&#174; MicroRNA Assay and the TaqMan&#174; Universal PCR Master Mix II. The U6 snRNA normalizer was used as control, and analysis was performed using the ABI 7500 Real Time-PCR Systems (Applied Biosystems).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Analysis of variance (ANOVA) assumptions regarding homogeneity of variances between the groups and normality of observations were checked and no violations of the assumptions were detected. The variables had normal and continuous distribution. The Levene&#8217;s test, the chi-square test and the Kolmogorov test were used for analysis. Comparisons between initial and final SAP and TTE in each group were performed by the paired student&#8217;s t-test. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc test was used for comparisons between the four groups. Analysis was performed using the SigmaPlot software (Systat Software, Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) and significance level was set at 5%. Results are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The physical training program increased TTE of both normotensive and hypertensive animals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref> shows running velocity of these animals during training.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Time to exhaustion of normotensive and hypertensive before (pre) and after (post) training. (B) Running velocity during training sessions. TN: trained normotensive; TH: trained hypertensive. Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD of 8 animals in each group. * compared with TN (pre); <sup>#</sup> compared with TH (pre) (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0172-80113-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As compared with normotensive animals, hypertensive animals showed lower body weight (BW), similar LV weight (LVW), higher LVW/BW, whereas TH animals showed higher ventricular weight (VW)/BW (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). Physical training had no effect on these parameters.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Body weight and ventricular weight in the study groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="15%"/>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="19%"/>
            <col width="19%"/>
            <col width="17%"/>
            <col width="13%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">
							</th>
              <th align="center">SN (n = 8)</th>
              <th align="center">TN (n = 8)</th>
              <th align="center">SH (n = 8)</th>
              <th align="center">TH (n = 8)</th>
              <th align="center">p-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BW (g)</td>
              <td align="center">411.30 &#177; 21.51</td>
              <td align="center">447.10 &#177; 43.94</td>
              <td align="center">350.60 &#177; 21.97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">338.90 &#177; 30.67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VW (g)</td>
              <td align="center">1.62 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">1.49 &#177; 0.25</td>
              <td align="center">1.47 &#177; 0.17</td>
              <td align="center">1.66 &#177; 0.23</td>
              <td align="center">0.954</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVW (g)</td>
              <td align="center">1.12 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.13</td>
              <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 0.14</td>
              <td align="center">1.25 &#177; 0.15</td>
              <td align="center">0.265</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VW/BW (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">3.97 &#177; 0.62</td>
              <td align="center">3.46 &#177; 0.47</td>
              <td align="center">4.19 &#177; 0.45</td>
              <td align="center">4.93 &#177; 0.80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVW/BW (mg/g)</td>
              <td align="center">2.75 &#177; 0.42</td>
              <td align="center">2.42 &#177; 0.23</td>
              <td align="center">3.39 &#177; 0.39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.72 &#177; 0.48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN02">*</xref>
								<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN03"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>SN: sedentary normotensive; TN: trained normotensive; SH: sedentary hypertensive; TH: trained hypertensive; VW: ventricular weight; LVW: left ventricular weight; n: number of animals;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN02">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>compared with SN;</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN03">
            <label>&amp;</label>
            <p>compared with TN (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Results of SAP are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>. As compared with pre-training values, although the physical training program had no effect on SAP in normotensive animals, a reduction in SAP was observed in hypertensive animals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2A</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Systolic arterial pressure (SAP) in normotensive animals and hypertensive animals. (A) SAP pre-training vs. post-training). (B) Final SAP of the groups. SN: sedentary normotensive; TN: trained normotensive; SH: sedentary hypertensive; TH: trained hypertensive. Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD of 8 animals in each group. * compared with TN (pre) (A) SN (B); <sup>&amp;</sup> compared with TN (post) (A) TN (B); <sup>#</sup> compared with TH (pre) (A) SN (B); * compared with TH-post (A) TH (B) (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0172-80113-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Cell contractility data are depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>. Contraction amplitude was not affected by hypertension or by physical training (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3 A</xref>); and time to peak contraction did not change in any of the groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>). However, physical training reduced time to relaxation by 50% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3C</xref>) in normotensive, but not in hypertensive animals.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiomyocyte contractility in normotensive and hypertensive animals. (A) Contraction amplitude expressed as percentage of change in cell length at rest (%c.l.r.) after electrical stimulation at 1HZ; (B) time to peak concentration; (C) time to 50% of relaxation; SN, sedentary normotensive; TN, trained normotensive; SH, sedentary hypertensive; TH, trained hypertensive. Data as mean &#177; SD of 60-80 cells in each group. * compared with SN; <sup>#</sup> compared with SN; <sup>+</sup> compared with TH (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0172-80113-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 4</xref> shows that after training, [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> amplitude did not change in normotensive animals, but increased in the TH group as compared with SH animals. In addition, physical exercise decreased the time to peak [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> in TN animals as compared with the SN group, but had no effect on this parameter in hypertensive animals. Longer time to a 50% decay of [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> was observed in TN than SN group. In hypertensive animals, however, this parameter was decreased after physical training (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient levels in cardiomyocytes of normotensive and hypertensive animals. (A) Amplitude of intracellular calcium. (B) Time to peak intracellular calcium. (C) Time to 50% decay of intracellular calcium. SN, sedentary normotensive; TN, trained normotensive; SH, sedentary hypertensive; TH, trained hypertensive. Data as mean &#177; SD of 40-50 cells in each group. * compared with SN; <sup>&amp;</sup> compared with TN; <sup>#</sup> compared with SN; <sup>+</sup> compared with TH (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0172-80113-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Although the physical training had no effect on mir-214 expression in normotensive animals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 5</xref>), increased expression was found in TH as compared with SH and the other groups.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>MicroRNA-214 expression in the left ventricle in normotensive and hypertensive animals. SN: sedentary normotensive; TN: trained normotensive; SH: sedentary hypertensive; TH: trained hypertensive. Data as mean &#177; SD of 5 animals in each group. * compared with SN; <sup>&amp;</sup> compared with TN; <sup>#</sup> compared with SN (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0172-80113-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study, the authors evaluated the effects of physical activity on contractility and intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients in myocytes and miR-214 expression in the left ventricle in hypertensive rats. The results showed that the aerobic training not only reduced SAP in hypertensive animals, but also increased the amplitude of miR-214. No effect on LV myocyte contractility was observed.</p>
      <p>The efficacy of the physical training applied in the study groups was confirmed by the higher physical capacity, indicated by the TTE, in trained animals as compared with controls. Such increase in physical capacity in response to aerobic training has been previously demonstrated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> More importantly, physical training reduced SAP in hypertensive animals, and such effect is well established in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Regarding LV cardiomyocyte contractility, although a reduction in the cell relaxation time in response to physical training was observed in normotensive animals, in SHR, cell contractility of trained animals was not different than that in sedentary animals.</p>
      <p>Although cardiomyocyte contractility in SHR was not affected by exercise, higher amplitude and shorter 50% decay time of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> transient levels were seen in trained animals as compared with sedentary controls. This suggests higher availability of Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the cytosol and faster removal of calcium from the cytosol, which in turn brings about relaxation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> These findings corroborate those of another study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> that showed increased expression of SERCA2a, which is the main determinant of Ca<sup>2+</sup> removal from the cytosol into sarcoplasmic reticulum.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>With respect to miR-214, which antagonizes the effects of SERCA2a, our results contradict existing data in the literature, since the physical exercise program increased the expression of this microRNA in the left ventricle of hypertensive animals. We expected that aerobic training would reduce the expression of miR-214, which would justify de shorter time to 50% of decay in intracellular concentration of Ca<sup>2+</sup> transients in LV cardiomyocytes of SHR due to an expected increase in SERCA2a expression. Although SERCA2a expression in the left ventricle was not evaluated in the present study, it was previously demonstrated<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> that the left ventricle of normotensive rats subjected to resistance training showed reduced miR-214 expression and increased SERCA2a expression. These adaptations were associated with faster relaxation of myocytes isolated from the left ventricle of trained animals. Similar results showing reduction in miR-214 expression and elevated SERCA2a expression were also reported in infarcted rats subjected to resistance training.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Therefore, little is known about the effects of aerobic exercise on hypertensive cardiomyocytes, and further studies are needed to investigate other possible changes associated with intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> regulation in the cardiomyocytes of hypertensive rats subjected to aerobic training.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The aerobic training applied in the present study increased the availability of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the myocytes of the left ventricle of hypertensive rats, despite the increased expression of miR-214 and maintenance of cell contractility.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPEMIG (APQ-00876-14).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Joel Alves Rodrigues, from Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of the Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA) under the protocol number 29/2014.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico e Regula&#231;&#227;o de C&#225;lcio Intracelular em Cardiomi&#243;citos de Ratos Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Joel Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#237;mola-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Thales Nicolau</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Le&#244;ncio Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leal</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Clara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Danillo Laviola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Mateus Teixeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Edilamar Menezes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Natali</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jose</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa (UFV), Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Joel Alves Rodrigues</bold>, Rua Ana koester, 65 AP 302. CEP 36570-000, Centro, Vi&#231;osa, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>joel.a.rodrigues1@gmail.com</email>, <email>joel.rodrigues@ufv.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Rodrigues JA, Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN, Natali AJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Rodrigues JA, Soares LL, Leal TF, N&#243;brega C, Pedrosa DL, Rezende LMT, Oliveira EM, Natali AJ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Rodrigues JA, Soares LL, Leal TF, N&#243;brega C, Oliveira EM, Natali AJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rodrigues JA, Soares LL, Leal TF, N&#243;brega C, Natali AJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Pr&#237;mola-Gomes TN, Natali AJ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Rodrigues JA, Natali AJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Natali AJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A regula&#231;&#227;o intracelular de c&#225;lcio (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) em cardiomi&#243;citos &#233; alterada pela hipertens&#227;o, e o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico traz benef&#237;cios para hipertensos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico sobre a contratilidade e a concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria em mi&#243;citos e a express&#227;o do microRNA 214 no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>SHR e ratos Wistar normotensos com 16 semanas de idade foram divididos em 4 grupos de 13 animais cada: hipertenso sedent&#225;rio (HS); hipertenso treinado (HT); normotenso sedent&#225;rio (NS); normotenso treinado (NT). Os animais dos grupos HT e NT foram submetidos a um programa de treinamento progressivo de corrida em esteira, 5 dias/semana, 1 hora/dia, em intensidade de 60-70% da velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida, durante 8 semanas. Adotou-se p &#8804; 0,05 como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico reduziu a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica nos animais hipertensos. Nos animais normotensos, o treinamento f&#237;sico reduziu o tempo para 50% de relaxamento celular e o tempo para o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o celular, mas aumentou o tempo para 50% de decaimento da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria. Nos animais SHR, o treinamento f&#237;sico aumentou a amplitude e reduziu o tempo para 50% de decaimento da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria, sem alterar a contratilidade celular. O treinamento f&#237;sico aumentou a express&#227;o do miR-214 apenas nos animais hipertensos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O treinamento aer&#243;bico utilizado aumenta a disponibilidade e acelera o sequestro de Ca<sup>2+</sup> intracelular em mi&#243;citos do VE de ratos hipertensos, apesar do aumento da express&#227;o de miR-214 e da manuten&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade celular. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;nas Sensoras de C&#225;lcio Intracelular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sustentada leva ao remodelamento progressivo do mioc&#225;rdio. Enquanto a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; aumentada em resposta ao processo hipertr&#243;fico ativo dos mi&#243;citos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) durante a fase compensada, o remodelamento do VE &#233; caracterizado pela combina&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos e prolifera&#231;&#227;o de outros tecidos. Por exemplo, h&#225; aumento da deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, o que resulta em fibrosamento do tecido ventricular e, consequentemente, enrijecimento do mioc&#225;rdio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Este quadro tem sido observado no in&#237;cio da fase compensat&#243;ria da hipertens&#227;o (ex. 3 - 4 meses), mas a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; preservada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Aumento de marcadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios (ex. IL-6; TNF&#945;) tem sido observado no VE de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>spontaneously hypertensive rats</italic>) com apenas 5 a 6 meses de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Os benef&#237;cios do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico para hipertensos est&#227;o bem estabelecidos na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> No modelo animal para esta doen&#231;a - SHR na fase compensada (~ 6 meses de idade) - este tipo de treinamento f&#237;sico tem se mostrado eficaz em atenuar a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e restaurar a elasticidade ventricular em SHR f&#234;meas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> No mioc&#225;rdio de SHR, o treinamento aer&#243;bico reduziu apoptose,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> aumentou a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de cardiomi&#243;citos isolados do VE e normalizou a express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas reguladoras do ciclo intracelular de c&#225;lcio, dentre elas a c&#225;lcio ATPase do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (SERCA2a) e a fosfolambam.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na hipertrofia card&#237;aca fisiologia ou patol&#243;gica, os microRNAs (miRNAs) sofrem altera&#231;&#245;es na sua express&#227;o relacionada ao remodelamento card&#237;aco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> O microRNA 214 (miR-214) est&#225; envolvido no processo de contra&#231;&#227;o muscular do tecido card&#237;aco e sequestro de Ca<sup>2+</sup> pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico, pois regula negativamente a express&#227;o da SERCA-2a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, melhoras na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til de cardiomi&#243;citos, com aumento da prote&#237;na SERCA-2a e redu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de miR-214, foi observada em ratos normotensos e infartados em resposta ao treinamento resistido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a express&#227;o do miR-214 em animais SHR submetidos ao treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo &#233; verificar os efeitos do treinamento aer&#243;bico sobre a contratilidade de cardiomi&#243;citos e a express&#227;o de miR-214 no VE de ratos hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animais experimentais</title>
          <p>SHR e normotensos (Wistar), com 16 semanas de idade, obtidos no Biot&#233;rio Central do Centro de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas e da Sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, foram divididos em grupos de 13 animais cada: NS (normotenso sedent&#225;rio); NT (normotenso treinado); HS (hipertenso sedent&#225;rio); e HT (hipertenso treinado). O tamanho da amostra foi definido por conveni&#234;ncia, sendo que em cada grupo, 8 animais foram utilizados para isolamento de cardiomi&#243;citos e 5 para an&#225;lise de express&#227;o g&#234;nica. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos elaborados pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA) e foram aprovados pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para Uso de Animais (CEUA-UFV; processo n&#176; 29/2014). Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas coletivas (4 animais por gaiola), receberam &#225;gua e ra&#231;&#227;o comercial <italic>ad libitum</italic> sendo mantidos em ambiente com temperatura m&#233;dia de 22&#176;C e regime de luminosidade de doze horas de escurid&#227;o e doze horas de claridade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico e teste de esfor&#231;o em esteira rolante</title>
          <p>Antes do in&#237;cio do treinamento, os animais foram adaptados &#224; esteira rolante durante 5 dias, 10 min/dia, 0&#186; de inclina&#231;&#227;o, na velocidade de 5 m/min. Ap&#243;s 48 horas, todos os animais foram submetidos a um teste progressivo em esteira rolante para determinar a velocidade m&#225;xima de corrida (VMC), come&#231;ando a 5 m/mim, 0&#176; de inclina&#231;&#227;o, com incrementos de 3 m/min a cada 3 minutos at&#233; a fadiga de cada animal. A fadiga foi definida e o teste interrompido quando os animais n&#227;o mantiveram a corrida de acordo com a velocidade da esteira.</p>
          <p>Os animais dos grupos NT e HT foram submetidos a um programa de treinamento f&#237;sico por oito semanas, 5 dias/semana (segunda a sexta-feira). Eles iniciaram correndo em esteira, em intensidade de 5 a 6 m/min, 0&#186; de inclina&#231;&#227;o e dura&#231;&#227;o de 10 minutos no primeiro dia. Nesta primeira semana, a dura&#231;&#227;o foi aumentada em 5 minutos por dia e a intensidade foi mantida. Na segunda semana, a dura&#231;&#227;o continuou sendo aumentada em 5 minutos/dia e a intensidade em 2% da VMC por dia, de maneira que a partir do primeiro dia da 3&#170; at&#233; o final da 8&#170; semana, os animais correram a uma intensidade de 60% da VMC (~ 18 a 22 m/min), durante 60 minutos por dia. </p>
          <p>Os testes na esteira rolante para determina&#231;&#227;o da VMC foram realizados em cada animal dos grupos experimentais antes do treinamento, e no final da 4&#170; semana nos animais dos grupos treinados (NT e HT) para avalia&#231;&#227;o do tempo total de exerc&#237;cio at&#233; a fadiga (TTF) e redefini&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de treinamento. Quarenta e oito horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de treino, os testes foram repetidos em todos os animais dos grupos experimentais para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico sobre a capacidade de corrida.</p>
          <p>Durante o per&#237;odo experimental, os animais dos grupos sedent&#225;rios NS e HS foram manuseados e colocados na esteira rolante 3 dias/semana (segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras), 10 min/dia, 0&#176; de inclina&#231;&#227;o &#224; intensidade de 5 m/min para exp&#244;-los a condi&#231;&#245;es experimentais similares &#224;quelas dos grupos treinados.</p>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) foi aferida no in&#237;cio e ao final do per&#237;odo experimental, isto &#233;, 48 horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio. As medidas foram realizadas pela manh&#227;, sem anestesia, por meio de pletismografia de cauda (LE 5001, Panlab, Harvard Apparatus, Espanha), sendo realizadas tr&#234;s medidas para ado&#231;&#227;o do valor intermedi&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolamento do cardiomi&#243;cito</title>
          <p>Quarenta e oito horas ap&#243;s a &#250;ltima sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, mi&#243;citos do VE foram isolados conforme descrito por Locatelli et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Resumidamente, os animais foram pesados e sacrificados por deslocamento cervical, sendo o cora&#231;&#227;o removido e pesado. Em seguida, foi canulado via art&#233;ria aorta em um sistema Langendorff e perfundido com solu&#231;&#227;o de isolamento [composi&#231;&#227;o (mM): 130 Na+; 5,4 K+; 1,4 Mg<sup>+</sup>; 140 Cl-; 0,75 Ca<sup>2+</sup>; 5,0 Hepes; 10 glicose; 20 taurina; e 10 creatina; pH = 7,3 em temperatura ambiente]. Em seguida, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi perfundido com solu&#231;&#227;o livre de c&#225;lcio contendo 0,1 mM de <italic>ethylene glycol-bis (&#223;-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N&#8217;, N&#8217;-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)</italic>, por um per&#237;odo de 4-6 min. Na sequ&#234;ncia, o cora&#231;&#227;o foi perfundido com a solu&#231;&#227;o de isolamento contendo 1,0 mg/mL de colagenase tipo 2 (<italic>Worthington</italic>, EUA) e 0,1 mg/mL de protease (Sigma-Aldrich, EUA) por 15 a 20 min. As solu&#231;&#245;es utilizadas foram oxigenadas (O2 100% - <italic>White Martins</italic>, Brasil) e mantidas em temperatura de 35&#176;C. Ap&#243;s perfus&#245;es, os ventr&#237;culos foram separados dos &#225;trios e pesados. Em seguida, o VE foi colocado em frasco contendo 5,0 mL da solu&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica (colagenase + protease). O frasco foi agitado moderadamente durante 05 min, em banho-maria a 37&#176;C, ap&#243;s o qual o tecido foi retirado do frasco e o restante foi centrifugado (3.000 rpm) por 30s. O sobrenadante foi removido e os cardiomi&#243;citos foram suspendidos na solu&#231;&#227;o de isolamento e armazenados em refrigerador (5&#176;C) at&#233; serem utilizados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida da contratilidade celular</title>
          <p>As contra&#231;&#245;es dos mi&#243;citos isolados foram medidas por meio da t&#233;cnica de altera&#231;&#227;o do comprimento dos cardiomi&#243;citos usando-se o sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas (Ionoptix, Milton, MA-EUA) montado num microsc&#243;pio invertido (Nikon Eclipse - TS100, Jap&#227;o), conforme descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Resumidamente, os mi&#243;citos foram acomodados em uma c&#226;mara experimental com a base de vidro e banhados por solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o com a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o (em mM): 136,9 NaCl; 5,4 KCl; 0,37 NaH2PO4; 0,57 MgCl2; 5,0 Hepes = 5; 5,6 Glicose e 1,8 CaCl<sup>2</sup> (pH = 7,4 em temperatura ambiente). Os mi&#243;citos foram visualizados em um monitor atrav&#233;s de uma c&#226;mera (Myocam, Ionoptix, frequ&#234;ncia de 240 Hz) acoplada ao microsc&#243;pio utilizando-se um programa de detec&#231;&#227;o de imagens (Ionwizard, Ionoptix). Os cardiomi&#243;citos foram estimulados externamente na frequ&#234;ncia de 1,0 Hz (20 Volts, dura&#231;&#227;o de 5 min), em temperatura ambiente (~25&#176;C), utilizando-se um par de eletrodos de platina e um estimulador el&#233;trico de campo (Myopacer, Ionoptix). Os movimentos das bordas longitudinais dos mi&#243;citos foram capturados pelo sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas (Ionwizard, Ionoptix) e armazenados para an&#225;lise posterior. Foram utilizados para as medidas de contra&#231;&#227;o somente os cardiomi&#243;citos que estavam em boas condi&#231;&#245;es, com as bordas e as estria&#231;&#245;es sarcom&#233;ricas bem definidas, relaxados em repouso, sem apresentar contra&#231;&#245;es volunt&#225;rias. As contra&#231;&#245;es foram analisadas conforme descrito previamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria</title>
          <p>As medidas da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria nos cardiomi&#243;citos isolados foram realizadas por meio de sistema de fluoresc&#234;ncia (Ionoptix, EUA) montado em um microsc&#243;pio invertido (Nikon Eclipse - TS100, EUA) equipado com uma lente objetiva de imers&#227;o em &#243;leo (S Fluor, 40x, Nikon, EUA), conforme descrito por Natali et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Em resumo, os mi&#243;citos foram incubados com uma sonda de Ca<sup>2+</sup> (5 <italic>&#181;</italic>M por 10 min) (Fura-2AM, ThermoFisher, Waltham, EUA). A raz&#227;o entre a fluoresc&#234;ncia emitida a 510 nm em resposta a excita&#231;&#245;es a 340 nm e a emitida em resposta a excita&#231;&#245;es a 380 nm foi usada como &#237;ndice da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria. Os mi&#243;citos foram estimulados eletricamente (Myopacer, Field Stimulator, Ionoptix, EUA) por um par de eletrodos de platina com um pulso supra-limiar de 0,2 ms (20V), na frequ&#234;ncia de 1 Hz, em temperatura ambiente (~ 25&#176;C). Os par&#226;metros da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria foram analisados usando-se o software IonWizard (IonWizard, 6.3, IonOptix, Milton, EUA). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise de express&#227;o g&#234;nica</title>
          <p>Para as an&#225;lises de express&#227;o g&#234;nica, ap&#243;s eutan&#225;sia, fragmentos do VE foram coletados e armazenados em Freezer a -80&#176;C. O RNA total do VE foi isolado em 1 mL de Trizol (Invitrogen) conforme indica&#231;&#227;o do fabricante e armazenado a -70&#176;C. As amostras de RNA foram dilu&#237;das na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:100 em &#225;gua, e analisadas por espectrofotometria em 260 a 280 nm.</p>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise da express&#227;o g&#234;nica do miRNA-214 foi utilizado o kit Taqman MicroRNA Assays (Applied Biosystems) seguindo as indica&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o g&#234;nica foi feita em dois passos: primeiro, o DNA complementar espec&#237;fico (cDNA) foi obtido atrav&#233;s da transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa da amostra de RNA total utilizando-se um <italic>primer</italic> espec&#237;fico para o miRNA analisado do tipo stem-loop e TaqMan&#174; MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit; e segundo, por rea&#231;&#227;o de Real Time-PCR, os produtos de PCR foram amplificados da amostra de cDNA obtida anteriormente, utilizando TaqMan&#174; MicroRNA Assay e TaqMan&#174; Universal PCR Master Mix II. Foi utilizado como controle o normalizador U6 snRNA. As an&#225;lises foram feitas em equipamento ABI 7500 Real Time-PCR Systems (Applied Biosystems).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As pressuposi&#231;&#245;es da an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) - homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncias entre os grupos e de normalidade das observa&#231;&#245;es, foram checadas e n&#227;o foram detectadas viola&#231;&#245;es que merecessem aten&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis se apresentam normais e cont&#237;nuas. Foi utilizado os testes de Levene, Qui quadrado e Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os valores iniciais e finais de PAS e de TTF de cada grupo experimental foram feitas usando-se o teste t de Student pareado. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os quatro grupos, usou-se ANOVA <italic>two-way</italic>, seguida do <italic>post-hoc de</italic> Tukey. Utilizou-se o programa SigmaPlot (Systat Software, Inc., San Jose, CA, EUA) e adotou-se como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia 5%. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (DP).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>O programa de treinamento f&#237;sico aplicado aumentou o TTF dos animais normotensos e hipertensos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 1A</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figura 1B</xref> apresenta a velocidade de corrida desses animais durante os treinamentos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) Tempo total at&#233; a fadiga dos animais normotensos e hipertensos antes (pr&#233;) e ap&#243;s (p&#243;s) o treinamento. (B) Velocidade de corrida durante os treinamentos. NT, normotenso treinado. HT hipertenso treinado. Dados s&#227;o media &#177; DP de 8 animais em cada grupo. *diferente NT-Pr&#233;; <sup>#</sup> diferente HT-Pr&#233; (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0172-80113-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os animais hipertensos apresentaram menor peso corporal (PC), igualdade no peso de VE (PVE), maior PVE/PC e nos animais HT maior peso dos ventr&#237;culos (PV)/PC em rela&#231;&#227;o aos normotensos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). O treinamento f&#237;sico aplicado n&#227;o afetou estes par&#226;metros.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Peso corporal e dos ventr&#237;culos nos grupos experimentais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="15%"/>
              <col width="17%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="18%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
								</th>
                <th align="center">NS (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">NT (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">HS (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">HT (n = 8)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PC (g)</td>
                <td align="center">411,30 &#177; 21,51</td>
                <td align="center">447,10 &#177; 43,94</td>
                <td align="center">350,60 &#177; 21,97<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">338,90 &#177; 30,67<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PV (g)</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">1,49 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">1,47 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">1,66 &#177; 0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,954</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PVE (g)</td>
                <td align="center">1,12 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PV/PC (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">3,97 &#177; 0,62</td>
                <td align="center">3,46 &#177; 0,47</td>
                <td align="center">4,19 &#177; 0,45</td>
                <td align="center">4,93 &#177; 0,80<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PVE/PC (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">2,75 &#177; 0,42</td>
                <td align="center">2,42 &#177; 0,23</td>
                <td align="center">3,39 &#177; 0,39<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,72 &#177; 0,48<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN06"><sup>&amp;</sup></xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <p>NS: normotenso sedent&#225;rio; NT: normotenso treinado; HS: hipertenso sedent&#225;rio; HT: hipertenso treinado; PC: peso corporal; PV: peso dos ventr&#237;culos; PVE: peso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; n, n&#250;mero de animais;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>diferente NS;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <label>&amp;</label>
              <p>diferente NT (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os resultados referentes &#224; PAS s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2</xref>. O programa de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico aplicado n&#227;o alterou a PAS nos animais normotensos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-treinamento; por outro lado, no grupo experimental hipertenso, o treinamento f&#237;sico reduziu a PAS em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-treinamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 2A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) dos animais normotensos e hipertensos. (A) PAS pr&#233;-treinamento vs. p&#243;s-treinamento). (B) PAS final de todos os grupos experimentais. NS, normotenso sedent&#225;rio. NT, normotenso treinado. HS, hipertenso sedent&#225;rio. HT, hipertenso treinado. Dados s&#227;o media &#177; DP de 8 animais em cada grupo. * diferente NT-Pr&#233; (A) NS(B); <sup>&amp;</sup> diferente NT-P&#243;s (A) NT (B); <sup>#</sup> diferente HT-Pr&#233; (A) NS(B); + diferente HT-P&#243;s (A) HT (B)(p &lt; 0.05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0172-80113-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">figura 3</xref> apresenta os dados da contratilidade celular. A amplitude de contra&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi afetada pela hipertens&#227;o nem pelo treinamento f&#237;sico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3A</xref>). Da mesma forma, o tempo para o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi alterado em nenhum dos grupos experimentais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3B</xref>). Entretanto, o treinamento f&#237;sico foi capaz de diminuir o tempo para 50% de relaxamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 3C</xref>) nos animais normotensos, mas n&#227;o nos hipertensos. </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Contratilidade de cardiomi&#243;citos dos animais normotensos e hipertensos. (A) Amplitude de contra&#231;&#227;o &#233; expressa como percentual de varia&#231;&#227;o do comprimento celular de repouso (% c.c.r) ap&#243;s o est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico a 1HZ; (B) Tempo para o pico de contra&#231;&#227;o; (C) Tempo para 50% de relaxamento; NS: normotenso sedent&#225;rio; NT: normotenso treinado; HS: hipertenso sedent&#225;rio; HT: hipertenso treinado. Dados s&#227;o media &#177; DP de 60 a 80 c&#233;lulas de 8 animais em cada grupo. * diferente NS; <sup>#</sup> diferente NS; + diferente HT (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0172-80113-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4A</xref> mostra que o treinamento f&#237;sico n&#227;o modificou a amplitude de [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> nos animais normotensos. Por&#233;m, o treinamento f&#237;sico aumentou a amplitude do [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> no grupo HT, comparado ao HS. O treinamento f&#237;sico tamb&#233;m diminuiu o tempo para o pico do [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> nos animais do grupo NT, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos do grupo NS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4B</xref>), mas n&#227;o nos animais hipertensos. O tempo para 50% de decaimento do [Ca<sup>2+</sup>]<sub>i</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 4C</xref>) foi aumentado no grupo NT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao NS. Nos animais hipertensos, todavia, o treinamento f&#237;sico reduziu este par&#226;metro (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de c&#225;lcio transit&#243;ria em cardiomi&#243;citos de animais normotensos e hipertensos. (A) Amplitude do c&#225;lcio intracelular. (B) Tempo para o pico de c&#225;lcio intracelular. (C) Tempo para 50% de decaimento do c&#225;lcio intracelular. NS: normotenso sedent&#225;rio; NT: normotenso treinado; HS: hipertenso sedent&#225;rio; HT: hipertenso treinado. Dados s&#227;o media &#177; DP de 40-50 c&#233;lulas de 8 animais em cada grupo). * diferente NS; <sup>&amp;</sup> diferente NT; <sup>#</sup> diferente NS; <sup>+</sup> diferente HT (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0172-80113-gf04-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico aplicado n&#227;o causou nenhuma modifica&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de mir-214 nos animais normotensos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 5</xref>). Entretanto, nos animais hipertensos houve aumento no grupo HT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao HS e aos demais grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Express&#227;o de microRNA 214 no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dos animais normotensos e hipertensos. NS: normotenso sedent&#225;rio; NT: normotenso treinado; HS: hipertenso sedent&#225;rio; HT: hipertenso treinado. Dados s&#227;o media &#177; DP de 5 animais em cada grupo. * diferente NS; <sup>&amp;</sup> diferente NT; <sup>#</sup> diferente NS (p &lt; 0.05).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0172-80113-gf05-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, verificaram-se os efeitos do treinamento aer&#243;bico sobre a contratilidade e a concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria em mi&#243;citos e a express&#227;o do miR-214 no VE de ratos hipertensos. Os resultados mostram que o treinamento aer&#243;bico aplicado, al&#233;m de reduzir a PAS dos animais hipertensos, aumentou amplitude e reduziu o tempo para 50% de decaimento da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria, assim como aumentou a express&#227;o de miR-214. Todavia, a contratilidade de mi&#243;citos isolados do VE n&#227;o foi alterada.</p>
        <p>A efici&#234;ncia do programa de treinamento f&#237;sico usado no presente estudo foi confirmada quando os animais treinados apresentaram uma maior capacidade f&#237;sica, representada pelo TTF, comparada aos seus respectivos controles. Esta maior capacidade f&#237;sica de SHR em resposta ao treinamento aer&#243;bico j&#225; foi demonstrada em estudos pr&#233;vios.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Mais importante, o treinamento f&#237;sico reduziu a PAS nos animais hipertensos, e esse efeito est&#225; bem estabelecido na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; contratilidade de cardiomi&#243;citos do VE, apesar do treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico reduzir o tempo de relaxamento celular nos animais normotensos, nos animais SHR a contratilidade celular nos animais treinados foi mantida nos mesmos n&#237;veis dos sedent&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>Embora a contratilidade dos cardiomi&#243;citos dos SHR n&#227;o tenha sido afetada pelo treinamento f&#237;sico, a concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria apresentou maior amplitude e menor tempo de decaimento nos animais treinados que seus controles sedent&#225;rios. Isso indica maior disponibilidade de Ca<sup>2+</sup> no citosol, assim como maior velocidade de remo&#231;&#227;o desse &#237;on e consequente relaxamento celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Tais achados corroboram os de outro estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> o qual demonstrou aumento da express&#227;o de SERCA2a, principal respons&#225;vel pela remo&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2+</sup> do citosol para dentro do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao miR-214, regulador antag&#244;nico da SERCA2a, os resultados deste estudo s&#227;o contradit&#243;rios aos existentes na literatura, pois o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico utilizado causou aumento na express&#227;o deste microRNA no VE dos animais hipertensos. Esperava-se que o treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico reduzisse a express&#227;o de miR-214, o que justificaria a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo para 50% de decaimento da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> transit&#243;ria nos cardiomi&#243;citos do VE dos SHR, em fun&#231;&#227;o de um esperado aumento na express&#227;o de SERCA2a. Apesar da express&#227;o de SERCA2a no VE n&#227;o ter sido avaliada no presente estudo, um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> demostrou que o VE de ratos normotensos submetidos a treinamento f&#237;sico resistido apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de miR-214 e aumento na express&#227;o de SERCA2a. Tais adapta&#231;&#245;es estavam associadas &#224; maior velocidade de relaxamento dos mi&#243;citos isolados do VE dos animais treinados. Resultados similares apresentando redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o de miR-214 e aumento na express&#227;o de SERCA2a tamb&#233;m foram observados em ratos infartados submetidos ao treinamento f&#237;sico resistido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Assim, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico sobre as propriedades do cardiomi&#243;cito hipertenso, e estudos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar outras poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup> em cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos hipertensos submetidos ao treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O treinamento f&#237;sico aer&#243;bico utilizado aumentou a disponibilidade intracelular e acelera o sequestro de Ca<sup>2+</sup> em mi&#243;citos do VE de ratos hipertensos, apesar do aumento da express&#227;o de miR-214 e da manuten&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade celular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPEMIG (APQ-00876-14).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Joel Alves Rodrigues pela Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (COBEA) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 29/2014.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
