<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Mr5byh9KpbbPLk6pMxQLJ3d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400170</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180147</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>VEGFR-2: One of Pioglitazone&#8217;s Signaling Pathways in the Heart</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Antonio Mamede</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquista Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Botucatu</city>
            <state>SP</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquista Filho-UNESP, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marcos Ferreira Minicucci</bold> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n. Postal Code 18618-970, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>minicucci@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>170</fpage>
      <lpage>171</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Peroxisome Proliferators/adverse effects</kwd>
        <kwd>Glucose/metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipids/metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Pioglitazone, Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Pioglitazone is currently the only commercially available hypoglycemic agent that improves insulin sensitivity. Its mechanism of action involves activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma, a nuclear receptor that alters the transcription of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and in energy balance.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Hence, pioglitazone increases insulin sensitivity, reduces glucose production by the liver and increases glucose uptake by peripheral tissues.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Beneficial effects of pioglitazone include a low risk of hypoglycemia and the improvement of cardiovascular risk factors such as lipid profile and endothelial function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> The main side effects of the drug include weight gain, especially due to the risk of edema or heart failure, increased risk of bone fractures and its association with prostate cancer, which has been questioned in recent studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Pioglitazone is relatively potent in reducing glycated hemoglobin A1c levels; however, previous studies have shown no benefit in performing a more intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular mortality as compared with a less intensive control.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> This is important since cardiovascular diseases are still the most common causes of diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Also, recent studies have reported beneficial effects of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> For this reason, these should be the drugs of choice to be used in combination with metformin in patients with established cardiovascular diseases according to the American Diabetes Association recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Nevertheless, few studies have been conducted on patients with recently diagnosed diabetes and low prevalence of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
    <p>In this context, the TOSCA.IT study compared the cardiovascular effects of the addition of pioglitazone or sulfonylureas to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The study showed that, in absence of clinically evident cardiovascular disease, both treatments are suitable options. However, considering the long-term metabolic effects, pioglitazone plus metformin may be considered the therapy of choice, since this was associated with a lower risk for hypoglycemia and a reduction in cardiovascular events by nearly 30%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> These findings agree with the beneficial effects of pioglitazone on cardiovascular events reported in the PROactive and PERISCOPE studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
		</p>
    <p>With respect to potential pathophysiological mechanisms of the cardiovascular benefits of pioglitazone, it is believed that, in addition to its metabolic effect in reducing insulin resistance, this thiazolidinedione may have a direct effect on the heart. Experimental studies have already reported the effects of pioglitazone in fibrosis, apoptosis and myocardial hypertrophy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Zhong et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> investigated whether the effects of pioglitazone on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and hypertrophy occur via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) signaling. VEGFR-2 is a tyrosine kinase receptor that activates intracellular signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, migration and cycle. First, using the reverse pharmacophore mapping technique, the authors identified VEGFR-2 as the best-ranked potential target for pioglitazone. Then, the authors isolated cardiomyocytes from Sprague-Dawley rats and evaluated the effects of pioglitazone and the VEGFR-2-selective inhibitor apatinib on two outcomes &#8211; cardiomyocyte apoptotic rate using flow cytometry and hypertrophy using [<sup>3</sup>H]-leucine incorporation. Interestingly, the results showed a reduction not only in cardiomyocyte viability but also in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II <italic>in vitro</italic>. Besides, both pioglitazone and apatinab increased the expression of Bax and phosphorylated P53 and decreased the expression of phosphorylated VEGFR-2, Akt, and mTOR in the cardiomyocytes. Studies in the literature are controversial regarding the effects of pioglitazone on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> maybe due to different dosages and models used in the studies. However, in the study in question, the authors suggested that heart failure patients would not benefit from therapy with pioglitazone, since although it attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, the drug induced apoptosis of these cells.</p>
    <p>In addition, although the direct effects of pioglitazone on the heart are still under investigation, Zhong et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> make an important contribution to the field, as suggesting that one of the mechanism of action of pioglitazone is via VEGFR-2. Also, if we consider that there is clinical evidence of the beneficial effects of this hypoglycemic agent on cardiovascular outcomes, further studies should be conducted to better define the role of pioglitazone in cardiovascular diseases in diabetics.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Short Editorial regarding the article: Pioglitazone Induces Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Via VEGFR-2 Signaling Pathway</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>VEGFR-2: Uma das Vias de Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o da Pioglitazona no Cora&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Antonio Mamede</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquista Filho-UNESP, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marcos Ferreira Minicucci</bold> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Rubi&#227;o J&#250;nior s/n. CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>minicucci@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Proliferadores de Peroxissomos/efeitos adversos</kwd>
        <kwd>Glucose/metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Lip&#237;deos/metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Pioglitazona</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus/tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A pioglitazona &#233; atualmente o &#250;nico antidiab&#233;tico oral que melhora a sensibilidade &#224; insulina dispon&#237;vel no mercado. Ela age pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor ativado por proliferadores de peroxissoma (PPAR) gama, receptor nuclear que altera a transcri&#231;&#227;o de genes envolvidos no metabolismo da glicose e de lip&#237;deos, bem como no balan&#231;o energ&#233;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Desse modo, promove melhora na sensibilidade &#224; insulina, redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de glicose e aumento da capta&#231;&#227;o da glicose nos tecidos perif&#233;ricos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Entre os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da pioglitazona, destaca-se o baixo risco de hipoglicemia e a melhora de fatores de risco cardiovasculares, como perfil lip&#237;dico e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Os efeitos colaterais mais importantes incluem o ganho de peso, principalmente pelo risco de edema ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o risco aumentado de fraturas e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata, que est&#225; sendo refutada em estudos recentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A pioglitazona &#233; relativamente potente em reduzir a hemoglobina glicada A1C, no entanto, estudos n&#227;o mostraram benef&#237;cio do controle mais intenso quando comparado com controle menos intenso da glicemia na mortalidade cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Este fato &#233; importante pois as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares continuam sendo as causas mais comuns de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>&#201; tamb&#233;m interessante observarmos que estudos recentes com inibidores do transportador s&#243;dio-glicose-2 (SGLT-2) e com an&#225;logos do pept&#237;deo semelhante ao glucagon-1 (GLP-1) mostraram benef&#237;cios desses medicamentos na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Por isso, elas s&#227;o as drogas indicadas para serem associadas &#224; metformina pela Associa&#231;&#227;o Americana de Diabetes, em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular comprovada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> No entanto, poucos estudos foram realizados em pacientes com diabetes diagnosticado h&#225; pouco tempo e com baixa preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, o estudo TOSCA.IT comparou os efeitos cardiovasculares da adi&#231;&#227;o de pioglitazona ou sulfonilureia &#224; metformina em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> O estudo mostrou que na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cardiovascular clinicamente evidente, ambos os tratamentos s&#227;o alternativas poss&#237;veis. Apesar disso, considerando os efeitos metab&#243;licos mais prolongados, o menor risco de hipoglicemia e o benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares ateroscler&#243;ticos em aproximadamente 30%, a combina&#231;&#227;o metformina e pioglitazona pode ser considerada o tratamento preferencial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Esse resultado est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia aos benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares da pioglitazona j&#225; evidenciados nos estudos PROactive e PERISCOPE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos potenciais mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos dos benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares da pioglitazona, aceita-se que, al&#233;m de seu efeito metab&#243;lico de reduzir a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, essa tiazolidinediona pode ter efeito direto no cora&#231;&#227;o. Assim, estudos experimentais j&#225; observaram efeitos da pioglitazona na fibrose, apoptose e hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Nessa edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Zhong et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> investigaram se os efeitos da pioglitazona sobre a apoptose e a hipertrofia de cardiomi&#243;citos ocorrem pela regula&#231;&#227;o da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do receptor do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGFR)-2. O VEGFR-2 &#233; um receptor de tirosina quinase que estimula vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o intracelulares respons&#225;veis por prolifera&#231;&#227;o, migra&#231;&#227;o e ciclo celular. Inicialmente, os autores, pela t&#233;cnica de mapeamento farmacol&#243;gico reverso, identificaram o VEGFR-2 como o alvo potencial mais bem ranqueado para pioglitazona. Posteriormente, os autores isolaram cardiomi&#243;citos de ratos Sprague-Dawley e avaliaram os efeitos da pioglitazona e do inibidor seletivo do VEGFR-2, apatinib, em duas vari&#225;veis: a taxa de apoptose, avaliada por citometria de fluxo, e a hipertrofia, avaliada por incorpora&#231;&#227;o de leucina-[<sup>3</sup>H]. &#201; interessante observar que nesse estudo houve redu&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade de cardiomi&#243;citos, mas acompanhado por redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia card&#237;aca induzidas por angiotensina II <italic>in vitro</italic>. Al&#233;m disso, tanto a pioglitazona, quanto o apatinib, aumentaram a express&#227;o de Bax e p53 fosforilada, e reduziram a express&#227;o de VEGFR-2, Akt e mTOR nos cardiomi&#243;citos. Os estudos na literatura s&#227;o controversos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos efeitos da pioglitazona tanto na hipertrofia quanto na apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Esses efeitos controversos podem ser devido a diferentes doses e modelos utilizados. Apesar disso, no estudo em quest&#227;o, os autores sugerem que a pioglitazona n&#227;o seria vantajosa para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pois a mesma atenuou a hipertrofia, mas induziu apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos.</p>
      <p>Apesar dos efeitos diretos da pioglitazona no cora&#231;&#227;o ainda estarem em fase de investiga&#231;&#227;o, Zhong et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> adicionam importante contribui&#231;&#227;o, pois sugerem que um dos mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o da pioglitazona &#233; via VEGFR-2. Al&#233;m disso, se considerarmos que evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas mostram benef&#237;cios nos desfechos cardiovasculares com o uso desse antidiab&#233;tico, estudos adicionais devem ser realizados para definir melhor o papel da pioglitazona nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, em pacientes com diabetes.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Pioglitazona Induz Apoptose e Inibe Hipertrofia de Cardiomi&#243;citos pela Via de Sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do VEGFR-2</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
