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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">jz9RcjnSDwcFMJTxZNy7xnj</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300104</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180133</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Indications of PCSK9 Inhibitors for Patients at High and Very High Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Behr</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Eduardo Ballv&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moriguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Emilio Hideyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Oscar Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ernesto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Irmandade Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>RS</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo Eduardo Ballv&#233; Behr</bold>, Av. Ipiranga, 6690 sala 300. CEP 9061-000, Jardim Bot&#226;nico, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>pbehr@cardiol.br</email>, <email>pbehr@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Behr PEB, Moriguchi EH, Castro I, Bodanese LC, Dutra OP, Le&#227;es PE, Pimentel Filho P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Paulo Eduardo Ballv&#233; Behr, MD, received lecture fees in continuing medical education programs from Amgen.</p>
          <p>Emilio Hideyuki Moriguchi received lecture fees in continuing medical education programs from Amgen and Sanofi.</p>
          <p>Luiz Carlos Bodanese, MD, participated as an investigator for the Odyssey and Rourier studies.</p>
          <p>Oscar Pereira Dutra, MD, participated as an investigator for the Rourier study.</p>
          <p>Paulo Ernesto Le&#227;es, MD, participated as an investigator for the Odyssey and Rourier studies.</p>
          <p>Pedro Pimentel Filho, MD, participated as an investigator for the Odyssey and Rourier studies.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>104</fpage>
      <lpage>108</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Proprotein Convertase 9</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II</kwd>
        <kwd>Ezetimibe, Simvastatin Drug Combination</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of ischemic acute coronary events and a significant proportion of ischemic strokes and peripheral artery ischemia. Such events result in significant mortality, physical and/or mental incapacity and costs for the individual and society.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
		</p>
    <sec>
      <title>LDL-C as a risk factor</title>
      <p>The causality of plasma LDL-C levels and reduced LDL-C uptake mediated by the LDL-C receptor in the pathophysiology of CVD has been very consistently established.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> For patients at very high risk for premature events, such as those with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), an elevated LDL-C level is an extremely prevalent risk factor.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Difficulty of achieving the goals with statins</title>
      <p>A relevant clinical question is the difficulty of achieving the LDL-C levels recommended by the guidelines for patients at very high cardiovascular (CV) risk. Even using high-potency statins, a substantial proportion of those patients will not achieve the LDL-C target, partially because of the pharmacogenetic effects that determine wide inter-individual variability in the response to statins. This emphasizes the need for an additional reduction in LDL-C levels with new therapeutic options aimed at those atherogenic particles.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>PCSK9 inhibitors</title>
      <p>The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a member of the serine protease family, plays a central role in the regulation of the liver LDL-C receptor activity. Individuals with mutations in the PCSK9 gene and function loss, and consequent lower LDL-C levels, have a substantially reduced risk of developing coronary artery disease. Inversely, heterozygous individuals for the PCSK9 mutation, with function gain, have a phenotype consistent with FH.</p>
      <p>Those findings have stimulated the investigation of the use of PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9-I) as an innovative therapeutic alternative to improve the control of elevated LDL-C levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Several clinical studies with different monoclonal antibodies against circulating PCSK9, both in isolation and combined with statins, have confirmed significant reductions in LDL-C levels, reaching up to 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>FOURIER, SPIRE and ODYSSEY</title>
      <p>The FOURIER trial, published in 2017, showed a significant reduction in relevant clinical events, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and atherothrombotic ischemic stroke, in patients with established CVD and plainly treated with moderate- and high-potency statins, associated or not with ezetimibe. The median LDL-C level was 92 mg/dL, and patients receiving evolocumab reached a median LDL-C level of 30 mg/dL. Safety data showed no significant adverse effect, except for injection-site reactions, in the median follow-up of 2.2 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The recently published EBBINGHAUS trial, assessing patients who received either PCSK9-I or placebo in addition to statin therapy, has shown no significant difference in cognitive function, even in individuals with very-low LDL-C levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another study using the monoclonal antibody bococizumab has shown a significant reduction in CV events, which is aligned with the result obtained with evolocumab in the FOURIER trial. However, the SPIRE trial was interrupted because of the development of high rates of antidrug antibodies and consequent reduction in the therapeutic response.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The ODYSSEY trial, recently presented as a late-breaking clinical trial at the American College of Cardiology Scientific Session, has assessed patients who had acute coronary syndrome within 1 to 12 months before randomization. All individuals were on moderate- and high-potency statins, associated or not with ezetimibe. The mean follow-up was 2.8 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> The trial has shown a significant reduction in non-fatal AMI, unstable angina and ischemic stroke in patients randomized to receive the PCSK9-I alirocumab. The subgroup of individuals with LDL-C levels greater than or equal to 100 mg/dL (already treated with statins) and receiving alirocumab had the highest benefit, with a 29% reduction in total mortality as compared to placebo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Cost <italic>versus</italic> benefit of new therapies</title>
      <p>Although the advent of precision medicine and the innovative treatments have guided to an individualized approach in prevention and patient&#8217;s management, the financial restrictions to the progressive increase in health system costs worldwide often requires balancing the therapeutic benefit and the cost of a certain intervention.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Brazilian guideline</title>
      <p>The recently updated Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias and Atherosclerosis Prevention recommends the use of PCSK9-I (evolocumab and alirocumab) only to patients at high CV risk, receiving optimized treatment with statins at the highest tolerated dose, either associated or not with ezetimibe, and who have not met the recommended LDL-C or non-HDL-C targets.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The Brazilian guideline, however, does not indicate which individuals will benefit most from the use of that new class of drugs.</p>
      <p>Some studies have demonstrated that the quantification of the absolute benefit of an additional therapy is an important factor to support the clinical decision of using or not the new treatment. In addition, financial aspects should be taken into account, but so far cost-effectiveness analyses of the PCSK9-I in Brazil have not been made.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Considering that the costs of PCSK9-I are greater than those of the other drugs for the treatment of CVD, it is important to identify among high-risk individuals those whose treatment is associated with greater clinical relevance, which can be estimated by the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent the first outcome within a certain time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In addition, calculating the NNT can help identify groups of patients who will benefit most from the addition of a non-statin therapy, by combining absolute risk and LDL-C thresholds.</p>
      <p>In this position statement of the Atherosclerosis Department of the Rio Grande do Sul Society of Cardiology, the selection of patients to use PCSK9-I is more conservative than that of most current guidelines on the use of those drugs. Thus, it is worth emphasizing that the use of antibodies against PCSK9 for individuals who do not meet the criteria presented in this document is not contraindicated, because the therapeutic decision involves clinical judgement and consensus between physicians and patients.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this position statement was aimed at identifying the individuals who will benefit most from the use of that new class of drugs to treat hypercholesterolemia.</p>
      <p>This first position statement will not address indications of that new class of drugs for statin-intolerant individuals or those on high-risk primary prevention, such as FH.</p>
      <p>Considering that evolocumab and alirocumab consistently reduce LDL-C levels by 50% at least, two factors should be observed to quantify the benefit of the treatment: the individuals&#8217; clinical characteristics and the LDL-C levels obtained after maximum treatment with statin/ezetimibe.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>1) Clinical characteristics of the patients</title>
        <p>The clinical characteristics of the patients at CV risk should be identified based on the absolute risk of CV events in 10 years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> The greatest benefit derived from the use of PCSK9-I is obtained in individuals at CV risk higher than 20% in 10 years. Thus, patients with previous coronary events or procedures, stroke or aortic aneurysm are classified as &#8220;high risk&#8221; (20-29% in 10 years).</p>
        <p>Patients at &#8220;very high risk&#8221; for CV events (over 30% in 10 years) are those with recurrent acute coronary syndrome, repeated arterial revascularization or repeated strokes within the first year from the initial event. Advanced age, and the association of diabetes or peripheral occlusive arterial disease are aggravating factors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2) LDL-C cutoff points after maximum treatment with statin/ezetimibe</title>
        <p>In addition to the patients&#8217; clinical characteristics, the LDL-C cutoff points from which the treatment with PCSK9-I provides the greatest benefits should be indicated.</p>
        <p>The FOURIER trial has shown that even individuals in the lowest quartile of LDL-C levels had a significant reduction in CV events when receiving evolocumab.</p>
        <p>However, when assessing that variable, it is worth noting that the reduction in the absolute risk for the same relative reduction in LDL-C level will be smaller when the baseline LDL-C level is lower (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). In other words, the higher the LDL-C level after treatment with statins/ezetimibe, the greater the benefit deriving from the treatment with PCSK9-I and the smaller the NNT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Absolute risk reduction for the same relative LDL-C level reduction from different initial LDL-C levels. (Reprint with permission from Oxford University Press).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
							</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0104-80133-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The relative reduction in CV events resulting from the use of statins, ezetimibe and monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9 has shown consistency with the relationship reported in the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists meta-analysis, in which every 39-mg/dL reduction in LDL-C was associated with a 21% reduction in major CV events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Criteria to support decision-making</title>
      <p>By associating the two variables presented in an excellent analysis and according to the CV risk and LDL-C levels of patients receiving treatment with statins, Robinson et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> have estimated the NNTs in 5 years to prevent a CV event.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) </p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>NNT in 5 years to prevent a cardiovascular (CV) event in "high" and "very high CV risk" individuals receiving treatment with high&#8209;potency statins by adding the PCSK9 inhibitor (PCSK9-I)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Initial LDL-C</th>
              <th align="center">50% reduction in LDL-C (with PCSK9-I)</th>
              <th align="center">65% reduction in LDL-C (with PCSK9-I)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <bold>High risk (20-29% risk of ACVD in 10 years)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">190</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">160</td>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="center">18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">130</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">100</td>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="center">28</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">70</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                <bold>Very high risk (risk of ACVD in 10 years &#8805; 30%)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">190</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">160</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">130</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="center">15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">100</td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">70</td>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="center">27</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>LDL-C: low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; PCSK9: proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; ACVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. (Table adapted with permission from Elsevier).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Although there is consensus that NNTs up to 50 are acceptable<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> for new interventions, it is worth noting that PCSK9-I are high-cost drugs. On the other hand, NNTs under 20 are rarely obtained for interventions to treat or prevent CVD resulting from the current studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Assuming that PCSK9-I consistently reduce LDL-C levels by at least 50%, we consider that NNTs under 30 are totally acceptable and identify a subgroup of individuals who will greatly benefit from receiving that new class of drugs.</p>
      <p>Therefore, patients at high CV risk, plainly treated with high-potency statin associated with ezetimibe, and whose LDL-C levels are higher than 130 mg/dL, will significantly reduce their risk of CV events by adding PCSK9-I to their treatment.</p>
      <p>Similarly, individuals at very high CV risk, treated with statin and ezetimibe, and whose LDL-C levels are higher than 100 mg/dl, have a very good chance of significantly reducing outcomes and the residual CV risk by adding that new class of drugs to their treatment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>This position statement of the Atherosclerosis Department of the Rio Grande do Sul Society of Cardiology identifies patients who can derive the greatest secondary clinical benefit from PCSK9 inhibition. Those patients have higher CV risk associated with the highest probability of achieving a significant LDL-C reduction. In addition, this document takes into account the financial limitations of the healthcare system and the current economic scenario.</p>
      <p>It is worth emphasizing that the use of antibodies against PCSK9 for individuals who do not meet the criteria presented in this document is not contraindicated, because the therapeutic decision involves clinical judgement and consensus between physicians and patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364(9438):937-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hawken</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ounpuu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dans</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
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          <source>BMJ</source>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Indica&#231;&#245;es do Uso de Inibidores da PCSK9 em Pacientes com Alto Risco e Muito Alto Risco Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Behr</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Eduardo Ballv&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moriguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Emilio Hideyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">2</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Iran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bodanese</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Oscar Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ernesto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">6</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre - Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia / Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Nossa Senhora da Concei&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo Eduardo Ballv&#233; Behr</bold>, Av. Ipiranga, 6690 sala 300. CEP 9061-000, Jardim Bot&#226;nico, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>pbehr@cardiol.br</email>, <email>pbehr@terra.com.br</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Behr PEB, Moriguchi EH, Castro I, Bodanese LC, Dutra OP, Le&#227;es PE, Pimentel Filho P.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dr. Paulo Eduardo Ballv&#233; Behr honor&#225;rios de palestras em programas de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada m&#233;dica continuada para Amgen.</p>
          <p>Dr. Emilio Hideyuki Moriguchi honor&#225;rios de palestras em programas de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada m&#233;dica continuada para Amgen e Sanofi.</p>
          <p>Dr. Luiz Carlos Bodanese participou como investigador dos estudos Odyssey e Rourier.</p>
          <p>Dr. Oscar Pereira Dutra participou como investigador dos estudo Rourier.</p>
          <p>Dr. Paulo Ernesto Le&#227;es participou como investigador dos estudos Odyssey e Rourier.</p>
          <p>Dr. Pedro Pimentel Filho participou como investigador dos estudos Odyssey e Rourier.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#243;-Prote&#237;na Convertase 9</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II</kwd>
        <kwd>Combina&#231;&#227;o de Ezetimiba e Simvastatina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) ateroscler&#243;tica &#233; a principal respons&#225;vel pelos eventos isqu&#234;micos agudos coron&#225;rios, propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico, bem como isquemia de art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas. Tais eventos conferem significativa mortalidade, incapacidade f&#237;sica e/ou mental e custo para o indiv&#237;duo e para a sociedade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>LDL-C como fator de risco</title>
        <p>A causalidade entre LDL-C plasm&#225;tico e a reduzida capta&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo receptor de LDL-C na fisiopatologia da DCV tem sido estabelecida com muita consist&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Para pacientes com muito alto risco de eventos prematuros, incluindo aqueles com hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF), LDL-C elevado &#233; um fator de risco extremamente prevalente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dificuldade em atingir metas com estatinas</title>
        <p>Uma quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica relevante &#233; a dificuldade na obten&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de LDL-C recomendados pelas diretrizes para indiv&#237;duos com muito alto risco cardiovascular (CV). Mesmo com o uso de estatinas de alta pot&#234;ncia, uma propor&#231;&#227;o substancial desses pacientes n&#227;o atingir&#225; o alvo do LDL-C, em parte como resultado de efeitos farmacogen&#233;ticos que determinam ampla variabilidade inter-individual na resposta &#224;s estatinas. Essa quest&#227;o enfatiza a necessidade de redu&#231;&#227;o adicional do LDL-C com novas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas que visem essas part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inibidores da PCSK9</title>
        <p>A protease PCSK9 (<italic>proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9</italic>), um membro da fam&#237;lia protease-serina, desempenha um papel central na regula&#231;&#227;o da atividade do receptor hep&#225;tico do LDL-C. Sujeitos com muta&#231;&#245;es no gene PCSK9 e que apresentam perda de fun&#231;&#227;o ter&#227;o risco substancialmente reduzido de desenvolver doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria resultante de menores n&#237;veis do LDL-C; inversamente, indiv&#237;duos heterozigotos para a muta&#231;&#227;o da PCSK9, com ganho de fun&#231;&#227;o, apresentam um fen&#243;tipo consistente com HF.</p>
        <p>Esses achados estimularam a investiga&#231;&#227;o do uso de inibidores da PCSK9 (I-PCSK9) como uma alternativa terap&#234;utica inovadora para melhorar o controle de n&#237;veis elevados do LDL-C.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In&#250;meros estudos cl&#237;nicos com diferentes anticorpos monoclonais contra PCSK9 circulante, tanto isoladamente quanto em adi&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estatinas, t&#234;m confirmado profundas redu&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis do LDL-C, atingindo at&#233; 60%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
				</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>FOURIER, SPIRE e ODYSSEY</title>
        <p>O estudo FOURIER, publicado em 2017, demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de eventos cl&#237;nicos relevantes como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e AVC isqu&#234;mico aterotromb&#243;tico em pacientes com DCV estabelecida e plenamente tratados com estatinas de moderada e alta pot&#234;ncia, associadas ou n&#227;o &#224; ezetimiba. A mediana de LDL-C era de 92 mg/dl e aqueles que receberam evolocumabe atingiram valor mediano do LDL-C de 30 mg/dl. Dados de seguran&#231;a n&#227;o mostraram efeitos adversos significativos, exceto maior incid&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#227;o no local de aplica&#231;&#227;o, no seguimento mediano de 2,2 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais sobre efeitos neurocognitivos com o uso desse I-PCSK9 foram recentemente publicadas no estudo EBBINGHAUS e n&#227;o demonstraram piora, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis do LDL-C muito baixos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em outra pesquisa que utilizou o anticorpo monoclonal bococizumabe, foi demonstrada redu&#231;&#227;o significativa nos eventos CV, similar &#224; obtida com evolocumabe no estudo FOURIER. No entanto, o estudo SPIRE foi interrompido devido &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de anticorpos contra a droga e consequente redu&#231;&#227;o de resposta terap&#234;utica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O Estudo ODYSSEY, recentemente apresentado no Congresso do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic>, avaliou pacientes que haviam apresentado s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda no per&#237;odo entre 1 e 12 meses antes da randomiza&#231;&#227;o. Todos os indiv&#237;duos estavam tratados com estatinas de moderada e alta pot&#234;ncia, associadas ou n&#227;o &#224; ezetimiba. O seguimento m&#233;dio foi de 2,8 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Esse estudo demonstrou significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de IAM n&#227;o fatal, angina inst&#225;vel e AVC isqu&#234;mico naqueles que foram randomizados para receber o I-PCSK9 alirocumabe. Achado interessante foi que o subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos com LDL-C maior ou igual a 100 mg/dl (j&#225; tratados com estatinas) e que recebeu alirocumabe apresentou o maior benef&#237;cio, inclusive com redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade total em 29%, comparado com o placebo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Custo <italic>versus</italic> benef&#237;cio de novas terapias</title>
        <p>Embora o advento da medicina de precis&#227;o e os tratamentos inovadores tenham sido o guia para uma abordagem individualizada na preven&#231;&#227;o e no manejo do paciente, as restri&#231;&#245;es financeiras ao crescente aumento do custo dos sistemas de sa&#250;de ao redor do mundo frequentemente requerem que o benef&#237;cio terap&#234;utico seja balanceado contra o custo de determinada interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diretriz brasileira</title>
        <p>A recentemente atualizada Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose recomenda a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos I-PCSK9 (evolocumabe e alirocumabe) somente em pacientes com risco CV elevado, em tratamento otimizado com estatinas na maior dose tolerada, associado ou n&#227;o &#224; ezetimiba, e que n&#227;o tenham alcan&#231;ado as metas do LDL-C ou n&#227;o HDL-C recomendadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No entanto, a diretriz brasileira n&#227;o aponta quais indiv&#237;duos ter&#227;o maior benef&#237;cio com o uso dessa nova classe de medicamento.</p>
        <p>Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o do &#8220;benef&#237;cio absoluto&#8221; de uma terapia adicional &#233; um fator importante para determinar a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica de usar ou n&#227;o esse novo tratamento. Aspectos financeiros tamb&#233;m devem ser levados em conta, mas, por enquanto, n&#227;o temos an&#225;lises de custo-efetividade com os I-PCSK9 no Brasil.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Considerando que os I-PCSK9 apresentam um custo acima daquele das demais drogas para o tratamento CV, torna-se importante identificar, na popula&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos de alto risco, aqueles para quem o tratamento estar&#225; associado a maior relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica. Essa pode ser estimada pelo n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar (NNT) para prevenir o primeiro desfecho em determinado tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo do NNT tamb&#233;m pode auxiliar a identificar grupos de pacientes que tenham maior benef&#237;cio da adi&#231;&#227;o de uma terapia n&#227;o estatina, usando uma combina&#231;&#227;o de risco absoluto e limiares do LDL-C.</p>
        <p>Dessa maneira, a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes para uso de I-PCSK9 deste posicionamento do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul &#233; mais conservadora que a maioria das atuais diretrizes para o uso dessas drogas. Sendo assim, &#233; importante enfatizar que indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o se enquadrem nas indica&#231;&#245;es para uso dos anticorpos contra PCSK9 apresentadas neste posicionamento n&#227;o est&#227;o proibidos de receb&#234;-los, pois a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica envolve julgamento cl&#237;nico e consenso entre m&#233;dico e paciente.</p>
        <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste posicionamento &#233; identificar quais s&#227;o os indiv&#237;duos que apresentam maior benef&#237;cio com o uso dessa nova classe de medicamento para tratar a hipercolesterolemia.</p>
        <p>Neste primeiro posicionamento n&#227;o abordaremos indica&#231;&#245;es para uso em indiv&#237;duos intolerantes &#224;s estatinas ou aqueles em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de alto risco, como na HF.</p>
        <p>Considerando que evolocumabe e alirocumabe reduzem consistentemente o LDL-C em pelo menos 50%, dois fatores devem ser considerados para quantificar o benef&#237;cio do tratamento: as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos indiv&#237;duos e os n&#237;veis do LDL-C obtidos ap&#243;s tratamento m&#225;ximo com estatina / ezetimiba.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>1) Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos indiv&#237;duos</title>
          <p>&#201; importante identificar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com risco CV, baseado no risco &#8220;absoluto&#8221; de eventos CV em 10 anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> O maior benef&#237;cio com o uso dos I-PCSK9 &#233; obtido em indiv&#237;duos com risco CV acima de 20% em 10 anos. Dessa maneira, pacientes com eventos ou procedimentos coron&#225;rios pr&#233;vios, ou AVC pr&#233;vio, ou aneurisma de aorta s&#227;o classificados como &#8220;alto risco&#8221; (risco entre 20% e 29% em 10 anos). </p>
          <p>Pacientes com &#8220;muito alto risco&#8221; para eventos CV (acima de 30% em 10 anos) s&#227;o aqueles com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda recorrente ou revasculariza&#231;&#245;es arteriais de repeti&#231;&#227;o ou repetidos AVCs, que ocorrem durante o primeiro ano do evento inicial. Idade avan&#231;ada, diabetes ou doen&#231;a arterial oclusiva perif&#233;rica associada tamb&#233;m constituem fatores agravantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2) Pontos de corte nos n&#237;veis do LDL-C, ap&#243;s tratamento m&#225;ximo com estatina / ezetimiba</title>
          <p>Associado a essas informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, indicamos os pontos de corte para n&#237;veis do LDL-C a partir dos quais existe maior benef&#237;cio do tratamento com os I-PCSK9.</p>
          <p>O Estudo FOURIER mostrou que, mesmo aqueles indiv&#237;duos que estavam no menor quartil do LDL-C apresentaram significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos CV ao acrescentar evolocumabe.</p>
          <p>No entanto, ao analisar essa vari&#225;vel, &#233; importante lembrar que a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco absoluto para a mesma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa do LDL-C ser&#225; menor quando o LDL-C basal for mais baixo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Em outras palavras, quanto mais elevado o n&#237;vel do LDL-C ap&#243;s tratamento com estatinas/ezetimiba, maior ser&#225; o benef&#237;cio do tratamento com os I-PCSK9 e menor ser&#225; o NNT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Redu&#231;&#227;o do risco absoluto para a mesma redu&#231;&#227;o relativa do LDL-C a partir de diferentes n&#237;veis iniciais do LDL-C. (Figura reimpressa com permiss&#227;o de Oxford University Press).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
								</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0104-80133-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o relativa nos eventos CV para estatinas, ezetimiba e anticorpos monoclonais contra PCSK9 tem demonstrado consist&#234;ncia com a rela&#231;&#227;o descrita na meta-an&#225;lise do CTT (<italic>Cholesterol Treatment Trialists</italic>) onde cada redu&#231;&#227;o de 39 mg/dl no LDL-C foi associada com 21% de redu&#231;&#227;o nos eventos CV maiores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios para decis&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ao associar as duas vari&#225;veis apresentadas em uma excelente an&#225;lise, Robinson et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> estimaram, de acordo com o risco CV dos indiv&#237;duos e dos seus n&#237;veis do LDL-C sob tratamento com estatinas, os NNTs em 5 anos para prevenir um evento CV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>NNT em 5 anos para prevenir um evento cardiovascular (CV) em indiv&#237;duos com "alto risco CV" e "muito alto risco CV", j&#225; tratados com estatinas de alta pot&#234;ncia, ao adicionar inibidor de PCSK9 (I-PCSK9)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">LDL-C inicial</th>
                <th align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C em 50% com I-PCSK9</th>
                <th align="center">Redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C em 65% com I-PCSK9</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Alto risco (risco de DCVA em 10 anos de 20-29%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">190</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">160</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">130</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">100</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom-width:thin;border-bottom-style:solid;border-top-width:thin;border-top-style:solid">
                  <bold>Muito alto risco (risco de DCVA em 10 anos &#8805; 30%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">190</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">160</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">130</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">100</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">70</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>LDL-C: low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol; PCSK9: proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. Tabela adaptada com permiss&#227;o de Elsevier.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
							</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Embora exista um consenso que NNTs at&#233; 50 s&#227;o considerados aceit&#225;veis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> para novas interven&#231;&#245;es, devemos lembrar que os I-PCSK9 s&#227;o drogas de alto custo. Por outro lado, NNTs abaixo de 20 s&#227;o raramente obtidos em interven&#231;&#245;es para tratamento ou preven&#231;&#227;o de DCV, resultantes de estudos atuais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Dessa maneira, partindo da premissa que os I-PCSK9 reduzem em pelo menos 50% o LDL-C, de maneira consistente, consideramos que NNTs abaixo de 30 s&#227;o plenamente aceit&#225;veis e identificam um subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos que ter&#227;o grande benef&#237;cio com o uso dessa nova classe de medicamentos.</p>
        <p>Consideramos, portanto, que pacientes com &#8220;alto risco&#8221; CV, plenamente tratados com estatina de alta pot&#234;ncia associada &#224; ezetimiba, e que apresentem LDL-C acima de 130 mg/dl, ter&#227;o expressiva redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos CV ao associar I-PCSK9.</p>
        <p>Da mesma maneira, indiv&#237;duos com &#8220;muito alto risco&#8221; CV e LDL-C acima de 100 mg/dl ap&#243;s uso de estatina e ezetimiba apresentam grande chance de obter significativa redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos e do risco CV residual com o uso dessa nova classe medicamentosa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este posicionamento do Departamento de Aterosclerose da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul identifica pacientes que podem obter o maior benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico secund&#225;rio &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da PCSK9. Esses s&#227;o os indiv&#237;duos com maior risco CV associado &#224; maior probabilidade de atingir grande redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C. Leva em conta, tamb&#233;m, restri&#231;&#245;es financeiras dentro do sistema de sa&#250;de e do cen&#225;rio econ&#244;mico atual.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante enfatizar que indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o se enquadrem nas indica&#231;&#245;es para uso dos anticorpos contra PCSK9 apresentadas neste posicionamento n&#227;o est&#227;o proibidos de ter indicado este tratamento, pois a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica envolve julgamento cl&#237;nico e consenso entre m&#233;dico e paciente.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
