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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7WqbpRwwrtsKRfQc6VTG45d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001400122</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005008105</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180112</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cryptogenic Acute Ischemic Stroke: Assessment of the Performance of a New Continuous Long-Term Monitoring System in the Detection of Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sternick</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Back</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
            <state>MG</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing address: Eduardo Back Sternick,</bold> Alameda do Morro 85, Condominio Olympus, Torre 4, Apto 1900, Vila da Serra. Postal Code 34006-083, Vila da Serra, Nova Lima, MG - Brazil<bold>.</bold> E-mail: <email>eduardosternick@gmail.com</email>, <email>eduardo.sternick@cienciasmedicasmg.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sampaio RF, Gomes IC, Sternick EB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Gomes IC; Writing of the manuscript: Sampaio RF, Sternick EB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>122</fpage>
      <lpage>131</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Long-term monitoring has been advocated to enhance the detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with stroke.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the performance of a new ambulatory monitoring system with mobile data transmission (PoIP) compared with 24-hour Holter. We also aimed to evaluate the incidence of arrhythmias in patients with and without stroke or transient ischemic attack.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Consecutive patients with and without stroke or TIA, without AF, were matched by propensity score. Participants underwent 24-hour Holter and 7-day PoIP monitoring.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We selected 52 of 84 patients (26 with stroke or TIA and 26 controls). Connection and recording times were 156.5 &#177; 22.5 and 148.8 &#177; 20.8 hours, with a signal loss of 6,8% and 11,4%, respectively. Connection time was longer in ambulatory (164.3 &#177; 15.8 h) than in hospitalized patients (148.8 &#177; 25.6 h) (p = 0.02), while recording time did not differ between them (153.7 &#177; 16.9 and 143.0 &#177; 23.3 h). AF episodes were detected in 1 patient with stroke by Holter, and in 7 individuals (1 control and 6 strokes) by PoIP. There was no difference in the incidence of arrhythmias between the groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Holter and PoIP performed equally well in the first 24 hours. Data transmission loss (4.5%) occurred by a mismatch between signal transmission (2.5G) and signal reception (3G) protocols in cell phone towers (3G). The incidence of arrhythmias was not different between stroke/TIA and control groups. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography, Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Cell Phone</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemic Attack, Transient</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the main predictive factor of stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Many studies have suggested that frequent short runs of atrial tachycardia (AT) or supraventricular extrasystoles (SVES) may yield early left atrial remodeling and predict AF and increased risk for stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The risk for stroke is independent of clinical presentations of AF and recent studies have shown that in up to 30% of the cases, arrhythmia is diagnosed before, during or following an ischemic event.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The diagnosis of AF requires documentation, and the detection of paroxysmal AF may be challenging.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> By convention, the diagnosis of AF requires a minimum duration of 30 seconds.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> The prognostic value of short episodes of AF is still debatable, and some authors have suggested that their occurrence may not be a benign condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Detection of paroxysmal AF has been performed by different monitoring techniques, and the importance of its early detection is due to the fact that the prompt initiation of anticoagulation significantly reduces the risk of stroke recurrence by up to 40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> The American Heart Association and the Stroke Association recommend a long-term electrocardiographic monitoring of 30 days for the diagnosis of AF in post-cryptogenic stroke (class IIa; level of evidence C). Further evidence in support of this recommendation and for the establishment of the role of short AF episodes is still needed.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring system using cell phone transmission in the diagnosis of AF during the acute phase of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and compared it with 24-hour Holter, and to evaluate the incidence and the type of supraventricular arrhythmias in patients with and without stroke/TIA in its acute phase.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p><italic>Subjects</italic>: patients with recent (less than 15 days of the event) stroke/TIA were enrolled based on clinical and imaging findings. Stroke was classified as cryptogenic based on the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Ambulatory patients without stroke/TIA, but with risk factors for these events (control group) were also included, and both groups had normal sinus rhythm at electrocardiography (ECG) and no history of AF or atrial flutter (AFL).</p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were previous AF or AFL or admission electrocardiogram showing any of these conditions, hemorrhagic stroke, age younger than 18 years, residence in areas with no mobile phone coverage, need for intensive care due to severity of disease or difficult management of disease, sequela of neurologic injury, and patients with important cognitive impairment that could negatively affect the ability to understand the instructions related to the use of the devices. Patients with suspected stroke/TIA were seen at two medium-sized public hospitals in the city of Curvelo, Minas Gerais, Brazil, between August 2016 and April 2017. Control patients were enrolled during outpatient visits. Patients&#8217; follow-up and therapeutic approach were left to the assistant physicians&#8217; discretion. Patients or legal caregivers were invited to participate in the study, which was approved by the research ethics committee of University Hospital of S&#227;o Jos&#233;/FELUMA, and all participants signed an informed form.</p>
      <p><bold>Measurement tools:</bold> the diagnosis of stroke/TIA was confirmed by computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and classified for etiologies using the TOAST<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> criteria. CT and MRI tests were performed by radiologists experienced in the Siemens Somatom Spirit or Toshiba Asteion4 CT scanners and the GE Optima MR360 1.5T.</p>
      <p><bold>Demographic and clinical data:</bold> data of age, sex, skin color, place of residence, anamnesis, previous diseases, family history, weight, height, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and CHADS<sub>2</sub> and CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores were collected, and cardiologic and neurologic tests were also performed.</p>
      <p><bold>Complementary tests:</bold> 12-lead ECG, transthoracic echocardiography, Doppler examination of carotid and vertebral arteries, chest X-ray (posterior-anterior and lateral views), laboratory tests including complete blood test, urea, creatinine, glucose, transaminases, GGT, potassium, sodium, TSH, free T4, cholesterol (total and fractions), triglycerides, prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT).</p>
      <p><bold>Heart rhythm monitoring:</bold> during the first week after clinical diagnosis and notification of cryptogenic ischemic stroke or TIA, heart rhythm was monitored by three-channel Holter 24h recorders (DMS 300-8 and DMS 300-9) and analyzed simultaneously with the DMS CardioScan II software (DM Software Inc. Stateline, NV, USA) and electrocardiography (Policardi&#243;grafo IP&#174;, PoIP) (eMaster, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil).</p>
      <p><bold>PoIP monitoring:</bold> PoIP monitors independently collect and transmit electrocardiographic data at real time using the General Packet Radio Services/ <italic>Enhanced Date Rates</italic> for GSM Evolution (GPRS/ EDGE); data are then stored in the cloud. We used the Brazilian cell phone provider <italic>Vivo</italic> for transmission of the data to the PoIP web portal, and the Mozilla Firefox was used as the web browser for analysis of the data. PoIP offers a &#8220;Portal de Exames&#8221;, an app that enables monitoring of different PoIP devices as well as the access to laboratory tests by individual access credentials (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Six electrodes were arranged so that frontal plane leads could be monitored beyond V<sub>1</sub>-V<sub>2</sub>. Patients and family members were instructed and trained for the monitoring technique, quality of transmission signal, battery charge and charging of the lithium-based batteries. The monitoring was closely controlled via internet by the responsible staff members for the correct use of the device, and quality of the electrode contacts; if necessary, family or caregivers were informed about inadequate system operation or the quality of data transmission.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Conceptual diagram of PoIP - as can be seen in the diagram, PoIP uses the concept of real-time transmission of the data by the EDGE technology. Wireless data transmission is performed by standard protocol to internet access in mobile devices by GPRS-EDGE - Generic Packet Radio Service, commonly known as 2.5G</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0122-80112-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p><bold>Procedures:</bold> Each participant received an electrode pack and a leaflet with a thorax illustration indicating electrodes&#8217; colors and correct positioning for replacement. All electrocardiographic recordings were analyzed by the same investigator (RSF), a cardiologist experienced in ambulatory electrocardiography, and all electrocardiographic tracings considered indicative of AF or tachycardia were reviewed by a second investigator (EBS), a cardiac electrophysiologist.</p>
      <p>For analysis of PoIP findings, the results were accessed via internet and examined for AF/AFL every 12 hours or every time the monitor button was pressed by the patient/caregiver. Every 24-hour period, all data transmitted by PoIP were exported and reviewed offline, and quantitative analysis of arrhythmias registered. In this analysis, we considered - number of (single or in pairs) SVES, number of nonsustained atrial tachycardia (AT) episodes greater than three consecutive premature atrial complexes and shorter than 30 seconds, sustained AT longer than 30 seconds and number of AF episodes longer or shorter than 30 seconds.</p>
      <p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic>: categorical variables were expressed as counts and percentages and numerical variables as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Data normality assumptions were verified with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Associations between categorical variables were assessed by Fisher&#8217;s exact test or the chi-square test of independence. Comparisons of two groups between independent samples were made by the Wilcoxon test, the Mann-Whitney test or the Student&#8217;s t-test, as appropriate. Analyses were performed using the free R software version 3.3.2 at 5% level of significance. Initial cohort was composed of 58 patients with stroke/acute TIA and 26 controls. For selection of patients with similar characteristics for the groups of interest, we used the propensity score matching (PSM) method. A logistic regression was constructed to estimate the probability of belonging to the stroke/TIA group, considering the following predicting variables - sex, age and CHADS<sub>2</sub> corrected by subtracting two points in patients with stroke/TIA. PSM enabled the selection of 26 patients with stroke/TIA matched with controls by the probabilities obtained from the logistic model, so that the analysis of the cohort yielded 52 patients (26 with stroke/TIA and 26 controls) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). Sample power to verify the difference between the recording period on the first day of Holter and PoIP use (23.7 &#177; 1 and 20 &#177; 3.2h, respectively) was greater than 80%.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flowchart depicting selection of the study groups</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0122-80112-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Our sample was composed of 52 patients, equally allocated into stroke/TIA and control groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>). More than half of patients (51.9%) were men, mean age was 70.7 &#177; 10.5 years, with 73.1% of patients aged 65 years or older. Mean BMI was 25.5 &#177; 5.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 21.2% were smokers and 19.2% alcohol consumers. Mean corrected CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores were 1.8 &#177; 0.8 and 3.3 &#177; 1.2, respectively.</p>
      <p>The most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (84.6%) and diabetes mellitus (51.9%). Among control patients, a significantly higher (p = 0.03) proportion of smokers was found in stroke patients aged 65 years or older (p = 0.04). No other difference was found between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics by study groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Sample (n = 52)</th>
              <th align="center">stroke/TIA (n = 26)</th>
              <th align="center">Controls (n = 26)</th>
              <th align="center">P-value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Clinical data</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male sex</td>
              <td align="center">27 (51.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (53.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<sup>Q</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center">70.7 &#177; 10.5</td>
              <td align="center">70.9 &#177; 11.4</td>
              <td align="center">70.6 &#177; 9.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.917<sup>T</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
              <td align="center">38 (73.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">20 (76.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">18 (69.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.755<sup>Q</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White race</td>
              <td align="center">40 (76.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">17 (65.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (88.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.100<sup>F</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center">25.5 &#177; 5.6</td>
              <td align="center">25.6 &#177; 4.2</td>
              <td align="center">25.4 &#177; 6.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.498<sup>W</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">11 (21.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (11.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">8 (30.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.173<sup>F</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Smoking</td>
              <td align="center">11 (21.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">9 (34.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (7.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.038<sup>F</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
              <td align="center">3 (21.4%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (33.3%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.539<sup>F</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
              <td align="center">8 (21.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (5.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.045<sup>F</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
              <td align="center">10 (19.2%)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (26.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (11.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.291<sup>F</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Corrected CHADS<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.9</td>
              <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 1</td>
              <td align="center">1.9 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">0.831<sup>W</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Corrected CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc</td>
              <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 1.2</td>
              <td align="center">0.598<sup>W</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial hypertension</td>
              <td align="center">44 (84.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">23 (88.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">21 (80.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">0.703<sup>F</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td align="center">27 (51.9%)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (53.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<sup>F</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous stroke<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">6 (11.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (23.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Previous TIA<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center">6 (11.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">6 (23.1%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Coronary insufficiency</td>
              <td align="center">5 (9.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (7.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (11.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<sup>F</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Congestive heart failure</td>
              <td align="center">5 (9.6%)</td>
              <td align="center">3 (11.5%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (7.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">1.000<sup>F</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Kidney failure</td>
              <td align="center">2 (3.8%)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (7.7%)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Aorta (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">32.6 &#177; 3.9</td>
              <td align="center">33.6 &#177; 4.3</td>
              <td align="center">31.6 &#177; 3.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.079<sup>T</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Left atrium (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">36.9 &#177; 4.5</td>
              <td align="center">36.3 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center">37.6 &#177; 4.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.296<sup>T</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Ejection fraction (%)</td>
              <td align="center">63.6 &#177; 10.3</td>
              <td align="center">61 &#177; 11.3</td>
              <td align="center">66 &#177; 8.9</td>
              <td align="center">0.049<sup>W</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Interventricular septum (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">10.3 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">10.7 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">10 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.086<sup>W</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RV posterior wall (mm)</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 1.4</td>
              <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 1.3</td>
              <td align="center">0.356<sup>W</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Laboratory data</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">113 &#177; 57.5</td>
              <td align="center">125.5 &#177; 76.6</td>
              <td align="center">100.5 &#177; 23.5</td>
              <td align="center">0.098<sup>W</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Glycated hemoglobin (%)</td>
              <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 0.8</td>
              <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 0.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.848<sup>T</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">1.01 &#177; 0.38</td>
              <td align="center">1.06 &#177; 0.44</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.31</td>
              <td align="center">0.614<sup>W</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">53.1 &#177; 15.7</td>
              <td align="center">48.8 &#177; 11.8</td>
              <td align="center">57.1 &#177; 18.1</td>
              <td align="center">0.059<sup>T</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LDL (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">87.2 &#177; 30.8</td>
              <td align="center">91.1 &#177; 33.8</td>
              <td align="center">83.3 &#177; 27.7</td>
              <td align="center">0.376<sup>T</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">142.8 &#177; 96.3</td>
              <td align="center">112.4 &#177; 42.9</td>
              <td align="center">171.9 &#177; 122.4</td>
              <td align="center">0.060<sup>W</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">TSH (nU/L)</td>
              <td align="center">3 &#177; 3.21</td>
              <td align="center">2.70 &#177; 2.39</td>
              <td align="center">3.22 &#177; 3.82</td>
              <td align="center">0.459<sup>W</sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Free T4 (ng/dl)</td>
              <td align="center">1.03 &#177; 0.23</td>
              <td align="center">1.10 &#177; 0.25</td>
              <td align="center">0.96 &#177; 0.20</td>
              <td align="center">0.038<sup>T</sup></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN01">
            <p>Numerical variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; TIA: transient ischemic attack; <sup>1</sup>Corrected CHADS<sub>2</sub> and CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores represent the subtraction of two points from the original scores in the stroke group; <sup>2</sup>previous stroke and TIA were found only in the stroke group (exclusion criteria for controls); <sup>F</sup>exact Fisher&#8217;s test; <sup>Q</sup>chi-square test of independence; <sup>W</sup>Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test and <sup>T</sup> Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Complementary tests</title>
        <p>Echocardiography: the only statistically significant difference between the groups was a lower (although within normal range) ejection fraction (p = 0.04) values in the stroke/TIA group. <italic>Clinical analysis</italic>: the only statistically significant difference was found in free T4 (p = 0.03), which was higher in stroke/TIA, but also within the normal range. No other difference was found between the groups.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data transmission analysis</title>
        <p>Mean recording period was 23.5 &#177; 0.6 hours by Holter monitoring and 148.8 &#177; 20.8 hours by PoIP, with no significant difference between the groups, despite higher transmission loss for artifacts among PoIP control subjects. PoIP signal losses were caused by loss of connection (6.8%) and recording signal loss in the server (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Monitoring period (hours) by study groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Sample (n = 52)</th>
                <th align="center">Stroke/TIA (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">P-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Holter</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Recording time</td>
                <td align="center">23.5 &#177; 0.6</td>
                <td align="center">23.4 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center">23.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.948</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Loss (artifacts)</td>
                <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.6 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0.162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>PoIP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Connection period</td>
                <td align="center">156.5 &#177; 22.5</td>
                <td align="center">148.8 &#177; 25.6</td>
                <td align="center">164.3 &#177; 15.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Recording time on the first day</td>
                <td align="center">19.2 &#177; 3.4</td>
                <td align="center">19.1 &#177; 2.5</td>
                <td align="center">19.2 &#177; 4.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.514</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Recording period</td>
                <td align="center">148.8 &#177; 20.8</td>
                <td align="center">143.9 &#177; 23.3</td>
                <td align="center">153.7 &#177; 16.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Loss (artifacts)</td>
                <td align="center">50.9 &#177; 26.2 </td>
                <td align="center">45.6 &#177; 26.3</td>
                <td align="center">56.1 &#177; 25.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.081</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN02">
              <p>Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test for independent samples; monitoring period had been planned to be up to 24 hours by Holter andu p to 168 hours (7 days) by PoIP. Comparison of recording periods between Holter and PoIP on the first day: p &lt; 0.001W</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the first 24 hours, longer period was required for Holter recording (23.5 &#177; 0.6 hours) as compared with PoIP (19.2 &#177; 3.4 hours) (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>In the stroke/TIA group, PoIP monitoring was started after 5.4 &#177; 2.7 days of stroke/TIA during hospitalization, and a shorter connection (p = 0.02) and recording period was observed with PoIP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Holter monitoring results by study groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Stroke/TIA (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN04"><sup>F</sup></xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atrial fibrillation (&lt; 30 seconds)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1 (3.8%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>-</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atrial tachycardia (AT)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16 (61.5%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>9 (34.6%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.095</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">1 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">15 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (38.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.047</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frequent SVES<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN05">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">5 (19.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.703</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.697</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frequent AT or SVES</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>17 (65.4%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>10 (38.5%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.095</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">1 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">16 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (44.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ventricular tachycardia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6 (23.1%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>5 (19.2%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1.000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (22.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.719</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frequent SVES</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6 (23.1%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>7 (26.9%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1.000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN03">
              <p>SVES: supraventricular extrasystoles;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN04">
              <label>F</label>
              <p>Fisher&#8217;s exact test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN05">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>frequent SVES was defined as &gt; de 30 events/hour</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Arrhythmias</title>
        <p>AF was detected in one patient by Holter monitoring and in 6 patients by PoIP in the stroke/TIA group, and in only one control by PoIP. Regarding other supraventricular arrhythmias, further cases of nonsustained AT and frequent AT or SVES were identified by Holter monitoring in patients aged 65 years or older in the stroke/TIA group (p = 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). In two cases, differential diagnosis of AT and nonsustained AF required revision by the two observers (RFS and EBS). It is worth mentioning, however, that patients who had AF also had AT, and therefore, a misinterpretation of electrocardiographic tracings would not affect the results, due to the occurrence of both conditions in the same patient.</p>
        <p>PoIP monitoring revealed that there were no significant differences between the groups regarding tachycardia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>), and all patients with AF also had AT.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>POIP monitoring results by study groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">Stroke/TIA (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">Controls (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN07"><sup>F</sup></xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atrial fibrillation (&lt; 30 seconds)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN08">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6 (23.1%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1 (3.8%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.099</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atrial tachycardia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>22 (84.6%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>18 (69.2%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.324</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">4 (66.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (62.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">18 (90%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (72.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.222</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">12 (46.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (53.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.782</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frequent SVES<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN09">**</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>4 (15.4%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6 (23.1%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.727</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (27.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.709</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.249</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frequent atrial tachycardia or SVES</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>22 (84.6%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>19 (73.1%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.499</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">4 (66.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (62.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">18 (90%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (77.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.395</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">12 (46.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (53.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.782</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ventricular tachycardia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>7 (26.9%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>7 (26.9%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1.000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">2 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (27.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.734</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (15.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frequent ventricular extrasystoles</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>8 (30.8%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>7 (26.9%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1.000</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">1 (16.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 years</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (33.3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN06">
              <p>SVES: supraventricular extrasystoles;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN07">
              <label>F</label>
              <p>Fisher&#8217;s exact test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN08">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>all cases identified in patients aged &#8805;65 years;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN09">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>frequent SVES was defined as &gt; de 30 events/hour</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Comparisons between Holter and PoIP results showed a higher proportion of AT identified by PoIP in both stroke/TIA (p = 0.004) and control (p = 0.02) groups. Also, PoIP monitoring revealed a higher proportion of patients with frequent AT or SVES in the stroke/TIA (p = 0.01) and control (p = 0.02) groups considering total monitoring period, but no difference was found between the groups in the first 24 hours.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>In the present study that included 52 patients older than 59 years, prolonged rhythm monitoring was performed in 26 patients with acute cerebrovascular events, and initiated only 5 days (mean) after the event. The main findings were high prevalence of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus, some connectivity problems and problems related to PoIP signals&#8217; recording, and similar profile of cardiac arrhythmias between the study groups.</p>
      <p>The most frequent comorbidities were arterial hypertension (84.6%) and diabetes mellitus (51.9%), with similar distribution between the groups studied. This result was expected, since these variables were used in the PSM model, and both comorbidities are also included in the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores. Although these scores provide simple methods for predicting an individual risk of ischemic stroke, the risk estimated by these instruments represent only part of the overall risk (statistical agreement of 0.5). In other words, not all patients with a CHADS2 score equal to 0 or 1 have a low risk, and hence the clinical decision not to anticoagulate patients based only on this score may be erroneous. Despite the higher specificity of a CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score &#8805; 2, this still underestimates the risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For this reason, we analyzed with particular interest the higher prevalence of smoking in stroke/TIA patients (p = 0.038), especially among patients older than 65 years (p = 0.045). A recent meta-analysis showed that smoking is associated with a modest increase in AF, and that quitting smoking reduces but not eliminates the associated risk of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Nevertheless, the addition of smoking to the score does not improve the risk prediction of stroke or TIA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Monitoring by mobile phone</title>
        <p>Although PoIP and Holter monitoring systems had similar performance in the first 24 hours, there were problems with signal connection and transmission during PoIP monitoring. Loss of connection with the cell phone provider accounted for 6.8% of total monitoring time, shorter recording time in the server and lower data losses due to artifacts (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Loss of connectivity was greater in hospitalized (stroke) patients (p = 0.024).</p>
        <p>For better interpretation of this result, we measured the strength of the provider signal using the Network Monitor&#174; software in the ward facilities. We found a high signal variation depending on the site where the measurements were obtained - in the entrance, in the middle and in the ward exit, the signal velocity was 1.6, 12.3 and 0.3 Mbs, respectively, and signal strength was 60, 70 and 20%. Such high signal variation may explain signal losses during the monitoring of patients hospitalized in these areas, which would be lower in the outpatient department.</p>
        <p>In addition, transmission losses may occur even in cases of adequate connectivity between PoIP and the mobile phone provider, due to instability of the mobile phone network. During these unstable periods, PoIP remains connected to the provider, and data transmission is restored when connection is recovered (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>). Although such instability periods, are usually short, in our study, they accounted for 11.4% of total monitoring time, <italic>i.e.</italic> approximately 19 hours a week per patient (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>). Also, we found that after the repair of transmission towers and antennas, signal reception was changed from 2.5G (GPRS General Packet Radio Service) to 3G, which negatively affects data transmission. Updating of the technology from 3G to 4G would resolve this issue, as well as reduce the energy expenditure with data package transmission, resulting in optimization of rechargeable battery duration, reduction of charging time and improving monitoring performance.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>PoIP provides daily statistics of connection (blue line) and recoding (green line) data of signal transmission in the server. It is of note that connection and transmission percentages are very similar to each other (day 3/6: 99% and 98%, day 4/6: 92% and 90%, day 5/6: 96% and 96%). Small losses occurred, as on 6/6/2016, when there was a brief period when signal was transmitted but not recorded in the server (arrow)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0122-80112-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Greater data loss due to artifacts was seen in control subjects in the PoIP group, which may be justified by the greater freedom of movement of patients in ambulatory treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Arrhythmias detected by PoIP (firs 24 hours) compared with Holter-24</title>
        <p>In the first 24 hours, no difference in arrhythmias was observed (AT, SVES, SVES + AT). Despite the longer monitoring period by Holter recordings, all AT runs and the three episodes of AF (2 in the stroke and 1 in the control group).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Twenty-four hour Holter compared with prolonged monitoring</title>
        <p>Comparison between Holter and PoIP monitoring results showed a higher proportion of frequent AT and SVES detected by PoIP monitoring in both stroke/TIA and control groups, which was expected by its longer monitoring period.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Comparison of arrhythmias detected in stroke group and controls</title>
        <p>No significant difference was found in the occurrence of AT or nonsustained AF, in the comparison between patients with cryptogenic stroke and a control group matched by sex, age and corrected CHADS<sub>2</sub>. We report a high prevalence of atrial arrhythmias in 52 patients, including 40 with AT and 7 with AF. In stroke/TIA group, proportion of AF was 23.1% in patients monitored by PoIP, and 3.8% in those monitored by Holter, which is in agreement with the literature (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Some studies have suggested that and additional 24-hour period of monitoring would increase the percentage of new diagnoses of paroxysmal AF in 2-4% stroke patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> This confirms the efficacy of prolonged ambulatory ECG in patients at risk of AF and may generate a clinically significant diagnostic yield.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
				</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparisons between Holter and POIP monitoring results</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="10%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variable</th>
                <th align="center">Holter</th>
                <th align="center">POIP</th>
                <th align="center">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11"><sup>F</sup></xref>
								</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atrial fibrillation (&lt; 30 seconds)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1 (1.9%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>7 (13.5%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.060</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC/AIT</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controls</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">1 (3.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5.7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.618</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Atrial tachycardia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>25 (48.1%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>40 (76.9%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.004</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC/AIT</td>
                <td align="center">16 (61.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (84.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controls</td>
                <td align="center">9 (34.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (69.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">25 (48.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frequent SVES<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>8 (15.4%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>10 (19.2%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.796</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC/AIT</td>
                <td align="center">5 (19.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (15.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controls</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.465</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (15.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frequent atrial tachycardia or SVES</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>27 (51.9%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>41 (78.8%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.007</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke/TIA</td>
                <td align="center">17 (65.4%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (84.6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.199</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controls</td>
                <td align="center">10 (38.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (73.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">27 (51.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ventricular tachycardia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>11 (21.2%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>14 (26.9%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.647</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke/TIA</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (26.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controls</td>
                <td align="center">5 (19.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (26.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.743</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">11 (21.2%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (13.5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.438</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Frequent ventricular extrasystoles</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>13 (25%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>15 (28.8%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0.825</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Stroke/TIA</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (30.8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0.755</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Controls</td>
                <td align="center">7 (26.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (26.9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">First 24h</td>
                <td align="center">13 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (23.1%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>SVES: supraventricular extrasystoles;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>F</label>
              <p>Fisher&#8217;s exact test;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>frequent SVES was defined as &gt; de 30 events/hour</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Studies have highlighted the association of frequent SVES and AT with increased risk of stroke.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Studies involving long-term heart rhythm monitoring in patients with previous stroke/TIA have reported a paroxysmal AF prevalence of 5-20%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In our study, all AF episodes lasted less than 30 seconds. Although an AF episode &#8805; 30 seconds is used as a parameter for the diagnosis of AF,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> some authors have suggested that short AF episodes have an impact on the risk of stroke/TIA or systemic thromboembolism.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
				</p>
        <p>One important finding was the lack of difference in the prevalence of atrial arrhythmias between patients with and without stroke or TIA, at similar risk for these conditions. This finding suggests that the atrial arrhythmias detected may be an epiphenomenon. Kottkamp and other authors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> have suggested the presence of a thrombogenic fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy, with risk for embolic events with no causal connections with atrial arrhythmias. Contractile changes would be responsible for the increased thrombogenic risk during sinus rhythm, in addition to interatrial block and sinus node dysfunction. Even ablation of AF would not be able to impede the progression of fibrotic process.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Factors like diabetes, hypertension, age, among others, would be involved in myocardial damage. In our sample, more than 80% of patients had arterial hypertension and more than 50% were diabetic. Non-invasive detection of atrial fibrosis is currently limited to MRI techniques, not available in clinical practice.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> In this context, AF would be a manifestation of atrial structural changes, and thereby increasing the risk of embolic events.</p>
        <p>None of our patients with stroke/TIA had AF before or during stroke. In fact, AF may be detected in only a minority of the cases and may take months, as shown by the TRANDS, ASSERT and IMPACT studies, which included patients with implantable continuous monitoring devices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
				</p>
        <p>The paradigm used in most studies is that AF detection would be just a matter of time, but even in a one-year follow up, AF is detected in less than half of patients with cryptogenic stroke. This is a pioneering study in monitoring patients at similar stroke and TIA risk, by including a group with stroke and a control group without the disease. The finding that the incidence of atrial arrhythmias was not different between both groups is consistent with the hypothesis that a factor other than arrhythmia may be involved in the risk for stroke; one possibility is fibrotic atrial cardiomyopathy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The sample size was insufficient to evaluate individual risk factors. Discrimination between short runs of atrial tachycardia and AF may be difficult, even to an experienced electrophysiologist. P-waves in ambulatory monitoring systems may not be clearly identified as compared with conventional 12-lead ECG. Nevertheless, analysis of isolated episodes and analysis of more than one arrhythmia episode yielded similar results, since all patients that had short AF episodes also had AT.</p>
        <p>Mobile phone services currently available still have limited coverage, with absent or deficient signal strength, and unstable transmission velocity, which altogether, negatively affect PoIP data collection. Due to frequent repairs of problems caused by electrical discharges in cell phone towers, access to GPRS may be lost, thereby affecting signal reception, which may be solved by implementation of the 4G technology.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusions</title>
      <p>Holter and PoIP showed comparable results in the first 24 hours. The shorter monitoring period was caused by a low signal strength. Data transmission loss in hospitalized patients resulted from a mismatch between the protocol of signal transmission in the cell phone tower (3G) and the signal effectively transmitted (2.5G), which can be mitigated by the adoption of a 4G technology. The incidence of arrythmia was not different between stroke and control groups.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Rogerio Ferreira Sampaio, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jos&#233;/FELUMA under the protocol number CAAE=35481114.0.0000.5134. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>AVC Isqu&#234;mico Agudo Criptog&#234;nico: Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Desempenho de um Novo Sistema de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Cont&#237;nua e Prolongada, via Telefonia Celular, na Detec&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sternick</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Back</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Back Sternick,</bold> Alameda do Morro, 85 Condominio Olympus, Torre 4, Apto 1900, Vila da Serra. CEP 34006-083, Vila da Serra, Nova Lima, MG - Brasil. E-mail: <email>eduardosternick@gmail.com</email>, <email>eduardo.sternick@cienciasmedicasmg.edu.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Sampaio RF, Gomes IC, Sternick EB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Gomes IC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sampaio RF, Sternick EB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos:</title>
          <p>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada permite maior detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico criptog&#234;nico. N&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre a dura&#231;&#227;o ideal da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ou o valor progn&#243;stico da FA de curta dura&#231;&#227;o. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar o desempenho de um novo sistema de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial (PoIP) com transmiss&#227;o por telefonia celular, comparado ao Holter 24 horas, e a ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias comparando pacientes com e sem AVC ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT). </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pacientes consecutivos com e sem AVC/AIT, sem FA, foram pareados pelo escore de propens&#227;o. Foi utilizado Holter 24 horas e o PoIP por 7 dias. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Selecionamos 52 de 84 pacientes (26 com AVC/AIT agudo e 26 controles). O tempo de conex&#227;o foi de 156,5 &#177; 22,5 horas e o de grava&#231;&#227;o no servidor foi de 148,8 &#177; 20,8 horas, com perdas de 6,8 e 11,4%, respectivamente. Houve maior tempo de conex&#227;o nos pacientes ambulatoriais (164,3 &#177; 15,8 h) que nos hospitalizados (148,8 &#177; 25,6h) (p = 0,02) com tempo de grava&#231;&#227;o semelhante (153,7 &#177; 16,9 e 143 &#177; 23,3 h). Detectamos FA pelo Holter em 1 paciente com AVC e pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada em 7 (1 controle e 6 AVC). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de outras arritmias entre os grupos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Holter e PoIP tiveram desempenho equivalente nas primeiras 24 horas. O menor tempo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes hospitalizados ocorreu por sinal de baixa intensidade. Perda de dados (4,5%) ocorreu por discrep&#226;ncia entre protocolos de transmiss&#227;o (2,5G) e recep&#231;&#227;o pelas antenas (3G). A incid&#234;ncia de arritmias n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos AVC/AIT e controle. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC)</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia Ambulatorial</kwd>
        <kwd>Telefone Celular</kwd>
        <kwd>Ataque Isqu&#234;mico Transit&#243;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) &#233; o fator preditivo mais importante de Acidente Vascular Cerebral isqu&#234;mico (AVC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> V&#225;rios estudos sugerem que curtas salvas de taquicardia atrial (TA) ou extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares (ESSV) frequentes podem traduzir um est&#225;gio inicial de remodelamento do &#225;trio esquerdo e seriam preditores de FA e risco aumentado de AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O risco de AVC independe do modo de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da FA e estudos recentes mostram que at&#233; 30% deles tem a arritmia diagnosticada antes, durante ou ap&#243;s o evento isqu&#234;mico inicial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de FA requer sua documenta&#231;&#227;o, e a detec&#231;&#227;o da FA parox&#237;stica pode representar um desafio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Por conven&#231;&#227;o, o diagn&#243;stico de FA demanda uma dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 30 segundos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Existe controv&#233;rsia sobre o valor progn&#243;stico da FA de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e alguns autores sugerem que sua ocorr&#234;ncia pode n&#227;o ser uma condi&#231;&#227;o benigna.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> A detec&#231;&#227;o de FA parox&#237;stica tem sido realizada por diferentes t&#233;cnicas de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, e a import&#226;ncia de sua detec&#231;&#227;o precoce deve-se ao fato de que o pronto in&#237;cio de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o diminui significantemente o risco da recorr&#234;ncia do AVC em at&#233; 40%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> A <italic>American Heart Association</italic> e a <italic>Stroke Association</italic> recomendam o uso de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica prolongada por 30 dias para diagn&#243;stico de FA p&#243;s-AVC criptog&#234;nico (classe IIa; n&#237;vel de evidencia C). Evid&#234;ncias adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para apoiar essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o, bem como para estabelecer o papel dos epis&#243;dios de curta dura&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de um novo sistema de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ambulatorial, utilizando transmiss&#227;o por telefonia celular no diagn&#243;stico de FA na fase aguda do AVC ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT), comparado com Holter nas primeiras 24 horas, e avaliar a incid&#234;ncia e o tipo de arritmias supraventriculares detectadas em pacientes com e sem AVC/AIT na fase aguda.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p><bold>Amostra:</bold> Foram selecionados pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AVC/AIT recentes (menos de 15 dias da ocorr&#234;ncia), com base em achados cl&#237;nicos e de imagens. A classifica&#231;&#227;o do AVC (em criptog&#234;nico ou n&#227;o) foi realizada usando-se o sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o proposto pelo <italic>Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment</italic> (TOAST).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Pacientes ambulatoriais sem diagn&#243;stico de AVC/AIT, mas com fatores de risco para estes eventos (grupo controle), ambos com eletrocardiograma ECG em ritmo sinusal e sem hist&#243;ria pregressa de FA ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial (FLA).</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram pacientes com hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica de FA/FLA ou ECG na interna&#231;&#227;o com FA/FLA, pacientes com AVC hemorr&#225;gico, idade inferior a 18 anos, residentes em &#225;rea sem cobertura de telefonia celular, pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o em centros de tratamento intensivo devido &#224; gravidade do quadro e maior dificuldade de manuseio, pacientes com sequela de les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica pr&#233;via ou portadores de d&#233;ficit cognitivo importante que prejudicasse a compreens&#227;o das instru&#231;&#245;es relativas ao uso dos aparelhos na aus&#234;ncia de respons&#225;veis pelos mesmos. Os pacientes com suspeita de AVC/AIT foram atendidos em dois hospitais de m&#233;dio porte, da rede p&#250;blica da cidade de Curvelo, Minas Gerais, Brasil, entre agosto de 2016 e abril de 2017. Os pacientes do grupo controle foram selecionados durante atendimento ambulatorial. O seguimento e conduta terap&#234;utica foram deixados a crit&#233;rio dos m&#233;dicos assistentes. Todos os participantes ou seus representantes legais foram convidados a participar do estudo aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jos&#233;/FELUMA e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p><bold>Instrumentos de medida:</bold> o diagn&#243;stico de AVC/AIT foi confirmado por tomografia computadorizada (TC) e/ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM), realizados por radiologistas experientes em tom&#243;grafos <italic>Siemens Somatom Spirit</italic> ou <italic>Toshiba Asteion4</italic>, e RM <italic>GE Optima</italic> 360 de 1,5 teslas e classificados segundo os crit&#233;rios de etiologias presumidas pelo TOAST.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p><bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos e exames cl&#237;nicos:</bold> Foram coletadas idade, sexo, cor, local de resid&#234;ncia, anamnese, hist&#243;ria pregressa de doen&#231;as e familiar, peso, altura, fatores de risco card&#237;aco tradicionais, e escores CHADS<sub>2</sub> e CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e realizados exames cardiol&#243;gico e neurol&#243;gico.</p>
        <p><bold>Exames complementares:</bold> ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es<italic>,</italic> ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, <italic>Doppler</italic> de art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas e vertebrais, raio-X de t&#243;rax em proje&#231;&#227;o posterior-anterior (PA) e de perfil, an&#225;lise laboratoriais incluindo hemograma, ureia, creatinina, glicose, transaminases, GGT, pot&#225;ssio, s&#243;dio, TSH, T4 livre, colesterol total e fracionado, triglic&#233;rides, tempo de protrombina (TP) e tempo de tromboplastina parcial (TTP).</p>
        <p><bold>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do ritmo:</bold> Ap&#243;s diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de AVC isqu&#234;mico criptog&#234;nico ou AIT e sua notifica&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes eram monitorizados ainda na primeira semana de evolu&#231;&#227;o, com o Holter por 24h usando gravadores digitais de tr&#234;s canais - <italic>DMS 300-8</italic> e <italic>DMS 300-9</italic> e analisados pelo <italic>software</italic> da <italic>DMS CardioScan</italic> II (<italic>DM Software Inc. Stateline, NV, EUA)</italic> e concomitantemente com o Policardi&#243;grafo IP&#174; (PoIP) (eMaster, Belo Horizonte, MG).</p>
        <p><bold>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com o PoIP:</bold> Os monitores do PoIP coletam e transmitem os dados, de forma aut&#244;noma e em tempo real, pela conex&#227;o <italic>General Packet Radio Services/ Enhanced Date Rates</italic>&#160;<italic>for GSM Evolution</italic>(GPRS/ EDGE); os dados em seguida s&#227;o armazenados em nuvem. Em todos os pacientes foi usado a operadora de telefonia celular m&#243;vel Vivo, para transmiss&#227;o de dados para o portal PoIP na <italic>web</italic>, e analisados usando o navegador <italic>Mozilla Firefox</italic>. O Portal de Exames &#233; um aplicativo que permite gerenciar os aparelhos PoIP e exames realizados por meio de credenciais de acesso individualizadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>). Foram utilizados seis eletrodos numa configura&#231;&#227;o que permitia monitoriza&#231;&#227;o das deriva&#231;&#245;es do plano frontal al&#233;m de V<sub>1</sub>-V<sub>2</sub>. Os pacientes e familiares foram orientados e treinados quanto ao modo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, qualidade do sinal de transmiss&#227;o, carga da bateria e quanto &#224; forma de recarregar a bateria de &#237;on l&#237;tio (4h a cada 12h). Foram aconselhados a manter a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o durante os per&#237;odos em que a bateria era recarregada. A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o foi rigorosamente acompanhada via internet pela equipe respons&#225;vel pela mesma, para determinar se o paciente estava em uso correto do aparelho, certificar a qualidade do contato com os eletrodos e se necess&#225;rio informar aos mesmos, familiares ou cuidadores dos pacientes da conformidade do sistema e qualidade dos dados transmitidos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama conceitual do PoIP - Como pode ser visualizado no diagrama acima, o PoIP trabalha com o conceito de transmiss&#227;o em tempo real dos dados adquiridos do dispositivo pela tecnologia EDGE. A transmiss&#227;o dos dados sem fio &#233; realizada pelo protocolo padr&#227;o para acesso &#224; internet em dispositivos m&#243;veis, em sua vers&#227;o GPRS-EDGE - Generic Packet Radio Service, comumente chamada de 2,5G.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0122-80112-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Procedimentos:</bold> A cada participante foi entregue um pacote de eletrodos e um folheto com desenho de um t&#243;rax, indicando as posi&#231;&#245;es e cores dos eletrodos para a troca dos mesmos. Todas as an&#225;lises dos registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizadas por um &#250;nico pesquisador (RSF), cardiologista com experi&#234;ncia em eletrocardiografia ambulatorial e todos os tra&#231;ados interpretados como FA ou TA foram revistos por um segundo pesquisador (EBS), eletrofisiologista card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise do PoIP, o exame do paciente monitorizado foi acessado, via internet para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA/FLA a cada 12 horas ou sempre que o bot&#227;o de eventos do monitor fosse acionado pelo paciente ou cuidador. A cada per&#237;odo de 24 horas, os dados transmitidos pelo PoIP eram exportados e revisados <italic>off-line</italic> e a an&#225;lise quantitativa das arritmias registradas. Nessa an&#225;lise consideramos: n&#250;mero de ESSV isoladas e em pares, n&#250;mero de taquicardias atriais n&#227;o sustentadas (TA) acima de 3 complexos atriais prematuros consecutivos e com dura&#231;&#227;o menor de 30 segundos, TA sustentada maior que 30 segundos e n&#250;mero de epis&#243;dios de FA maiores e menores que 30 segundos.</p>
        <p><bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:</bold> As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como contagens e percentuais e as num&#233;ricas por m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP). A normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi avaliada via teste exato de Fisher ou teste qui-quadrado de independ&#234;ncia. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o de dois grupos entre amostras independentes utilizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney ou t-Student, quando adequados. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no programa gratuito R vers&#227;o 3.3.2 ao n&#237;vel de 5% de confian&#231;a. A coorte inicial era composta de 58 pacientes com AVC/AIT agudo e 26 controles. Para selecionar pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes nos grupos de interesse foi utilizado o pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o (EP). Um modelo log&#237;stico foi constru&#237;do para estimar a probabilidade de pertencer ao grupo AVC/AIT, considerando as vari&#225;veis preditoras: sexo, idade e CHADS<sub>2</sub> corrigida pela subtra&#231;&#227;o de dois pontos nos pacientes que tiveram AVC/AIT. O EP permitiu a sele&#231;&#227;o de 26 pacientes entre os AVC/AIT pareados com os controles pelas probabilidades obtidas no modelo log&#237;stico, de modo que a coorte de an&#225;lise passou a ter 52 pacientes (26 AVC/AIT e 26 controles) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). O poder da amostra para se testar a diferen&#231;a encontrada entre os tempos de grava&#231;&#227;o no primeiro dia do Holter e do PoIP (23,7 &#177; 1 e 20 &#177; 3,2 h, respectivamente) foi superior a 80%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma mostrando a composi&#231;&#227;o da amostra selecionada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0122-80112-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>A amostra do estudo foi constitu&#237;da por 52 pacientes, divididos igualmente entre os grupos AVC/AIT e controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>). Pouco mais da metade dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (51,9%), a m&#233;dia de idade foi 70,7 &#177; 10,5 anos, sendo que 73,1% dos pacientes tinham 65 anos ou mais. O valor m&#233;dio do IMC foi 25,5 &#177; 5,6 kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, 21,2% dos pacientes eram fumantes e 19,2% etilistas. O escore CHADS<sub>2</sub> corrigido m&#233;dio foi 1,8 &#177; 0,8, e para o CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc 3,3 &#177; 1,2.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; comorbidades, as mais frequentes foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (84,6%) e diabetes mellitus (51,9%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles, os pacientes com AVC apresentaram maiores propor&#231;&#245;es de tabagistas (p = 0,03), entre os pacientes com 65 anos ou mais (p = 0,04). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais caracter&#237;sticas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes da amostra segundo os grupos de avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Amostra (n = 52)</th>
                <th align="center">AVC/AIT (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">Controles (n = 26)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">27 (51,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (53,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>Q</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">70,7 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">70,9 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">70,6 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,917<sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                <td align="center">38 (73,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (76,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (69,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,755<sup>Q</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor branca</td>
                <td align="center">40 (76,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (65,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (88,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,100<sup>F</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25,5 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">25,6 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">25,4 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,498<sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11 (21,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (30,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,173<sup>F</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">11 (21,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (34,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,038<sup>F</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                <td align="center">3 (21,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (33,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,539<sup>F</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                <td align="center">8 (21,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (5,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045<sup>F</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Etilismo</td>
                <td align="center">10 (19,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (26,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,291<sup>F</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHADS<sub>2</sub> corrigido</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,831<sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc corrigido</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,598<sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">44 (84,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (88,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (80,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,703<sup>F</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">27 (51,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (53,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>F</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AVC pr&#233;vio<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">AIT pr&#233;vio<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">5 (9,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>F</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ICC</td>
                <td align="center">5 (9,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (11,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000<sup>F</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia renal</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aorta (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">32,6 &#177; 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">33,6 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">31,6 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,079<sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#193;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">36,9 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">36,3 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">37,6 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,296<sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63,6 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,049<sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Septo interventricular (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">10 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,086<sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Parede posterior do VE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,356<sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dados laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">113 &#177; 57,5</td>
                <td align="center">125,5 &#177; 76,6</td>
                <td align="center">100,5 &#177; 23,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,098<sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hemoglobina glicada (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 0,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,848<sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 &#177; 0,38</td>
                <td align="center">1,06 &#177; 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,31</td>
                <td align="center">0,614<sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">53,1 &#177; 15,7</td>
                <td align="center">48,8 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center">57,1 &#177; 18,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,059<sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">87,2 &#177; 30,8</td>
                <td align="center">91,1 &#177; 33,8</td>
                <td align="center">83,3 &#177; 27,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,376<sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Triglicer&#237;dios (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">142,8 &#177; 96,3</td>
                <td align="center">112,4 &#177; 42,9</td>
                <td align="center">171,9 &#177; 122,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,060<sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TSH (nU/L)</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 3,21</td>
                <td align="center">2,70 &#177; 2,39</td>
                <td align="center">3,22 &#177; 3,82</td>
                <td align="center">0,459<sup>W</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T4 livre (ng/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 &#177; 0,23</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 &#177; 0,20</td>
                <td align="center">0,038<sup>T</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <p>As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP; ICC: Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, AIT: Ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; <sup>1</sup>CHADS<sub>2</sub> e CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc corrigidos representam a subtra&#231;&#227;o de dois pontos nos escores originais no grupo AVC; <sup>2</sup> AVC e AIT pr&#233;vios foram observados somente no grupo AVC (crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o para controles). <sup>F</sup>teste exato de Fisher, <sup>Q</sup>qui-quadrado de independ&#234;ncia, e <sup>W</sup>teste de Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney e <sup>T</sup> t-Student para amostras independentes.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames complementares</title>
          <p><italic>Ecocardiograma</italic>: a &#250;nica diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica observada entre os grupos foram menores valores da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,04) no grupo AVC/AIT, embora dentro da faixa de normalidade. <italic>An&#225;lises Cl&#237;nicas</italic>: houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos apenas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de T4 livre (p = 0,03), maiores no grupo AVC/AIT, dentro da faixa da normalidade. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais caracter&#237;sticas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise da transmiss&#227;o de dados</title>
          <p>O tempo m&#233;dio de grava&#231;&#227;o em horas foi de 23,5 &#177; 0,6 horas via Holter e 148,8 &#177; 20,8 horas via PoIP, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos de an&#225;lise, apesar da maior perda por artefatos nos controles do PoIP. As perdas de sinal com o sistema PoIP atingiram 6,8% em perdas com conex&#227;o e 11,4% em perdas na grava&#231;&#227;o do sinal no servidor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tempo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o (horas) segundo grupos de avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Amostra (n = 52)</th>
                  <th align="center">AVC/AIT (n = 26)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 26)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Holter</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de grava&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">23,5 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">23,4 &#177; 0,8</td>
                  <td align="center">23,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,948</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Perda (artefatos)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,162</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>PoIP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de conex&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">156,5 &#177; 22,5</td>
                  <td align="center">148,8 &#177; 25,6</td>
                  <td align="center">164,3 &#177; 15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de grava&#231;&#227;o 1&#186; dia</td>
                  <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">19,1 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,514</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de grava&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">148,8 &#177; 20,8</td>
                  <td align="center">143,9 &#177; 23,3</td>
                  <td align="center">153,7 &#177; 16,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Perda (artefatos)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,9 &#177; 26,2 </td>
                  <td align="center">45,6 &#177; 26,3</td>
                  <td align="center">56,1 &#177; 25,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,081</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <p>Teste de Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima planejada via Holter era de 1 dia (24 horas), e via PoIP de 7 dias (168 horas); compara&#231;&#227;o tempos de grava&#231;&#227;o Holter e PoIP (1&#186; dia): p &lt; 0,001W.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Achados de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o via Holter segundo os grupos de avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">AVC/AIT (n = 26)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 26)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17"><sup>F</sup></xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (&lt; 30 segundos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1 (3,8%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>-</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>-</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Taquicardia atrial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16 (61,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (34,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (38,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>ESSV frequentes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (19,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,703</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,697</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Taquicardia atrial ou ESSV frequentes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>17 (65,4%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>10 (38,5%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,095</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (44,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Taquicardia ventricular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6 (23,1%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5 (19,2%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,000</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,719</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>ESSV frequentes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6 (23,1%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7 (26,9%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,000</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>ESSV: extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>no caso das extrass&#237;stoles, foram consideradas frequentes aquelas com mais de 30 ocorr&#234;ncias/hora;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>F</label>
                <p>teste exato de Fisher.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Nas primeiras 24 horas observou-se maior tempo de grava&#231;&#227;o via Holter com o tempo m&#233;dio de grava&#231;&#227;o efetiva pelo PoIP de 19,2 &#177; 3,4 horas e do Holter 23,5 &#177; 0,6 horas (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
          <p>Os pacientes do grupo AVC/AIT iniciaram a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por PoIP ap&#243;s 5,4 &#177; 2,7 dias do AVC/AIT em regime de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e apresentaram menor tempo de conex&#227;o (p = 0,02) e menor tempo de grava&#231;&#227;o via PoIP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arritmias observadas</title>
          <p>FA foi detectada em 1 paciente com o Holter e em 6 pacientes pelo PoIP no grupo AVC/AIT, e enquanto que somente um epis&#243;dio de FA foi detectado no grupo controle pelo PoIP. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s outras arritmias supraventriculares foram identificados via Holter mais casos de TA n&#227;o sustentada e de TA ou ESSV frequentes em pacientes com 65 anos ou mais no grupo AVC/AIT (p-valores 0,04 e 0,04, respectivamente). A discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre o diagn&#243;stico de TA e FA n&#227;o sustentada em 2 casos demandou revis&#227;o pelos examinadores RFS e EBS. Ressalta-se, no entanto, que esses pacientes que tiveram FA apresentaram tamb&#233;m TA, e mesmo que tenha havido algum equ&#237;voco na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de algum tra&#231;ado, isso n&#227;o impactaria no resultado em fun&#231;&#227;o da superposi&#231;&#227;o dos dois diagn&#243;sticos nos mesmos pacientes.</p>
          <p>A partir da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por PoIP, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos de an&#225;lise em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s taquicardias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>), e todos os pacientes que tiveram FA apresentaram tamb&#233;m TA.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Achados de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o via POIP segundo os grupos de avalia&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">AVC/AIT (n = 26)</th>
                  <th align="center">Controles (n = 26)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21"><sup>F</sup></xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (&lt; 30seg)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">*</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6 (23,1%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1 (3,8%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,099</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Taquicardia atrial</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>22 (84,6%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>18 (69,2%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,324</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (62,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (90%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (72,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,222</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (46,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (53,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,782</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>ESSV frequentes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">**</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>4 (15,4%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6 (23,1%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,727</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (27,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,709</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,249</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Taquicardia atrial ou ESSV frequentes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>22 (84,6%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>19 (73,1%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,499</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (62,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (90%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (77,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,395</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (46,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (53,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,782</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Taquicardia ventricular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7 (26,9%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7 (26,9%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,000</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (27,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,734</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>8 (30,8%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7 (26,9%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,000</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&lt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>ESSV: extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>todos os casos identificados em pacientes com 65 anos ou mais;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>no caso das extrass&#237;stoles, foram consideradas frequentes aquelas com mais de 30 ocorr&#234;ncias/hora;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <label>F</label>
                <p>teste exato de Fisher.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados das monitoriza&#231;&#245;es via Holter e via PoIP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref>): foram observadas propor&#231;&#245;es maiores de TA via PoIP no grupo AVC/AIT (p = 0,004) e controles (p = 0,02), e propor&#231;&#245;es maiores de TA ou ESSV frequentes no grupo AVC/AIT (p = 0,01) e controles (p = 0,02) no tempo total de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o, mas sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos nas primeiras 24hs.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#245;es entre os achados de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o via Holter e POIP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="10%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Holter</th>
                  <th align="center">POIP</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24"><sup>F</sup></xref>
									</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (&lt; 30seg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1 (1,9%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>7 (13,5%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,060</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controles</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,618</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Taquicardia atrial (TA)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>25 (48,1%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>40 (76,9%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (61,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (84,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controles</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (34,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (69,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (48,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>ESSV frequentes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">*</xref></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>8 (15,4%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>10 (19,2%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,796</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (19,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controles</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,465</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>TA ou ESSV frequentes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>27 (51,9%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>41 (78,8%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,007</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (65,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (84,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,199</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controles</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (38,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (73,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (51,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Taquicardia ventricular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>11 (21,2%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>14 (26,9%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,647</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (26,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controles</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (19,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (26,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,743</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (21,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (13,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,438</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>13 (25%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>15 (28,8%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,825</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AVC/AIT</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (23,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (30,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,755</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Controles</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (26,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (26,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primeiras 24h</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (23,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <p>ESSV: extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>no caso das extrass&#237;stoles, foram consideradas frequentes aquelas com mais de 30 ocorr&#234;ncias/hora;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN24">
                <label>F</label>
                <p>teste exato de Fisher.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, que incluiu 52 pacientes com mais de 59 anos, foi realizada monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada do ritmo nos 26 pacientes com eventos cerebrovasculares agudos, iniciada em apenas 5 dias (m&#233;dia) ap&#243;s o evento. Os principais achados foram alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes mellitus, algumas dificuldades relacionadas &#224; conex&#227;o e grava&#231;&#227;o dos sinais transmitidos pelo PoIP, e um perfil semelhante de arritmias card&#237;acas detectadas entre os grupos estudados.</p>
        <p>As comorbidades mais comuns foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (84,6%) e diabetes mellitus (51,9%), com igual distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos estudados. Esse era um resultado esperado, pois essas vari&#225;veis foram utilizadas no modelo do escore de propens&#227;o, e ambas comorbidades est&#227;o contempladas nos escores CHADS2 e CHA2DS2-VASc. Embora esses escores forne&#231;am uma heur&#237;stica simples para predizer o risco individual de AVC isqu&#234;mico, o risco assim calculado representa parte do risco total (concord&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 0,5). Em outras palavras, nem todos pacientes com CHADS<sub>2</sub> igual a 0 ou 1 tem baixo risco e uma decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica por n&#227;o anticoagular um paciente, baseada apenas nesse escore, pode ser equivocada. O escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &#8805;2 foi um avan&#231;o na dire&#231;&#227;o de se obter maior especificidade, mas ainda subavalia risco.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Por esse motivo, observamos com particular interesse uma maior preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo no grupo de pacientes com AVC/AIT (p = 0,038), principalmente em pacientes acima de 65 anos (p = 0,045). Metan&#225;lise recente mostrou que o tabagismo est&#225; associado a um modesto aumento do risco de FA, e a elimina&#231;&#227;o do h&#225;bito de fumar parece reduzir, mas n&#227;o elimina totalmente o risco a ele associado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> Entretanto, quando se adiciona o tabagismo ao escore, n&#227;o resulta melhora na predi&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC/AIT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por telefonia celular</title>
          <p>Embora a performance dos sistemas de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o por Holter e por PoIP tenha sido equivalente nas primeiras 24 horas, detectamos problemas na conex&#227;o e transmiss&#227;o do sinal pelo PoIP. Observou-se perda de conex&#227;o com a operadora, que representou 6,8% do tempo, menor tempo de grava&#231;&#227;o no servidor e menor perda por artefatos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). A perda de conectividade foi maior nos pacientes hospitalizados (com AVC) (p = 0,024). Para entender melhor esse dado, realizamos uma aferi&#231;&#227;o do sinal da operadora com o <italic>software Network Monitor&#174;</italic> nas depend&#234;ncias da enfermaria utilizadas. Observamos grande varia&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do sinal dependendo do local. Medidas na entrada, no centro e na sa&#237;da da enfermaria mostraram velocidades de 1,6, 12,3 e 0,3 Mbs com intensidades do sinal em 60, 70 e 20%. Esta grande varia&#231;&#227;o de intensidade do sinal e velocidade de conex&#227;o relacionada &#224; &#225;rea f&#237;sica do Hospital explicam maiores perdas nos pacientes ali internados, problemas menos prov&#225;veis de ocorrerem em pacientes ambulatoriais.</p>
          <p>As perdas de transmiss&#227;o, mesmo com o PoIP adequadamente conectado &#224; operadora, podem ocorrer por instabilidades da rede de telefonia m&#243;vel. Durante esse per&#237;odo o PoIP continua conectado &#224; operadora e, quando a rede se estabiliza, a transmiss&#227;o volta a ocorrer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>). Apesar de essas instabilidades serem em geral de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, neste estudo essas perdas equivaleram a 11,4% do tempo monitorizado, aproximadamente 19 horas por paciente por semana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>). Foi identificado que ap&#243;s reparos efetuados pelas operadoras em torres e antenas de transmiss&#227;o danificadas, o protocolo de recep&#231;&#227;o era atualizado para 3G o que dificulta a recep&#231;&#227;o de sinal transmitido em 2,5G (GPRS, <italic>General Packet Radio Service</italic>). A atualiza&#231;&#227;o do PoIP para tecnologia 3 ou 4G dever&#225; solucionar esse problema al&#233;m de reduzir muito o gasto energ&#233;tico com a transmiss&#227;o dos pacotes de dados, otimizando a dura&#231;&#227;o da bateria recarreg&#225;vel, reduzindo o tempo gasto com a recarga e melhorando a performance da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>PoIP fornece estat&#237;sticas di&#225;rias de conex&#227;o (linha azul) e grava&#231;&#227;o (linha verde) do sinal transmitido no servidor. Observe que o percentual dos tempos de conex&#227;o e transmiss&#227;o s&#227;o bastante pr&#243;ximos (dia 3/6: 99% e 98%, dia 4/6: 92% e 90%, dia 5/6: ambos em 96%). Pequenas perdas ocorreram como no dia 6/6/2016 onde ocorre um curto per&#237;odo de transmiss&#227;o sem a grava&#231;&#227;o no servidor (seta).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-02-0122-80112-gf03-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Houve maior perda de dados por artefatos na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o pelo PoIP no grupo controle, o que pode ser justificada pela livre movimenta&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em regime ambulatorial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arritmias registradas no PoIP (primeiras 24 hs) comparado ao Holter de 24 hs</title>
          <p>Nas primeiras 24 horas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas arritmias observadas (TA, ESSV, ESSV+TA). A despeito de um maior per&#237;odo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o pelo Holter, o PoIP registrou todas as salvas de TA e os 3 epis&#243;dios de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (2 no grupo AVC e 1 no grupo controle).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Holter de 24 hs comparado &#224; monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada</title>
          <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados das monitoriza&#231;&#245;es via Holter e via PoIP foram observadas propor&#231;&#245;es maiores de TA e de ESSV frequentes na monitoriza&#231;&#227;o pelo PoIP tanto no grupo AVC/AIT quanto no grupo controle, esperado pelo maior tempo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arritmias registradas no grupo AVC comparado com um grupo controle</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a significativa na ocorr&#234;ncia de TA ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o sustentada, comparando pacientes com AVC criptog&#234;nico e um grupo controle pareado por sexo, idade e CHADS<sub>2</sub> corrigido. Vale enfatizar que registramos alta preval&#234;ncia dessas arritmias atriais nos 52 pacientes, sendo que 40 tiveram TA e 7 FA. No grupo AVC/AIT a propor&#231;&#227;o de FA diagnosticada nos pacientes monitorizados pelo PoIP de 23,1% e pelo Holter de 3,8% est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabelas 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Alguns trabalhos sugerem que cada per&#237;odo adicional de 24 horas de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o elevaria o percentual de novos diagn&#243;sticos de FA parox&#237;sticas entre 2 e 4% nos pacientes com AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Este achado confirma a efetividade da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ECG ambulatorial prolongada em pacientes com risco de FA e pode gerar um rendimento diagn&#243;stico clinicamente significativo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Tem sido dado destaque &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o de ESSV frequentes e TA a um maior risco de AVC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Estudos com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada do ritmo em pacientes com hist&#243;rico de AVC/AIT detectam FA parox&#237;stica em 5% a 20.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Em nosso estudo, todos os epis&#243;dios de FA tiveram dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 30 segundos. Embora seja preconizada uma dura&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 30 segundos para o diagn&#243;stico de FA,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> alguns autores sugerem que epis&#243;dios de FA de curta dura&#231;&#227;o teriam impacto no risco de AVC/AIT ou de tromboembolismo sist&#234;mico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Uma observa&#231;&#227;o importante foi n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia das arritmias atriais entre pacientes com e sem AVC e/ou AIT, e mesmo perfil de risco para essas condi&#231;&#245;es. Esse achado sugere que as arritmias atriais observadas podem ser um epifenomeno. Kottkamp e outros autores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> sugeriram a presen&#231;a de uma cardiomiopatia atrial fibrosante trombog&#234;nica (CMAF), com risco de eventos emb&#243;licos sem nexo causal com arritmias atriais, onde altera&#231;&#245;es contr&#225;teis seriam respons&#225;veis por risco trombogenico aumentado durante ritmo sinusal, al&#233;m de bloqueio interatrial e disfun&#231;&#227;o nodal. At&#233; mesmo a elimina&#231;&#227;o da FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seria capaz de interromper a evolu&#231;&#227;o do processo fibr&#243;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Fatores como diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, idade, dentre outros, estariam envolvidos no dano mioc&#225;rdico atrial. Em nossa amostra, mais de 80% dos pacientes tinham hipertens&#227;o arterial e mais de 50% tinham diabetes. A detec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva de fibrose atrial est&#225; atualmente restrita a t&#233;cnicas de RM ainda n&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na cl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref> Nesse contexto, a FA seria mais uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a estrutural atrial, impactando mais ainda o risco de eventos emb&#243;licos.</p>
          <p>Por defini&#231;&#227;o, nenhum dos nossos pacientes com AVC/AIT apresentou FA antes ou durante o AVC. A detec&#231;&#227;o de FA pode ser conseguida numa fra&#231;&#227;o desses casos, embora isso possa demorar meses, como foi demonstrado nos estudos TRENDS, ASSERT e IMPACT, que inclu&#237;ram pacientes com dispositivos implant&#225;veis com monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>
					</p>
          <p>O paradigma utilizado pela maioria dos autores &#233; que o registro da FA seria uma quest&#227;o de tempo, mas mesmo em estudos com de observa&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; um ano, menos da metade dos pacientes com AVC criptog&#234;nico tem FA detectada. Nosso estudo inova por monitorizar pacientes com mesmo perfil de risco para AVC e AIT, incluindo um grupo com AVC e outro controle sem AVC. A observa&#231;&#227;o de que a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos, &#233; consistente com a hip&#243;tese de que um fator al&#233;m da presen&#231;a de arritmia possa estar envolvido com o risco de AVC. Uma das possibilidades seria a miocardiopatia atrial fibrosante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O tamanho da amostra foi insuficiente para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco individuais. A diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre TA e FA de curta dura&#231;&#227;o &#233; por vezes dif&#237;cil, mesmo para um eletrofisiologista experiente. O discernimento da onda P em monitoriza&#231;&#245;es ambulatoriais n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o evidente como a que aparece no ECG convencional de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, as an&#225;lises realizadas n&#227;o diferiram, seja das arritmias isoladamente ou em conjunto, uma vez que todos os pacientes que tiveram epis&#243;dios curtos de FA tamb&#233;m apresentaram TA. </p>
          <p>A telefonia celular atualmente existente em nosso meio ainda apresenta defici&#234;ncias em cobertura, com aus&#234;ncia e oscila&#231;&#245;es de intensidade de sinal frequentes, al&#233;m de flutua&#231;&#245;es na velocidade de transmiss&#227;o o que prejudica a transmiss&#227;o de dados coletados pelo PoIP. Problemas motivados por descargas el&#233;tricas nas torres de telefonia celular levam a reparos frequentes, onde por vezes a tecnologia GPRS n&#227;o &#233; mais reconhecida, impactando na efetiva recep&#231;&#227;o do sinal, o que deve ser solucionado com a ado&#231;&#227;o da tecnologia 4G.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
        <p>Holter e PoIP obtiveram resultados semelhantes nas primeiras 24 horas. O menor tempo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes hospitalizados ocorreu por sinal de baixa intensidade. A perda de transmiss&#227;o de dados ocorreu por uma discrep&#226;ncia entre o protocolo de recep&#231;&#227;o das torres de telefonia (3G) e o sinal transmitido (2,5G) que pode ser mitigada com ado&#231;&#227;o da tecnologia 4G. A incid&#234;ncia de arritmias n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos acidente vascular cerebral e controle.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Rogerio Ferreira Sampaio pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jos&#233;/FELUMA sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE=35481114.0.0000.5134. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
