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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XfhPV4V4CXznJh9p7DLLnxN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400134</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005009103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180119</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Persistent Inflammatory Activity in Blood Cells and Artery Tissue from Patients with Previous Bare Metal Stent</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farsky</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Mario H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Tambellini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Flavio Sanches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Helena Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Higuchi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Lourdes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lin-Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Hui T</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Molecular em Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Molecular em Cardiologia, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro Silvio Farsky</bold> Rua Alberto Faria, 248. Postal Code 05459-000, Alto de Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>pedro.farsky@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Farsky PS, Hirata MH, Lima PHO, Lin-Wang HT; Acquisition of data: Farsky PS, Arnoni RT, Almeida AFS, Issa M, Lima PHO, Higuchi ML, Lin-Wang HT; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Farsky PS, Hirata MH, Arnoni RT, Almeida AFS, Issa M, Lima PHO, Higuchi ML, Lin-Wang HT; Statistical analysis: Lin-Wang HT; Obtaining financing: Farsky PS, Lima PHO; Writing of the manuscript: Farsky PS, Lin-Wang HT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Farsky PS, Hirata MH, Arnoni RT, Almeida AFS, Issa M, Lin-Wang HT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>134</fpage>
      <lpage>141</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Studies have pointed out a higher mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) in patients with stent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate inflammatory markers in peripheral blood cells and in coronary artery tissue samples obtained during CABG in patients with stent compared to controls.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The case series consisted of two groups, one with previous stent implantation (n = 41) and one control (n = 26). The expression of the LIGHT, IL-6, ICAM, VCAM, CD40, NFKB, TNF, IFNG genes was analyzed in peripheral blood cells collected preoperatively. The coronary artery was evaluated for: interleukin-6, ICAM, VCAM, CD40, NFKB, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma by immunohistochemistry. A total of 176 tissue samples were grouped for analysis in: A1- arteries with stent (n = 38); A2- native arteries from patients with stent in another artery (n = 68); and A3- arteries without stent from controls undergoing routinely CABG surgery (n = 70). A significance level of 0.05 was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Patients with stent showed higher TNF (p = 0.03) and lower CD40 gene expression (p = 0.01) in peripheral blood cells than controls without stent. In coronary artery samples, the TNF-alpha protein staining was higher in the group A1, not only in the intima-media layer (5.16 &#177; 5.05 vs 1.90 &#177; 2.27; p = 0.02), but also in the adipose tissue (6.69 &#177; 3.87 vs 2.27 &#177; 4.00; p &lt; 0.001). Furthermore, group A1 had a higher interleukin-6 protein staining in adipose tissue than group A3 (p = 0.04).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We observed a persistently higher systemic TNF expression associated with exacerbated TNF-alpha and interleukin-6 local production in patients with stents. This finding may contribute to a worse clinical outcome.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Polymerase Chain Reaction</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunohistochemistry</kwd>
        <kwd>Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleukin-6</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Retrospective studies have suggested that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can impair short and long-term outcomes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Previous studies have demonstrated that PCI is associated with higher in-hospital mortality, despite the lower risk profile of PCI patients,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> but there is no consensus in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> An analysis of the MASS study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> has shown that patients who underwent PCI treatment were more likely to develop progression in native coronary arteries, than those undergoing CABG or medical treatment.</p>
      <p>During PCI, a focal inflammatory reaction occurs with plaque rupture caused by stent implantation, but there are still controversies if this reaction persists in the long term. There is scarce information about a persistent systemic inflammatory reaction or tissue mediators in coronary artery after stent implantation, as well as about the comparison between coronary arteries with stent, coronary arteries without stent but with stent in another artery and controls patient.</p>
      <p>The CABG allows a unique opportunity to collect coronary artery specimen to evaluate local inflammatory reaction long after stent implantation. This study aims to evaluate inflammatory genes expression in peripheral blood cells and inflammatory protein localization in coronary artery tissue obtained during CABG from patients with and without previous stent implantation. It is worth mentioning that CABG represents a unique opportunity to obtain a tiny coronary artery tissue sample to evaluate local inflammatory in humans. Nowadays, patients who receive previous bare metal stent (BMS) implantation and need CABG surgery later represent a significant number of cardiology hospital patients, especially in developing countries. Our results can contribute to clarify the involvement of persistent local and systemic inflammation in the later phase of stent restenosis.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Case series</title>
        <p>The patients admitted to elective CABG with previous stent implantation were consecutively included in this study after signing informed consent. The protocol was approved by the Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology ethics committee (Protocol 4059-2011).</p>
        <p>This study included 67 patients as follows: 41 patients with previous intracoronary BMS implantation and 26 patients without stent implantation submitted to elective CABG. All patients had stable angina and more than 6 months of the stent implantation, aiming to exclude ongoing restenosis. The exclusion criteria consisted of emergency surgeries, acute coronary syndromes and chronic renal failure in dialysis because of chronic inflammatory reaction.</p>
        <p>Peripheral blood sample was collected preoperatively from the antecubital vein, using PAXgene tubes (PreAnalytiX&#174;, BD Company, UK) for systemic gene expression analysis.</p>
        <p>During CABG surgery, a tiny fragment of the bypassed coronary artery was obtained at the arteriotomy site, usually 10 mm after the stent implantation site, to evaluate local inflammation markers. All tissue samples were immediately immersed in buffered formalin for further paraffin-embedded block preparation. Some arterial fragments obtained were not adequate for histological analysis, thus, 176 artery samples were included and grouped as follows: A1- arteries with stent (n = 38); A2- native arteries from a patient with a stent in another artery (n = 68); and A3- arteries from patients without previous stent placement (n = 70).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>RNA isolation, reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</title>
        <p>Total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood collected in PAXgene tubes (PreAnalytiX&#174;, BD Company, UK) using PAXgene blood RNA kit (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany), being then quantified using Qubit&#174; 2.0 fluorometer (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY). The RNA integrity was performed using Tapestation&#174; 2200 and R6K Screen Tape (Agilent Technologies, Inc. UK). The cDNA was transcribed from 200 ng of total RNA using High Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA). Real-time qPCR was carried out in Rotor-Gene&#174; detection system using the TaqMan&#174; Fast Multiplex PCR kit (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Germany) and primers from Applied Biosystem commercially designed for TaqMan&#174; qPCR (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA).</p>
        <p>The expression of the following genes was evaluated: <italic>LIGHT</italic> (Hs00542477_m1); <italic>IL-6 (</italic>Hs00985639_m1); <italic>ICAM (</italic>Hs00164932_m1); <italic>VCAM (</italic>Hs00174239_m1); <italic>CD40 (</italic>Hs01002913_g1); <italic>NFKB (</italic>Hs00231653_m1); <italic>TNF</italic> (Hs01113624_g1); <italic>IFNG (</italic>Hs00989291_m1) and <italic>GAPDH</italic> (Hs00266705_g1). For all genes, we constructed standard curves and determined the slope to calculate the PCR efficiency. Almost equal efficiency for all primer/probe systems was observed. All samples were tested in duplicate using <italic>GAPDH</italic> as a reference gene, which was previously chosen between the six most common endogenous myocardium genes using geNorm algorithm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The samples amplified after 40 cycles of PCR were considered negative and excluded from further statistical analysis. The expression of the reference <italic>GAPDH</italic> gene was applied for data normalization, and the relative expression of each mRNA was calculated using the 2 <sup>-&#8710;&#8710;CT</sup> method.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Immunohistochemistry staining</title>
        <p>Firstly, 4-&#181;m-thick formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded artery samples were sectioned and fixed in silanized slides, followed by dewaxing at 70&#176;C, in the oven, for 1 hour, and immersion in three xylene baths for 10 minutes. They were then rehydrated in decreasing concentrations (100%, 90%, 75%) of ethyl alcohol. Antigen retrieval was performed using the Trilogy&#174; buffer (Cell Marque, California, USA) at a Decloaker equipment at 90&#176;C for 40 minutes (Biocare Medical, CA, USA). The specific blocking reagents (Erviegas EasyPath, DuraEdge, USA) were applied for endogenous peroxidase and protein blocking. In the next step, the slides were incubated with respective primary antibodies previously titrated and diluted in universal thinner (Erviegas EasyPath, DuraEdge, USA). Primary antibodies against interleukin-6 (IL-6) (ab6672), ICAM (ab2213), VCAM (ab106777), TNF-alpha (ab1793), IFN-gamma (ab9657), CD40 (ab58612), and NFKB (ab16502) from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, UK) were used. The immunoperoxidase reaction was detected using Mach4 Kit Universal HRP Polymer + DAB (Biocare Medical, California, USA), and, finally, the slides were stained with Harris hematoxylin (Erviegas EasyPath, DuraEdge, USA) and assembled by synthetic resin Erv-Mount (Erviegas EasyPath, DuraEdge, USA). The positive control of immunohistochemistry reaction was performed using tissues that have the same constructive antigens as the antigen of interest. After immunohistochemistry processing, the slides were scanned through a Scanscope CS System unit (Aperio Technologies, Inc., CA, USA), with an objective 20x Olympus UPlanSApo with specifications 20x/0.75 attached to the scanner, generating image files in svs format. Scanned images were analyzed using the Aperio ImageScope viewing software (Aperio Technologies, Inc., CA, USA) that reports the percentage of positively stained area in relation to the total tissue area.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Continuous variables are reported as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile interval, depending on the assumption of normality. Categorical variables are reported as absolute and relative frequency. Values between groups were compared by unpaired Student <italic>t</italic> test after testing for normal distribution by KS test; otherwise, nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Fisher exact or chi-square test was used for categorical variables with nominal scales. For comparison of artery tissue markers, Kruskal-Wallis test (or ANOVA, assumption of normality) was used, and, for non-parametric multiple comparisons, Tukey's test. A p-value lower than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The SPSS version 19 was used.</p>
        <p>To detect 3 units with standard deviation of 4, 80% test power, and 5% alpha, the sample size calculation is 105 cases.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical characteristics of study group</title>
        <p>The frequencies of clinical characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), such as sex, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, previous stroke and heart attack, are similar in both groups. However, the stent group was younger and had a higher prevalence of ventricular dysfunction, characterized by an ejection fraction lower than 50%. The control group had a higher blood platelet count (269,560 &#177; 74,461) than the stent group (237,355 &#177; 70,831), but with no statistical significance (p = 0.12). All patients were on statins and acetylsalicylic acid treatment.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Biodemographic data of the studied groups: with previous stent implantation and controls</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Stent Group</th>
                <th align="center">Control Group</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cases</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">60.2 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 8.69</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (31.3)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (30.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0.58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Blood platelet count</td>
                <td align="center">237.355 &#177; 70.831</td>
                <td align="center">269.560 &#177; 74.461</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hypertension (%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (85.4)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (84.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.60</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (42.5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (36.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Current smoking (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10.5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (14.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CKD (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0.43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (62.5)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (64)</td>
                <td align="center">0.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MI (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (35.9)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (22.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF &lt; 50% (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (41.2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (9.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ASA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Statins (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">1.00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>CKD: chronic kidney disease; MI: myocardial infarction; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid. Age and blood platelet count were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, stroke, CKD, dyslipidemia, MI, LVEF &lt; 50%, ASA use, and statin use are expressed in numbers and percentages of the patients studied. The statistical significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The time between stent implantation and CABG was over 6 months. Nine patients (22%) had stent implanted within 6 and 12 months, 25 patients (61%) had only one stent, and 16 patients (39%) had two or more stents implanted.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gene expression in peripheral blood cells by real-time PCR</title>
        <p>Total RNA from peripheral blood cells was obtained and the expression of the following genes was evaluated: <italic>LIGHT, IL-6, ICAM, VCAM, CD40, NFKB, TNF, IFNG</italic> and <italic>GAPDH</italic>. Of eight genes, the expression of only two differed between the stent and control groups: the expression of <italic>TNF</italic> was significantly higher (p = 0.0308) in the stent group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1f</xref>-) and that of <italic>CD40</italic> was higher in the control group (p = 0.0106) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1a</xref>-). No difference was detected in the expression of <italic>IL-6, IFNG, LIGHT, NFKB, ICAM</italic> and <italic>VCAM</italic> genes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Expression of inflammatory genes in peripheral blood. The expression of the genes CD40 (a), IL-6 (b), INFG (c), LIGHT (d), NFKB (e), TNF (f), ICAM (g) and VCAM (h) was evaluated by real-time PCR using GAPDH gene as internal control to calculate relative expression (2-&#916;&#916;CT). The patients with coronary stent implantation (n = 35) were compared with controls (n = 25) using nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test. The difference is considered significant for p-values &lt; 0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0134-80119-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quantitative analysis by immunohistochemistry</title>
        <p>The quantification of proteins staining by immunohistochemistry is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> and illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>. The TNF-alpha staining in the arteries of the adipose tissue was higher in group A1 than in group A2 (6.69 &#177; 3.87 vs 2.27 &#177; 4.00; p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2-a</xref>). In addition, group A1 had higher TNF-alpha staining in the intima-media region than group A3 did (5.16 &#177; 5.05 vs 1.90 &#177; 2.27; p = 0.023) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2-b</xref>). A large amount of TNF-alpha was detected in the cytoplasm of inflammatory cells and around the lipid core (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3-C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">D</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Quantification of CD40, ICAM, VCAM, MHC-II, TNF-alpha, NFKB, IL-6 and IFN-gamma proteins in arterial intima-media layer, adventitia and adipose tissue by immunohistochemistry</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
              <col width="6%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Protein</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Artery layers</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group A1</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group A2</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Group A3</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">p value (&#945; = 0.05)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">mean</th>
                <th align="center">Std. dev</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">mean</th>
                <th align="center">Std. dev</th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">mean</th>
                <th align="center">Std. dev</th>
                <th align="center">3 groups</th>
                <th align="center">1 <italic>vs</italic> 2</th>
                <th align="center">1 <italic>vs</italic> 3</th>
                <th align="center">2 <italic>vs</italic> 3</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">CD40</td>
                <td align="center">intima-media</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">1.37</td>
                <td align="center">2.02</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">1.51</td>
                <td align="center">1.73</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">1.11</td>
                <td align="center">1.56</td>
                <td align="center">0.55</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adventitia</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
                <td align="center">0.77</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">0.82</td>
                <td align="center">0.71</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">1.27</td>
                <td align="center">1.66</td>
                <td align="center">0.58</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adipose tissue</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0.73</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0.62</td>
                <td align="center">0.58</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">0.58</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.45</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">ICAM</td>
                <td align="center">intima-media</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">3.27</td>
                <td align="center">3.00</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">3.47</td>
                <td align="center">3.77</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">2.81</td>
                <td align="center">4.23</td>
                <td align="center">0.16</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adventitia</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">4.07</td>
                <td align="center">3.67</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">4.22</td>
                <td align="center">4.82</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">3.99</td>
                <td align="center">5.39</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adipose tissue</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">5.93</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">1.99</td>
                <td align="center">1.37</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1.52</td>
                <td align="center">1.64</td>
                <td align="center">0.22</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">VCAM</td>
                <td align="center">intima-media</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">11.88</td>
                <td align="center">16.01</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">10.33</td>
                <td align="center">9.64</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">7.88</td>
                <td align="center">6.12</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adventitia</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">4.69</td>
                <td align="center">8.39</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">4.09</td>
                <td align="center">4.74</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">2.56</td>
                <td align="center">2.26</td>
                <td align="center">0.68</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adipose tissue</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">4.31</td>
                <td align="center">5.28</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1.76</td>
                <td align="center">1.22</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0.32</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MHC II</td>
                <td align="center">total area</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">0.47</td>
                <td align="center">0.12</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">0.75</td>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
                <td align="center">0.307</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">TNF-alpha</td>
                <td align="center">intima-media</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">5.16</td>
                <td align="center">5.05</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">3.11</td>
                <td align="center">3.01</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">1.90</td>
                <td align="center">2.27</td>
                <td align="center">0.03</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">0.023</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adventitia</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">4.05</td>
                <td align="center">2.82</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">2.28</td>
                <td align="center">2.24</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">3.57</td>
                <td align="center">5.95</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adipose tissue</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">6.69</td>
                <td align="center">3.88</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1.27</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">2.27</td>
                <td align="center">4.00</td>
                <td align="center">0.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.001</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">NFKB</td>
                <td align="center">intima-media</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">1.11</td>
                <td align="center">1.14</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">0.93</td>
                <td align="center">0.88</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">0.92</td>
                <td align="center">1.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.96</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adventitia</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">0.64</td>
                <td align="center">0.61</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">0.83</td>
                <td align="center">0.78</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">0.76</td>
                <td align="center">0.55</td>
                <td align="center">0.65</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adipose tissue</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1.18</td>
                <td align="center">0.87</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
                <td align="center">0.44</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">1.63</td>
                <td align="center">2.58</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Interleukin-6</td>
                <td align="center">intima-media</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">1.15</td>
                <td align="center">1.12</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">1.27</td>
                <td align="center">1.61</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
                <td align="center">0.88</td>
                <td align="center">0.17</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adventitia</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">1.65</td>
                <td align="center">2.04</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">1.65</td>
                <td align="center">2.02</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">0.91</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
                <td align="center">0.69</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adipose tissue</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1.12</td>
                <td align="center">1.03</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">2.29</td>
                <td align="center">1.96</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">0.28</td>
                <td align="center">0.33</td>
                <td align="center">0.01</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">0.061</td>
                <td align="center">0.048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">IFN-gamma</td>
                <td align="center">intima-media</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">0.67</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">0.66</td>
                <td align="center">0.69</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">0.56</td>
                <td align="center">0.84</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adventitia</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">0.52</td>
                <td align="center">0.41</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
                <td align="center">0.54</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Adipose tissue</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0.54</td>
                <td align="center">0.53</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">0.14</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
                <td align="center">0.11</td>
                <td align="center">0.13</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
                <td align="center">ns</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>The comparison was performed among groups (Kruskal-Wallis test or ANOVA): A1 (arteries with stent), A2 (native arteries from patients with a stent in another artery), and A3 (control, patients without previous stent placement). The statistical significance level adopted was p &lt; 0.05.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of the staining of TNF-alpha and IL-6 proteins in different layers of arterial tissue. The analysis was performed comparing three groups: A1 (arteries with stent), A2 (native arteries from patient with a stent in another artery) and A3 (control, patients without previous stent placement). TNF-alpha protein staining was higher in the adipose tissue of group A1 (6.69 &#177; 3.87 vs 2.27 &#177; 4.00; p &lt; 0.001) (a), as well as in the intima-media layer (5.16 &#177; 5.05 vs 1.90 &#177; 2.27; p = 0.02) (b). The IL-6 protein staining was also higher in the adipose tissue from group A1 than that from group A3 (2.29 &#177; 1.96 vs 0.28 &#177; 0.33; p = 0.048) (c). The Kruskall-Wallis test and nonparametric Tukey&#8217;s multiple comparisons test were used for statistical analysis. The difference is considered significant for p-values &lt; 0.05.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0134-80119-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Panoramic (left side) and high-power view (right side) of immunostained arterial intima-media layer from individuals with previous stent implantation. Panels A and B show MHCII-positive cells, with morphology of macrophages (arrows), surrounding the lipid core (LC). Panels C and D show a large amount of TNF-alpha in the cytoplasm of inflammatory cells (arrows) and in the lipid core (LC). Panels E and F exhibit fewer inflammatory cells positive for IL-6 protein in similar sites (arrows).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0134-80119-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Higher IL-6 was detected in arteries of the adipose tissue of group A1 than in those of group A3 (2.29 &#177; 1.96 vs 0.28 &#177; 0.33; p = 0.048) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2-c</xref>), also observed under the microscope (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3-E</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">F</xref>). There was no difference between groups in the quantification of the CD40, ICAM, VCAM, NFKB and IFN-gamma staining.</p>
        <p>On histological examination, we identified major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) positive cells surrounding the lipid core, probably macrophages (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3-A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">B</xref>). These infiltrate cells also stained for TNF-alpha, being detected in adipose tissue and in intima layer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3-C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">D</xref>). Fewer IL-6-positive infiltrate cells were also observed in the same layer of artery tissue (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3-E</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">F</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>This study analyzed both the gene expression in peripheral blood cells and the protein localization in coronary artery tissues, to evaluate simultaneous systemic and local inflammation. A persistently higher <italic>TNF-alpha</italic> systemic expression was observed in peripheral blood cells, in addition to a local exacerbated TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in coronary arteries.</p>
      <p>Our study evaluated, in stable patients, local coronary and systemic inflammation after stent implantation as compared to controls. All patients included had undergone PCI more than 6 months before and had CABG indication. Regarding stent implantation time, 9 of 41 patients (22%) were within one year from PCI, and 32 patients (78%) had it more than one year before. A former study showed that the inflammatory reaction inherent to PCI no longer exists in this period.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> No patient with drug-eluted stent (DES) was enrolled in the present study. On the basis of previous literature, a higher number of T lymphocytes and macrophages is observed in DES lesions than in BMS lesions, suggesting the mechanism of restenosis after DES implantation may be different from that observed after BMS implantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, the gene expression in peripheral blood cells and the protein localization in coronary artery tissues were carried out to evaluate systemic and local inflammation, respectively. It is worth mentioning that CABG surgery represents a rare opportunity to obtain coronary tissue samples for research without harm to patients, that is why few previous studies worked with this kind of biological sample. In most of them, samples were obtained from the atherosclerotic plaque by endarterectomy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Blood Analysis</title>
        <p>The analysis of mRNA expression from circulating blood cells pointed out a significant higher expression of the <italic>TNF</italic> gene in the group with previous stent implantation than in controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1-f</xref>), suggesting a greater activation of this gene in leukocytes from stented patients. This gene encodes a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a broad range of biological activities, including inflammation, cell survival, cell proliferation, and, paradoxically, cell death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>We also observed a significantly lower <italic>CD40</italic> gene expression in blood cells from the stent group than from controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1-a</xref>). The CD40 is the receptor for CD40L, being present in platelets. Gerdes et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> have demonstrated in knockout mice for CD40 and ApoE that platelet plays a crucial role in inflammation by stimulating leukocyte and endothelial cells activation, thereby promoting atherosclerosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coronary artery tissue samples</title>
        <p>We analyzed the arterial tissue separated in three layers (adventitia, intima-media and adipose tissue) by h<italic>ematoxylin-eosin</italic> and immunohistochemistry staining. It is worth pointing that, although only few samples collected contained adipose tissue, due to the difficulty to obtain all layers in such small fragments, we could discriminate a greater amount of TNF-alpha and IL-6proteins in the adipose tissue from groups A1 and A2 than in that from controls (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2-a</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2-c</xref>). The white adipose tissue is considered to be an endocrine gland, and the main feature is insulin and leptin resistance, as well as the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> which are involved in atherogenesis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Interestingly, on the histological study, we observed activated immune cells, with MHCII expressed in membrane (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>), surrounding the lipid core. Furthermore, these cells were colocalized with TNF-alpha and IL-6 staining, suggesting a greater inflammatory response in the adipose tissue around the artery from individuals with previous stent placement.</p>
        <p>The TNF-alpha protein was also expressed in higher quantity in intima-media layer from group A1 than from groups A2 and A3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2-b</xref>). Probably immune cells migrated from circulation to that layer, mainly macrophages, which are responsible for the production of that cytokine. Those are also MHCII-positive cells, primarily responsible for presenting antigenic peptides to T cells of the immune system.</p>
        <p>Interleukin-6 is a multifunctional cytokine playing a central role in inflammation and tissue injury.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Interleukin-6 activates platelet receptor GPIIb/IIIa and leukocyte-platelet interaction, thus favoring the prothrombotic and atherogenic formation. Previous studies have shown that the increased circulating IL-6 is associated with the risk of coronary restenosis and <italic>de novo</italic> coronary artery lesions,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> as well as the severity of stenosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> The increase in IL-6 mRNA and protein has been observed in human arterial atherosclerotic wall. In this study, our data showed a significant higher amount of IL-6 protein in the coronary tissue of patients with previous stent placement than in that of controls, suggesting that local arterial inflammation is intensified by stent placement.</p>
        <p>Our finding indicated the presence of persistent systemic and local chronic inflammation in individuals with previous stent implantation and can probably contribute to the worst outcome described in a previous meta-analysis study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>It is known that persistent inflammatory response may result in several complications, such as atherosclerotic plaque formation in arterial vessels. In a substudy of the MASS II Trial,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> consecutive angiographic results were compared with the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis in medical treatment (MT), CABG and angioplasty. The authors have observed a greater progression in at least one native vessel in angioplasty patients than in CABG and MT patients, concluding that angioplasty treatment has the worst progression in native coronary arteries, especially in the left anterior descending territories. Our result also showed inflammation process in native arteries from individuals with previous stent implantation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations</title>
        <p>This study was limited to BMS. We had very few DES with restenosis and CABG indication. Because of the tiny size of the samples, only a small number of adipose tissue samples was obtained in group A2. Unfortunately, because of the tiny size, many samples collected were inadequate for analysis, and some had insufficient material for analysis. It is worth mentioning that the surgeon primarily ensures the patient&#8217;s safety.</p>
        <p>The arterial sample was collected at the least affected segment, for best surgical results in graft implantation, distal to the stent, place of possible less inflammation and less affected by the stent.</p>
        <p>Restenosis is associated with a local and systemic inflammatory reaction that could be related to obstructive lesions in stented arteries. However, only nine patients were operated upon in less than 365 days, and the arterial samples were taken at least 10 mm after the stent implantation, which reduces its influence on the results.</p>
        <p>Statin, which has known anti-inflammatory activity, can influence partially on this result, but it was minimized because all patients were under this therapeutic procedure that has a class I indication.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, the persistently higher systemic expression of <italic>TNF</italic> in association with the local exacerbated TNF-alpha and IL-6 production in coronary arteries with previous BMS implantation may contribute to worse clinical outcomes after CABG surgery.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Post-Doctoral submitted by Pedro Silvio Farsky, from Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia / Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia Dante Pazzanese under the protocol number 4059-2011. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atividade Inflamat&#243;ria Persistente em C&#233;lulas Circulantes e Tecido Arterial de Pacientes com Stent Convencional Pr&#233;vio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farsky</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Mario H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Tambellini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Flavio Sanches</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Mario</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Helena Ortiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Higuchi</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Lourdes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lin-Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Hui T</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Molecular em Cardiologia, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro Silvio Farsky</bold> Rua Alberto Faria, 248. CEP 05459-000, Alto de Pinheiros, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>pedro.farsky@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Farsky PS, Hirata MH, Lima PHO, Lin-Wang HT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Farsky PS, Arnoni RT, Almeida AFS, Issa M, Lima PHO, Higuchi ML, Lin-Wang HT; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Farsky PS, Hirata MH, Arnoni RT, Almeida AFS, Issa M, Lima PHO, Higuchi ML, Lin-Wang HT; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Lin-Wang HT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Farsky PS, Lima PHO; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Farsky PS, Lin-Wang HT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Farsky PS, Hirata MH, Arnoni RT, Almeida AFS, Issa M, Lin-Wang HT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Estudos relataram maior mortalidade ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RVM) em pacientes com <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar marcadores inflamat&#243;rios em c&#233;lulas do sangue perif&#233;rico e em amostras de tecido de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria obtidas durante cirurgia de RVM em pacientes com <italic>stent</italic> e compar&#225;-los aos de controles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>A casu&#237;stica consistiu de dois grupos, um com pr&#233;via implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> (n = 41) e um controle (n = 26). Em c&#233;lulas do sangue perif&#233;rico coletadas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, analisou-se a express&#227;o dos seguintes genes: <italic>LIGHT, IL-6, ICAM, VCAM, CD40, NFKB, TNF, IFNG</italic>. A art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foi avaliada por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica para: interleucina-6, ICAM, VCAM, CD40, NFKB, TNF-alfa e IFN-gama. No total, 176 amostras de tecido arterial coronariano foram assim agrupadas para an&#225;lise: A1- art&#233;rias com <italic>stent</italic> (n = 38); A2- art&#233;rias nativas de paciente com <italic>stent</italic> em outra art&#233;ria (n = 68); e A3- art&#233;rias de controles sem <italic>stent</italic> submetidos a cirurgia de RVM de rotina (n = 70). Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Pacientes com <italic>stent</italic> apresentaram maior express&#227;o do gene <italic>TNF</italic> (p = 0,03) e menor do <italic>CD40</italic> (p = 0,01) em c&#233;lulas do sangue perif&#233;rico do que controles sem <italic>stent</italic>. Nas amostras de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, a colora&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na TNF-alfa foi maior no grupo A1, n&#227;o apenas na camada m&#233;dio-intimal (5,16 &#177; 5,05 vs 1,90 &#177; 2,27; p = 0,02), mas tamb&#233;m no tecido adiposo (6,69 &#177; 3,87 vs 2,27 &#177; 4,00; p &lt; 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, o grupo A1 apresentou maior colora&#231;&#227;o para interleucina-6 no tecido adiposo do que o grupo A3 (p = 0,04).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Observou-se express&#227;o sist&#234;mica de <italic>TNF</italic> persistentemente maior em associa&#231;&#227;o com produ&#231;&#227;o local exacerbada de TNF-alfa e IL-6 em pacientes com <italic>stent</italic>. Isso pode contribuir para pior desfecho cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas Sangu&#237;neas</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Rea&#231;&#227;o em Cadeia de Polimerase</kwd>
        <kwd>Imuno-Histoqu&#237;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fator de Necrse Tumoral Alpha</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleucina-6</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos retrospectivos sugeriram que a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (RVM) ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP) possa comprometer os desfechos de curto e longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que a ICP associa-se com maior mortalidade hospitalar, a despeito do perfil de menor risco dos pacientes submetidos a ICP,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> mas n&#227;o h&#225; consenso na literatura.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Uma an&#225;lise do estudo MASS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> mostrou que pacientes submetidos a ICP apresentavam maior probabilidade de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas do que aqueles submetidos a cirurgia de RVM ou tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
        <p>Durante a ICP, ocorre rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria focal com ruptura de placa causada pela implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>, mas h&#225; controv&#233;rsia quanto &#224; persist&#234;ncia dessa rea&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo. H&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica persistente ou mediadores tissulares na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>, assim como quanto &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o entre art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com <italic>stent</italic>, art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias sem <italic>stent</italic> mas tendo o paciente <italic>stent</italic> em outra art&#233;ria e controles.</p>
        <p>A cirurgia de RVM propicia a oportunidade &#250;nica de coletar amostras de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias para avaliar a rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria local muito tempo ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>. Este estudo visa avaliar a express&#227;o de genes inflamat&#243;rios nas c&#233;lulas do sangue perif&#233;rico e a localiza&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na inflamat&#243;ria em tecido de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria obtido durante cirurgia de RVM em pacientes com e sem implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de <italic>stent</italic>. Vale mencionar que a cirurgia de RVM representa uma oportunidade &#250;nica de se obter uma diminuta amostra de tecido arterial coronariano para avaliar a rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria local em seres humanos. Hoje, pacientes submetidos a implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de <italic>stent</italic> convencional (SC) e que precisam de cirurgia de RVM mais tarde representam um n&#250;mero significativo dos pacientes em hospitais cardiol&#243;gicos, em especial em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento. Nossos resultados podem contribuir para esclarecer a persist&#234;ncia de inflama&#231;&#227;o local e sist&#234;mica na fase tardia da reestenose de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Casu&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os pacientes admitidos para cirurgia eletiva de RVM com implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de <italic>stent</italic> foram consecutivamente inclu&#237;dos neste estudo ap&#243;s assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia Dante Pazzanese (Protocolo 4059-2011).</p>
          <p>Este estudo incluiu 67 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia eletiva de RVM como se segue: 41 pacientes com pr&#233;via implanta&#231;&#227;o intracoronariana de SC e 26 pacientes sem implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>. Todos os pacientes tinham angina est&#225;vel e mais de 6 meses de implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent, visando a excluir reestenose em andamento. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o consistiram em cirurgias de emerg&#234;ncia, s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas e insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica em uso de di&#225;lise devido a rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica.</p>
          <p>Coletou-se amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio da veia antecubital, usando tubos PAXgene (PreAnalytiX&#174;, BD Company, RU) para a an&#225;lise da express&#227;o sist&#234;mica do gene.</p>
          <p>Durante a cirurgia de RVM, obteve-se, no local da arteriotomia, um diminuto fragmento das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias que receberam a ponte, em geral 10 mm depois do s&#237;tio de implanta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic>, para avaliar os marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o locais. Todas as amostras de tecido foram imediatamente imersas em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol tamponado para posterior inclus&#227;o em blocos de parafina. Alguns dos fragmentos arteriais obtidos n&#227;o eram adequados para an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica, e, portanto, 176 amostras arteriais foram inclu&#237;das e agrupadas como se segue: A1- art&#233;rias com <italic>stent</italic> (n = 38); A2- art&#233;rias nativas de paciente com <italic>stent</italic> em outra art&#233;ria (n = 68); e A3- art&#233;rias de pacientes sem implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de <italic>stent</italic> (n = 70).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolamento de RNA, transcri&#231;&#227;o reversa e rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real</title>
          <p>Extraiu-se o RNA total do sangue perif&#233;rico coletado em tubos PAXgene (PreAnalytiX&#174;, BD Company, RU) usando o kit PAXgene blood RNA (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Alemanha), com posterior quantifica&#231;&#227;o pelo fluor&#237;metro Qubit&#174; 2,0 (Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY). A integridade do RNA foi analisada com o sistema Tapestation&#174; 2200 e R6K Screen Tape (Agilent Technologies, Inc. RU). O cDNA foi transcrito a partir de 200 ng do RNA total usando High Capacity RNA-to-cDNA Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, EUA). Realizou-se qPCR em tempo real no sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o Rotor-Gene&#174; usando-se o kit TaqMan&#174; Fast Multiplex PCR (QIAGEN GmbH, Hilden, Alemanha) e <italic>primers</italic> do sistema Applied Biosystem comercialmente disponibilizado por TaqMan&#174; qPCR (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, EUA).</p>
          <p>Avaliou-se a express&#227;o dos seguintes genes: <italic>LIGHT</italic> (Hs00542477_m1); <italic>IL-6 (</italic>Hs00985639_m1); <italic>ICAM (</italic>Hs00164932_m1); <italic>VCAM (</italic>Hs00174239_m1); <italic>CD40 (</italic>Hs01002913_g1); <italic>NFKB (</italic>Hs00231653_m1); <italic>TNF</italic> (Hs01113624_g1); <italic>IFNG (</italic>Hs00989291_m1) e <italic>GAPDH</italic> (Hs00266705_g1). Para todos os genes, foram constru&#237;das curvas-padr&#227;o e determinada a inclina&#231;&#227;o para calcular a efici&#234;ncia da PCR. Observou-se efici&#234;ncia quase igual para todos os sistemas <italic>primer</italic>/sonda. Todas as amostras foram testadas em duplicata usando-se <italic>GAPDH</italic> como gene de refer&#234;ncia, previamente escolhido entre os seis genes mais comuns do mioc&#225;rdio end&#243;geno com o algoritmo geNorm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> As amostras amplificadas ap&#243;s 40 ciclos da PCR foram consideradas negativas e exclu&#237;das da analise estat&#237;stica. A express&#227;o do gene de refer&#234;ncia <italic>GAPDH</italic> foi aplicada para normaliza&#231;&#227;o de dados, sendo a relativa express&#227;o de cada mRNA calculada usando-se o m&#233;todo 2<sup>-&#8710;&#8710;CT</sup>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rea&#231;&#227;o imuno-histoqu&#237;mica</title>
          <p>Primeiramente, amostras arteriais fixadas em formol e inclu&#237;das em parafina foram cortadas com 4-&#181;m de espessura e fixadas em l&#226;minas silanizadas. Seguiram-se desparafina&#231;&#227;o a 70&#176;C, em forno, por 1 hora, e imers&#227;o em tr&#234;s banhos de xilol por 10 minutos. As amostras foram ent&#227;o reidratadas em concentra&#231;&#245;es decrescentes (100%, 90%, 75%) de &#225;lcool et&#237;lico. A recupera&#231;&#227;o do ant&#237;geno foi realizada usando-se o tamp&#227;o Trilogy&#174; (Cell Marque, California, EUA) em equipamento Decloaker a 90&#176;C por 40 minutos (Biocare Medical, CA, EUA). Os bloqueadores espec&#237;ficos (Erviegas EasyPath, DuraEdge, EUA) foram aplicados para bloqueio de peroxidase end&#243;gena e prote&#237;nas. Na pr&#243;xima etapa, as l&#226;minas foram incubadas com os respectivos anticorpos prim&#225;rios previamente titulados e dilu&#237;dos em diluente universal (Erviegas EasyPath, DuraEdge, EUA). Usaram-se os anticorpos prim&#225;rios para interleucina-6 (IL-6) (ab6672), ICAM (ab2213), VCAM (ab106777), TNF-alfa (ab1793), IFN-gama (ab9657), CD40 (ab58612) e NFKB (ab16502) de Abcam (Cambridge, MA, RU). A rea&#231;&#227;o de imunoperoxidase foi realizada com Mach4 Kit Universal HRP Polymer + DAB (Biocare Medical, California, EUA), sendo, por fim, as l&#226;minas coradas com hematoxilina de Harris (Erviegas EasyPath, DuraEdge, EUA) e montadas em resina sint&#233;tica Erv-Mount (Erviegas EasyPath, DuraEdge, EUA). O controle positivo da rea&#231;&#227;o de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica foi realizado usando-se tecidos com os mesmos ant&#237;genos construtivos do ant&#237;geno de interesse. Ap&#243;s o processamento de imuno-histoqu&#237;mica, as l&#226;minas foram digitalizadas em unidade de Scanscope CS System (Aperio Technologies, Inc., CA, EUA), com uma objetiva 20x Olympus UPlanSApo com especifica&#231;&#245;es 20x/0,75 acoplada ao <italic>scanner</italic>, gerando arquivos de imagem em formato svs. As imagens digitalizadas foram analisadas com o programa de visualiza&#231;&#227;o Aperio ImageScope (Aperio Technologies, Inc., CA, EUA), que informa a porcentagem de &#225;reas coradas positivamente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea total do tecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, dependendo da suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncias absoluta e relativa. Os valores entre os grupos foram comparados pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado ap&#243;s avaliar-se a distribui&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; normalidade com o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov; de outro modo, usou-se o teste U de Mann-Whitney n&#227;o param&#233;trico. O teste exato de Fisher ou o qui-quadrado foi usado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas com escalas nominais. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores do tecido arterial, usou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis (ou ANOVA, suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade), deixando-se o teste de Tukey para as compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Adotou-se um valor de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. Usou-se a vers&#227;o 19 do SPSS.</p>
          <p>Para detectar 3 unidades com desvio-padr&#227;o de 4, poder de teste de 80% e alfa de 5%, o tamanho da amostra foi calculado em 105 casos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos grupos do estudo</title>
          <p>As frequ&#234;ncias das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref>), como sexo, diabetes, dislipidemia, tabagismo, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. Entretanto, o grupo de <italic>stent</italic> apresentou idade menor e maior preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, caracterizada por fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor do que 50%. O grupo controle apresentou maior contagem de plaquetas (269.560 &#177; 74.461) do que o grupo de <italic>stent</italic> (237.355 &#177; 70.831), por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p = 0,12). Todos os pacientes eram tratados com estatinas e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Dados biodemogr&#225;ficos dos grupos estudados: com pr&#233;via implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent e controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo <italic>Stent</italic></th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo Controle</th>
                  <th align="center">p valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Casos</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,2 &#177; 7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 8,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (31,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Contagem de plaquetas</td>
                  <td align="center">237.355 &#177; 70.831</td>
                  <td align="center">269.560 &#177; 74.461</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (85,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (84,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (42,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (36,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo atual (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (62,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (64)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (35,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (22,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE &lt; 50% (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (41,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AAS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estatinas (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico. Idade e contagem de plaquetas expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. Sexo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, tabagismo, AVE, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, dislipidemia, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, FEVE &lt; 50%, uso de AAS e de estatina expressos em n&#250;meros e porcentagens dos pacientes estudados. Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O tempo decorrido entre a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> e a cirurgia de RVM foi superior a 6 meses. Nove pacientes (22%) receberam a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> entre 6 e 12 meses, 25 pacientes (61%) receberam apenas um <italic>stent</italic>, sendo que 16 pacientes (39%) receberam dois ou mais <italic>stents</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Express&#227;o do gene em c&#233;lulas do sangue perif&#233;rico atrav&#233;s de PCR em tempo real</title>
          <p>Obteve-se o RNA total das c&#233;lulas do sangue perif&#233;rico, avaliando-se ainda a express&#227;o dos seguintes genes: <italic>LIGHT, IL-6, ICAM, VCAM, CD40, NFKB, TNF, IFNG</italic> e <italic>GAPDH</italic>. Dos oito genes, a express&#227;o de apenas dois diferiu entre os grupos de <italic>stent</italic> e controle: a express&#227;o de <italic>TNF</italic> foi significativamente maior (p = 0,0308) no grupo de <italic>stent</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1-f</xref>), sendo a de <italic>CD40</italic> maior no grupo controle (p = 0,0106) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1-a</xref>). N&#227;o se detectou diferen&#231;a na express&#227;o dos genes <italic>IL-6, IFNG, LIGHT, NFKB, ICAM</italic> e <italic>VCAM</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Express&#227;o de genes inflamat&#243;rios no sangue perif&#233;rico. A express&#227;o dos genes CD40 (a), IL-6 (b), INFG (c), LIGHT (d), NFKB (e), TNF (f), ICAM (g) e VCAM (h) foi avaliada por PCR em tempo real usando o gene GAPDH como controle interno para calcular a express&#227;o relativa (2-&#916;&#916;CT). Os pacientes com implanta&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria de stent (n = 35) foram comparados com os controles (n=25) usando o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. A diferen&#231;a foi considerada significativa para p-valores &lt; 0,05.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0134-80119-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise quantitativa por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica</title>
          <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da colora&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> e ilustrada nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>. Os resultados mostraram maior colora&#231;&#227;o para TNF-alfa nas art&#233;rias do tecido adiposo do grupo A1 do que do A2 (6,69 &#177; 3,87 vs 2,27 &#177; 4,00; p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2-a</xref>). O grupo A1 apresentou maior colora&#231;&#227;o TNF-alfa na regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-intimal do que o A3 (5,16 &#177; 5,05 vs 1,90 &#177; 2,27; p = 0,023) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2-b</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, detectou-se grande quantidade de TNF-alfa no citoplasma das c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e em torno do n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3-C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">D</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas CD40, ICAM, VCAM, MHC-II, TNF-alfa, NFKB, IL-6 e IFN-gama na camada arterial m&#233;dio-intimal, advent&#237;cia e tecido adiposo por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
                <col width="6%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Prote&#237;na</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2">camadas arteriais</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo A1</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo A2</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">Grupo A3</th>
                  <th align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid">p valor (&#945; = 0,05)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">n</th>
                  <th align="center">m&#233;dia</th>
                  <th align="center">DP</th>
                  <th align="center">n</th>
                  <th align="center">m&#233;dia</th>
                  <th align="center">DP</th>
                  <th align="center">n</th>
                  <th align="center">m&#233;dia</th>
                  <th align="center">DP</th>
                  <th align="center">3 grupos</th>
                  <th align="center">1 <italic>vs</italic> 2</th>
                  <th align="center">1 <italic>vs</italic> 3</th>
                  <th align="center">2 <italic>vs</italic> 3</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">CD40</td>
                  <td align="center">m&#233;dio-intimal</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51</td>
                  <td align="center">1,73</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">advent&#237;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">tecido adiposo</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">ICAM</td>
                  <td align="center">m&#233;dio-intimal</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">3,27</td>
                  <td align="center">3,00</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">3,47</td>
                  <td align="center">3,77</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">2,81</td>
                  <td align="center">4,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">advent&#237;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">4,07</td>
                  <td align="center">3,67</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">4,22</td>
                  <td align="center">4,82</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">3,99</td>
                  <td align="center">5,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">tecido adiposo</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">5,93</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">1,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,52</td>
                  <td align="center">1,64</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">VCAM</td>
                  <td align="center">m&#233;dio-intimal</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">11,88</td>
                  <td align="center">16,01</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">10,33</td>
                  <td align="center">9,64</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">7,88</td>
                  <td align="center">6,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">advent&#237;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">4,69</td>
                  <td align="center">8,39</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">4,09</td>
                  <td align="center">4,74</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">2,56</td>
                  <td align="center">2,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">tecido adiposo</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,31</td>
                  <td align="center">5,28</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,76</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">MHC II</td>
                  <td align="center">total area</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,307</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">TNF-alfa</td>
                  <td align="center">m&#233;dio-intimal</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">5,16</td>
                  <td align="center">5,05</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">3,11</td>
                  <td align="center">3,01</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">1,90</td>
                  <td align="center">2,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">advent&#237;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">4,05</td>
                  <td align="center">2,82</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">2,28</td>
                  <td align="center">2,24</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">3,57</td>
                  <td align="center">5,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">tecido adiposo</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">6,69</td>
                  <td align="center">3,88</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">2,27</td>
                  <td align="center">4,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">NFKB</td>
                  <td align="center">m&#233;dio-intimal</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">advent&#237;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">tecido adiposo</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">2,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">Interleucina-6</td>
                  <td align="center">m&#233;dio-intimal</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1,61</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">advent&#237;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65</td>
                  <td align="center">2,04</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">tecido adiposo</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">2,29</td>
                  <td align="center">1,96</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3">IFN-gama</td>
                  <td align="center">m&#233;dio-intimal</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">advent&#237;cia</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">tecido adiposo</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                  <td align="center">ns</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>DP: desvio-padr&#227;o. Os grupos foram comparados com o teste de Kruskal-Wallis ou ANOVA: A1 (art&#233;rias sem stent); A2 (art&#233;rias nativas de pacientes com stent em outra art&#233;ria); e A3 (controle, pacientes sem implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de stent). Adotou-se o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da colora&#231;&#227;o das prote&#237;nas TNF-alfa e IL-6 em diferentes camadas do tecido arterial. Tr&#234;s grupos foram comparados: A1 (art&#233;rias com stent), A2 (art&#233;rias nativas de pacientes com stent em outra art&#233;ria) e A3 (controle, pacientes sem implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de stent). A colora&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na TNF-alfa foi maior no tecido adiposo do grupo A1 (6,69 &#177; 3,87 vs 2,27 &#177; 4,00; p &lt; 0,001) (a), assim como na camada m&#233;dio-intimal (5,16 &#177; 5,05 vs 1,90 &#177; 2,27; p = 0,02) (b). A colora&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na IL-6 foi maior no tecido adiposo do grupo A1 do que no do grupo A3 (2,29 &#177; 1,96 vs 0,28 &#177; 0,33; p = 0,048) (c). O teste de Kruskall-Wallis e o teste de Tukey para compara&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas foram usados para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. A diferen&#231;a foi considerada significativa para p-valores &lt; 0,05.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0134-80119-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Vis&#227;o panor&#226;mica (esquerda) e de grande aumento (direita) da camada arterial m&#233;dio-intimal corada por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica de indiv&#237;duos com implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de stent. Pain&#233;is A e B mostram c&#233;lulas MHCII-positivas, com morfologia de macr&#243;fagos (setas), circundando o n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico (LC). Pain&#233;is C e D mostram grande quantidade de TNF-alfa no citoplasma de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias (setas) e no n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico (LC). Pain&#233;is E e F exibem menor n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias positivas para a prote&#237;na IL-6 em s&#237;tios semelhantes (setas).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0134-80119-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Detectou-se maior quantidade de IL-6 nas art&#233;rias do tecido adiposo do grupo A1 do que naquelas do grupo A3 (2,29 &#177; 1,96 vs 0,28 &#177; 0,33; p = 0,048) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2-c</xref>), tamb&#233;m observada ao microsc&#243;pio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3-E</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">F</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; quantifica&#231;&#227;o da colora&#231;&#227;o de CD40, ICAM, VCAM, NFKB e IFN-gama.</p>
          <p>O exame histol&#243;gico evidenciou c&#233;lulas positivas para complexo principal de histocompatibilidade classe II (MHCII) circundando o n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico, provavelmente macr&#243;fagos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3-A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">B</xref>). Essas c&#233;lulas tamb&#233;m coraram para TNF-alfa, sendo detectadas no tecido adiposo e na camada &#237;ntima (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figuras 3-C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3-D</xref>). Menos c&#233;lulas positivas para IL-6 foram observadas na mesma camada arterial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3-E</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3-F</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo analisou a express&#227;o de genes nas c&#233;lulas de sangue perif&#233;rico e a localiza&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na no tecido de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, para avaliar inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e local simult&#226;nea. Observou-se express&#227;o sist&#234;mica persistentemente maior de <italic>TNF-alfa</italic> nas c&#233;lulas do sangue perif&#233;rico, al&#233;m de produ&#231;&#227;o local exacerbada de TNF-alfa e IL-6 nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
        <p>Nosso estudo avaliou, em pacientes est&#225;veis, inflama&#231;&#227;o local coron&#225;ria e sist&#234;mica ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles. Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos haviam sido submetidos a ICP mais de 6 meses antes e tinham indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia de RVM. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo de implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>, 9 dos 41 pacientes (22%) haviam sido submetidos &#224; ICP h&#225; menos de um ano, e 32 pacientes (78%) haviam sido submetidos &#224; ICP h&#225; mais de um ano. Um estudo anterior mostrou que a rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria inerente &#224; ICP n&#227;o mais existia nesse per&#237;odo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Nenhum paciente com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico (SF) foi arrolado no presente estudo. A literatura pr&#233;via relata um maior n&#250;mero de linf&#243;citos T e macr&#243;fagos nas les&#245;es de SF do que nas de SC, sugerindo que o mecanismo de reestenose ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do SF seja diferente daquele observado ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do SC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, a express&#227;o de gene nas c&#233;lulas do sangue perif&#233;rico e a localiza&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na no tecido das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram consideradas para avaliar inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e local, respectivamente. Vale a pena mencionar que a cirurgia de RVM representa uma rara oportunidade para se obter amostras de tecido arterial coronariano para pesquisa sem preju&#237;zo para o paciente, sendo essa a raz&#227;o pela qual t&#227;o poucos estudos trabalharam com esse tipo de amostra biol&#243;gica. Na maioria deles, as amostras foram obtidas de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas por endarterectomia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise do sangue</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise da express&#227;o do mRNA das c&#233;lulas do sangue circulante indicou uma express&#227;o significativamente maior do gene <italic>TNF</italic> no grupo com pr&#233;via implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> do que nos controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1-f</xref>), sugerindo maior ativa&#231;&#227;o desse gene em leuc&#243;citos de pacientes submetidos &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>. Esse gene codifica uma citocina pleiotr&#243;pica envolvida em ampla gama de atividades biol&#243;gicas, como inflama&#231;&#227;o, sobrevida celular, prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e, paradoxalmente, morte celular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Observamos ainda uma express&#227;o significativamente maior do gene <italic>CD40</italic> nas c&#233;lulas do sangue do grupo de <italic>stent</italic> do que nas dos controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1-a</xref>). O CD40 &#233; o receptor para CD40L, estando presente nas plaquetas. Gerdes et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> demonstraram em camundongos <italic>knockout</italic> para CD40 e ApoE que as plaquetas t&#234;m papel crucial na inflama&#231;&#227;o, estimulando a ativa&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas endoteliais, promovendo, assim, aterosclerose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Amostras de tecido de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</title>
          <p>Analisamos o tecido arterial separado em tr&#234;s camadas (advent&#237;cia, m&#233;dio-intimal e tecido adiposo) corado com h<italic>ematoxilina-eosina e</italic> imuno-histoqu&#237;mica. Vale ressaltar que, embora apenas poucas amostras coletadas contenham tecido adiposo, devido &#224; dificuldade em obter todas as camadas em fragmentos t&#227;o diminutos, pudemos distinguir uma maior quantidade das prote&#237;nas TNF-alfa e IL-6 no tecido adiposo dos grupos A1 e A2 do que naquele dos controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figuras 2-a</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2-c</xref>). O tecido adiposo branco &#233; considerado uma gl&#226;ndula end&#243;crina, sendo sua principal caracter&#237;stica a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e &#224; leptina, assim como a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias (TNF-alfa e IL-6) e prote&#237;na quimioatrativa de mon&#243;citos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> envolvidas na aterog&#234;nese.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Interessante notar que a an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica mostrou c&#233;lulas imunes ativadas, com express&#227;o de MHCII na membrana (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>), circundando o n&#250;cleo lip&#237;dico. Al&#233;m disso, tais c&#233;lulas foram colocalizadas com colora&#231;&#227;o para TNF-alfa e IL-6, sugerindo uma maior resposta inflamat&#243;ria no tecido adiposo em torno de art&#233;rias de indiv&#237;duos com implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
          <p>A prote&#237;na TNF-alfa tamb&#233;m foi expressa em maior quantidade na camada m&#233;dio-intimal do grupo A1 do que na dos grupos A2 e A3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2-b</xref>). Provavelmente as c&#233;lulas imunes migraram da circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea para aquela camada, principalmente macr&#243;fagos, que s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela produ&#231;&#227;o daquela citocina. Essas s&#227;o tamb&#233;m c&#233;lulas positivas para MHCII, primeiramente respons&#225;veis pela apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos pept&#237;deos antig&#234;nicos para as c&#233;lulas T do sistema imune.</p>
          <p>A IL-6 &#233; uma citocina multifuncional com papel central na inflama&#231;&#227;o e na inj&#250;ria tecidual.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> A IL-6 ativa o receptor de plaquetas GPIIb/IIIa e a intera&#231;&#227;o leuc&#243;cito-plaqueta, favorecendo, assim, a condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tica e a aterog&#234;nese. Estudos pr&#233;vios mostraram que o aumento da IL-6 circulante est&#225; associado com o risco de reestenose coron&#225;ria e les&#245;es <italic>de novo</italic> na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> assim como com a gravidade da estenose.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> Observou-se aumento da express&#227;o do mRNA e da prote&#237;na da IL-6 na parede arterial ateroscler&#243;tica humana. Nosso estudo mostrou uma quantidade significativamente maior da prote&#237;na da IL-6 no tecido coronariano de pacientes com implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de <italic>stent</italic> do que no de controles, sugerindo que a inflama&#231;&#227;o arterial local seja intensificada pela implanta&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
          <p>Nosso achado indicou a presen&#231;a de inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica persistente sist&#234;mica e local em indiv&#237;duos com implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de <italic>stent,</italic> podendo contribuir para o pior desfecho descrito em um estudo pr&#233;vio de meta-an&#225;lise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Sabe-se que a resposta inflamat&#243;ria persistente pode resultar em v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es, como forma&#231;&#227;o da placa ateroscler&#243;tica nas art&#233;rias. Um subestudo do estudo MASS II<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> comparou os resultados de angiografias consecutivas para a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias em pacientes submetidos a tratamento m&#233;dico (TM), a cirurgia de RVM e a angioplastia. Os autores observaram maior progress&#227;o em pelo menos um vaso nativo em pacientes submetidos a angioplastia do que naqueles submetidos a cirurgia de RVM e pacientes em TM, concluindo que a angioplastia tem a pior progress&#227;o nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas, especialmente nos territ&#243;rios da descendente anterior esquerda. Al&#233;m disso, nosso resultado mostrou inflama&#231;&#227;o nas art&#233;rias nativas de indiv&#237;duos com implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Este estudo limitou-se aos SC. Tivemos muito poucos SF com reestenose e indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de RVM. Devido ao diminuto tamanho das amostras, obteve-se apenas um pequeno n&#250;mero de amostras com tecido adiposo no grupo A2. Al&#233;m disso, devido ao diminuto tamanho das amostras, muitas delas mostraram-se inadequadas para an&#225;lise, sendo algumas por material insuficiente. Vale mencionar que o cirurgi&#227;o primeiro assegura a seguran&#231;a do paciente.</p>
          <p>A amostra arterial foi coletada no segmento menos afetado, considerando o melhor resultado cir&#250;rgico na implanta&#231;&#227;o do enxerto, distal ao <italic>stent</italic>, local de poss&#237;vel menor inflama&#231;&#227;o e menos afetado pelo <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
          <p>A reestenose associa-se com rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria local e sist&#234;mica que pode estar relacionada com les&#245;es obstrutivas nas art&#233;rias com <italic>stent</italic>. Entretanto, apenas nove pacientes foram operados em menos de 365 dias, e as amostras arteriais foram obtidas a pelo menos 10 mm do local de implanta&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic>, o que reduz sua influ&#234;ncia nos resultados.</p>
          <p>As estatinas, que possuem atividade anti-inflamat&#243;ria, podem ter influenciado parcialmente esses resultados, o que foi minimizado pois todos os pacientes recebiam esses medicamentos, procedimento terap&#234;utico com indica&#231;&#227;o classe I.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Concluindo, a express&#227;o sist&#234;mica de <italic>TNF</italic> persistentemente maior em associa&#231;&#227;o com a produ&#231;&#227;o local exacerbada de TNF-alfa e IL-6 nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com implanta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de SC pode contribuir para o pior desfecho cl&#237;nico ap&#243;s cirurgia de RVM.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de P&#243;s-Doutorado de Pedro Silvio Farsky pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia / Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia Dante Pazzanese sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4059-2011. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
