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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XMHbDFGXcGzfJkyzxyK8fYC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300109</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180128</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Clinicoradiological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Case 4/2018 &#8211; Important Mitral Valve Regurgitation Caused by Hammock Mitral Valve in 8 Year-Old Girl</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Binotto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ang&#233;lica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cassar</surname>
            <given-names>Renata de S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Edmar Atik</bold>, Private office. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj.73, Bela Vista. Postal Code 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>109</fpage>
      <lpage>111</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital / surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Murmurs</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography, X-Rays</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Clinical data</title>
      <p>Heart murmur was auscultated during routine examination at 6 years of age, with complaints of tachycardia and chest pain at that time. A diagnosis of mitral regurgitation caused by hammock mitral valve was performed and enalapril 2.5 mg/day (0.1 mg/kg) was started. She reported being asymptomatic, capable of performing physical activity.</p>
      <p><bold>Physical examination</bold>: good overall health status, eupneic, acyanotic, normal pulses in the four limbs. Weight: 25 kg; height: 130 cm; right upper limb blood pressure: 90 x 60 mmHg; Heart Rate (HR): 96 bpm; Oxygen Saturation (O<sub>2</sub>Sat): 97%.</p>
      <p><bold>Precordium</bold>: diffuse apex beat, palpated in the sixth left intercostal space, deviated from the midclavicular line and with systolic impulses in the left sternal border. Muffled heart sounds, holosystolic murmur in the mitral and axillary regions with a diastolic rumble after the third heart sound, both of moderate intensity. Liver palpable at the right costal margin, painless.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Complementary examinations</title>
        <p><bold>Electrocardiogram:</bold> sinus rhythm, with signs of overload of the left cavities. High R waves, preceded by positive Q waves and with normal T waves, in the left leads, indicating left ventricular (LV) diastolic overload. The P wave was negative at V1 and V2 and enlarged at the other leads. Ventricular repolarization was normal. AQRS + 30&#186;; AP + 50&#186; and AP +60&#186;.</p>
        <p><bold>Chest X-ray:</bold> Increase in the cardiac area at the expense of the left heart cavities and with prominent pulmonary vascular network in the upper pulmonary area, indicating of pulmonary venocapillary congestion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Chest X-ray showing a clear increase in the cardiac area at the expense of the left heart cavities and the prominent pulmonary vascular network in the upper pulmonary area, indicating pulmonary congestion.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0109-80128-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Echocardiogram:</bold> showed markedly dilated left cavities. The mitral valve was thickened, with short chordae tendineae and with leaflets almost attached to the two papillary muscles (hammock mitral valve). The mitral annulus was thickened, with important valve regurgitation, which allowed the appearance of a maximum diastolic gradient of 28 mmHg and a mean of 10 mmHg. The pulmonary arteries were confluent and slightly dilated (13 mm). MPAP: 36 mmHg; Right Ventricle (RV): 12; LV: 56; Left Atrium (LA): 59; Ao: 17; septum and posterior wall: 7; LV Ejection Fraction (LVEF): 63%; mitral annulus: 30; tricuspid annulus: 21 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiogram showing the marked enlargement of the left heart cavities, especially the left atrium in A and B, due to the evident mitral regurgitation in B. The close connection of the leaflets with the papillary muscle occurs without chordae tendineae in C and D. RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; PM: papillary muscle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0109-80128-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Clinical diagnosis:</bold> important mitral regurgitation caused by hammock mitral valve with enlargement of the left heart cavities in an 8-year-old girl without apparent symptoms.</p>
        <p><bold>Clinical rationale:</bold> There were clinical elements pointing to a diagnosis of important mitral valve regurgitation, related to the presence of a regurgitation systolic murmur and diastolic rumble in the mitral area and in the axillary region. The clinical effect was accentuated due to the large increase of the left heart cavities, disclosed by the usual complementary examinations. The diagnosis was well established by the echocardiography regarding the congenital etiology of the defect in the anatomical characterization of the hammock mitral valve. It was observed that, despite the marked consequence of the defect, the patient remained symptom-free and under natural evolution until 8 years of age.</p>
        <p><bold>Differential diagnosis:</bold> with the diagnostic characterization of marked mitral valve regurgitation, the differential diagnosis refers to the search for its etiology. At this age, one should remember the rheumatic cause, even without suggestive prodromes. Other causes may be related to mitral valve prolapse, valve lesion due to endocarditis or an ischemic lesion of anomalous origin in the left coronary artery directly from the pulmonary trunk.</p>
        <p><bold>Conduct:</bold> Considering the marked consequence of the mitral valve defect, there was a surgical indication aimed to correct the defect and prevent more severe disease evolution alterations, such as ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary artery hypertension and cavity thrombosis with systemic embolism, among the main ones. It was presumed that the most appropriate technique would be the mitral valve replacement, which was markedly affected, but with a chance of success through a plasty procedure, to be evaluated at the time of the surgery.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Comments</title>
      <p>The hammock mitral valve was first described as a direct connection of the papillary muscles with the mitral leaflets, either directly or by the interposition of unusually short chordae tendineae. This congenital malformation of the tensile system is sometimes called a &#8220;hammock mitral valve&#8221;, as it mimics a hammock when it is observed from the atrium. The chordae tendineae are thick and extremely short, reducing inter-cordial spaces and leading to an abnormal excursion of the leaflets, which can cause stenosis and regurgitation.</p>
      <p>When the space between the abnormal chordae is completely obliterated, a fibrous and muscular bridge joins the two papillary muscles. In its most severe form, with no chordae tendineae, the papillary muscles are directly fused with the free margin of the leaflets. Mitral regurgitation progressively worsens, with or without concomitant stenosis. However, even with these anatomical alterations, the valve may show a relatively normal function for many years, as shown by some recent findings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Most reported cases are in the pediatric age group, and there are only a few reports of hammock mitral valve anomaly in adults. In cases of hammock mitral valve, the repair can be performed through annuloplasty, commissurotomy, modified techniques of posterior annulus shortening and papillary muscle division, according to the presentation of the valve apparatus morphology.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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              <surname>Acar</surname>
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          <article-title>Congenital malformations of the mitral valve</article-title>
          <source>Arch Cardiovasc Dis</source>
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          <volume>104</volume>
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        <mixed-citation>2 Rajesh GN, Sajeer K, Nair A, Sajeev CG, Krishnan MN. Hammock mitral valve: a rare cause of congenital mitral regurgitation: a case report and review. Indian Heart J. 2014;66(3):370-1.</mixed-citation>
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              <given-names>MN</given-names>
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          <article-title>Hammock mitral valve: a rare cause of congenital mitral regurgitation: a case report and review</article-title>
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        <mixed-citation>3 Ito T, Tokoro M, Yanagisawa J. Mitral valve plasty for a hammock mitral valve in an adult patient. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2015;21(3):393-5.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Yanagisawa</surname>
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            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mitral valve plasty for a hammock mitral valve in an adult patient</article-title>
          <source>Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
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        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Delmo Walter EM, Javier M, Hetzer R. Repair of parachute and hammock valve in infants and children: early and late outcomes. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;28(2):448-59.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Delmo Walter</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Javier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hetzer</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nico-radiogr&#225;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 4/2018 &#8211; Insufici&#234;ncia Valvar Mitral Acentuada, por Valva em Arcada, em Menina de 8 Anos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atik</surname>
            <given-names>Edmar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Binotto</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ang&#233;lica</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cassar</surname>
            <given-names>Renata de S&#225;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edmar Atik</bold>, Consult&#243;rio privado. Rua Dona Adma Jafet, 74, conj.73, Bela Vista. CEP 01308-050, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>conatik@incor.usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas / cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Sopros Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia, Raios X</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Sopro card&#237;aco fora auscultado de rotina com 6 anos de idade, com queixas na ocasi&#227;o de taquicardia e dor no peito. Foi realizado diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia mitral por valva em arcada e introduzido enalapril 2,5 mg/dia (0,1 mg/kg). Referia estar assintom&#225;tica, em plena atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        <p><bold>Exame f&#237;sico:</bold> bom estado geral, eupneica, acian&#243;tica, pulsos normais nos 4 membros. Peso: 25 kg; altura: 130 cm; PAMSD: 90 x 60 mmHg; Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC): 96 bpm; Satura&#231;&#227;o de Oxig&#234;nio (SatO<sub>2</sub>): 97%.</p>
        <p><bold>Prec&#243;rdio:</bold><italic>ictus cordis</italic> difuso, palpado no sexto espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo, desviado da linha hemiclavicular e com impuls&#245;es sist&#243;licas na borda esternal esquerda. Bulhas card&#237;acas hiperfon&#233;ticas, sopro holossist&#243;lico na &#225;rea mitral e axila com ruflar diast&#243;lico ap&#243;s a terceira bulha, ambos de moderada intensidade. F&#237;gado no rebordo costal direito, indolor.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Exames complementares</title>
          <p><bold>Eletrocardiograma:</bold> ritmo sinusal, com sinais de sobrecarga das cavidades esquerdas. Havia ondas R altas, precedidas por onda q e ondas T positivas, nas deriva&#231;&#245;es esquerdas, indicativas de sobrecarga diast&#243;lica do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE). A onda P era negativa em V1 e V2 e alargada em outras deriva&#231;&#245;es. A repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular era normal. AQRS + 30&#186;; AP + 50&#186; e AP +60&#186;.</p>
          <p><bold>Radiografia de t&#243;rax:</bold> &#225;rea card&#237;aca aumentada &#224; custa das cavidades esquerdas e com trama vascular pulmonar proeminente nos campos superiores, indicativa de congest&#227;o venocapilar pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax demonstrando aumento n&#237;tido da &#225;rea card&#237;aca &#224; custa das cavidades card&#237;acas esquerdas e da saliente trama vascular pulmonar nos campos pulmonares superiores, indicativo de congest&#227;o pulmonar.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0109-80128-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Ecocardiograma:</bold> mostrou cavidades esquerdas acentuadamente dilatadas. A valva mitral era espessada com cordas tend&#237;neas curtas e com c&#250;spides quase aderidas aos dois m&#250;sculos papilares (valva mitral em arcada). O anel mitral era dilatado e havia regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar acentuada, que permitia aparecimento de gradiente diast&#243;lico m&#225;ximo de 28 mmHg e m&#233;dio de 10 mmHg. As art&#233;rias pulmonares eram confluentes e discretamente dilatadas (13 mm). PMAP: 36 mmHg; Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD): 12; VE: 56; &#193;trio Esquerdo (AE): 59; Ao: 17; septo e parede posterior: 7; Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE): 63%; anel mitral: 30; anel tric&#250;spide: 21 mm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Ecocardiograma mostra o acentuado aumento das cavidades card&#237;acas esquerdas, especialmente do &#225;trio esquerdo em A e B, decorrente da n&#237;tida insufici&#234;ncia mitral em B. A conex&#227;o &#237;ntima das c&#250;spides com o m&#250;sculo papilar se faz sem cordas tendinosas em C e D. AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MP: m&#250;sculo papilar.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0109-80128-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico:</bold> insufici&#234;ncia mitral acentuada por valva em arcada com grande aumento das cavidades card&#237;acas esquerdas em menina de 8 anos, sem sintomas expressivos.</p>
          <p><bold>Racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico:</bold> Havia elementos cl&#237;nicos de orienta&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral acentuada, relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a de sopro sist&#243;lico de regurgita&#231;&#227;o e diast&#243;lico em ruflar, na &#225;rea mitral e na axila. A repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica era acentuada em vista do grande aumento das cavidades card&#237;acas esquerdas, evidenciado pelos exames complementares usuais. O diagn&#243;stico foi bem estabelecido pela ecocardiografia, quanto &#224; etiologia cong&#234;nita do defeito na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da valva mitral em arcada. Chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o o fato de, apesar da acentuada repercuss&#227;o do defeito, a paciente se manter sem sintomas e em evolu&#231;&#227;o natural at&#233; 8 anos de idade.</p>
          <p><bold>Diagn&#243;stico diferencial:</bold> com a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da insufici&#234;ncia valvar mitral acentuada, o diagn&#243;stico diferencial se refere &#224; procura de sua etiologia. Nesta idade, deve-se lembrar da causa reum&#225;tica, mesmo sem pr&#243;dromos sugestivos. Outras causas podem ser relacionadas a prolapso valvar, les&#227;o valvar por endocardite ou ainda por les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica de origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda diretamente do tronco pulmonar.</p>
          <p><bold>Conduta:</bold> em face da repercuss&#227;o acentuada do defeito valvar mitral, houve indica&#231;&#227;o operat&#243;ria, afim de corrigir o defeito e prevenir altera&#231;&#245;es evolutivas mais s&#233;rias, como disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar e tromboses cavit&#225;rias com embolias sist&#234;micas, dentre as principais. Presumia-se que a t&#233;cnica mais adequada seria a substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva mitral, acentuadamente alterada, mas com chances de sucesso atrav&#233;s pl&#225;stica, a ser avaliada no ato operat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coment&#225;rios</title>
        <p>A valva mitral em arcada foi descrita pela primeira vez como uma conex&#227;o direta dos m&#250;sculos papilares com os folhetos mitrais, de maneira direta ou pela interposi&#231;&#227;o de cordas inusitadamente curtas. Esta malforma&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita do aparelho tensor &#224;s vezes &#233; chamada de v&#225;lvula <italic>hammock</italic> (&#8220;rede de descanso&#8221;), porque imita uma rede quando ela &#233; observada a partir do &#225;trio. As cordas tendinosas s&#227;o espessadas e extremamente curtas, reduzindo os espa&#231;os intercordais e levando a uma excurs&#227;o anormal dos folhetos, que podem causar estenose e insufici&#234;ncia. Quando o espa&#231;o entre as cordas anormais &#233; completamente obliterado, uma ponte fibrosa e muscular une os dois m&#250;sculos papilares. Na forma mais grave, com nenhuma corda tend&#237;nea, os m&#250;sculos papilares s&#227;o diretamente fundidos com a borda livre dos folhetos. A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral piora progressivamente, com ou sem estenose concomitante. No entanto, mesmo com estas altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas, a v&#225;lvula pode funcionar de forma relativamente normal por muitos anos, como mostram algumas descobertas recentes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A maioria dos casos relatados se situa na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica, e h&#225; apenas alguns relatos de arcada mitral an&#244;mala em adultos. Na v&#225;lvula mitral em <italic>hammock</italic>, o reparo pode ser realizado com anuloplastia, comissurotomia, t&#233;cnicas modificadas de encurtamento do anel posterior e divis&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar, de acordo com a morfologia de apresenta&#231;&#227;o do aparelho valvar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
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