<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nCtdJPLMPhXCLZQ98fJqsyQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300092</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180134</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carotid Sinus Massage in Syncope Evaluation: A Nonspecific and Dubious Diagnostic Method</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mateos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Pach&#243;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Carlos Pach&#243;n M</bold>, Rua Juquis, 204/4. Postal Code 04081-010, Indian&#243;polis, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>pachon@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>92</fpage>
      <lpage>93</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Syncope/etiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid sinus/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias, Cardiac/complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The study by Wu et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> questions the value of carotid sinus massage (CSM) for the investigation of syncope. It was well conducted, with two reasonably equivalent groups, with and without previous syncope, submitted to the same type of bilateral CSM, under rigorous evaluation of symptoms, cardiac rhythm and blood pressure. The authors found no difference in the response to CSM between the two groups. They concluded that CSM in the assessment of unexplained syncope would be a nonspecific and dubious diagnostic method. The results are clear and well structured. We agree with the authors&#8217; conclusion about the study findings. The limitations suggested are rightful. There is no doubt that CSM is an empiric method, of uncertain results, and this type of study serves to alert to its drawbacks. However, why is CSM still included in the guidelines? Certainly because it is a simple, well-tolerated, low-cost, low-risk procedure as long as the technique and the contraindications are respected, and can be performed rapidly during tilt-test, establishing the diagnosis in up to 30% of elderly patients with syncope of unknown origin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> However, as any other investigative method, it has important limitations that should be addressed cautiously. It is worth noting that the response to CSM depends on several investigator&#8217;s and patient&#8217;s factors, having value only when positive, when reproducing the spontaneous symptoms and when the patient&#8217;s clinical findings are compatible with reflex syncope. In addition, it has no power of exclusion.</p>
    <p>Thus, despite these drawbacks, CSM continues valid according to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines, which consider it is indicated as class I, level of evidence B, for patients older than 40 years of age with syncope of unknown origin compatible with reflex origin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> The diagnosis of carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) is confirmed if the CSM causes bradycardia (asystole) and/or hypotension that reproduce the spontaneous symptoms, and if the patients have clinical features compatible with the reflex mechanism of syncope, class I, level of evidence B. Although neurological complications are rare, the maneuver should be avoided in patients who already had an ischemic stroke, have a carotid murmur or important carotid vasculopathy. The history of syncope with positive CSM reproducing the symptoms confirms the diagnosis of CSS. However, a positive CSM without a history of syncope characterizes carotid sinus hypersensitivity, which, in elderly patients with unexplained syncope, can be a nonspecific finding and should be considered cautiously in the assessment of the syncope mechanism, because it is present in up to 40% of the cases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
		</p>
    <p>The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Heart Rhythm Society guideline for the assessment and treatment of patients with syncope also considers CSM necessary for the diagnosis of CSS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> which is established by the reproduction of syncope during the maneuver in the presence of a cardioinhibitory response &gt; 3 seconds, of atrioventricular block, of a significant vasodepressor response (a reduction &#8805; 50 mmHg in systolic pressure) or of the association with mixed response.</p>
    <p>It is worth noting that, in our clinical practice, we have observed that the vasodepressor response measured by the absolute decline in systolic pressure to &#8804; 85 mmHg seems more specific than the relative decline of 50 mmHg traditionally considered in several studies. This was reported by the authors in the present article.</p>
    <p>Thus, we consider that the present study has great value to draw the attention of the specialist to the limitations of the CSM.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Carotid Sinus Massage in Syncope Evaluation: A Nonspecific and Dubious Diagnostic Method</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>References</title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Massagem do Seio Carot&#237;deo na Avalia&#231;&#227;o da S&#237;ncope: Um M&#233;todo Diagn&#243;stico Inespec&#237;fico e Duvidoso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mateos</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Pach&#243;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de S&#227;o Paulo (HCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Carlos Pach&#243;n M</bold>, Rua Juquis, 204/4. CEP 04081-010, Indian&#243;polis, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>pachon@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope/etiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ncope/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Seio carot&#237;deo / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Neste estudo, Wu et al.1 questionam o valor da massagem do seio carot&#237;deo (MSC) na investiga&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ncope. O estudo foi muito bem feito, com dois grupos razoavelmente equivalentes, com e sem hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope, submetidos ao mesmo tipo de MSC bilateral, sob rigorosa avalia&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas, do ritmo card&#237;aco e da press&#227;o arterial. Os autores observaram que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na resposta &#224; MSC entre os grupos com e sem s&#237;ncope pr&#233;via. Dessa forma, concluem que a MSC na avalia&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ncope inexplicada seria um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico inespec&#237;fico e duvidoso. Os resultados s&#227;o claros e bem estruturados. </p>
      <p>Estamos de acordo com a conclus&#227;o dos autores diante dos achados deste estudo. As limita&#231;&#245;es aventadas s&#227;o absolutamente leg&#237;timas. N&#227;o h&#225; d&#250;vida de que a MSC &#233; um m&#233;todo emp&#237;rico, de resultado muitas vezes incerto e &#233; muito importante que estudos como este sirvam para alertar quanto &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es desta manobra. Entretanto, por que ent&#227;o continua sendo inclu&#237;da nas diretrizes? Certamente porque &#233; um procedimento simples, bem tolerado, de baixo custo, com baixo risco desde que respeitadas a t&#233;cnica e as contraindica&#231;&#245;es, que pode ser realizado de forma r&#225;pida durante o <italic>tilt</italic>-teste, podendo esclarecer o diagn&#243;stico em at&#233; 30% dos casos de pacientes idosos com s&#237;ncope de origem desconhecida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> Contudo, como todo e qualquer m&#233;todo de investiga&#231;&#227;o, tem naturalmente importantes limita&#231;&#245;es que precisam ser consideradas com bastante crit&#233;rio. &#201; fundamental lembrar que a resposta &#224; MSC depende de v&#225;rios fatores do operador e do paciente e somente tem valor quando &#233; positiva, quando reproduz os sintomas espont&#226;neos e quando o paciente tem cl&#237;nica compat&#237;vel com s&#237;ncope reflexa. Al&#233;m do mais, n&#227;o tem poder de exclus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es, a MSC continua v&#225;lida conforme as diretrizes da ESC, as quais consideram que est&#225; indicada como classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B, em pacientes com mais de 40 anos com s&#237;ncope de origem desconhecida compat&#237;vel com prov&#225;vel origem reflexa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> A s&#237;ndrome do seio carot&#237;deo (SSC) &#233; confirmada se a MSC causa bradicardia (assistolia) e/ou hipotens&#227;o que reproduza os sintomas espont&#226;neos, e os pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas compat&#237;veis com mecanismo reflexo da s&#237;ncope, classe I, n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia B. Embora as complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas sejam muito raras, &#233; importante evitar a manobra em pacientes que j&#225; tiveram acidente isqu&#234;mico cerebral, que apresentam sopro carot&#237;deo ou importante vasculopatia carot&#237;dea. A hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope com MSC positiva reproduzindo os sintomas confirma o diagn&#243;stico de SSC; entretanto, a MSC positiva sem hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope caracteriza somente hipersensibilidade do seio carot&#237;deo. Essa, em paciente idoso com s&#237;ncope inexplicada, pode ser um dado inespec&#237;fico e deve ser considerada com cautela na avalia&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo da s&#237;ncope, pois est&#225; presente em at&#233; 40% dos casos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>
			</p>
      <p>A diretriz da ACC/AHA/HRS para avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento do paciente com s&#237;ncope tamb&#233;m considera a MSC necess&#225;ria para o diagn&#243;stico da SSC,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> que &#233; diagnosticada pela reprodu&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ncope durante a manobra se houver uma resposta cardioinibit&#243;ria &gt; 3 segundos, um bloqueio atrioventricular, uma resposta vasodepressora significativa (queda maior ou igual a 50 mmHg na press&#227;o sist&#243;lica) ou uma associa&#231;&#227;o com resposta mista.</p>
      <p>Um dado muito importante que tamb&#233;m temos observado em nossa pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e que foi comprovado pelos autores &#233; que a resposta vasodepressora medida de forma absoluta pela queda da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica para &#8805; 85 mmHg parece mais espec&#237;fica do que a queda relativa de 50 mmHg tradicionalmente considerada por diversos estudos.</p>
      <p>Dessa forma, consideramos que o presente estudo tem grande valor no sentido de chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o do especialista quanto &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es da MSC.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Massagem do Seio Carot&#237;deo na Avalia&#231;&#227;o da S&#237;ncope: Um M&#233;todo Diagn&#243;stico Inespec&#237;fico e Duvidoso</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
