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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GGgt4WmRW7S35td5c4qXPZD</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300112</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180095</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Ventricular Assist Device as a Bridge to Candidacy in End-stage Chagas Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ulhoa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Botelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barzilai</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Salvatore</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Bras&#237;lia</city>
          <state>DF</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Fernando Antibas Atik</bold>, SQNW, 110, BLOCO J, Apto. 308. Postal Code: 70686550, Noroeste, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>atik@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Atik FA. Acquisition of data: Atik FA, Cunha CR, Chaves RB, Barzilai VS. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Atik FA, Ulhoa MB. Writing of the manuscript: Atik FA, Ulhoa MB. Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Atik FA, Ulhoa MB, Chaves RB, Barzilai VS. Supervision / as the major investigador: Atik FA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>112</fpage>
      <lpage>114</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock, Cardiogenic</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Circulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy manifests late after <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> infection, and it is still one of the major causes of end-stage heart failure in Latin America.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Published experiences<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> with heart transplantation for chronic Chagas disease have shown the feasibility and efficacy of this therapy, being the disease reactivation not a major concern when appropriately diagnosed and timely treated.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the need for some sort of mechanical circulatory support on the waiting list has progressively increased, according to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry annual report.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Since the experience with mechanical circulatory support in Latin America is very limited, and biventricular systolic failure is common in Chagas cardiomyopathy, many unanswered questions regarding modalities of support need to be elucidated.</p>
      <p>This case report describes the successful implant of an axial flow left ventricular assist device in a patient with end-stage heart failure with severe biventricular failure secondary to Chagas cardiomyopathy.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Case Report</title>
      <p>A 26-year-old male, with a history of long-standing heart failure had multiple hospital admissions in the past year despite optimal medical management. The diagnosis of end-stage heart failure due to Chagas cardiomyopathy was confirmed by serology a while ago, and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator was used for sudden death secondary prevention. Echocardiography revealed a severely dilated left ventricle (end-diastolic diameter of 72 millimeters), with severely depressed function (ejection fraction of 18%) and 4+ mitral regurgitation. The right ventricle also exhibit severe dysfunction with 3+ tricuspid regurgitation, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion of 15, and right ventricular systolic pressure of 65 mmHg. The patient has been followed up in a different city of ours by another cardiology team. At this point, he has never been considered for heart transplantation. </p>
      <p>Nonetheless, the patient was admitted in the emergency room with cardiogenic shock, in Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) level 2. He was initially managed with the use of two inotropes, intra-aortic balloon pump and hemodialysis. No temporary or durable mechanical assist devices were available at this hospital.</p>
      <p>A right heart catheterization revealed low cardiac output (cardiac index of 0.9 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>, with systolic pulmonary pressure of 70 mmHg, transpulmonary gradient of 16 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance of 6 Wood units. Filling pressures were elevated (central venous pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure of 30 mmHg).</p>
      <p>The patient was transferred to our hospital for heart transplantation assessment. At admission, he had sudden hemodynamic instability that deteriorated into cardiac arrest. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures were effective, but circulation was maintained with escalating doses of vasopressors. A percutaneous venous arterial extracorporeal life support (ECLS) (Maquet Getinge<sup>TM</sup>, Germany) through the femoral vessels was inserted as a bridge to decision strategy. Hemodynamics stabilized, vasopressors were discontinued, tissue perfusion indices normalized, and the patient neurologic status was intact. He was extubated on the next day, renal function normalized, an aggressive diuresis allowed a twelve-liter negative fluid balance in the following five days (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chest radiography after ECLS implantation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0112-80095-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Eighteen days after ECLS initiation, the patient was submitted to an axial flow left ventricular assist device (HeartMate II, Abbott Laboratories<sup>TM</sup>, Chicago, IL) implantation with ECMO explant under median sternotomy with cardiopulmonary bypass.</p>
      <p>Postoperatively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>), the patient had mediastinal bleeding requiring surgical revision; coagulopathy and pericarditis. A transient right ventricular dysfunction required a five-day administration of intravenous inotropic support, aggressive diuresis and oral pulmonary vasodilators. He was eventually discharged home on postoperative day 35 in fair condition, requiring rehabilitation due to malnutrition and muscular weakness.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Chest radiography after left ventricular assist device implantation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0112-80095-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Sixteen months later, he is in functional class I with unremarkable recovery except for a single episode of hemolysis that was treated with intravenous heparin. Pump has functioned well with no evidence of failure or thrombosis. Late right heart failure was not an issue, and his exercise performance is excellent. Echocardiography revealed mild tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular systolic pressure of 30 mmHg. At this point, the patient does not manifest interest in being transplanted.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The present report illustrates that, in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy with severe biventricular failure, a left ventricular assist device (and not necessarily a biventricular support) may be considered as a modality of mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to candidacy or transplantation. Frequent pathologic findings that need to be observed are apical aneurysms, mural thrombi, very thin ventricular walls and complex ventricular arrhythmias refractory to ablation. Destination therapy, in theory, is a possible alternative for those patients that do not present with late right heart failure, which is a possible natural manifestation of the disease.</p>
      <p>Since published data is very limited and the experience with mechanical circulatory support in Latin America is scarce, there are no consensus regarding the best strategy. Moreira et al were the first to report the use of paracorporeal devices in Chagas cardiomyopathy, with inconsistent results.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> More recently, Kransdorf et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> reported the United States experience on 11 heart transplants for Chagas cardiomyopathy. Three out of 11 patients (27%) had mechanical circulatory support in place at the time of transplant (two patients had paracorporeal devices in biventricular configuration and one patient had a HeartMate II device). Ruzza et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> described the successful support with a total artificial heart prior to heart transplantation. They argue that this approach is justifiable because it allows treatment of extracardiac Chagas disease, and it potentially reduces the infectious burden of the causative organism that may make progress the disease on a heart supported with a device.</p>
      <p>This particular case presented cardiogenic shock, fluid overloaded, with a recent cardiac arrest that required the use of venous arterial ECLS. It was very difficult to determine whether the pulmonary hypertension was severe enough to contraindicate the heart transplantation. Therefore, a bridge to candidacy strategy seemed reasonable in this regard. After six months of support, it proved to be effective in reducing the pulmonary vascular resistance making the patient eligible for heart transplantation.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Assist&#234;ncia Circulat&#243;ria Mec&#226;nica Esquerda como Ponte para Candidatura na Miocardiopatia Chag&#225;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antibas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chaves</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Bueno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ulhoa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Botelho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barzilai</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Salvatore</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fernando Antibas Atik</bold>, SQNW, 110, BLOCO J, Apto. 308. CEP: 70686550, Noroeste, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>atik@cardiol.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Atik FA. Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Atik FA, Cunha CR, Chaves RB, Barzilai VS. An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Atik FA, Ulhoa MB. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Atik FA, Ulhoa MB. Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Atik FA, Ulhoa MB, Chaves RB, Barzilai VS. Supervis&#227;o / como investigador principal: Atik FA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia cr&#244;nica de Chagas se manifesta tardiamente ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o com <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> e ainda &#233; uma das principais causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em fase terminal na Am&#233;rica Latina.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> As experi&#234;ncias publicadas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> sobre transplantes card&#237;acos para doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica t&#234;m demonstrado a viabilidade e efic&#225;cia desta terapia, uma vez que a reativa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a n&#227;o &#233; uma grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o quando &#233; diagnosticada e tratada corretamente a tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, a necessidade de algum suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico na lista de espera aumentou progressivamente, de acordo com o relat&#243;rio anual da International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Considerando que a experi&#234;ncia com suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico na Am&#233;rica Latina &#233; muito limitada, e a insufici&#234;ncia sist&#243;lica biventricular &#233; comum na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, &#233; necess&#225;rio esclarecer muitas quest&#245;es n&#227;o respondidas sobre as modalidades de suporte.</p>
        <p>Este relato de caso descreve a implanta&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida de um dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda de fluxo axial em paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca terminal com insufici&#234;ncia biventricular grave secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Relato de caso</title>
        <p>Homem de 26 anos de idade, com hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de longa data teve m&#250;ltiplas admiss&#245;es hospitalares no ano passado, apesar do &#243;timo controle m&#233;dico. O diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em fase final por cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica foi confirmado pela sorologia h&#225; algum tempo, e um desfibrilador cardioversor implant&#225;vel foi utilizado para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria da morte s&#250;bita. A ecocardiografia revelou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo severamente dilatado (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final de 72 mil&#237;metros), com fun&#231;&#227;o gravemente deprimida (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 18%) e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral 4+. O ventr&#237;culo direito tamb&#233;m apresenta disfun&#231;&#227;o grave com regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide 3+, excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica planar anular tric&#250;spide de 15 e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito de 65 mmHg. O paciente foi seguido em outra cidade por outra equipe de cardiologia. Neste ponto, o paciente nunca foi considerado para transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>No entanto, o paciente foi admitido no pronto socorro com choque cardiog&#234;nico, n&#237;vel 2 no Registro de Interag&#234;ncias para Suporte Circulat&#243;rio Assistido Mecanicamente (INTERMACS). Inicialmente foi manejado com o uso de dois inotr&#243;picos, bomba de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e hemodi&#225;lise. N&#227;o havia dispositivos auxiliares mec&#226;nicos tempor&#225;rios ou duradouros dispon&#237;veis neste hospital.</p>
        <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco revelou baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (&#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 0,9 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>, com press&#227;o pulmonar sist&#243;lica de 70 mmHg, gradiente transpulmonar de 16 mmHg e resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar de 6 unidades Wood). As press&#245;es de enchimento foram elevadas (press&#227;o venosa central e press&#227;o pulmonar em cunha de 30 mmHg).</p>
        <p>O paciente foi transferido para o nosso hospital para avalia&#231;&#227;o de transplante card&#237;aco. Na admiss&#227;o, ele teve instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica repentina que evoluiu para parada card&#237;aca. As medidas de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar foram eficazes, mas a circula&#231;&#227;o foi mantida com doses crescentes de vasopressores. Um suporte de vida percut&#226;neo extracorp&#243;reo venoarterial (ECLS) (Maquet GetingeTM, Alemanha) foi inserido atrav&#233;s dos vasos femorais como uma ponte para a estrat&#233;gia de decis&#227;o. Com a hemodin&#226;mica estabilizada, os vasopressores foram descontinuados, os &#237;ndices de perfus&#227;o tecidual foram normalizados e o estado neurol&#243;gico do paciente permaneceu intato. Foi extubado no dia seguinte, normalizada a fun&#231;&#227;o renal, uma diurese agressiva permitiu um saldo l&#237;quido negativo de doze litros nos cinco dias seguintes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Radiografia do t&#243;rax ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do ECLS.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0112-80095-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dezoito dias ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do ECLS, o paciente foi submetido &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de ECMO em um dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda de fluxo axial (HeartMate II, Abbott LaboratoriesTM, Chicago, IL) com esternotomia mediana com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
        <p>No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>), o paciente apresentou hemorragia mediastinal que requereu revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; coagulopatia e pericardite. Uma disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita transit&#243;ria exigiu cinco dias de suporte inotr&#243;pico intravenoso, diurese agressiva e vasodilatadores pulmonares orais. Ele foi finalmente liberado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio dia 35 em boas condi&#231;&#245;es, requerendo reabilita&#231;&#227;o devido a desnutri&#231;&#227;o e fraqueza muscular.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Radiografia do t&#243;rax ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventr&#237;cular esquerda.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0112-80095-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dezesseis meses depois, ele est&#225; na classe funcional I com uma recupera&#231;&#227;o sem m&#225;culas, exceto por um &#250;nico epis&#243;dio de hem&#243;lise que foi tratado com heparina intravenosa. A bomba funcionou bem sem ind&#237;cios de falha ou trombose. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tardia n&#227;o foi um problema e o desempenho no exerc&#237;cio foi excelente. A ecocardiografia revelou insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide leve e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito de 30 mmHg. Neste ponto, o paciente n&#227;o mostra interesse em ser transplantado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>O presente relat&#243;rio indica que, em pacientes com cardiomiopatia de Chagas com falha biventricular grave, um dispositivo de assist&#234;ncia ventricular esquerdo (e n&#227;o necessariamente um suporte biventricular) pode ser considerado como uma modalidade de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico como ponte para candidatura ou transplante. Os achados patol&#243;gicos frequentes a serem observados s&#227;o aneurismas apicais, trombos de parede, paredes ventriculares muito finas e arritmias ventriculares complexas refrat&#225;rias &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o. A terapia alvo, em teoria, &#233; uma alternativa poss&#237;vel para aqueles pacientes que n&#227;o apresentam insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tardia, o que &#233; uma poss&#237;vel manifesta&#231;&#227;o natural da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Dado que os dados publicados s&#227;o muito limitados e a experi&#234;ncia com suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico na Am&#233;rica Latina &#233; escassa, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso quanto &#224; melhor estrat&#233;gia. Moreira et al foram os primeiros a informar o uso de dispositivos paracorporais na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, com resultados inconsistentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Mais recentemente, Kransdorf et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> relataram a experi&#234;ncia dos Estados Unidos em 11 transplantes card&#237;acos para cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica. Tr&#234;s dos 11 pacientes (27%) tiveram suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico no momento do transplante (dois pacientes tinham dispositivo paracorporal em configura&#231;&#227;o biventricular e um paciente possu&#237;a um dispositivo HeartMate II). Ruzza et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> descreveram o suporte bem-sucedido com um cora&#231;&#227;o artificial total antes do transplante card&#237;aco. Eles argumentam que esta abordagem &#233; justificada porque permite o tratamento de doen&#231;a de Chagas extracard&#237;aca e, potencialmente, reduz a carga infecciosa do organismo causador da doen&#231;a que pode fazer progredir em um cora&#231;&#227;o suportado por um dispositivo. Este caso particular apresentou choque cardiog&#234;nico sobrecarga de fluido, com parada card&#237;aca recente que exigiu o uso de ECSV arterial venosa. Foi muito dif&#237;cil determinar se a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar foi suficientemente grave para contraindicar o transplante card&#237;aco. Portanto, uma ponte para a estrat&#233;gia de candidatura parece razo&#225;vel nesse sentido. Ap&#243;s seis meses de apoio, mostrou-se eficaz na redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, tornando o paciente eleg&#237;vel para transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
