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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">SgMyvcfmbzTSrxdKcqmf3ns</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400144</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005009101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180116</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Impact of Iron Metabolism Changes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Sara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seixo</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caria</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Set&#250;bal EPE</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Set&#250;bal</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Set&#250;bal EPE, Set&#250;bal - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Tatiana Duarte</bold> Rua Jos&#233; Antonio Cabrita Batista,14 1DTO 2830-204 Barreiro, Setubal - Portugal. E-mail: <email>tatiana.isabel.duarte@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Duarte T, Gon&#231;alves S; Acquisition of data: Duarte T, S&#225; C, Rodrigues R, Marinheiro R, Fonseca M; Analysis and interpretation of the data, statistical analysis and writing of the manuscript: Duarte T; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gon&#231;alves S, Seixo F, Caria R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>144</fpage>
      <lpage>150</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Iron metabolism disorders have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, the prognostic impact on patients (pts) with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has yet to be clarified.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the prognostic value of serum iron and ferritin levels in pts with ACS in the short and long-term.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Consecutive pts admitted to a coronary care unit with a diagnosis of ACS, for a period of 2 years, were evaluated. The population was divided into tertiles of serum iron and ferritin distribution. The primary adverse events were the occurrence of in-hospital death or heart failure (HF) and death or HF at 1 year of follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We studied 280 pts (73% males; mean age 68 &#177; 13 years). The mean levels of serum iron and ferritin were 59 &#177; 34 mcg/dL and 205 &#177; 185 ng/mL, respectively. Patients included in the 1<sup>st</sup> tertile of serum iron (&#8804; 40 mcg/dL) had a higher rate of adverse events, in-hospital and after 1 year. Lower and higher levels of ferritin (1<sup>st</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> tertiles, &#8804; 110; &gt;219 ng/ml, respectively) were associated with a higher incidence of HF during hospitalization and death at 1 year. A ferritin value &gt;316 ng /mL was an independent risk factor for death at 1 year (adjusted OR: 14; 95%CI: 2.6 to 75.9).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>In this population, iron metabolism alterations were associated with a higher rate of adverse events and higher ferritin levels constituted an independent mortality predictor in the long-term.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Iron Metabolism Disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognostic</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Iron is an important micronutrient in cell metabolism, necessary for body homeostasis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Iron deficiency affects more than one-third of the world&#8217;s population and is often a chronic disease complication (inflammatory bowel disease, chronic kidney disease, Parkinson's disease, rheumatoid arthritis) and plays a role in the sympathetic nervous system activation, as well as in ventricular hypertrophy and dilation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to the EMPIRE study, 1 in 3 Portuguese individuals have iron deficiency.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Iron deficiency is an important comorbidity factor in chronic heart failure (HF), as well as in HF decompensation periods, regardless of the presence of anemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The CONFIRM-HF study demonstrated a favorable effect on the functional capacity and quality of life of HF patients, as well as the reduction in the number of hospitalizations for decompensated HF in patients submitted to intravenous iron therapy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Meanwhile, the debate between the role of ferritin and iron in the atherosclerosis metabolism persists, and the function of iron metabolism in coronary disease is unclear. Although small, there are studies that consider iron a proatherogenic agent for its role in free radical formation, with consequent oxidative stress at the vascular level.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Studies in animals have confirmed that chronic iron administration accelerates thrombus formation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> On the other hand, low iron levels may be associated with ischemia and major cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In a recent study, Steen et al. failed to establish any association between iron and the risk of myocardial infarction, as well as recurrent ischemic events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Ferritin is considered by some studies as a cytoprotective agent, yet multivariate analyses have shown that low ferritin levels are predictors of 30-day MACE in patients with ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the several studies, the controversy over the role of iron in ACS persists, and the true correlation between iron and atherosclerotic disease is yet to be determined.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we aim to determine the short- and long-term prognostic value of serum iron and ferritin levels in patients admitted for ACS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sample</title>
        <p>The sample was retrospectively evaluated and consisted of consecutive patients admitted to a Coronary Unit with an ACS diagnosis between June 2011 and June 2013. Patients whose iron profile was not determined during hospitalization were excluded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Variables</title>
        <p>The population was characterized according to their baseline characteristics (age and gender); clinical characteristics (personal history, type of ACS, Killip Class, LV ejection fraction) and laboratory test results (serum levels of creatinine, BNP, hemoglobin), and was grouped according to the tertiles of distribution of serum iron (1<sup>st</sup> tertile &#8804; 40; 2<sup>nd</sup> tercile &gt; 40 and &#8804; 67; 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile &gt;67 mcg/dL) and ferritin (1<sup>st</sup> tertile &#8804; 110; 2<sup>nd</sup> tertile &lt; 110 and &#8804; 219; 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile &gt;219 ng/mL).</p>
        <p>The cut-off values of serum iron and serum ferritin were, respectively, 60-180 mcg/dL and 10-120 ng / mL, according to the hospital laboratory.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>End-point</title>
        <p>The short- and long-term prognoses were assessed based on primary adverse events: in-hospital death and 1-year death; in-hospital heart failure (Killip Class &#8805; 2 and BNP &#8805; 400 pg/mL) and 1-year follow-up (ejection fraction &lt; 50% and NYHA Class &#8805; 2). Other secondary endpoints were reinfarction and ischemic cerebrovascular accident at 1 year of follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The program IBM SPSS Statistics, version 20 for Windows 8, was used to perform the statistical analysis. Continuous variables were shown as mean &#177; standard deviation and compared according to iron and ferritin tertiles by ANOVA. Categorical variables were shown as absolute values and/or percentages and compared using the chi-square test. The associations were considered statistically significant in the presence of a p-value &lt; 0.05. Continuous variables were associated with primary adverse events (Death and HF) through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The predictive value of iron and ferritin levels over the risk of in-hospital and 1-year adverse events was determined by the odds ratio, with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>The baseline, clinical and laboratory characteristics of the total population and according to serum iron and ferritin tertiles are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>. A total of 280 patients were studied (73% males) with a mean age of 68 &#177; 13 years. The distribution of serum iron and ferritin levels is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Basal and clinical characteristics, according to iron and ferritin tertiles</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Basal characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Population n = 280</th>
              <th align="center">1<sup>st</sup> iron tertile (&#8804; 40 mcg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">2<sup>nd</sup> iron tertile (&gt; 40 or &#8804; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">3<sup>rd</sup> iron tertile (&gt; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">1<sup>st</sup> ferritin tertile (&#8804; 110 ng/mL)</th>
              <th align="center">2<sup>nd</sup> ferritin tertile (&gt;110 or &#8804; 219 ng/mL)</th>
              <th align="center">3<sup>rd</sup> ferritin tertile (&gt; 219 ng/mL)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years</td>
              <td align="center">68 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 15</td>
              <td align="center">69 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">73 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center">67 &#177; 13</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male gender</td>
              <td align="center">204 (73)</td>
              <td align="center">63 (23)</td>
              <td align="center">73 (26)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">53 (19)</td>
              <td align="center">68 (24)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Personal history</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAH</td>
              <td align="center">186 (66.4)</td>
              <td align="center">56 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">70 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">60 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">69 (25)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">90 (32)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">30 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">24 (9)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">32 (11.4)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (11.4)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (9.3)</td>
              <td align="center">0.69</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
              <td align="center">140 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">37 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">44 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">0.87</td>
              <td align="center">46 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">49 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of AMI</td>
              <td align="center">44 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (3.6)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (6.4)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">18 (6.4)</td>
              <td align="center">15 (5.3)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">History of HF</td>
              <td align="center">9 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.34</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0.68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Renal failure</td>
              <td align="center">21 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
              <td align="center">9 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2)</td>
              <td align="center">0.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">PAD</td>
              <td align="center">11 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">5 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>ACS type</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unstable angina</td>
              <td align="center">12 (4.3)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0.21</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">0.85</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">STEMI</td>
              <td align="center">125 (45)</td>
              <td align="center">50 (18)</td>
              <td align="center">43 (15.3)</td>
              <td align="center">32 (11)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">35 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">NSTEMI</td>
              <td align="center">122 (44)</td>
              <td align="center">36 (13)</td>
              <td align="center">41 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">45 (16)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">41 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">40 (14)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Undetermined AMI</td>
              <td align="center">21 (8)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">9 (3.2)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Results expressed as n (%) or mean &#177; median. SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HF: heart failure; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical and laboratory characteristics, according to iron and ferritin tertiles</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
            <col width="10%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Clinical presentation</th>
              <th align="center">Population n = 280</th>
              <th align="center">1<sup>st</sup> iron tertile (&#8804; 40 mcg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">2<sup>nd</sup> iron tertile (&gt; 40 or &#8804; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">3<sup>rd</sup> iron tertile (&gt; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center">1<sup>st</sup> ferritin tertile (&#8804; 110 ng/mL)</th>
              <th align="center">2<sup>nd</sup> ferritin tertile (&gt;110 or &#8804; 219 ng/mL)</th>
              <th align="center">3<sup>rd</sup> ferritin tertile (&gt; 219 ng/mL)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip Class I</td>
              <td align="center">244 (87)</td>
              <td align="center">74 (27)</td>
              <td align="center">83 (30)</td>
              <td align="center">87 (31)</td>
              <td align="center">0.12</td>
              <td align="center">73 (26)</td>
              <td align="center">88 (31.4)</td>
              <td align="center">78 (28)</td>
              <td align="center">0.23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip Class II</td>
              <td align="center">18 (6.4)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">14 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip Class III</td>
              <td align="center">11 (3.9)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Killip Class IV</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ejection fraction classification</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF &gt; 50%</td>
              <td align="center">157 (69)</td>
              <td align="center">42 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">58 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">57 (20)</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
              <td align="center">43 (15)</td>
              <td align="center">59 (21)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (19)</td>
              <td align="center">0.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF 41-50%</td>
              <td align="center">23 (10)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF 30-40%</td>
              <td align="center">38 (17)</td>
              <td align="center">16 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">16 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (3)</td>
              <td align="center">11 (4)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 30%</td>
              <td align="center">11 (5)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">6 (2.1)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Laboratory assessment</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1.08 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">1.05 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.9&#177; 1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">1 &#177; 0.6</td>
              <td align="center">1.1 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BNP, pg/mL</td>
              <td align="center">331.6 &#177; 499</td>
              <td align="center">567 &#177; 712</td>
              <td align="center">266 &#177; 371</td>
              <td align="center">180 &#177; 212</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">488 &#177; 684</td>
              <td align="center">204 &#177; 270</td>
              <td align="center">346 &#177; 427</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">11.8 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">14 &#177; 16</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
              <td align="center">12 &#177; 2.2</td>
              <td align="center">14 &#177; 1.7</td>
              <td align="center">14 &#177; 2</td>
              <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Results expressed as n (%) or mean &#177; median. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of serum levels of iron and ferritin in the population.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0144-80116-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The main diagnosis at admission was ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in 45% (n = 125) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in 44% (n = 122) of the patients.</p>
      <p>Approximately 87% of the patients (n = 244) were admitted with Killip I Class, and only 2.5% (n = 7) were admitted in cardiogenic shock. In 11 (5%) patients, the transthoracic echocardiography showed severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction.</p>
      <p>Regarding the short-term prognosis: 1.1% (n = 3) of the patients died during hospitalization and 28% (n = 79) showed evidence of heart failure. Regarding the long-term impact, approximately 7% (n = 19) of the patients died in the first year of follow-up and 12% (n = 33) developed HF criteria during the clinical follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Short-term and long-term events, according to iron levels</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Event</th>
              <th align="center">1<sup>st</sup> iron tertile (&#8804; 40 mcg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">2<sup>nd</sup> iron tertile (&gt; 40 or &#8804; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">3<sup>rd</sup> iron tertile (&gt; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In-hospital death</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death at 1 year</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In-hospital HF</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF at 1 year</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reinfarction at 1 year</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CVA at 1 year</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>HF: heart failure; CVA: cerebrovascular accident.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Short-term and long-term events, according to ferritin levels</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Event</th>
              <th align="center">1<sup>st</sup> ferritin tertile (&#8804; 110 ng/mL)</th>
              <th align="center">2<sup>nd</sup> ferritin tertile (&gt; 110 or &#8804; 219 ng/mL)</th>
              <th align="center">3<sup>rd</sup> ferritin tertile (&gt; 219 ng/mL)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In-hospital death</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Death at 1 year</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">0.04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">In-hospital HF</td>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF at 1 year</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">9</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reinfarction at 1 year</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CVA at 1 year</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">0</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>HF: heart failure; CVA: cerebrovascular accident.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The multivariate regression analysis showed that a ferritin value &gt; 316 ng/mL is an independent risk predictor for 1-year death (adjusted OR:14; 95%CI: 2.6-75.9, p = 0.0023). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref>)</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Establishment of independent variables associated with cardiovascular events in the short and long-term.</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center">Odds ratio</th>
              <th align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Death at 1 year</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Iron &#8804; 36 mcg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">2.6</td>
              <td align="center">0.7-9</td>
              <td align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ferritin &gt; 316 ng/mL</td>
              <td align="center">14</td>
              <td align="center">2.5-75</td>
              <td align="center">0.0027</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hemoglobin &#8804; 11.7 g/dL</td>
              <td align="center">17</td>
              <td align="center">3-102</td>
              <td align="center">0.0016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age &gt; 70 year</td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">2-237</td>
              <td align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>In-hospital death</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Iron &#8804; 14 mcg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">3.9</td>
              <td align="center">1-9</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ferritin &gt; 104 ng/ml</td>
              <td align="center">1.17</td>
              <td align="center">2-70</td>
              <td align="center">0.99</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Heart failure at 1 year</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Iron &#8804; 40 mcg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.2-3.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ferritin &#8804; 157 ng/mL</td>
              <td align="center">0.36</td>
              <td align="center">0.06-2.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>In-hospital heart failure</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Iron &#8804; 30 mcg/dL</td>
              <td align="center">1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.6-5.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ferritin &#8804; 116 ng/mL</td>
              <td align="center">0.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.15-1.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.3</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Values determined from the Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The survival curves for Death and HF according to iron and ferritin tertiles showed no statistical difference. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>)</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival curves according to iron tertiles.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0144-80116-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Survival curves according to ferritin tertiles.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0144-80116-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>Iron deficiency is a common and clinically relevant heart failure comorbidity, being associated with a worse prognosis. Some studies (CONFIRM-HF) have shown the benefit of iron correction in terms of quality of life and exercise tolerance in patients with HF and decreased systolic function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>According to current European recommendations for HF treatment, intravenous iron is indicated with Class IIa in symptomatic patients with decreased systolic function and iron deficiency (serum ferritin levels &lt;100ng / mL or ferritin level between 100-299 ng / mL and transferrin saturation &lt;20%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> On the other hand, the role of iron and ferritin is uncertain in the context of atherosclerotic disease and ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this population, the type of ACS, as well as its clinical presentation regarding Killip class and LV systolic function impairment were not statistically influenced by iron or ferritin levels.</p>
      <p>Age had a statistical impact on serum iron and ferritin levels, which may be explained by an iron-poor diet, impaired intestinal absorption that increases with age, and the presence of more comorbidities that interfere with iron metabolism.</p>
      <p>Lower levels of iron and ferritin were statistically associated with lower Hb levels, as expected, with a mean value of 12 g/dL.</p>
      <p>Mean BNP values &gt;450 pg/mL were statistically associated with the 1<sup>st</sup> tertiles of iron and ferritin, which is consistent with several studies in the HF scenario, in which iron and ferritin deficiencies were found as a frequent comorbidity of HF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Alberto Dominguez-Rodriguez demonstrated that low iron levels may be associated with major cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with ACS.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> In this population of ACS patients, alterations in iron metabolism were associated with a higher occurrence of adverse events.</p>
      <p>Iron levels &#8804; 40 mcg/dL had a negative impact regarding mortality and in-hospital HF, with statistical significance; however, serum iron levels were not an independent risk factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>Is ferritin a cytoprotective or atherogenic agent or, on the other hand, is its deficiency a predictor of major cardiovascular events in patients with ACS? The literature results are not in agreement regarding the role of ferritin in atherosclerosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Patients with ACS and major cardiovascular events (MACE) showed low levels of ferritin versus patients with ACS without adverse events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In our population, regarding ferritin levels, the 1<sup>st</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> tertiles were associated with the occurrence of more adverse events, with statistical significance in terms of in-hospital HF and 1-year death. A serum ferritin level of 316 ng/mL was considered an independent risk predictor for 1-year death (adjusted OR:14; 95%CI: 2.6-75.9, p = 0.0023), which differs from the conclusions of some studies, as previously mentioned. The serum ferritin level was not an independent risk predictor for heart failure.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>The present study is subject to the limitations associated with all retrospective, non-randomized analyses carried out in a single center.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In this population of patients with ACS, iron metabolism alterations were associated with a higher occurrence of adverse events. Elevated ferritin levels were an independent predictor of long-term mortality. Serum iron levels did not constitute an independent risk factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>Additional studies are required to clarify whether serum iron or ferritin levels constitute a vascular injury/prognostic marker in ACS patients and establish the &#8220;actual&#8221; role of iron and ferritin in this type of cardiovascular disease.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Jankowska EA, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Macdougall IC, Ponikowski P. Iron deficiency and heart failure: diagnostic dilemmas and therapeutic perspectives; Eur Heart J. 2013;34(11):816-29.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jankowska</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von Haehling</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macdougall</surname>
              <given-names>IC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Iron deficiency and heart failure: diagnostic dilemmas and therapeutic perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>816</fpage>
          <lpage>829</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Fonseca C, Marques F, Robalo Nunes A, Belo A, Brilhante D, Cortez J. Prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency in Portugal: the EMPIRE study. Intern Med J. 2016;46(4):470-8.</mixed-citation>
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            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto Progn&#243;stico das Altera&#231;&#245;es do Metabolismo do Ferro em doentes com S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Sara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Marta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seixo</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caria</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar de Set&#250;bal EPE, Set&#250;bal - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tatiana Duarte</bold> Rua Jos&#233; Antonio Cabrita Batista, 14 1DTO 2830-204 Barreiro, Setubal - Portugal. E-mail: <email>tatiana.isabel.duarte@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Duarte T, Gon&#231;alves S; obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Duarte T, S&#225; C, Rodrigues R, Marinheiro R, Fonseca M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Duarte T; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Gon&#231;alves S, Seixo F, Caria R.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo do ferro t&#234;m sido associadas a um aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. No entanto, o impacto progn&#243;stico em doentes (dts) com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA) encontra-se ainda pouco esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar o valor progn&#243;stico a curto e longo prazo dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos do ferro e ferritina em dts com SCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram avaliados doentes consecutivos admitidos numa Unidade Coron&#225;ria com o diagn&#243;stico de SCA no per&#237;odo de 2 anos. A popula&#231;&#227;o foi agrupada segundo os tercis de distribui&#231;&#227;o de ferro e ferritina. Os eventos adversos prim&#225;rios foram a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte intrahospitalar e a 1 ano, bem como, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) intrahospitalar e a 1 ano de follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Estudaram-se 280 dts (73% sexo masculino; idade m&#233;dia de 68 &#177; 13 anos). O n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de ferro s&#233;rico e de ferritina foi 59 &#177; 34 mcg/dl e 205 &#177; 185 ng/ml, respetivamente. Os doentes inclu&#237;dos no 1&#186; tercil (&#8804; 40 mcg/dl) de ferro s&#233;rico apresentaram maior percentagem de eventos adversos intrahospitalares e a 1 ano. N&#237;veis mais baixos e mais elevados de ferritina (1&#186; e 3&#186; tercil, respetivamente, &#8804; 110; &gt; 219 ng/ml) estiveram associados a uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de IC em internamento e de morte a 1 ano. Um valor de ferritina &gt; 316 ng/mL constituiu fator de risco independente de morte a 1 ano (OR ajustado 14 IC 95% 2,6-75,9).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo do ferro estiveram associadas a uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos e n&#237;veis elevados de ferritina constitu&#237;ram preditor independente de mortalidade a longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Dist&#250;rbios do Metabolismo do Ferro</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O ferro &#233; um micronutriente importante no metabolismo celular, necess&#225;rio para homeostase corporal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A defici&#234;ncia de ferro atinge mais de um 1/3 da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial, sendo frequente como complica&#231;&#227;o de uma doen&#231;a cr&#243;nica (Doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria do intestino, Doen&#231;a renal cr&#243;nica, Doen&#231;a de Parkinson, Artrite reumatoide) e apresenta um papel na ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, bem como na hipertrofia e dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com o estudo EMPIRE, 1 em cada 3 portugueses tem d&#233;fice de ferro.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> O d&#233;fice de ferro &#233; um importante fator de co-morbilidade na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) cr&#243;nica, bem como nos per&#237;odos de descompensa&#231;&#227;o da IC, independentemente da presen&#231;a de anemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O estudo CONFIRM-HF demonstrou um efeito favor&#225;vel na capacidade funcional e qualidade de vida de doentes com IC, bem como, na redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de internamentos por IC descompensada, nos doentes submetidos &#224; terap&#234;utica com ferro endovenoso.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por sua vez, o debate entre o papel da ferritina e do ferro no metabolismo da aterosclerose persiste, n&#227;o sendo clara a fun&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo do ferro na doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria. Apesar de pequenos, existem estudos que consideram o ferro como sendo proaterog&#233;nico pelo seu papel na forma&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres, com consequente <italic>stress</italic> oxidativo ao n&#237;vel vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Estudos em animais t&#234;m confirmado que a administra&#231;&#227;o cr&#243;nica de ferro acelera a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Por outro lado, n&#237;veis baixos de ferro podem estar associados a isqu&#233;mia e a eventos cardiovasculares major (MACE) em doentes com S&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Um estudo recente, Steen et al, falhou no estabelecimento de qualquer rela&#231;&#227;o entre o ferro e o risco de enfarte do mioc&#225;rdio, bem como, eventos isqu&#233;micos recorrentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A ferritina &#233; considerada por alguns estudos como citoprotectora, contudo an&#225;lises multivari&#225;veis mostram que n&#237;veis baixos de ferritina s&#227;o preditores de MACE a 30 dias em doentes com SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar dos v&#225;rios estudos, a controv&#233;rsia do papel do ferro na SCA persiste, n&#227;o se conhecendo at&#233; &#224; data a verdadeira correla&#231;&#227;o entre o ferro e a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo pretendemos determinar o valor progn&#243;stico a curto e a longo prazo dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferro e ferritina em doentes admitidos por SCA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostra</title>
          <p>A amostra foi avaliada retrospetivamente, sendo constitu&#237;da por doentes consecutivos admitidos numa Unidade Coron&#225;ria com o diagn&#243;stico de SCA entre Junho de 2011 e Junho de 2013. Foram exclu&#237;dos doentes cujo perfil de ferro n&#227;o foi determinado durante o internamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o foi caracterizada de acordo com as suas caracter&#237;sticas basais (idade e sexo); cl&#237;nicas (antecedentes pessoais; tipo de SCA; Classe de Killip; Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE) e laboratoriais (n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Creatinina, BNP, Hemoglobina), sendo agrupada segundo os tercis de distribui&#231;&#227;o de ferro s&#233;rico (1&#186; tercil &#8804; 40; 2&#186; tercil &gt; 40 e &#8804; 67; 3&#186; tercil&gt; 67 mcg/dl) e de ferritina (1&#186; tercil &#8804; 110; 2&#186; tercil &lt;110 e &#8804; 219; 3&#186; tercil&gt; 219 ng/ml).</p>
          <p>Os cut-offs do ferro s&#233;rico e da ferritina s&#233;rica respetivamente, 60-180 mcg/dl e 10-120 ng/ml, de acordo com o laborat&#243;rio do centro hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>End-point</title>
          <p>Os progn&#243;sticos a curto e a longo prazo foram avaliados partir de eventos adversos prim&#225;rios: Morte intrahospitalar e Morte a 1 ano; Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca intrahospitalar (Classe de Killip &#8805; 2 e BNP &#8805; 400 pg/ml) e no follow-up de 1 ano (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 50% e Classe de NYHA &#8805; 2). Outros end-points secund&#225;rios - Reenfarte e Acidente isqu&#233;mico vascular no follow-up de 1 ano.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para realizar a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou-se o programa <italic>IBM SPSS Statistics vers&#227;o 20</italic> para <italic>Windows 8.</italic> As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em valor m&#233;dio &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas de acordo com os tercis de ferro e ferritina atrav&#233;s do Teste <italic>ANOVA.</italic> As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em valor absoluto e/ou percentagem e comparadas com o teste qui-quadrado. As associa&#231;&#245;es foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas na presen&#231;a de <italic>p-value</italic> &lt; 0,05. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas atrav&#233;s de curvas de ROC foram associadas aos eventos adversos prim&#225;rios (Morte e IC). O valor preditor dos n&#237;veis de ferro e ferritina sobre o risco de eventos adversos intra-hospitalares e a um ano foi determinado pelo Odds-ratio, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o total e de acordo com os tercis de ferro s&#233;rico e ferritina s&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">2</xref>. Estudaram-se 280 doentes (73% do sexo masculino) com idade m&#233;dia 68 &#177; 13 anos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos do ferro e da ferritina encontra-se representada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e cl&#237;nicas, de acordo com os tercis de ferro e ferritina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas basais</th>
                <th align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o n = 280</th>
                <th align="center">1&#186; tercil ferro (&#8804; 40 mcg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">2&#186; tercil ferro (&gt; 40 ou &#8804; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">3&#186; tercil ferro (&gt; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">1&#186; tercil ferritina (&#8804; 110 ng/mL)</th>
                <th align="center">2&#186; tercil ferritina (&gt;110 ou &#8804; 219 ng/mL)</th>
                <th align="center">3&#186; tercil ferritina (&gt; 219 ng/mL)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">204 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">53 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Antecedentes pessoais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HAS</td>
                <td align="center">186 (66,4)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">70 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">69 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">90 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">32 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">140 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
                <td align="center">46 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antecedentes IAM</td>
                <td align="center">44 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">18 (6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Antecedentes de IC</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                <td align="center">21 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DAP</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Tipo de SCA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">12 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMCST</td>
                <td align="center">125 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (18)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">35 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAMSST</td>
                <td align="center">122 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">41 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IAM indeterminado</td>
                <td align="center">21 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Resultados expressos como n (%) ou m&#233;dia &#177; mediana. HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda; IAMCST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do ST; IAMSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do ST.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais, de acordo com os tercis de ferro e ferritina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</th>
                <th align="center">Popula&#231;&#227;o n = 280</th>
                <th align="center">1&#186; tercil ferro (&#8804; 40 mcg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">2&#186; tercil ferro (&gt; 40 ou &#8804; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">3&#186; tercil ferro (&gt; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center">1&#186; tercil ferritina (&#8804; 110 ng/mL)</th>
                <th align="center">2&#186; tercil ferritina (&gt;110 ou &#8804; 219 ng/mL)</th>
                <th align="center">3&#186; tercil de ferritina (&gt; 219 ng/mL)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe de Killip I</td>
                <td align="center">244 (87)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (27)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">73 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe de Killip II</td>
                <td align="center">18 (6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">14 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe de Killip III</td>
                <td align="center">11 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Classe de Killip IV</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE &gt; 50%</td>
                <td align="center">157 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
                <td align="center">43 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE 41-50%</td>
                <td align="center">23 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE 30-40%</td>
                <td align="center">38 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">16 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE &lt; 30%</td>
                <td align="center">11 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,9&#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP, pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center">331,6 &#177; 499</td>
                <td align="center">567 &#177; 712</td>
                <td align="center">266 &#177; 371</td>
                <td align="center">180 &#177; 212</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">488 &#177; 684</td>
                <td align="center">204 &#177; 270</td>
                <td align="center">346 &#177; 427</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">11,8 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">14 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Resultados expressos como n (%) ou m&#233;dia &#177; mediana. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferro e ferritina na popula&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0144-80116-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico principal de admiss&#227;o foi em 45% (n = 125) dos doentes EAM com SupraST e em 44% (n = 122) EAM sem SupraST.</p>
        <p>Cerca de 87% dos doentes (n = 244) apresentaram-se &#224; admiss&#227;o em Classe de Killip I, sendo que apenas 2,5% (n = 7) foram admitidos em choque cardiog&#233;nico. Em 11 (5%) doentes, o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico evidenciou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Em termos de progn&#243;stico a curto prazo: 1,1% (n = 3) dos doentes faleceu durante o internamento e 28% (n = 79) apresentou evid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao impacto a longo prazo, sensivelmente 7% (n = 19) dos doentes faleceu no 1&#186; ano de follow-up e 12% (n = 33) desenvolveram crit&#233;rios de IC no decorrer do seguimento cl&#237;nico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eventos a curto e longo prazo, de acordo com os n&#237;veis de ferro</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Evento</th>
                <th align="center">1&#186; tercil ferro (&#8804; 40 mcg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">2&#186; tercil ferro (&gt; 40 ou &#8804; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">3&#186; tercil ferro (&gt; 67 mcg/dL)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morte intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morte 1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC 1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reinfarto 1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC 1 ano </td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eventos a curto e longo prazo de acordo com os n&#237;veis de ferritina</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Evento</th>
                <th align="center">1&#186; tercil ferritina (&#8804; 110 ng/mL)</th>
                <th align="center">2&#186; tercil ferritina (&gt; 110 ou&#8804; 219 ng/mL)</th>
                <th align="center">3&#186; tercil ferritina (&gt; 219 ng/mL)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morte intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Morte 1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC intra-hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC 1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reinfarto 1 ano</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC 1 ano </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada evidenciou que um valor de ferritina superior a 316 ng/ml &#233; preditor de risco independente para morte a 1 ano (OR ajustado de 14 IC 95% 2,6-75,9; p = 0,0023). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis independentes associadas aos eventos cardiovasculares a curto e longo prazo.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center">Raz&#227;o de chances</th>
                <th align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Morte 1 ano</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ferro &#8804; 36 mcg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,7-9</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ferritina &gt; 316 ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">2,5-75</td>
                <td align="center">0.0027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina &#8804; 11,7 g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">3-102</td>
                <td align="center">0,0016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade &gt; 70 anos</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">2-237</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Morte intra-hospitalar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ferro &#8804; 14 mcg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">1-9</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ferritina &gt; 104 ng/ml</td>
                <td align="center">1,17</td>
                <td align="center">2-70</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 1 ano</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ferro &#8804; 40 mcg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,2-3,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ferritina &#8804; 157 ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,06-2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca intra-hospitalar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ferro &#8804; 30 mcg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,6-5,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ferritina &#8804; 116 ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,15-1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Valores determinados a partir das curvas Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor. IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>As curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia para Morte e IC de acordo com os tercis de ferro e ferritina n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de acordo com os tercis de ferro.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0144-80116-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia de acordo com os tercis de ferritina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0144-80116-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>A defici&#234;ncia de ferro &#233; uma co-morbilidade comum e clinicamente relevante da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, estando associada a pior progn&#243;stico. Alguns estudos (CONFIRM-HF) t&#234;m evidenciado o benef&#237;cio na corre&#231;&#227;o do ferro em termos de qualidade vida e toler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o em doentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica deprimida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>De acordo com as atuais recomenda&#231;&#245;es europeias para o tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o ferro endovenoso est&#225; indicado, com Classe IIa, em doentes sintom&#225;ticos com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica deprimida e defici&#234;ncia de ferro (n&#237;veis de ferritina s&#233;rica &lt; 100 ng/ml ou ferritina entre 100-299 ng/ml e Satura&#231;&#227;o de transferrina &lt; 20%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Por outro lado o papel do ferro e da ferritina &#233; d&#250;bio no &#226;mbito da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica e SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, o tipo de SCA, bem como a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desta, em termos de classe de Killip e o compromisso da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE n&#227;o foram estatisticamente influenciados pelos n&#237;veis de ferro nem de ferritina.</p>
        <p>A idade apresentou impacto estat&#237;stico nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ferro e ferritina, o que pode ser explicado pelo d&#233;fice de ferro na alimenta&#231;&#227;o, compromisso na absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal que aumentam com a idade e a presen&#231;a de mais co-morbilidades que interferem com o metabolismo do ferro.</p>
        <p>N&#237;veis mais baixos de ferro e ferritina estiveram, como seria de se esperar, associados estatisticamente a n&#237;veis de Hb mais baixos, com valor m&#233;dio de 12 g/dl.</p>
        <p>Valores m&#233;dios de BNP &gt; 450 pg/ml, foram estatisticamente associados aos primeiros tercis de ferro e ferritina, o que &#233; concordante com v&#225;rios estudos no &#226;mbito da IC, nos quais se constatou a defici&#234;ncia de ferro e ferritina como co-morbilidade frequente da IC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Alberto Dominguez-Rodriguez, evidenciou que n&#237;veis baixos de ferro podem estar associados a eventos cardiovasculares major (MACE) em doentes com SCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de doentes com SCA, altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo do ferro estiveram associadas a uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos.</p>
        <p>N&#237;veis de ferro &#8804; 40 mcg/dl apresentaram um impacto negativo em termos de mortalidade e IC intra-hospitalar, com significado estat&#237;stico, contudo os n&#237;veis de ferro s&#233;rico n&#227;o constitu&#237;ram fator de risco independente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Ser&#225; a ferritina cito-protetora ou aterog&#233;nica ou, por outro lado, a sua defici&#234;ncia preditora de eventos cardiovasculares major em doentes com SCA? Os resultados da literatura n&#227;o s&#227;o concordantes quanto ao papel da ferritina na aterosclerose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Doentes com SCA e eventos cardiovasculares (MACE) apresentaram n&#237;veis baixos de ferritina versus doentes com SCA sem eventos adversos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, em termos dos n&#237;veis de ferritina, os 1&#186; e 3&#186; tercis foram associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de mais eventos adversos, com significado estat&#237;stico em termos de IC intra-hospitalar e morte a 1 ano. Um n&#237;vel de ferritina s&#233;rico &gt; 316 ng/ml, foi considerado preditor de risco independente para morte a 1 ano (OR ajustado de 14 IC 95% 2,6-75,9; p = 0,0023), o que contraria as conclus&#245;es de alguns estudos, como previamente mencionado. O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de ferritina n&#227;o constituiu preditor de risco independente para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>O presente estudo est&#225; sujeito &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es associadas a todas an&#225;lises retrospetivas, n&#227;o aleatorizadas e efetuadas num &#250;nico centro.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de doentes com SCA, altera&#231;&#245;es do metabolismo do ferro estiveram associadas a uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos. N&#237;veis elevados de ferritina constitu&#237;ram um preditor independente de mortalidade a longo prazo. Os n&#237;veis de ferro s&#233;rico n&#227;o constitu&#237;ram fator de risco independente para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer se os n&#237;veis de ferro s&#233;rico ou ferritina constituem um biomarcador de les&#227;o vascular/progn&#243;stico em doentes com SCA e estabelecer o &#8220;verdadeiro&#8221; papel do ferro e da ferritina neste tipo de doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
