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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">g33YNPQXJPZthc3Q7rvLjtG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300094</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005009102</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180117</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Type 1 Diabetes on the Symbolic Analysis and Complexity of Heart Rate Variability in Young Adults</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Aparecida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Giuliano Destro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanzella</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Manata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Rayana Loch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Franciele Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Presidente Prudente</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da Silva</bold> Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305. Postal Code 19060-900, Centro Educacional, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>anne_franca@hotmail.com</email>, <email>annekastelianne@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and analysis and interpretation of the data: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Christofaro DGD, Vanderlei FM, Vanderlei LCM; Acquisition of data: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Vanzella LM, Gomes RL; Statistical analysis: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Christofaro DGD, Vanderlei LCM; Obtaining financing: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Vanderlei LCM; Writing of the manuscript: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Vanzella LM, Gomes RL, Vanderlei FM, Vanderlei LCM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Christofaro DGD, Vanzella LM, Gomes RL, Vanderlei FM, Vanderlei LCM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>07</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>94</fpage>
      <lpage>101</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus can cause autonomic changes, which can be assessed by heart rate variability. Among the heart rate variability assessment methods, the symbolic analysis and Shannon entropy, based on the Chaotic dynamics, have gained prominence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To compare heart rate variability indexes, obtained through symbolic analysis and Shannon entropy, in young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy young individuals, associated with the analysis of linear indexes; and to verify if there are associations between the indexes obtained by the symbolic analysis and by Shannon entropy and linear indexes in diabetic individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Heart rate variability data from 39 young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 43 healthy young individuals were analyzed, using a cardio-frequency meter. Linear indexes (standard deviation of all normal RR intervals recorded in a time interval expressed in milliseconds; square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval expressed in milliseconds; low and high frequency components in millisecond squared; and normalized units and ratio between low and high frequency components) and nonlinear ones (Shannon entropy and symbolic analysis - standard without variation; with one or two variations; and with two different variations) of the heart rate variability were calculated. The statistical significance was set at 5%, and the confidence interval was 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Significantly lower values were observed in the DM1 group compared to healthy young adults for the standard deviation indexes of all normal RR intervals recorded in a time interval [37.30 (29.90) vs. 64.50 (36.20); p = 0.0001], square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval [32.73 (17.43) vs. 55.59 (21.60); p = 0.0001], low frequency component [402.00 (531.00) vs. 1,203.00 (1,148.00); p = 0.0001], high frequency component [386.00 (583.00) vs. 963.00 (866.00); p = 0.0001] and the pattern with two different variations [15,33 (9,22) vs. 20.24 (12.73); p = 0.0114], with the effect of this difference being considered large (standard deviation of all normal RR intervals recorded in a time interval, square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval and low frequency component), medium (high frequency component) and small (standard with two different variations). The agreement of the associations between the linear and non-linear indexes was considered elevated for the high frequency component index - normalized units (r = -0.776), with the standard index without variation, and moderate for the indexes square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval (r = 0.550), standard deviation of all normal RR intervals recorded in a time interval (r = 0.522), high frequency component - normalized units (r = 0.638) with the index standard with two similar variations, as well as for the indexes square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval (r = 0.627) and high frequency component - normalized units (r = 0.601) with the index standard with two different variations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus influenced linear indexes and symbolic analysis, but not yet in the complexity of heart rate variability. Additionally, heart rate variability indexes correlated with the symbolic dynamics.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus / complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes / diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes / therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2013/19055-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by FAPESP, process number 2013/19055-0 and partially funded by PIBIC.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells, resulting from both environmental and genetic processes. This condition affects approximately 382 million people worldwide, affecting more frequently children, adolescents and young adults.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Individuals with DM1 may have complications such as Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN), caused by damage to autonomic nerve fibers associated with the cardiovascular system, resulting in neurohumoral regulation disorders.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> CAN may interfere with the individual&#8217;s quality of life and prognosis, showing some clinical manifestations such as resting tachycardia, exercise intolerance, stroke and sudden death of cardiac origin, among others.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Heart Rate Variability (HRV), a simple, reproducible and non-invasive tool that shows the oscillations between consecutive heart beats (R-R intervals) associated with the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) influence on the sinus node,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> is indicated for the early assessment of autonomic status in diabetic individuals.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Its analyses can be performed by linear methods, in the time and frequency domains, and non-linear methods, in the chaotic domain,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> among which the symbolic analysis and entropy are highlighted.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The symbolic analysis has been recently studied and stands out for being able to differentiate both components of ANS<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> and quantify their impairment as a function of pathology, showing its effectiveness in assessing autonomic behavior and seeming appropriate to elucidate the neural pathophysiological mechanisms.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Shannon Entropy (SE) demonstrates the degree of complexity of signal sample distribution,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> which allows identifying conditions that may interfere with cardiovascular regulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Few studies have used these methods to assess individuals with diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Using symbolic analysis to investigate individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) without CAN, Moura-Tonello et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> have indicated that this population has greater sympathetic modulation and reduced parasympathetic modulation and global variability. In subjects with DM2 and CAN, entropy analyses have shown the lower complexity of these individuals when compared to individuals with DM2 without CAN.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>HRV is a technique that allows the assessment of autonomic behavior and can be analyzed through linear and non-linear methods.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> It is also well established that HRV indexes may be altered in several conditions - among them diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the literature indicates that SE and symbolic analysis, a new methodology for the analysis of HRV for autonomic behavior assessment, is altered in DM2, but the use of these HRV analysis methods in patients with DM1 is unknown.</p>
      <p>Considering that DM1 more frequently affects children and young adults, and that this population is subject to several complications, including autonomic alterations, which may lead to CAN, studies such as this are necessary to identify whether the use of new methods of autonomic activity analysis are capable of observing changes in the ANS behavior of young adults with DM1 without CAN, as well as which alterations may occur in the autonomic modulation of these individuals.</p>
      <p>Data such as these are important, because, in addition to adding elements to the literature related to the abovementioned topic, it can determine whether this type of analysis can be a relevant tool to identify and help in the understanding of DM1 influence in the autonomic modulation.</p>
      <p>The aim of the study was to compare HRV indexes obtained through symbolic analysis and SE, in young adults with DM1 and healthy subjects, associated with the analysis of the indexes obtained in the time and frequency domain, as well as to verify whether there are correlations between them for the young adults with DM1. The initial hypothesis was that the symbolic analysis and SE could identify autonomic alterations in individuals with DM1, when compared to healthy subjects, as well as the traditional HRV indexes, and that there are good correlations between such indexes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>To develop this cross-sectional observational study, 43 young adults diagnosed with DM1 were enrolled by convenience and allocated to the DM1 group and 45 healthy young individuals without DM1 were enrolled in the Control Group. To participate in the study, the DM1 Group volunteers should have a clinical diagnosis of DM1, confirmed by medical diagnosis and/or blood test, and no diagnosis or clinical signs of autonomic cardiac neuropathy. Neither group should have individuals with cardiorespiratory diseases and none of them were smokers and/or alcoholics. Only series of R-R intervals with more than 95% of sinus beats were included in the study, that is, series with variations in the measurement greater than 5% were disregarded.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
			</p>
      <p>To recruit the DM1 Group participants, endocrinologists and Basic Health Units were contacted and, for the Control group, students from a public university were invited to participate. To perform the sample calculation, considering the absence of studies with SE or symbolic analysis with DM1, the index corresponding to the square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals (RMSSD) was used, which is a classic index in HRV analysis. For the RMSSD index, considering a difference of 19.85 milliseconds, for a standard deviation of 25.30 milliseconds,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> with an alpha risk of 5% and beta of 80%, the sample size resulted in at least 25 individuals for each group; however, for eventual device reading errors, this number was increased in both groups.</p>
      <p>All procedures used in this study followed the Helsinki Declaration and were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of <italic>Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia</italic> (FCT/UNESP), Presidente Prudente <italic>Campus</italic> (CAAE: 22530813.9.0000.5402, opinion 417.031). The individuals signed the Free and Informed Consent Form.</p>
      <p>Initially, the volunteers underwent an interview to collect the following information: age, gender, time of diagnosis (for diabetics) and use of medications. Body mass (Welmy R/I 200 digital scale, Brazil) and height (Sanny stadiometer, Brazil) were also measured to obtain the Body Mass Index (BMI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> After these assessments, volunteers were submitted to the experimental protocol, which consisted in the assessment of autonomic modulation through heart rate (HR) monitoring, using a Polar S810i cardio-frequency meter (Polar Electro, Finland), and the use of the R-R interval series obtained for the analysis of HRV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In order to perform this stage, the volunteers were instructed to remain silent, awake, at rest, with spontaneous breathing for 30 minutes, in dorsal decubitus for HR measurement. All volunteers were instructed not to consume ANS stimulants, such as coffee, tea, soda, and chocolate, and not to perform physical activities 24 hours prior to the evaluation, in order not to interfere with cardiac autonomic modulation.</p>
      <p>The evaluations were performed individually in a room with temperature between 21&#176;C and 23&#176;C, and humidity between 40% and 60%, in the afternoon, between 1 pm and 6 pm to minimize circadian rhythm influences.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
			</p>
      <p>After HR measurement using a cardio-frequency meter, a thousand consecutive R-R intervals were selected from the period of greatest signal stability, and digital filtering was performed with a filter moderated by the software Polar Precision Performance&#8482; SW (version 4.01.029), followed by the manual one, to eliminate premature ectopic beats and artifacts.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the non-linear behavior of HRV, symbolic analysis and SE were used. The symbolic analysis evaluation is based on the quantification of the information carried in a temporal series, on the transformation of the previously selected R-R intervals into integers from zero to six, from which the symbolic patterns (three-symbol sequence) are constructed.</p>
      <p>All possible patterns were grouped without loss into four families, according to the number and type of variations between subsequent symbols,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> namely: (1) patterns, without variation (0V), that is, three equal symbols, for instance, "4,4,4"; (2) patterns with one variation (1V), that is, two subsequent equal symbols and a different one, for instance, "4,2,2"; (3) patterns with two similar variations (2LV), that is, the three symbols form an upward or downward slope, for instance, "1,3,4" or "5,4,2"; (4) patterns with two different variations (2ULV), that is, the three symbols form a peak or a valley, for instance, "3,5,3" or "4,1,2".</p>
      <p>The pattern related to the sympathetic branch performance is represented by the 0V family, and the performance of the parasympathetic branch is represented by the 2LV and 2ULV patterns. The joint performance of the ANS branches is represented by the 1V family.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> The frequencies of occurrence of these families (0V%, 1V%, 2LV% and 2ULV%) were evaluated in this study. To calculate these indexes, we counted the number of times a pattern, which belonged to a specific family, was found, using a specific non-linear analysis software.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Another variable calculated in the same software was SE, which represents the complexity of pattern distribution. SE was used to quantify the complexity/regularity of heart rate fluctuations. Based on Shannon's framework, entropy is the measure of information of a given message - a message with low entropy/information is characterized by repetition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>For the analysis of the linear HRV indexes, the RMSSD indexes and the standard deviation of the mean R-R intervals (SDNN) were used in the time domain.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>As for the frequency domain, the low (LF: 0.04 to 015 Hz) and high frequency (HF: 0.15 to 0.40 Hz) spectral components, in milliseconds squared and normalized units (n.u.), and the ratio of these components (LF/HF), were used. The spectral analysis was calculated using the Fast Fourier Transform algorithm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> The HRV analysis software (Kubios, Biosignal Analysis and Medical Image Group, Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Finland) was used to calculate these indexes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
			</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>In order to characterize the assessed volunteers, the descriptive statistical method was used, and the results are shown in absolute numbers, means and standard deviation for data with normal distribution (height, RMSSD, LF n.u., HF n.u., 2LV and SE) and median and interquartile range for those with non-normal distribution (age, body mass, BMI, SDNN, LF ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, Hf ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, LF/HF, 0V, 1V and 2ULV).</p>
        <p>For comparison between the groups (control and DM1), the normality of the data was initially determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. When the normal distribution was accepted, the Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test for independent groups was applied and, in the cases where the normal distribution was not accepted, the Mann-Whitney test was applied. The effect size of the difference between the comparisons was analyzed by Cohen&#8217;s d and values above 0.80 were adopted with high magnitude.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
				</p>
        <p>In order to verify the association and agreement between the indexes, correlations were carried out between linear and non-linear HRV indexes and, for this purpose, Pearson&#8217;s correlation was applied to the data with normal distribution, or Spearman&#8217;s correlation, for the ones that did not accept this distribution. Correlation values of r from 0.7 to 1 were considered strong, 0.4 to 0.6 were considered moderate and values of 0.1 to 0.3 were considered weak. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was calculated.</p>
        <p>The statistical significance was set at 5% and the Confidence Interval at 95% (95% CI). Data analysis was performed using the software MiniTab version 13.20 (Minitab, Pa, United States) and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, United States).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <p>Of the 88 assessed volunteers, six showed errors in the R-R interval series greater than 5% and were excluded. Therefore, we analyzed the data of 39 young adults with DM1 (20 females) and 43 healthy young individuals (22 females), whose characteristics can be seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. The DM1 group had higher values of body mass and BMI (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics of the control and type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
            <col width="25%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 43)</th>
              <th align="center">DM1 (n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Age, years<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">21.00 (5.00)</td>
              <td align="center">21.00 (7.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.5397</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Body mass, kg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">60.30 (22.80)</td>
              <td align="center">68.15 (22.90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0129</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Height, m<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1.69 (0.09)</td>
              <td align="center">1.73 (0.17)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4680</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">22.19 (4.67)</td>
              <td align="center">24.19 (5.84)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0216</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Values in bold represent p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Median (interquartile range);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>mean (standard deviation). BMI: body mass index.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Of the young individuals with DM1, 38.46% used other drugs in addition to insulin. Medications for the control of blood pressure (12.82%) and cholesterol (7.69%) were also used by these individuals. Moreover, 20.51% used drugs for thyroid disorders, 12.82% used contraceptives and 20.51% used medications for several diseases, such as rhinitis, diabetic polyneuropathy, peripheral neuropathy and epilepsy.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the linear index values in the HRV time domain for both groups. Significantly lower values were observed in the DM1 group when compared to the control group for both indexes (SDNN and RMSSD). The effect of the difference between the groups was considered high, as demonstrated by the obtained value of d = 1.210 and d = 1.203 for the SDNN and RMSSD indexes, respectively.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Values of the heart rate variability linear indexes in the time domain of the control and type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Index</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 43)</th>
              <th align="center">DM1 (n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Cohen's d Effect size</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SDNN<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">64.50 (36.20)</td>
              <td align="center">37.30 (29.90)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">1.21</td>
              <td align="center">Large</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">RMSSD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">55.59 (21.60)</td>
              <td align="center">32.73 (17.43)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">1.203</td>
              <td align="center">Large</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Values in bold represent p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Median (interquartile range);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>mean (standard deviation). SDNN: standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals recorded in a time interval, expressed in milliseconds; RMSSD: the square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals, in a time interval, expressed in milliseconds.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> represents the linear index values in the HRV frequency domain for both groups. Significantly lower values were observed in the DM1 group when compared to the control group for the LFms&#178; and HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> indexes. Regarding the effect of the difference between the groups, we obtained d = 0.9703 for the LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> index, showing a large effect, and, for the HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> index, d = 0.7759, considered a medium effect. For the other indexes, the effect was considered small, with d &lt; 0.2.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Linear index values of heart rate variability in the frequency domain of the control and type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Index</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 43)</th>
              <th align="center">DM1 (n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Cohen's d Effect size</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF ms<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">1,203.00 (1148,00)</td>
              <td align="center">402.00 (531.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.9703</td>
              <td align="center">Large</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF ms<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">963.00 (866.00)</td>
              <td align="center">386.00 (583.00)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0001</td>
              <td align="center">0.7759</td>
              <td align="center">Medium</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF n.u.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">49.76 (16.72)</td>
              <td align="center">54.54 (14.83)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1770</td>
              <td align="center">-0.332</td>
              <td align="center">Small</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">HF n.u.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">50.23 (16.72)</td>
              <td align="center">45.45 (14.84)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1770</td>
              <td align="center">0.3325</td>
              <td align="center">Small</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">LF/HF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">0.97 (1.05)</td>
              <td align="center">1.13 (0.82)</td>
              <td align="center">0.3071</td>
              <td align="center">-0.537</td>
              <td align="center">Small</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN7">
            <p>Values in bold represent p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN8">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Median (interquartile range);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN9">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>mean (standard deviation). LF: low-frequency component; HF: high-frequency component.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the values obtained with the HRV symbolic analysis and SE for both groups. Significantly lower values were observed in the DM1 group when compared to the Control group for the 2ULV index, but this difference was considered as having a small effect (d = 0.4803).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Values of the symbolic analysis and Shannon entropy of the control and type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) groups</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Index</th>
              <th align="center">Control (n = 43)</th>
              <th align="center">DM1 (n = 39)</th>
              <th align="center">p value</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2">Cohen's d Effect size</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">0V%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">17.93 (13.33)</td>
              <td align="center">23.04 (18.24)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1290</td>
              <td align="center">-0.352</td>
              <td align="center">Small</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">1V%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">47.69 (7.62)</td>
              <td align="center">48.79 (4.81)</td>
              <td align="center">0.4920</td>
              <td align="center">-0.091</td>
              <td align="center">Small</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2LV%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">11.99 (6.49)</td>
              <td align="center">11.73 (6.71)</td>
              <td align="center">0.8613</td>
              <td align="center">0.0393</td>
              <td align="center">Small</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">2ULV%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">20.24 (12.73)</td>
              <td align="center">15.33 (9.22)</td>
              <td align="center">0.0114</td>
              <td align="center">0.4803</td>
              <td align="center">Small</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ES<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref>
							</td>
              <td align="center">3.74 (0.40)</td>
              <td align="center">3.61 (0.45)</td>
              <td align="center">0.1663</td>
              <td align="center">0.3053</td>
              <td align="center">Small</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN10">
            <p>Values in bold represent p &lt; 0.05</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN11">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>mean (standard deviation);</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN12">
            <label>&#8224;</label>
            <p>median (interquartile range). 0V: pattern without variation; 1V: pattern with 1 variation; 2LV: pattern with two similar variations; 2ULV: pattern with two different variations; SE: Shannon entropy.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> shows the values of r, ICC and 95%CI obtained at the correlation of the linear indexes with SE and the indexes obtained in the symbolic analysis for the DM1 Group. The agreement shown by the ICC values was considered moderate for the associations of the RMSSD, SDNN, HF n.u. indexes with the 2LV index. The same was found regarding the association of RMSSD and HF n.u. indexes with the 2ULV index. High agreement was found for the LF n.u. index with the 0V index. Additionally, the 0V, 2LV, 2ULV and SE indexes showed a moderate correlation with SDNN, RMSSD, LF and HF indexes in ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and n.u. and the LF/HF ratio, with the exception of the 2ULV index with the SDNN index, SE with the HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> index, and 0V with the HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> index, which showed a weak correlation. A strong correlation was found for the 0V indexes with LF n.u., HF n.u. and LF/HF, for the 2LV index with LFms&#178; and for the SE index with LF/HF. The 1V index was the only one that did not show a significant correlation with the other HRV linear indexes and the 2ULV only for the HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> index.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Association of linear and nonlinear indexes of heart rate variability in the group with type 1 diabetes mellitus</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
            <col width="16%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Index</th>
              <th align="center">0V%</th>
              <th align="center">1V%</th>
              <th align="center">2LV%</th>
              <th align="center">2ULV%</th>
              <th align="center">SE</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>SDNN</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">r</td>
              <td align="center">-0.494</td>
              <td align="center">0.043</td>
              <td align="center">0.522</td>
              <td align="center">0.357</td>
              <td align="center">0.478</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICC</td>
              <td align="center">-1.204</td>
              <td align="center">0.058</td>
              <td align="center">0.410</td>
              <td align="center">0.295</td>
              <td align="center">0.037</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">95%CI</td>
              <td align="center">-3.204- -0.156</td>
              <td align="center">-0.795-0.506)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.126-0.690</td>
              <td align="center">-0.345-0.630</td>
              <td align="center">-0.836-0.495</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>RMSSD</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">r</td>
              <td align="center">-0.690</td>
              <td align="center">-0.081</td>
              <td align="center">0.550</td>
              <td align="center">0.627</td>
              <td align="center">0.650</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICC</td>
              <td align="center">-3.337</td>
              <td align="center">-0.072</td>
              <td align="center">0.539</td>
              <td align="center">0.617</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">95%CI</td>
              <td align="center">-7.271- -1.274</td>
              <td align="center">-1.045-0.438</td>
              <td align="center">0.122-0.759</td>
              <td align="center">0.270-0.799</td>
              <td align="center">-0.782-0.510</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LF ms<sup>2</sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">r</td>
              <td align="center">-0.692</td>
              <td align="center">0.034</td>
              <td align="center">0.721</td>
              <td align="center">0.495</td>
              <td align="center">0.669</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICC</td>
              <td align="center">-0.054</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.000</td>
              <td align="center">0.021</td>
              <td align="center">0.002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">95%CI</td>
              <td align="center">-1.009-0.447</td>
              <td align="center">-0.907-0.476</td>
              <td align="center">-0.849-0.491</td>
              <td align="center">-0.866-0.487</td>
              <td align="center">-0.903-0.477</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HF ms<sup>2</sup></bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">r</td>
              <td align="center">-0.365</td>
              <td align="center">0.036</td>
              <td align="center">0.469</td>
              <td align="center">0.202</td>
              <td align="center">0.381</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICC</td>
              <td align="center">-0.032</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">0.020</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">95%CI</td>
              <td align="center">-0.967-0.459</td>
              <td align="center">-0.905-0.476</td>
              <td align="center">-0.869-0.486</td>
              <td align="center">-0.888-0.481</td>
              <td align="center">-0.905-0.476</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LF n.u.</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">r</td>
              <td align="center">0.776</td>
              <td align="center">-0.080</td>
              <td align="center">-0.638</td>
              <td align="center">-0.601</td>
              <td align="center">-0.640</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICC</td>
              <td align="center">0.871</td>
              <td align="center">-0.295</td>
              <td align="center">-1.840</td>
              <td align="center">-1.575</td>
              <td align="center">-0.081</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">95%CI</td>
              <td align="center">0.754-0.932</td>
              <td align="center">-1.470-0.321</td>
              <td align="center">-4.416- -0.489</td>
              <td align="center">-3.911- -0.350</td>
              <td align="center">-1.062-0.433</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>HF n.u.</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">r</td>
              <td align="center">-0.776</td>
              <td align="center">0.080</td>
              <td align="center">0.638</td>
              <td align="center">0.601</td>
              <td align="center">0.640</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICC</td>
              <td align="center">-6.750</td>
              <td align="center">0.228</td>
              <td align="center">0.648</td>
              <td align="center">0.612</td>
              <td align="center">0.075</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">95%CI</td>
              <td align="center">-13.779- -3.064</td>
              <td align="center">-0.473- 0.595</td>
              <td align="center">0.329-0.815</td>
              <td align="center">0.260-0.796</td>
              <td align="center">-0.764-0.515</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>LF/HF</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
              <td align="center">
							</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">r</td>
              <td align="center">0.776</td>
              <td align="center">-0.080</td>
              <td align="center">-0.688</td>
              <td align="center">-0.601</td>
              <td align="center">-0.704</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">ICC</td>
              <td align="center">0.321</td>
              <td align="center">-0.712</td>
              <td align="center">-0.658</td>
              <td align="center">-0.294</td>
              <td align="center">-0.702</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">95%CI</td>
              <td align="center">-0.294-0.644</td>
              <td align="center">-2.264-0.102</td>
              <td align="center">-2.161-0.131</td>
              <td align="center">-1.468-0.321</td>
              <td align="center">-2.246-0.107</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN13">
            <p>Values in bold represent p &lt; 0.05. 0V: pattern without variation; 1V: pattern with a variation; 2LV: pattern with two similar variations; 2ULV: pattern with two different variations; SE: Shannon entropy; SDNN: standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals recorded in a time interval, expressed in milliseconds; ICC: intraclass correlation coefficient; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; RMSSD: square root of the mean of the squared differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals, in a time interval, expressed in milliseconds; LF: low frequency component; HF: high frequency component; n.u.: normalized units.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The aim of this study was to compare HRV indexes obtained through symbolic analysis and SE in young adults with DM1 and healthy young individuals, associated with the analysis of indexes obtained in the time (RMSSD and SDNN) and frequency (LF, HF in ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and in n.u., and LF/HF) domains, as well as verifying the existence of correlations between them in diabetic individuals.</p>
      <p>Our results show that individuals with DM1 have a reduction in the parasympathetic (RMSSD, HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and 2ULV), sympathetic (LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) and global (SDNN) activities of the ANS. They also showed that the 0V (sympathetic), 2LV (parasympathetic), 2ULV (parasympathetic) and SE indexes have moderate correlation with the SDNN, RMSSD, LF and HF indexes in ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and n.u. and LF/HF ratio, with the agreement of this association being considered moderate for the RMSSD, HF n.u., 2LV and 2ULV indexes, and high for LF n.u. and 0V indexes.</p>
      <p>The individuals with DM1 also had higher values of body mass and BMI in relation to the healthy subjects, which was also shown in the study of Javorka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> for the BMI variable, when evaluating 17 young adults (22.4 &#177; 1.0 years) with DM1.</p>
      <p>Based on the analysis of the HRV, it was possible to observe significantly lower values in the DM1 Group when compared to the Control, both for the SDNN and RMSSD indexes in the time domain and for the LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> indexes in the frequency domain, indicating a reduction in the global, sympathetic and parasympathetic activity of the ANS, with the effect of this difference being considered medium (HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) and large (SDNN, RMSSD and LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Similar results were indicated by other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>. Jaiswal et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> when evaluating 354 young individuals with DM1 (18.8 &#177; 3.3 years), observed a reduction in the SDNN, RMSSD, HF n.u. LF n.u. indexes and LF/HF ratio. Javorka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> evaluated a smaller sample of 17 individuals with DM1 (22.4 &#177; 1.0 years), indicating that it was possible to observe a significant reduction in the SDNN, RMSSD, LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> and HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> indexes. Also, Dungan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> when evaluating 33 individuals with DM1 older than 18 years, also found a reduction in the HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> index. These results show there is an autonomic alteration in DM1.</p>
      <p>Despite the similar results, our study did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups when analyzing the LF and HF indexes in normalized units and in the LF/HF ratio.</p>
      <p>Other methods of HRV analysis addressed in this study were non-linear: SE and symbolic analysis. This was recently described by Porta et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> and is based on the quantification of the information carried in a time series, allowing the development of patterns, denominated symbols (0V, 1V, 2LV and 2ULV), through specific calculations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> that indicate the autonomic behavior.</p>
      <p>The values obtained with the symbolic analysis in this study were significantly lower in the DM1 group when compared with the control for the 2ULV index, showing a parasympathetic decrease, although the magnitude of this difference was small. A parasympathetic reduction through symbolic analysis has also been observed by other authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Javorka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> when comparing the symbolic analysis in young adults with DM1 (21.9 &#177; 0.9 years) with healthy subjects of the same age group, observed a reduction of 2LV%, which reflects sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation, with parasympathetic predominance. A similar result was observed in the study by Moura-Tonello et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> who, when comparing adults (50.53 &#177; 6.96 years) with DM2 with healthy individuals, showed that, in diabetic individuals, there was a 2LV% reduction and an increase of 0V%, which reflects the sympathetic activity.</p>
      <p>Regarding SE, used to quantify the complexity/regularity of heart rate fluctuations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> no statistically significant difference was found when comparing the DM1 group with the healthy group. Corroborating our results, other authors also pointed out the lack of alteration in the complexity evaluated by SE, both in adults with DM2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and in young individuals with DM1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> These results suggest that, despite the autonomic imbalance, identified through other HRV indexes, the autonomic complexity seems to have no influence in these populations.</p>
      <p>Another point addressed in this study was the existence of an agreement in the correlations between linear and non-linear indexes (symbolic analysis). Moderate agreement was observed in the correlations of the RMSSD and HF n.u. indexes with the 2ULV and 2LV indexes of the symbolic analysis, and SDNN with 2ULV, in addition of a high concordance in the correlation between the LF n.u. and 0V indexes. These results demonstrate that the indexes obtained through the symbolic analysis show moderate and high agreement with the indexes obtained in the time and frequency domains, indicating they can also be used in the ANS analysis, since they showed similar results to those of the linear analyses and were able to identify changes in autonomic modulation, as well as the traditional HRV indexes.</p>
      <p>HRV alterations have been pointed out as a strong indicator of risk related to cardiovascular events, both in healthy individuals and in those with an already established disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> This condition increases the risk of sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias and is associated with elevated mortality rates from other causes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> indicating that cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients already at risk, such as those with DM, may be a complicating agent.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> HRV reduction is described as the first sign of CAN,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> with a mortality rate that is five-fold higher than in patients without this complication,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> being suggested as a diagnostic test by the American Diabetes Association&#174; (ADA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Some limitations should be pointed out, such as the cross-sectional study design, which made it impossible to follow the individuals for a longer time, not allowing to know whether the influence of DM1 on the ANS would remain or worsen in the long term. Also, the anthropometric characteristics, such as weight and BMI, were different between the groups and higher in the group with DM1; however, the mean values were within the normal range, that is, below the values considered for obesity and overweight (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Despite the abovementioned limitations, some positive points should be emphasized, such as the use of new methods of non-linear HRV analysis, such as the symbolic analysis, which was able to identify autonomic alterations in DM1 and can be used to evaluate and monitor this population. Moreover, we observed that the symbolic analysis showed a moderate and high agreement with some indexes evaluated in this study, indicating that this method should be included in the HRV analysis, associated with the traditional indexes of the time and frequency domains, being crucial in the clinical follow-up of the ANS status in this population. However, considering the small number of studies with this population that used methods such as symbolic analysis, further research should be encouraged so that more information can be disseminated about this method in other age groups and populations.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>The results show that type 1 diabetes mellitus influences linear indexes (time and frequency domains) and the symbolic analysis; however, it does not yet influence the heart rate variability complexity. Symbolic analysis correlates with linear indexes of heart rate variability.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by FAPESP, process number 2013/19055-0 and partially funded by PIBIC.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da Silva, from Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia and UNESP-Presidente Prudente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia (FCT/UNESP), Campus Presidente Prudente under the protocol number CAAE: 22530813.9.0000.5402; opinion 417.031. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia do Diabetes Tipo 1 na An&#225;lise Simb&#243;lica e Complexidade da Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Jovens Adultos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Aparecida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Christofaro</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Giuliano Destro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanzella</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Manata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Rayana Loch</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Franciele Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vanderlei</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Carlos Marques</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da Silva</bold> Rua Roberto Simonsen, 305. CEP 19060-900, Centro Educacional, Presidente Prudente, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>anne_franca@hotmail.com</email>, <email>annekastelianne@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Christofaro DGD, Vanderlei FM, Vanderlei LCM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Vanzella LM, Gomes RL; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Christofaro DGD, Vanderlei LCM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Vanderlei LCM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Vanzella LM, Gomes RL, Vanderlei FM, Vanderlei LCM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oliveira EA, Silva AKF, Christofaro DGD, Vanzella LM, Gomes RL, Vanderlei FM, Vanderlei LCM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O diabetes melito tipo 1 pode promover altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas, que podem ser avaliadas pela variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Dentre os m&#233;todos da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, t&#234;m ganhado destaque a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica e a entropia de Shannon, baseadas na din&#226;mica do caos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Comparar &#237;ndices da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca obtidos por meio da an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica e da entropia de Shannon, entre jovens com diabetes melito tipo 1 e jovens saud&#225;veis, associados &#224; an&#225;lise de &#237;ndices lineares; e verificar se h&#225; associa&#231;&#245;es entre os &#237;ndices obtidos pela an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica e pela entropia de Shannon e &#237;ndices lineares em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram analisados dados da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 39 jovens com diabetes melito tipo 1 e 43 jovens saud&#225;veis, obtidos por meio de um cardiofrequenc&#237;metro. Foram calculados os &#237;ndices lineares (desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo expresso em milissegundo; raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes em um intervalo de tempo expresso em milissegundo; componentes de baixa e alta frequ&#234;ncia, em milissegundo ao quadrado; e unidades normalizadas e raz&#227;o entre componente de baixa e alta frequ&#234;ncia) e n&#227;o lineares (entropia de Shannon e an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica - padr&#227;o sem varia&#231;&#227;o; com uma ou duas varia&#231;&#245;es; e com duas varia&#231;&#245;es diferentes) da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotada foi fixada em 5%, e o intervalo de confian&#231;a em 95%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram observados valores significativamente menores no Grupo DM1 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos jovens saud&#225;veis para os &#237;ndices desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo [37,30 (29,90) vs. 64,50 (36,20); p = 0,0001], raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes em um intervalo de tempo [32,73 (17,43) vs. 55,59 (21,60); p = 0,0001], componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia [402,00 (531,00) vs. 1.203,00 (1.148,00); p = 0,0001], componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia [386,00 (583,00) vs. 963,00 (866,00); p = 0,0001] e padr&#227;o com duas varia&#231;&#245;es diferentes [15,33 (9,22) vs. 20,24 (12,73); p = 0,0114], sendo o efeito desta diferen&#231;a considerado grande (desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo, raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes em um intervalo de tempo e componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia), m&#233;dio (componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia) e pequeno (padr&#227;o com duas varia&#231;&#245;es diferentes). A concord&#226;ncia das associa&#231;&#245;es entre os &#237;ndices lineares e n&#227;o lineares foi considerada elevada para o &#237;ndice componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia - unidades normalizadas (r = -0,776), com o &#237;ndice padr&#227;o sem varia&#231;&#227;o, e moderada para os &#237;ndices raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes em um intervalo de tempo (r = 0,550), desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo (r = 0,522), componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia - unidades normalizadas (r = 0,638) com o &#237;ndice padr&#227;o com duas varia&#231;&#245;es similares, assim como para os &#237;ndices raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes em um intervalo de tempo (r = 0,627) e componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia - unidades normalizadas (r = 0,601) com o &#237;ndice padr&#227;o com duas varia&#231;&#245;es diferentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O diabetes melito tipo 1 influenciou nos &#237;ndices lineares e na an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica, mas ainda n&#227;o na complexidade da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Al&#233;m disso, &#237;ndices de variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o com a din&#226;mica simb&#243;lica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus / complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes / diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes / terapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2013/19055-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), n&#250;mero do processo 2013/19055-0 e parcialmente financiado pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O Diabetes Melito Tipo 1 (DM1) &#233; caracterizado pela destrui&#231;&#227;o autoimune das c&#233;lulas produtoras de insulina, podendo ser resultante tanto de processos ambientais quanto gen&#233;ticos. Esta condi&#231;&#227;o atinge cerca de 382 milh&#245;es de pessoas mundialmente, acometendo, com maior frequ&#234;ncia, crian&#231;as, adolescentes e adultos jovens.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos com DM1 podem apresentar complica&#231;&#245;es como a Neuropatia Auton&#244;mica Cardiovascular (NAC), originada por danos &#224;s fibras nervosas auton&#244;micas relacionadas ao sistema cardiovascular, resultando em dist&#250;rbios em sua regula&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A NAC pode interferir na qualidade de vida e no progn&#243;stico do indiv&#237;duo, apresentando algumas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como taquicardia em repouso, intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, acidente vascular cerebral e morte s&#250;bita de origem card&#237;aca, entre outras.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (VFC), uma ferramenta simples, reprodut&#237;vel e n&#227;o invasiva, que mostra as oscila&#231;&#245;es existentes entre batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos (intervalos R-R) relacionadas &#224;s influ&#234;ncias do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo (SNA) sobre o n&#243;dulo sinusal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> &#233; indicada para avaliar precocemente o estado auton&#244;mico em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Suas an&#225;lises podem ser realizadas por m&#233;todos lineares, nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia, e n&#227;o lineares, no dom&#237;nio do caos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> dentre os quais se destacam a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica e a entropia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica vem sendo estudada recentemente e se destaca por conseguir distinguir ambos os componentes do SNA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> e quantificar seu comprometimento em fun&#231;&#227;o da patologia, mostrando ser efetiva na avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento auton&#244;mico e parecendo apropriada para elucidar os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos neurais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> J&#225; a Entropia de Shannon (ES) demonstra o grau de complexidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das amostras de um sinal,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> o que permite identificar condi&#231;&#245;es que possam interferir na regula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Poucos estudos utilizaram estes m&#233;todos para avaliar indiv&#237;duos com diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Utilizando a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica para investigar indiv&#237;duos com Diabetes Melito Tipo 2 (DM2) sem NAC, Moura-Tonello et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> apontaram que esta popula&#231;&#227;o apresenta maior modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e redu&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica e da variabilidade global. Em indiv&#237;duos com DM2 e NAC, as an&#225;lises por meio de entropia mostraram menor complexidade desses indiv&#237;duos em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos com DM2 sem NAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A VFC &#233; uma t&#233;cnica que permite avaliar o comportamento auton&#244;mico e pode ser analisada por m&#233;todos lineares e n&#227;o lineares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Tamb&#233;m &#233; bem estabelecido que &#237;ndices de VFC podem estar alterados em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es - dentre elas o diabetes melito. Al&#233;m disso, a literatura aponta que a ES e a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica, uma nova metodologia de an&#225;lise da VFC para avalia&#231;&#227;o do comportamento auton&#244;mico, est&#225; alterada em DM2, mas &#233; desconhecida a utiliza&#231;&#227;o destes m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise da VFC em pacientes com DM1.</p>
        <p>Tendo em vista que o DM1 acomete com maior frequ&#234;ncia crian&#231;as e jovens, e que tal popula&#231;&#227;o est&#225; sujeita a diversas complica&#231;&#245;es, inclusive altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas, que podem levar &#224; NAC, estudos desta natureza se fazem necess&#225;rios, a fim de identificar se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de novos m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise da atividade auton&#244;mica s&#227;o capazes de observar altera&#231;&#245;es no comportamento do SNA de jovens com DM1 sem NAC, bem como quais altera&#231;&#245;es podem ocorrer na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica desses indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es dessa natureza s&#227;o importantes, pois, al&#233;m de acrescentarem elementos &#224; literatura relacionada ao tema exposto, podem determinar se esta forma de an&#225;lise &#233; capaz de ser uma ferramenta de relev&#226;ncia para identificar e auxiliar na compreens&#227;o da influ&#234;ncia da DM1 na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.</p>
        <p>O objetivo do estudo foi comparar &#237;ndices de VFC obtidos por meio da an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica e ES, entre jovens com DM1 e jovens saud&#225;veis, associados &#224; an&#225;lise de &#237;ndices obtidos no dom&#237;nio do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia, assim como verificar se h&#225; correla&#231;&#245;es entre eles para os jovens com DM1. A hip&#243;tese inicial foi a de que a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica e a ES poderiam identificar altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas em portadores de DM1, em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, assim como os &#237;ndices tradicionais da VFC, e que existam boas correla&#231;&#245;es entre tais &#237;ndices.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <p>Para desenvolver este estudo observacional transversal, foram recrutados, por conveni&#234;ncia, 43 jovens adultos com diagn&#243;stico de DM1 alocados no Grupo DM1 e 45 jovens saud&#225;veis sem DM1 distribu&#237;dos no Grupo Controle. Para participarem do estudo, os volunt&#225;rios do Grupo DM1 deveriam possuir diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de DM1 confirmado por diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico e/ou exame sangu&#237;neo e sem diagn&#243;stico e sinais cl&#237;nicos de neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca . Ambos os grupos deveriam ter aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiorrespirat&#243;rias e n&#227;o ser tabagista e/ou etilista. Somente s&#233;ries de intervalos RR com mais de 95% de batimentos sinusais foram inclu&#237;das no estudo, ou seja, s&#233;ries com varia&#231;&#245;es na capta&#231;&#227;o maior que 5% foram deixadas de lado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para o recrutamento do Grupo DM1, foram contactados m&#233;dicos endocrinologistas e Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de e, para o Controle, foram convidados alunos de uma universidade p&#250;blica. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lculo amostral em fun&#231;&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de estudos com ES ou an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica com DM1, foi utilizado o &#237;ndice que corresponde &#224; raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre os iRRs normais adjacentes (RMSSD), que &#233; um &#237;ndice cl&#225;ssico na an&#225;lise de VFC. Para o &#237;ndice RMSSD, considerando diferen&#231;a de 19,85 milissegundos, para um desvio padr&#227;o de 25,30 milissegundos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> com risco alfa de 5% e beta de 80%, o tamanho amostral resultou em, ao menos, 25 indiv&#237;duos para cada grupo, mas, para eventuais erros de leitura do dispositivo, este n&#250;mero foi aumentado em ambos os grupos.</p>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos utilizados neste estudo seguiram a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia (FCT/UNESP), <italic>Campus</italic> de Presidente Prudente (CAAE: 22530813.9.0000.5402; parecer 417.031). Os indiv&#237;duos assinaram um Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, os volunt&#225;rios passaram por uma entrevista para coleta das seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es: idade, sexo, tempo de diagn&#243;stico (para os diab&#233;ticos) e uso de medicamentos. Foram mensuradas, ainda, a massa corporal (balan&#231;a digital Welmy R/I 200, Brasil) e a estatura (estadi&#244;metro Sanny, Brasil), para obten&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Posteriormente a estas avalia&#231;&#245;es, os volunt&#225;rios foram submetidos ao protocolo experimental, que consistiu na avalia&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, por meio da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC) batimento a batimento, utilizando o cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar S810i (Polar Electro, Finl&#226;ndia), e do uso da s&#233;rie de intervalos RR obtida para an&#225;lise da VFC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o desta etapa, os volunt&#225;rios foram orientados a manterem-se em sil&#234;ncio, acordados, em repouso, com respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea por 30 minutos, em dec&#250;bito dorsal para a capta&#231;&#227;o da FC. Todos os volunt&#225;rios foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o consumir subst&#226;ncias estimulantes do SNA, como caf&#233;, ch&#225;, refrigerante e achocolatados, e a n&#227;o realizar atividades f&#237;sicas 24 horas antes da avalia&#231;&#227;o, para n&#227;o interferir na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.</p>
        <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas individualmente em uma sala com temperatura entre 21&#176;C e 23&#176;C, e umidade entre 40 e 60%, no per&#237;odo da tarde, entre 13 e 18h para minimizar as influ&#234;ncias do ritmo circadiano.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a capta&#231;&#227;o da FC pelo cardiofrequenc&#237;metro, foram selecionados mil intervalos RR consecutivos do per&#237;odo de maior estabilidade do sinal e foi realizada filtragem digital com filtro moderado pelo software Polar Precision Performance&#8482; SW (vers&#227;o 4.01.029) seguida de manual, para elimina&#231;&#227;o de batimentos ect&#243;picos prematuros e artefatos.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar o comportamento n&#227;o linear da VFC, foram utilizadas a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica e a ES. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica se baseia em quantificar as informa&#231;&#245;es carreadas em uma s&#233;rie temporal, na transforma&#231;&#227;o dos iRR previamente selecionados em n&#250;meros inteiros de zero a seis, a partir dos quais s&#227;o constru&#237;dos padr&#245;es simb&#243;licos (sequ&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s s&#237;mbolos).</p>
        <p>Todos os poss&#237;veis padr&#245;es foram agrupados sem perdas em quatro fam&#237;lias, de acordo com o n&#250;mero e o tipo de varia&#231;&#245;es entre os s&#237;mbolos subsequentes,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> a saber: (1) padr&#245;es, sem varia&#231;&#227;o (0V), ou seja tr&#234;s s&#237;mbolos iguais, por exemplo, &#8220;4,4,4&#8221;; (2) padr&#245;es com uma varia&#231;&#227;o (1V), ou seja dois s&#237;mbolos subsequentes iguais e outro diferente, por exemplo, &#8220;4,2,2&#8221;; (3) padr&#245;es com duas varia&#231;&#245;es similares (2LV) ou seja, os tr&#234;s s&#237;mbolos formam uma rampa ascendente ou descendente, por exemplo, &#8220;1,3,4&#8221; ou &#8220;5,4,2&#8221;; (4) padr&#245;es com duas varia&#231;&#245;es diferentes (2ULV), ou seja os tr&#234;s s&#237;mbolos formam um pico ou um vale, por exemplo, &#8220;3,5,3&#8221; ou &#8220;4,1,2&#8221;.</p>
        <p>O padr&#227;o referente &#224; atua&#231;&#227;o do ramo simp&#225;tico &#233; representado pela fam&#237;lia 0V, e a atua&#231;&#227;o do ramo parassimp&#225;tico &#233; representado pelos padr&#245;es 2LV e 2ULV. J&#225; a atua&#231;&#227;o conjunta dos ramos do SNA &#233; presentada pela fam&#237;lia 1V.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> As frequ&#234;ncias de ocorr&#234;ncia destas fam&#237;lias (0V%, 1V%, 2LV% e 2ULV%) foram avaliadas neste estudo. Para calcular estes &#237;ndices, foi contado o n&#250;mero de vezes que um padr&#227;o, pertencente a uma fam&#237;lia espec&#237;fica, foi encontrado, utilizando um <italic>software</italic> espec&#237;fico de an&#225;lise n&#227;o linear.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Outra vari&#225;vel calculada no mesmo <italic>software</italic> foi a ES que representa a complexidade de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es. A ES foi utilizada para quantificar a complexidade/regularidade das flutua&#231;&#245;es da taxa do cora&#231;&#227;o. Com base no quadro de Shannon, a entropia &#233; a medida de informa&#231;&#227;o de uma determinada mensagem - uma mensagem com uma baixa entropia/informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; caracterizada pela repeti&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos &#237;ndices lineares da VFC, foram utilizados, no dom&#237;nio do tempo, os &#237;ndices RMSSD e o desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia dos intervalos RR normais (SDNN).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
				</p>
        <p>J&#225; para o dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, foram utilizados os componentes espectrais de baixa (LF: 0,04 a 015 Hz) e alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF: 0,15 a 0,40 Hz), em milissegundos ao quadrado e unidades normalizadas (u.n.) e a raz&#227;o entre esses componentes (LF/HF). A an&#225;lise espectral foi calculada usando o algoritmo da Transformada R&#225;pida de Fourier.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> O <italic>software HRV analysis</italic> (Kubios, Biosignal Analysis and Medical Image Group, Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Finl&#226;ndia) foi utilizado para c&#225;lculo desses &#237;ndices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
				</p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos volunt&#225;rios analisados, foi utilizado o m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico descritivo, e os resultados foram apresentados em n&#250;meros absolutos, m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal (estatura, RMSSD, LF u.n., HF u.n., 2LV e ES) e mediana e intervalo interquartil para aqueles com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal (idade, massa corporal, IMC, SDNN, LF ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, Hf ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, LF/HF, 0V, 1V e 2ULV).</p>
          <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos (controle e DM1), inicialmente foi determinada a normalidade dos dados por meio do teste Shapiro-Wilk. Quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi aceita, o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para grupos independentes foi aplicado e, nas situa&#231;&#245;es em que a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal n&#227;o foi aceita, foi aplicado o teste de Mann-Whitney. Foi analisado o tamanho do efeito da diferen&#231;a entre as compara&#231;&#245;es pelo d de Cohen e adotado com elevada magnitude valores acima de 0,80.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Para verificar a rela&#231;&#227;o e a concord&#226;ncia entre os &#237;ndices, foram realizadas correla&#231;&#245;es entre os &#237;ndices lineares e n&#227;o lineares da VFC e, para isso, foi aplicada a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, para os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, ou correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, para aqueles que n&#227;o aceitaram esta distribui&#231;&#227;o, sendo considerado como forte correla&#231;&#227;o valores de r de 0,7 a 1, moderada de 0,4 a 0,6 e fraca de 0,1 a 0,3. Foi calculado o Coeficiente de Correla&#231;&#227;o Intraclasse (CCI).</p>
          <p>A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotada foi fixada em 5%, e o Intervalo de Confian&#231;a em 95% (IC95%). A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada por meio dos softwares: MiniTab vers&#227;o 13.20 (Minitab, Pa, Estados Unidos) e Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), vers&#227;o 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, Estados Unidos).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <p>Dos 88 volunt&#225;rios avaliados, seis apresentaram erros na s&#233;rie de intervalos RR maior que 5% e foram exclu&#237;dos. Desta forma, foram analisados dados de 39 jovens com DM1 (20 mulheres) e de 43 jovens saud&#225;veis (22 mulheres), cujas caracter&#237;sticas podem ser encontradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabela 1</xref>. O grupo com DM1 apresentou maiores valores de massa corporal e IMC (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos Grupos Controle e Diabetes Melito Tipo 1 (DM1)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 43)</th>
                <th align="center">DM1 (n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade, anos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">21,00 (5,00)</td>
                <td align="center">21,00 (7,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,5397</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Massa corporal, kg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">60,30 (22,80)</td>
                <td align="center">68,15 (22,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estatura, m<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1,69 (0,09)</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 (0,17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4680</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">22,19 (4,67)</td>
                <td align="center">24,19 (5,84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0216</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>Valores em negrito representam p &lt; 0,05</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mediana (intervalo interquartil);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dos jovens com DM1, 38,46% utilizavam outros medicamentos al&#233;m da insulina. Medica&#231;&#227;o para controle da press&#227;o arterial (12,82%) e do colesterol (7,69%) tamb&#233;m eram utilizadas por estes indiv&#237;duos. Al&#233;m disso, 20,51% utilizavam medicamentos para dist&#250;rbios da tireoide, 12,82% anticoncepcional e 20,51% para causas diversas, como rinite, polineuropatia diab&#233;tica, neuropatia perif&#233;rica e epilepsia.</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabela 2</xref> representa os valores dos &#237;ndices lineares no dom&#237;nio do tempo da VFC para ambos os grupos. Observaram-se valores significativamente menores no grupo DM1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle para ambos os &#237;ndices (SDNN e RMSSD). O efeito da diferen&#231;a entre os grupos foi considerado elevado, sendo demonstrado pelo valor obtido de d = 1,210 e d = 1,203 para os &#237;ndices SDNN e RMSSD, respectivamente.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores dos &#237;ndices lineares da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no dom&#237;nio do tempo dos grupos controle e diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndice</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 43)</th>
                <th align="center">DM1 (n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Cohen's d Tamanho do efeito</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SDNN<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">64,50 (36,20)</td>
                <td align="center">37,30 (29,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">1,21</td>
                <td align="center">Grande</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">55,59 (21,60)</td>
                <td align="center">32,73 (17,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">1,203</td>
                <td align="center">Grande</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <p>Valores em negrito representam p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mediana (intervalo interquartil);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o). SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo, expresso em milissegundo; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes, em um intervalo de tempo, expresso em milissegundo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabela 3</xref> representa os valores dos &#237;ndices lineares no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia da VFC para ambos os grupos. Observaram-se valores significativamente menores no Grupo DM1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o controle para os &#237;ndices LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao efeito da diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, foi obtido d = 0,9703 para o &#237;ndice LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, demonstrando um efeito grande, e, para o &#237;ndice HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, d = 0,7759, considerado um efeito m&#233;dio. Para os demais &#237;ndices, o efeito foi considerado pequeno, com d &lt; 0,2.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores dos &#237;ndices lineares da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia dos grupos controle e diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndice</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 43)</th>
                <th align="center">DM1 (n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Cohen's d Tamanho do efeito</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF ms<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">1.203,00 (1148,00)</td>
                <td align="center">402,00 (531,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,9703</td>
                <td align="center">Grande</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF ms<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">963,00 (866,00)</td>
                <td align="center">386,00 (583,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001</td>
                <td align="center">0,7759</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF u.n.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">49,76 (16,72)</td>
                <td align="center">54,54 (14,83)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1770</td>
                <td align="center">-0,332</td>
                <td align="center">Pequeno</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF u.n.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">50,23 (16,72)</td>
                <td align="center">45,45 (14,84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1770</td>
                <td align="center">0,3325</td>
                <td align="center">Pequeno</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF/HF<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3071</td>
                <td align="center">-0,537</td>
                <td align="center">Pequeno</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <p>Valores em negrito representam p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mediana (intervalo interquartil);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o). LF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tabela 4</xref> representa os valores obtidos com a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica e ES da VFC para ambos os grupos. Observaram-se valores significativamente menores no Grupo DM1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Controle para o &#237;ndice 2ULV, mas esta diferen&#231;a foi considerada de pequeno efeito (d = 0,4803).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores da an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica e entropia de Shannon dos grupos controle e diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndice</th>
                <th align="center">Controle (n = 43)</th>
                <th align="center">DM1 (n = 39)</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2">Cohen's d Tamanho do efeito</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">0V%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">17,93 (13,33)</td>
                <td align="center">23,04 (18,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1290</td>
                <td align="center">-0,352</td>
                <td align="center">Pequeno</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">1V%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">47,69 (7,62)</td>
                <td align="center">48,79 (4,81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4920</td>
                <td align="center">-0,091</td>
                <td align="center">Pequeno</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2LV%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">11,99 (6,49)</td>
                <td align="center">11,73 (6,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8613</td>
                <td align="center">0,0393</td>
                <td align="center">Pequeno</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">2ULV%<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">20,24 (12,73)</td>
                <td align="center">15,33 (9,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,0114</td>
                <td align="center">0,4803</td>
                <td align="center">Pequeno</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ES<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">&#8224;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">3,74 (0,40)</td>
                <td align="center">3,61 (0,45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1663</td>
                <td align="center">0,3053</td>
                <td align="center">Pequeno</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <p>Valores em negrito representam p &lt; 0,05.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>mediana (intervalo interquartil). 0V: padr&#227;o sem varia&#231;&#227;o; 1V: padr&#227;o com 1 varia&#231;&#227;o; 2LV: padr&#227;o com duas varia&#231;&#245;es similares; 2ULV: padr&#227;o com duas varia&#231;&#245;es diferentes; ES: entropia de Shannon.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabela 5</xref> apresenta os valores de r, CCI e IC95% obtidos na correla&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices lineares com a ES e os &#237;ndices obtidos na an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica para o Grupo DM1. A concord&#226;ncia apresentada pelos valores do CCI foi considerada moderada para as associa&#231;&#245;es dos &#237;ndices RMSSD, SDNN, HF u.n. com o &#237;ndice 2LV. O mesmo foi encontrado na associa&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices RMSSD e HF u.n. com o &#237;ndice 2ULV. Elevada concord&#226;ncia foi encontrada para o &#237;ndice para LF u.n. com o &#237;ndice 0V. Ademais, os &#237;ndices 0V, 2LV, 2ULV e ES apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o moderada com os &#237;ndices SDNN, RMSSD, LF e HF em ms&#178; e u.n. e a rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF, a exce&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice 2ULV com o &#237;ndice SDNN, ES com o &#237;ndice HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>, e 0V com o &#237;ndice HFms&#178;, que apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o fraca. Correla&#231;&#227;o forte foi encontrada para os &#237;ndices 0V com LF u.n., HF u.n. e LF/HF, para o &#237;ndice 2LV com LFms&#178; e para o &#237;ndice ES com LF/HF. O &#237;ndice 1V foi o &#250;nico que n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significante com os demais &#237;ndices lineares da VFC e o 2ULV apenas para o &#237;ndice HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices lineares e n&#227;o lineares da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do grupo com diabetes melito tipo 1</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#205;ndice</th>
                <th align="center">0V%</th>
                <th align="center">1V%</th>
                <th align="center">2LV%</th>
                <th align="center">2ULV%</th>
                <th align="center">ES</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SDNN</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">r</td>
                <td align="center">-0,494</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
                <td align="center">0,522</td>
                <td align="center">0,357</td>
                <td align="center">0,478</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCI</td>
                <td align="center">-1,204</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
                <td align="center">0,410</td>
                <td align="center">0,295</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC95%</td>
                <td align="center">-3,204- -0,156</td>
                <td align="center">-0,795-0,506</td>
                <td align="center">-0,126-0,690</td>
                <td align="center">-0,345-0,630</td>
                <td align="center">-0,836-0,495</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>RMSSD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">r</td>
                <td align="center">-0,690</td>
                <td align="center">-0,081</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
                <td align="center">0,627</td>
                <td align="center">0,650</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCI</td>
                <td align="center">-3,337</td>
                <td align="center">-0,072</td>
                <td align="center">0,539</td>
                <td align="center">0,617</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC95%</td>
                <td align="center">-7,271- -1,274</td>
                <td align="center">-1,045-0,438</td>
                <td align="center">0,122-0,759</td>
                <td align="center">0,270-0,799</td>
                <td align="center">-0,782-0,510</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LF ms<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">r</td>
                <td align="center">-0,692</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
                <td align="center">0,721</td>
                <td align="center">0,495</td>
                <td align="center">0,669</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCI</td>
                <td align="center">-0,054</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC95%</td>
                <td align="center">-1,009-0,447</td>
                <td align="center">-0,907-0,476</td>
                <td align="center">-0,849-0,491</td>
                <td align="center">-0,866-0,487</td>
                <td align="center">-0,903-0,477</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HF ms<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">r</td>
                <td align="center">-0,365</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
                <td align="center">0,469</td>
                <td align="center">0,202</td>
                <td align="center">0,381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCI</td>
                <td align="center">-0,032</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC95%</td>
                <td align="center">-0,967-0,459</td>
                <td align="center">-0,905-0,476</td>
                <td align="center">-0,869-0,486</td>
                <td align="center">-0,888-0,481</td>
                <td align="center">-0,905-0,476</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LF u.n.</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">r</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">-0,080</td>
                <td align="center">-0,638</td>
                <td align="center">-0,601</td>
                <td align="center">-0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCI</td>
                <td align="center">0,871</td>
                <td align="center">-0,295</td>
                <td align="center">-1,840</td>
                <td align="center">-1,575</td>
                <td align="center">-0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC95%</td>
                <td align="center">0,754-0,932</td>
                <td align="center">-1,470-0,321</td>
                <td align="center">-4,416- -0,489</td>
                <td align="center">-3,911- -0,350</td>
                <td align="center">-1,062-0,433</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>HF u.n.</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">r</td>
                <td align="center">-0,776</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
                <td align="center">0,638</td>
                <td align="center">0,601</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCI</td>
                <td align="center">-6,750</td>
                <td align="center">0,228</td>
                <td align="center">0,648</td>
                <td align="center">0,612</td>
                <td align="center">0,075</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC95%</td>
                <td align="center">-13,779- -3,064</td>
                <td align="center">-0,473-0,595</td>
                <td align="center">0,329-0,815</td>
                <td align="center">0,260-0,796</td>
                <td align="center">-0,764-0,515</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>LF/HF</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">r</td>
                <td align="center">0,776</td>
                <td align="center">-0,080</td>
                <td align="center">-0,688</td>
                <td align="center">-0,601</td>
                <td align="center">-0,704</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CCI</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
                <td align="center">-0,712</td>
                <td align="center">-0,658</td>
                <td align="center">-0,294</td>
                <td align="center">-0,702</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IC95%</td>
                <td align="center">-0,294-0,644</td>
                <td align="center">-2,264-0,102</td>
                <td align="center">-2,161-0,131</td>
                <td align="center">-1,468-0,321</td>
                <td align="center">-2,246-0,107</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <p>Valores em negrito representam p &lt; 0,05. 0V: padr&#227;o sem varia&#231;&#227;o; 1V: padr&#227;o com uma varia&#231;&#227;o; 2LV: padr&#227;o com duas varia&#231;&#245;es similares; 2ULV: padr&#227;o com duas varia&#231;&#245;es diferentes; ES: entropia de Shannon; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo, expresso em milissegundo; CCI: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%; RMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos RR normais adjacentes, em um intervalo de tempo, expresso em milissegundo; LF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia; u.n.: unidades normalizadas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar &#237;ndices da VFC obtidos por meio da an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica e ES entre jovens com DM1 e jovens saud&#225;veis, associados &#224; an&#225;lise de &#237;ndices obtidos no dom&#237;nio do tempo (RMSSD e SDNN) e da frequ&#234;ncia (LF, HF em ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e em u.n., e LF/HF), al&#233;m de verificar a exist&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#245;es entre eles nos indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>Nossos resultados mostram que indiv&#237;duos com DM1 apresentam redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade parassimp&#225;tica (RMSSD, HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e 2ULV), simp&#225;tica (LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) e global (SDNN) do SNA. Tamb&#233;m apresentaram que os &#237;ndices 0V (simp&#225;tico), 2LV (parassimp&#225;tico), 2ULV (parassimp&#225;tico) e ES apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o moderada com os &#237;ndices SDNN, RMSSD, LF e HF em ms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e u.n. e LF/HF, sendo a concord&#226;ncia desta associa&#231;&#227;o considerada moderada para os &#237;ndices RMSSD, HF u.n., 2LV e 2ULV, e elevada para LF u.n. e 0V.</p>
        <p>Os indiv&#237;duos com DM1 apresentaram ainda maiores valores de massa corporal e IMC em rela&#231;&#227;o aos saud&#225;veis, o que tamb&#233;m foi mostrado no estudo de Javorka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> para a vari&#225;vel IMC, ao avaliarem 17 jovens (22,4 &#177; 1,0 anos) com DM1.</p>
        <p>A partir da an&#225;lise da VFC, foi poss&#237;vel observar valores significativamente menores no Grupo DM1 quando comparado com o Controle, tanto para os &#237;ndices SDNN, RMSSD no dom&#237;nio do tempo, quanto para os &#237;ndices LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> e HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, indicando redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade global, simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica do SNA, com o efeito dessa diferen&#231;a considerado m&#233;dio (HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>) e grande (SDNN, RMSSD e LFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Resultados semelhantes foram apontados por outros estudos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> Jaiswal et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> ao avaliarem 354 jovens com DM1(18,8 &#177; 3,3 anos), observaram redu&#231;&#227;o nos &#237;ndices SDNN, RMSSD, HF u.n., LF u.n. e LF/HF. Javorka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> ao avaliaram amostra menor de 17 indiv&#237;duos com DM1 (22,4 &#177; 1,0 anos), apontaram que foi poss&#237;vel observar redu&#231;&#227;o significante dos &#237;ndices SDNN, RMSSD, LFms&#178; e HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Tamb&#233;m Dungan et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> ao avaliarem 33 indiv&#237;duos com DM1 com idade superior a 18 anos tamb&#233;m encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice HFms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>. Estes resultados demonstram que existe altera&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em DM1.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos resultados semelhantes, em nosso estudo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel observar diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os grupos ao analisarmos os &#237;ndices LF e HF em unidades normalizadas e na rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF.</p>
        <p>Outros m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise da VFC abordado neste estudo foram os n&#227;o lineares: ES e an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica. Esta foi descrita recentemente por Porta et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> e baseia-se em quantificar as informa&#231;&#245;es carreadas em uma s&#233;rie temporal e, com isso, permite a constru&#231;&#227;o de padr&#245;es, denominados s&#237;mbolos (0V, 1V, 2LV e 2ULV), por meio de c&#225;lculos espec&#237;ficos,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> que indicam o comportamento auton&#244;mico.</p>
        <p>Os valores obtidos com a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica neste estudo se mostraram significativamente menores no Grupo DM1 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o Controle para o &#237;ndice 2ULV, mostrando diminui&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica, por&#233;m a magnitude desta diferen&#231;a foi pequena. Redu&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica por meio da an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica tamb&#233;m foi observada por outros autores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Javorka et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> ao compararem a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica em jovens com DM1 (21,9 &#177; 0,9 anos) com jovens saud&#225;veis da mesma faixa et&#225;ria, observaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 2LV%, que reflete a modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica, com predom&#237;nio parassimp&#225;tico. Resultado semelhante foi observado no estudo de Moura-Tonello et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> que, ao compararem adultos (50,53 &#177; 6,96 anos) com DM2 com adultos saud&#225;veis, apontaram que, nos diab&#233;ticos, houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 2LV% e aumento de 0V%, o que reflete a atividade simp&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ES, utilizada para quantificar a complexidade/regularidade das flutua&#231;&#245;es da taxa do cora&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante ao comparar o Grupo DM1 com o grupo saud&#225;vel. Corroborando nossos resultados, outros autores tamb&#233;m apontaram aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o na complexidade avaliada por meio de ES, tanto em adultos com DM2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> quanto em jovens com DM1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> Estes resultados sugerem que, apesar do desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico, identificado por meio dos outros &#237;ndices da VFC, a complexidade auton&#244;mica parece ainda n&#227;o influenciar nessas popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Outro ponto abordado neste estudo foi a exist&#234;ncia de concord&#226;ncia nas correla&#231;&#245;es entre os &#237;ndices lineares e n&#227;o lineares (an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica). Foi observada concord&#226;ncia moderada nas correla&#231;&#245;es dos &#237;ndices RMSSD e HF u.n. com os &#237;ndices 2ULV e 2LV da an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica, e SDNN com 2ULV, al&#233;m de elevada concord&#226;ncia na correla&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices LF u.n. e 0V. Estes resultados demonstram que os &#237;ndices obtidos por meio da an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica apresentam concord&#226;ncias moderada e elevada com os &#237;ndices obtidos nos dom&#237;nios do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia, indicando que eles tamb&#233;m podem ser utilizados na an&#225;lise do SNA, pois apresentaram resultados semelhantes ao das an&#225;lises lineares e foram capazes de identificar altera&#231;&#245;es na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, assim como os &#237;ndices tradicionais da VFC.</p>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es da VFC t&#234;m sido apontadas como um forte indicador de risco relacionado a eventos cardiovasculares, tanto em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis quanto naqueles com alguma doen&#231;a j&#225; instalada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Esta condi&#231;&#227;o aumenta o risco de morte s&#250;bita por arritmias card&#237;acas e est&#225; associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade por outras causas,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> indicando que a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em pacientes j&#225; em risco, como no DM, pode ser um agente complicador.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> A redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC &#233; descrita como o primeiro sinal da NAC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> a qual a taxa de mortalidade &#233; cinco vezes maior do que em pacientes que n&#227;o possuem essa complica&#231;&#227;o,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> sendo sugerida como um dos testes de diagn&#243;stico em um posicionamento da <italic>American Diabetes Association</italic>&#174; (ADA).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser apontadas, como o car&#225;ter transversal do estudo, que impossibilitou o acompanhamento dos indiv&#237;duos por um tempo maior, n&#227;o permitindo saber se a influ&#234;ncia do DM1 no SNA permaneceria ou pioraria em longo prazo. Ainda, as caracter&#237;sticas antropom&#233;tricas, como peso e IMC, foram diferentes entre os grupos e maior no grupo com DM1, no entanto, os valores m&#233;dios est&#227;o dentro dos valores normais, ou seja, abaixo dos valores considerados para obesidade e sobrepeso (IMC &lt; 25 kg/m&#178;).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es apontadas, alguns pontos positivos devem ser ressaltados, como a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de novos m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise n&#227;o linear da VFC, como a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica, que se mostrou capaz de identificar altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas no DM1, podendo ser utilizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o e acompanhamento desta popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, pudemos observar que a an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica apresentou concord&#226;ncia moderada e elevada com alguns &#237;ndices avaliados neste estudo, indicando que este m&#233;todo deve ser inclu&#237;do nas an&#225;lises da VFC, associado aos tradicionais &#237;ndices do dom&#237;nio do tempo e frequ&#234;ncia, sendo fundamental no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico da condi&#231;&#227;o do SNA nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, considerando o reduzido n&#250;mero de estudos com essa popula&#231;&#227;o utilizando m&#233;todos como an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica, novas pesquisas devem ser incentivadas, para que mais informa&#231;&#245;es possam ser divulgadas a respeito deste m&#233;todo em outras faixas et&#225;rias e popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os resultados encontrados mostram que o diabetes melito tipo 1 influencia nos &#237;ndices lineares (dom&#237;nio do tempo e frequ&#234;ncia) e na an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica, mas ainda n&#227;o influencia na complexidade da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A an&#225;lise simb&#243;lica se correlaciona com &#237;ndices lineares da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP), n&#250;mero do processo 2013/19055-0 e parcialmente financiado pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Anne Kastelianne Fran&#231;a da Silva pela Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia e UNESP-Presidente Prudente.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias e Tecnologia (FCT/UNESP), Campus Presidente Prudente sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 22530813.9.0000.5402; processo 417.031. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
