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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">t3sFRZ9JR7jRr4b5zqbcgMC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300075</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="previous-pid">S0066-782X2018005007101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180091</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Early Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients using Strain and Strain Rate Imaging</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luo</surname>
            <given-names>Runlan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cui</surname>
            <given-names>Hongyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Dongmei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sun</surname>
            <given-names>Lihua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Song</surname>
            <given-names>Shengda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sun</surname>
            <given-names>Mengyao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Guangsen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Dalian Medical University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">the Second Affiliated Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Ultrasound</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Dalian</city>
            <state>Liaoning</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical, Dalian, Liaoning - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Guangsen Li &#8226;</bold> Department of Ultrasound, the sencond Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University. 116027, Dalian, Liaoning - China E-mail: <email>liguangsen009@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <season>07</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>75</fpage>
      <lpage>81</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Right ventricular function is a crucial factor of the prognosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the right ventricular function in SLE patients with different degrees of pulmonary hypertension (PH) by strain and strain rate imaging.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 102 SLE patients and 30 healthy volunteers were studied between October 2015 and May 2016. Patients were divided into three groups according to pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) estimated by echocardiography: group control (A); PASP &#8804; 30 mmHg (group B, n = 37); PASP 30-50 mmHg (mild PH; group C, n = 34); and PASP &#8805; 50 mmHg (moderate-to-severe PH; group D, n = 31). Longitudinal peak systolic strain (&#949;) and strain rate (SR), including systolic strain rate (SRs), early diastolic strain rate (SRe) and late diastolic strain rate (SRa) were measured in the basal, middle and apical segments of the right ventricular free wall in participants by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) from the apical four-chamber view. A p &lt; 0.05 was set for statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The parameters of &#949;, SRs, SRe, and SRa were significantly decreased in groups C and D compared with groups A and B. The &#949; of each segments was significantly lower in group D than in group C, while there were no differences in SRs, SRe and SRa between groups C and D.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Strain and strain rate imaging could early detect the right ventricular dysfunction in SLE patients with PH, and provide important value for clinical therapy and prognosis of these patients. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Right / physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune disorder involving multiple organs and systems, such as lung, muscle, skin, joint and heart, especially the right ventricle. Moreover, right ventricular (RV) function is a crucial factor for the prognosis of SLE patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common, severe, and devastating complication of SLE, and its prevalence varies between 0.5 and 43%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> It is an independent factor for SLE, with a 3-year survival rate of 44.9%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> SLE combined with PH can cause RV dysfunction, and its mortality is closely related to the RV function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Thereby, early detection of subclinical RV dysfunction is important for the establishment of treatment strategy and improvement of prognosis in SLE patients with PH.</p>
      <p>Although cardiac magnetic resonance and radionuclide angiography are considered gold standards for the assessment of RV systolic function, echocardiography is still widely used for its simplicity, low price, and non-invasiveness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> However, assessment of the right ventricle is limited due to its thin wall and complex anatomy - a triangular shape from the lateral view, and a crescent shape from section view.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> It has been documented that two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) derived strain and strain rate imaging, a novel technique with less dependence on the angle and intra/inter-observer variability, could reliably and qualitatively detect early subclinical RV dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> In this study, strain refers in particular to the longitudinal peak systolic strain (&#949;), and represents the degree of myocardial deformation. Strain rate (SR) is the shortening velocity of the myocardium, <italic>i.e.</italic>, it represents the change in deformation over time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> SR includes systolic SR (SRs), early diastolic SR (SRe) and late diastolic strain rate (SRa), which reflect cardiac contraction during systole and diastole, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, we aimed to assess the RV function through strain and SR by 2D-STE in SLE patients with PH estimated by echocardiography.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Subjects</title>
        <p>A total of 102 SLE patients (M:F = 11:91; aged 20-52 years, mean age: 43.2 &#177; 9.3 years) and 30 age-matched healthy volunteers as control group (Group A) (M:F = 3:27, aged 23-51 years, mean age: 42.1 &#177; 10.5 years, mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure - PASP 22.54 &#177; 4.31 mmHg) were eligible to participate in this study. The study was conducted between October 2015 and May 2016 in our hospital. The eligibility criteria of SLE diagnosis met the 2012 Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) standard criteria.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Exclusion criteria included left ventricular heart failure, congenital heart diseases, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy and valvular heart disease, pericardial effusion, use of cardiotoxic drugs, history of hypertension, infectious myocarditis and pulmonary obstructive diseases. Eight patients with poor-quality echocardiographic imaging and ten patients unwilling to participate in the study were excluded.</p>
        <p>The selected patients were divided into three groups according to the PASP estimated by echocardiography: Group B included 37 patients with PASP &#8804; 30 mmHg, which was considered as a non-PH group (M:F = 4:33, aged 21-51 years, mean age 45.3 &#177; 8.4 years, mean PASP 23.61 &#177; 3.11 mmHg); Group C included 34 patients with 30 &lt; PASP &lt; 50 mmHg, considered as mild PH group, (M:F = 4:30, aged 20-52 years, mean age: 41.3 &#177; 9.6 years, mean PASP 45.11 &#177; 5.50 mmHg); and Group D included 31 patients with PASP &#8805; 50 mmHg, which was considered as moderate to severe PH group (M:F = 3:28, aged 23-51 years, mean age: 43.3 &#177; 7.5 years, mean PASP: 72.95 &#177; 7.92 mmHg).</p>
        <p>All subjects gave their written informed consent after receiving a detailed explanation of the study protocol. The design proposal, methods of data collection, and analysis of this study were approved by the ethics committee of the hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Image acquisition and analysis</title>
        <p>Two-dimensional echocardiographic examinations were carried out with a GE Vingmed Vivid 7 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway) scanner equipped with a 1.7-3.4 MHz transducer (M3S probe). After a 15-minute rest in the supine position in a quiet room at 23&#176;C, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) of all patients were measured three times and the mean values were calculated. An electrocardiogram (ECG) was also recorded simultaneously. The measurements and calculated formulas of the parameters in our study followed the 2015 American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (ASE-EACVI) recommendations for chamber quantification.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> During ECG recording at a stable frame rate in the left lateral position, the RV end-diastolic diameter (RVED) was obtained in the middle third of RV inflow, approximately halfway between the maximal basal diameter and the apex, at the level of papillary muscles at end-diastole in the RV-focused apical four-chamber view with left ventricle (LV) apex at the center of the scanning sector; the RV anterior wall thickness (RVAW) was obtained below the tricuspid annulus, at a distance approximating the length of the anterior tricuspid leaflet in its fully open position and parallel to the RV free wall as seen from a subcostal four-chamber view. Both parameters were measured by a conventional, two-dimensional grayscale echocardiography.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and peak systolic velocity of tricuspid annulus (S wave) were measured through the lateral portion of the tricuspid annulus by M-mode echocardiography and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in the apical four-chamber view, respectively. RV fractional area change (RV FAC) was measured and calculated in the RV-focused apex four-chamber view: RV FAC (%) = 100 &#215; (end-diastolic area [EDA] - end-systolic area [ESA]) / EDA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Three-dimensional echocardiographic RV ejection fraction (3D RV EF) was also measured: 3D RV EF (%) = 100 &#215; (end-diastolic volume [EDV] - end-systolic volume [ESV]) / EDV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured by Simpson&#8217;s biplane method. PASP was estimated according to the simplified Bernoulli equation: PASP = 4&#215;V<sup>2</sup> (V = peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation) + right atrial pressure (RAP). RAP was estimated through echocardiography based on the diameter and respiratory variation in diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC). A diameter of IVC &lt; 2.1 cm that collapses &gt; 50% with a sniff suggests there is a normal RA pressure of 3 mmHg; while an IVC diameter &gt; 2.1 cm that collapses &lt; 50% with a sniff or &lt; 20% on quiet inspiration suggests a high RAP of 15 mmHg; if the IVC diameter and collapse do not fit this paradigm, an intermediate value of 8 mmHg would be used.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				</p>
        <p>All images were digitally recorded in hard disks on offline analysis (EchoPAC version 8, GE Vingmed Ultrasound). Two-dimensional dynamic images were recorded for the subsequent analyses. A frame rate of 40-80 frames/s acquisition was used. All 2D-STE data were measured by averaging data of three heartbeats. We selected the most stable cardiac cycle for generation of the strain curve. After manually tracing the RV endocardium on apical four-chamber view, a region of interest (ROI) divided into six segments was automatically generated. Only RV free wall segmental strain was analyzed. Using a single frame from end-systole, the RV free wall segments were manually mapped by marking the endocardial border and the width of the myocardium. The parameters of e and SRs, SRe and SRa were measured in RV free wall for basal, middle and apical segments, respectively, from the apical four-chamber view.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Unpaired Student&#8217;s T-test was performed for continuous variables, which were all normally distributed. Numeric variables are presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to test for statistically significant differences among the four groups. Continuous data were compared between individual groups using the Student-Newman-Keuls post-test to test for statistically significant differences. All statistical tests were two-sided, and p &lt; 0.05 was set for statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient characteristics</title>
        <p>Between the four groups, there were no significant differences in age, sex, body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Nevertheless, the HR in group D was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (Seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of physiological parameters between systemic lupus erythematosus patients (groups B, C and D) and control group (Group A) (<overline>x</overline> &#177; <italic>s</italic>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center">Group A (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Group B (n = 37)</th>
                <th align="center">Group C (n = 34)</th>
                <th align="center">Group D (n = 31)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean age, years</td>
                <td align="center">42.1 &#177; 10.50</td>
                <td align="center">45.3 &#177; 8.40</td>
                <td align="center">41.3 &#177; 9.60</td>
                <td align="center">43.3 &#177; 7.50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP, mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">80.32 &#177; 3.66</td>
                <td align="center">79.92 &#177; 3.19</td>
                <td align="center">79.78 &#177; 4.97</td>
                <td align="center">82.52 &#177; 3.89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP, mm Hg</td>
                <td align="center">130.95 &#177; 5.27</td>
                <td align="center">128.4 &#177; 5.94</td>
                <td align="center">125.85 &#177; 9.07</td>
                <td align="center">128.39 &#177; 8.58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HR, beats/min</td>
                <td align="center">69.92 &#177; 9.57</td>
                <td align="center">73.13 &#177; 10.87</td>
                <td align="center">74.09 &#177; 8.61</td>
                <td align="center">89.52 &#177; 12.01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BSA, m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.59 &#177; 0.26</td>
                <td align="center">1.67 &#177; 0.25</td>
                <td align="center">1.79 &#177; 0.38</td>
                <td align="center">1.66 &#177; 0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI, kg/ m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26.38 &#177; 2.28</td>
                <td align="center">25.26 &#177; 2.94</td>
                <td align="center">25.56 &#177; 3.81</td>
                <td align="center">26.22 &#177; 1.46</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; BSA: body surface area; BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>$</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. group A</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. group B</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p&lt;0.05 vs. group C.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conventional echocardiographic parameters</title>
        <p>There were no statistical differences in LVEF between the four groups. The RVAW and RVED were significantly higher in group D than in the other three groups, while TAPSE, RV FAC, pulsed Doppler S wave, and RV 3D EF were all significantly decreased in group D compared with the other groups. However, there were no significant differences in RVAW, RVED, TAPSE, RV FAC, pulsed Doppler S wave, and RV 3D EF between groups A, B and C (Seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of conventional parameters between systemic lupus erythematosus patients (groups B, C and D) and control group (Group A) (<overline>x</overline> &#177; <italic>s</italic>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
              <col width="16%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                <th align="center">Group A (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Group B (n = 37)</th>
                <th align="center">Group C (n = 34)</th>
                <th align="center">Group D (n = 31)</th>
                <th align="center">Reference normal value<sup>@</sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center">64.51 &#177; 3.11</td>
                <td align="center">63.69 &#177; 6.61</td>
                <td align="center">62.11 &#177; 4.87</td>
                <td align="center">63.01 &#177; 4.86</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 50</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVAW, cm</td>
                <td align="center">0.36 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center">0.40 &#177; 0.03</td>
                <td align="center">0.43 &#177; 0.06</td>
                <td align="center">0.69 &#177; 0.09<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0.1-0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RVED, cm</td>
                <td align="center">2.98 &#177; 0.43</td>
                <td align="center">3.11 &#177; 0.45</td>
                <td align="center">3.22 &#177; 0.39</td>
                <td align="center">3.65 &#177; 0.36<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.9-3.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TAPSE, cm</td>
                <td align="center">2.24 &#177; 0.21</td>
                <td align="center">2.21 &#177; 0.19</td>
                <td align="center">1.76 &#177; 0.22</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.18<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 1.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV FAC, %</td>
                <td align="center">50.45 &#177; 4.67</td>
                <td align="center">49.24 &#177; 4.81</td>
                <td align="center">42.69 &#177; 5.07</td>
                <td align="center">34.43 &#177; 3.95<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">#</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Pulsed Doppler S wave, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">13.35 &#177; 2.14</td>
                <td align="center">12.92 &#177; 1.90</td>
                <td align="center">11.48 &#177; 2.06</td>
                <td align="center">9.33 &#177; 1.81$<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&gt; 9.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RV 3D EF, %</td>
                <td align="center">46.18 &#177; 2.28</td>
                <td align="center">45.80 &#177; 2.21</td>
                <td align="center">44.34 &#177; 2.14</td>
                <td align="center">31.19 &#177; 4.36$<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref>
									<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">#</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 40</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RVAW: right ventricular anterior wall thickness; RVED: right ventricular end-diastolic diameter; TAPSE: tricuspid annulus peak systolic excursion; RV FAC: right ventricular fractional area curve; Pulsed Doppler S wave: peak systolic velocity of tricuspid annulus by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging; RV 3D EF: three-dimensional echocardiographic right ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>$</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. group A</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. group B</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. group C. Chinese guidelines provide different reference normal values as compared with international guidelines.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2D-STE parameters</title>
        <p>The average of the longitudinal strain and SR of each segment in the basal, middle, and apical regions of the RV free wall was calculated in each group (Seen in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison parameters of strain rate and strain of the SLE patients with the control group (<overline>x</overline> &#177; <italic>s</italic>)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">strain</th>
                <th align="center">Group A (n = 30)</th>
                <th align="center">Group B (n = 37)</th>
                <th align="center">Group C (n = 34)</th>
                <th align="center">Group D (n = 31)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>&#949;, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Basal</td>
                <td align="center">-33.87 &#177; 5.89</td>
                <td align="center">-32.19 &#177; 7.38</td>
                <td align="center">-25.77 &#177; 7.67<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-19.55 &#177; 4.89<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Middle</td>
                <td align="center">-31.67 &#177; 7.00</td>
                <td align="center">-29.09 &#177; 7.30</td>
                <td align="center">-22.89 &#177; 8.05<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-17.67 &#177; 6.83<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apical</td>
                <td align="center">-25.45 &#177; 6.99</td>
                <td align="center">-27.51 &#177; 2.47</td>
                <td align="center">-19.64 &#177; 8.65<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-15.91 &#177; 6.33<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">#</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SRs, s<sup>-1</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Basal</td>
                <td align="center">-2.33 &#177; 0.34</td>
                <td align="center">-2.43 &#177; 0.44</td>
                <td align="center">-1.84 &#177; 0.41<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-1.73 &#177; 0.47<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Middle</td>
                <td align="center">-1.78 &#177; 0.34</td>
                <td align="center">-1.67 &#177; 0.56</td>
                <td align="center">-1.59 &#177; 0.37<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-1.36 &#177; 0.31<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apical</td>
                <td align="center">-1.53 &#177; 0.54</td>
                <td align="center">-1.54 &#177; 0.55</td>
                <td align="center">-1.33 &#177; 0.38<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">-1.16 &#177; 0.36<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SRe, s<sup>-1</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Basal</td>
                <td align="center">2.44 &#177; 0.74</td>
                <td align="center">2.43 &#177; 0.69</td>
                <td align="center">1.95 &#177; 0.49<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.52<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Middle</td>
                <td align="center">2.04 &#177; 0.58</td>
                <td align="center">2.06 &#177; 0.49</td>
                <td align="center">1.73 &#177; 0.54<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.66 &#177; 0.46<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apical</td>
                <td align="center">1.84 &#177; 0.69</td>
                <td align="center">1.83 &#177; 0.67</td>
                <td align="center">1.33 &#177; 0.65<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.29 &#177; 0.55<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>SRa, s<sup>-1</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Basal</td>
                <td align="center">1.66 &#177; 0.64</td>
                <td align="center">1.63 &#177; 0.66</td>
                <td align="center">1.44 &#177; 0.56<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.42 &#177; 0.55<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Middle</td>
                <td align="center">1.55 &#177; 0.70</td>
                <td align="center">1.56 &#177; 0.65</td>
                <td align="center">1.28 &#177; 0.41<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.21 &#177; 0.52<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Apical</td>
                <td align="center">1.88 &#177; 0.49</td>
                <td align="center">1.85 &#177; 0.67</td>
                <td align="center">1.60 &#177; 0.56<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1.54 &#177; 0.54<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>SRs: systolic strain rate; SRe: early diastolic strain rate; SRa: late diastolic strain rate</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>$</label>
              <p>p &lt;0.05 vs. group A</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. group B</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>#</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. group C.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Longitudinal peak systolic strain (&#949;) curve was obtained in right ventricular free wall for basal, middle and apical segment by 2D-STE from the apical four&#8209;chamber view. (A) group A; (B) group B (systemic lupus erythematosus &#8211; SLE, without pulmonary hypertension); (C) group C (SLE with mild pulmonary hypertension); (D) group D (SLE with moderate-to-severe pulmonary hypertension).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0075-80091-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>We found that there were no significant differences in all the parameters between groups A and B. On the other hand, in groups C and D, &#949;, SRs, SRe and SRa of each segment were significantly decreased compared with groups A and B. The parameter &#949; of each segment in group D was also significantly lower than that in group C, although there were no significant differences in SRs, SRe and SRa of each segment between groups C and D.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>It has been previously demonstrated that RV function is a decisive factor for the severity and prognosis of SLE patients with PH,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> and that 2D-STE-derived strain and strain rate imaging could precisely reflect deformation of RV myocardium, and detect the subclinical RV dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Thereby, evaluation of RV function in SLE patients with PH is important for establishing treatment strategy, prevent clinical RV dysfunction and RV failure, and increase the survival rate of SLE patients with PH. To our knowledge, this has not been studied before.</p>
      <p>In the present study, we found that there were no significant differences in age, sex, BMI, BSA, SBP, and DBP between the four groups. Nevertheless, the HR in group D was significantly higher than that in the other three groups. It has been reported that HR could affect e, and the increased HR was related to reduced &#949;, which represents the degree of deformation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> It also indicates that the degree of deformation of group D was decreased.</p>
      <p>The function of the RV is to maintain the normal blood flow of pulmonary circulation, which mainly depends on three factors: preload, contraction, and afterload.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> PH is a common and devastating complication of SLE characterized by progressively increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and PASP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Its mechanism is very complex and closely related to inflammation and the immune system.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
			</p>
      <p>In this study, we found that RVAW and RVED were significantly higher in group D than those in the other three groups, while TAPSE, RV FAC, pulsed Doppler S wave, and RV 3D EF were all significantly decreased in group D compared with the other groups. However, there were no significant differences in RVAW, RVED, TAPSE, RV FAC, pulsed Doppler S wave, and RV 3D EF between groups A, B and C. It demonstrates that the structure of the RV was remodeled in group D, and the RV myocardial systolic function was also impaired. We argue that long-standing increases in PASP in SLE patients with PH cause increased RV afterload, decreased pulmonary vascular compliance, and compensatory increases in RV contractility. Structurally, these results in expansion of the right ventricle and increased RV wall thickness for maintenance of RV function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> As PASP further increases, the impaired RV myocardium undergoes hypoxia, which causes enlarged RV volume, tricuspid valve insufficiency, and increased RV preload. This progresses to increased right atrial diameter and exacerbated myocardial impairment, leading to RV remodeling and decompensation, reduced RV contraction, and finally clinical RV dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Based on conventional data, group D experienced clinical RV dysfunction. Decreased TAPSE, RV FAC and pulsed Doppler S wave also implied a bad prognosis, and decreased RV 3D EF even triggered the RV failure of patients in group D, while the RV function in group C was still normal.</p>
      <p>In this prospective study, based on the 2D-STE data, we found that &#949;, SRs, SRe and SRa of each segment were significantly decreased in groups C and D compared with groups A and B, while there were no significant differences in these parameters between groups A and B. The parameter e of each segment in group D was also significantly lower than that in group C, although there were no significant differences in SRs, SRe and SRa of each segment between groups C and D. As mentioned before, e represents the degree of deformation, and SR represents ventricular contractility.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> This means that the degrees of RV deformation in groups C and D were significantly lower compared with groups A and B, and significantly lower in group D than in group C. This implies that the RV function of both groups C and D was impaired, and this was more severe in group D. This is in accordance with the findings of Pirat et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> The discrepancy of e and SR between groups C and D in this study might be related to the significant differences in HR and PASP in these groups. While SR has been shown to be independent of load, HR and other factors, an increased HR and altered load changes have been associated with reduced &#949;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> The impaired RV function of group C (mild PH group) was detected early by 2D-STE-derived strain and SR imaging compared with the conventional echocardiography.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>There were several limitations of this study. First, PH was not determined via right heart catheterization, but estimated by echocardiography. Second, RV was not assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance for the sake of comparison. However, these might not be a limitation of this study, because it aimed to evaluate and compare the RV function of SLE patients with different degrees of PH estimated by 2D-STE-derived strain and SR imaging. Third, clinical data of SLE patients, such as antiphospholipid antibodies were not collected. Also, estimation of PH by 2D-STE may be influenced by factors, such as patient&#8217;s breathing pattern. Finally, some participants such as obese patients may not be able to use this method, because it requires high-resolution image quality.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In conclusion, 2D-STE-derived strain and SR imaging could early detect the RV dysfunction in SLE patients with PH, especially in those with mild PH. This has an important value in guiding early therapy in clinical settings, improving the prognosis, and increasing the quality of life of SLE patients with PH.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by National Health and Family Planning Comission of Dalian City Liaoning.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital of Dalian Medical University under the protocol number 2015-3. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Precoce da Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita em Pacientes com L&#250;pus Eritematoso Sist&#234;mico pelo <italic>Strain</italic> e <italic>Strain Rate</italic></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Luo</surname>
            <given-names>Runlan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cui</surname>
            <given-names>Hongyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Dongmei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sun</surname>
            <given-names>Lihua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Song</surname>
            <given-names>Shengda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sun</surname>
            <given-names>Mengyao</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Guangsen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical, Dalian, Liaoning - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Guangsen Li &#8226;</bold> Department of Ultrasound, the sencond Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University. 116027, Dalian, Liaoning - China E-mail: <email>liguangsen009@163.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita &#233; fator crucial do progn&#243;stico do l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico (LES).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em pacientes com LES e diferentes graus de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) por avalia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> e do <italic>strain rate</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 102 pacientes com LES e 30 volunt&#225;rios sadios foram estudados entre outubro de 2015 e maio de 2016. Os pacientes foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos de acordo com a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) estimada por ecocardiografia: grupo controle (A); PSAP &#8804; 30 mmHg (grupo B, n = 37); PSAP 30-50 mmHg (HP leve; grupo C, n = 34); e PSAP &#8805; 50 mmHg (HP moderada a grave; grupo D, n = 31). Foram medidos, nos segmentos basal, medial e apical da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito, o pico sist&#243;lico longitudinal (&#949;) e o <italic>strain rate</italic> (SR), incluindo o SR sist&#243;lico (SRs), o SR diast&#243;lico precoce (SRp) e o SR diast&#243;lico tardio (SRt) pela t&#233;cnica de ecocardiografia bidimensional com rastreamento de &#8220;pontos&#8221; (<italic>two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography</italic>, 2D-STE) pela visualiza&#231;&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras. Um p &lt; 0,05 foi adotado como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os par&#226;metros &#949;, SRs, SRp e SRt foram significativamente menores nos grupos C e D em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos A e B. O &#949; de cada segmento foi significativamente menor no grupo D que no grupo C, ao passo que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no SRs, SRp ou SRt entre os grupos C e D.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O <italic>strain</italic> e o SR obtidos por 2D-STE puderam detectar precocemente disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em pacientes com LES e HP, contribuindo para o tratamento cl&#237;nico e progn&#243;stico desses pacientes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita / fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>L&#250;pus Eritematoso Sist&#234;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar, Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>L&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico (LES) &#233; uma doen&#231;a autoimune que envolve muitos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas, tais como pulm&#245;es, m&#250;sculos, pele, articula&#231;&#245;es e cora&#231;&#227;o, especialmente o ventr&#237;culo direito (VD). Al&#233;m disso, a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita &#233; um fator crucial no progn&#243;stico de pacientes com LES.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o comum e muito grave do LES e sua preval&#234;ncia varia entre 0,5 a 43%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> A HP &#233; um fator independente de mortalidade por LES, com uma taxa de sobrevida em 3 anos de 44,9%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Combinado &#224; HP, o LES pode causar disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, e sua mortalidade tem forte rela&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Assim, a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica do VD &#233; importante para o estabelecimento de estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica e melhora do progn&#243;stico de pacientes com LES e HP.</p>
        <p>Apesar de a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e a angiografia de radionucl&#237;deos de equil&#237;brio serem consideradas padr&#227;o ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, a ecocardiografia ainda &#233; amplamente utilizada por ser um m&#233;todo simples, de baixo custo e n&#227;o invasivo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> Contudo, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD &#233; limitada por sua fina parede e complexa anatomia - um formato triangular pelo plano lateral e formato crescente no plano transversal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Estudos relataram que a medida do <italic>strain</italic> e do <italic>strain rate</italic> pela t&#233;cnica de rastreamento de pontos por ecocardiografia bidimensional (<italic>two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography</italic>, 2D-STE), um novo m&#233;todo menos dependente do &#226;ngulo e da varia&#231;&#227;o intra- e entre examinadores, pode detectar precocemente, qualitativamente e com confiabilidade, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> Neste artigo, <italic>strain</italic> refere-se particularmente ao <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal de pico sist&#243;lico longitudinal (&#949;), e representa o grau de deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. <italic>Strain rate</italic> (SR) &#233; a velocidade de encurtamento do mioc&#225;rdio, isto &#233;, representa a mudan&#231;a na deforma&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> O SR inclui o SR sist&#243;lico (SRs), o SR diast&#243;lico precoce (SRp) e o SR diast&#243;lico tardio (SRt), que reflete a contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca durante s&#237;stole e di&#225;stole respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, nosso objetivo foi avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita pelo <italic>strain</italic> e SR obtidos do 2D-STE em pacientes com LES e HP estimada por ecocardiografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para o estudo, 102 pacientes (91 mulheres) com LES com idade entre 20 e 52 anos (m&#233;dia 43,2 &#177; 9,3 anos) e 30 volunt&#225;rios sadios controle (grupo A) pareados por idade (27 mulheres) com idade entre 23 e 51 anos (m&#233;dia 422,1 &#177; 10,5 anos), press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) 22,54 &#177; 4,31 mmHg. O estudo foi conduzido entre outubro de 2015 e maio de 2016 em nosso hospital. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para o diagn&#243;stico de LES seguiram os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos pelo <italic>Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)</italic> de 2012.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, doen&#231;a coronariana, cardiomiopatia e doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca, derrame peric&#225;rdico, uso de drogas cardiot&#243;xicas, hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o, miocardite infecciosa e doen&#231;as pulmonares obstrutivas. Oito pacientes com resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de baixa qualidade e dez pacientes que n&#227;o aceitaram a participar do estudo foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <p>Os pacientes selecionados foram divididos em tr&#234;s grupos com base na PSAP estimada por ecocardiografia - Grupo B incluiu 37 pacientes com PSAP &#8804; 30 mmHg, o qual foi considerado como um grupo sem HP (33 mulheres, idade entre 21 e 51 anos, idade m&#233;dia 45,3 &#177; 8,4 anos, PSAP m&#233;dia 23,61 &#177; 3,11 mmHg); Grupo C incluiu 34 pacientes com 30 &lt; PASP &lt; 50 mmHg, considerado como grupo com HP leve (30 mulheres, idade entre 20 e 52 anos, idade m&#233;dia 41,3 &#177; 9,6 anos, PSAP m&#233;dia 45,11 &#177; 5,50 mmHg); e Grupo D incluiu 31 pacientes com PSAP &#8805; 50 mmHg, que foi considerado como o grupo com HP moderada a grave (28 mulheres, idade entre 23 e 51 anos, idade m&#233;dia 43,3 &#177; 7,5 anos, PSAP 72,95 &#177; 7,92 mmHg).</p>
          <p>Todos os participantes assinaram o consentimento informado ap&#243;s receberam uma explica&#231;&#227;o detalhada do protocolo do estudo. A proposta do delineamento, os m&#233;todos de coleta dos dados, e an&#225;lise do estudo foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise das imagens</title>
          <p>Os exames de ecocardiografia bidimensional foram realizados utilizando-se o sistema Vivid 7 (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Noruega) equipado com um transdutor M3S de 1,7-3,4 MHz. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de repouso de 15 minutos em posi&#231;&#227;o supina em uma sala tranquila a 23&#176;C, a press&#227;o arterial (PA) e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de todos os pacientes foram medidas tr&#234;s vezes, e calculada a m&#233;dia dessas medidas. Um eletrocardiograma tamb&#233;m foi registrado simultaneamente. As medidas e as f&#243;rmulas foram calculadas segundo recomenda&#231;&#245;es para quantifica&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</italic> (ASE-EACVI).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Durante o registro ecocardiogr&#225;fico em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo a uma taxa de quadros est&#225;vel, o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD foi obtido no ter&#231;o m&#233;dio da di&#225;stole, aproximadamente entre o maior di&#226;metro da base e o &#225;pice do VD, ao n&#237;vel dos m&#250;sculos papilares ao final da di&#225;stole na visualiza&#231;&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras com o &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) ao centro do campo. A espessura da parede anterior do VD foi obtida abaixo do anel tric&#250;spide, a uma dist&#226;ncia aproximadamente igual ao comprimento da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide anterior totalmente aberta e paralelamente &#224; parede livre do VD visualizada por um plano subcostal em quatro c&#226;maras. Ambos os par&#226;metros foram medidos por uma ecocardiografia bidimensional convencional, em escalas de cinza.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE) e o pico de velocidade sist&#243;lica (onda S) tamb&#233;m foram medidas pela por&#231;&#227;o lateral do anel tric&#250;spide por ecocardiograma modo M e imagens Doppler tecidual (TDI) de onda pulsada na visualiza&#231;&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras, respectivamente. A varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do VD (RVFAC, <italic>right ventricular fractional area change</italic>) foi medida e calculada na visualiza&#231;&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras do RVFA = 100 x [&#225;rea diast&#243;lica final (ADF) - &#225;rea sist&#243;lica final (ASF)]/ADF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD obtida por ecocardiografia tridimensional (3D FEVD) tamb&#233;m foi medida: 3D FEVD (%) = 100 x [volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF) - volume sist&#243;lico final (VSF)]/VDF.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (FEVD) foi medida pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson. A PSAP foi estimada de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o simplificada de Bernoulli: PSAP = 4xV<sup>2</sup> (V = velocidade m&#225;xima de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide) + press&#227;o atrial direita (PAD). A PAD foi estimada por ecocardiografia com base no di&#226;metro e na varia&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria no di&#226;metro da veia cava inferior (VCI). Um di&#226;metro da VCI &lt; 2.1 cm com colapso inspirat&#243;rio inferior a 50% ou menor que 20% durante inspira&#231;&#227;o profunda sugere uma elevada PAD (15 mmHg). Para valores de di&#226;metro de VCI e de colapso diferentes desses, foi usado um valor intermedi&#225;rio (8 mmHg).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Todas as imagens foram armazenadas digitalmente em discos r&#237;gidos em an&#225;lise <italic>offline</italic> (EchoPAC vers&#227;o 8, GE Vingmed Ultrasound). Imagens din&#226;micas bidimensionais foram registradas para an&#225;lise posterior. Uma taxa de quadros de 40-80 quadros por segundo foi usada na aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens. Todos os dados do 2D-STE foram medidos pela m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s batimentos. Selecionamos o ciclo card&#237;aco mais est&#225;vel para tra&#231;ar a curva do <italic>strain</italic>. Ap&#243;s se delimitar manualmente o endoc&#225;rdio do VD em visualiza&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras, uma regi&#227;o de interesse (ROI) foi gerada automaticamente. Somente o <italic>strain</italic> da parede livre do VD foi analisado. Segmentos da parede livre do VD foram definidos manualmente limitando-se o endoc&#225;rdio e a extens&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. As medidas de &#949;, SRs, SRp e SRt foram aferidas na parede livre do VD para segmentos basal, medial e apical, respectivamente, na visualiza&#231;&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o programa SPSS 17.0 para Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, EUA). O teste t de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado foi usado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e todas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia simples (<italic>one-way</italic> ANOVA) foi usada para testar diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os quatro grupos. Dados cont&#237;nuos foram comparados entre os grupos usando o teste de Student-Newman-Keuls para se verificar diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. Todos os testes estat&#237;sticos aplicados foram bicaudais, e um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi estabelecido para indicar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos quanto &#224; idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC), press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. No entanto, a FC no grupo D foi significativamente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o aos tr&#234;s grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros fisiol&#243;gicos de pacientes com l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico (grupos B, C e D) com grupo controle (grupo A) (<overline>x</overline> &#177; <italic>s</italic>)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo A (n = 30)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo B (n = 37)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo C (n = 34)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo D (n = 31)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade m&#233;dia, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">42,1 &#177; 10,50</td>
                  <td align="center">45,3 &#177; 8,40</td>
                  <td align="center">41,3 &#177; 9,60</td>
                  <td align="center">43,3 &#177; 7,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD, mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">80,32 &#177; 3,66</td>
                  <td align="center">79,92 &#177; 3,19</td>
                  <td align="center">79,78 &#177; 4,97</td>
                  <td align="center">82,52 &#177; 3,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS, mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">130,95 &#177; 5,27</td>
                  <td align="center">128,4 &#177; 5,94</td>
                  <td align="center">125,85 &#177; 9,07</td>
                  <td align="center">128,39 &#177; 8,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FC, batimentos/min</td>
                  <td align="center">69,92 &#177; 9,57</td>
                  <td align="center">73,13 &#177; 10,87</td>
                  <td align="center">74,09 &#177; 8,61</td>
                  <td align="center">89,52 &#177; 12,01<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ASC, m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,59 &#177; 0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">1,67 &#177; 0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">1,79 &#177; 0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,66 &#177; 0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC, kg/ m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26,38 &#177; 2,28</td>
                  <td align="center">25,26 &#177; 2,94</td>
                  <td align="center">25,56 &#177; 3,81</td>
                  <td align="center">26,22 &#177; 1,46</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>$</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo A;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo B</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05 vs. Grupo C. PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativamente estat&#237;sticas na FEVE entre os grupos. A espessura da parede anterior do VD e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD foram significativamente maiores no grupo D que nos outros grupos, ao passo que TAPSE, RVFAC, Doppler pulsado da onda S, e a 3D FEVD estavam significativamente menores no grupo D em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na espessura da parede anterior do VD, no di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD, TAPSE, RV FAC, Doppler pulsado da onda S, e 3D FEVD entre os grupos A, B e C (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros convencionais dos pacientes com l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico (grupos B, C e D) e grupo controle (grupo A) (<overline>x</overline> &#177; <italic>s</italic>)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
                <col width="16%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo A (n = 30)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo B (n = 37)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo C (n = 34)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo D (n = 31)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valores de refer&#234;ncia<sup>@</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">64,51 &#177; 3,11</td>
                  <td align="center">63,69 &#177; 6,61</td>
                  <td align="center">62,11 &#177; 4,87</td>
                  <td align="center">63,01 &#177; 4,86</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EPAVD, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36 &#177; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43 &#177; 0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69 &#177; 0,09<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">#</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,1-0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DDFVD, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">2,98 &#177; 0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">3,11 &#177; 0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">3,22 &#177; 0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">3,65 &#177; 0,36<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">#</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,9-3,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TAPSE, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">2,24 &#177; 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">2,21 &#177; 0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">1,76 &#177; 0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,18<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">#</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 1,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RV FAC, %</td>
                  <td align="center">50,45 &#177; 4,67</td>
                  <td align="center">49,24 &#177; 4,81</td>
                  <td align="center">42,69 &#177; 5,07</td>
                  <td align="center">34,43 &#177; 3,95<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">#</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Doppler pulsado de onda S, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">13,35 &#177; 2,14</td>
                  <td align="center">12,92 &#177; 1,90</td>
                  <td align="center">11,48 &#177; 2,06</td>
                  <td align="center">9,33 &#177; 1,81<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">#</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 9,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RV 3D EF, %</td>
                  <td align="center">46.18 &#177; 2.28</td>
                  <td align="center">45.80 &#177; 2.21</td>
                  <td align="center">44.34 &#177; 2.14</td>
                  <td align="center">31.19 &#177; 4.36<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">#</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 40</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; EPAVD: espessura da parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo direito; DDFVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo direito; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide; RV FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do ventr&#237;culo direito; Doppler pulsado de onda S: pico da velocidade sist&#243;lica do anel tric&#250;spide por Doppler tecidual pulsado; RV 3D EF: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito obtida por ecocardiografia tridimensional.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>$</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo A.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo B.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo C. Valores de refer&#234;ncia obtidos de diretrizes estabelecidas na China, que se diferem dos valores de diretrizes internacionais.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Par&#226;metros do 2D-STE</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal e do SR de cada segmento nas regi&#245;es basais, mediais e apicais da parede livre do VD foi calculada em cada grupo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de strain e strain rate dos pacientes com l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico (grupos B, C e D) e grupo controle (grupo A) (<overline>x</overline> &#177; <italic>s</italic>)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">strain</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo A (n = 30)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo B (n = 37)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo C (n = 34)</th>
                  <th align="center">Grupo D (n = 31)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>&#949;, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Basal</td>
                  <td align="center">-33,87 &#177; 5,89</td>
                  <td align="center">-32,19 &#177; 7,38</td>
                  <td align="center">-25,77 &#177; 7,67<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-19,55 &#177; 4,89<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medial</td>
                  <td align="center">-31,67 &#177; 7,00</td>
                  <td align="center">-29,09 &#177; 7,30</td>
                  <td align="center">-22,89 &#177; 8,05<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-17,67 &#177; 6,83<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apical</td>
                  <td align="center">-25,45 &#177; 6,99</td>
                  <td align="center">-27,51 &#177; 2,47</td>
                  <td align="center">-19,64 &#177; 8,65<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-15,91 &#177; 6,33<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">#</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>SRs, s<sup>-1</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Basal</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,33 &#177; 0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,43 &#177; 0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,84 &#177; 0,41<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-1,73 &#177; 0,47<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medial</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,78 &#177; 0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,67 &#177; 0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,59 &#177; 0,37<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-1,36 &#177; 0,31<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apical</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,53 &#177; 0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,54 &#177; 0,55</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,33 &#177; 0,38<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-1,16 &#177; 0,36<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>SRp, s<sup>-1</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Basal</td>
                  <td align="center">2,44 &#177; 0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">2,43 &#177; 0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">1,95 &#177; 0,49<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,52<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medial</td>
                  <td align="center">2,04 &#177; 0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">2,06 &#177; 0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">1,73 &#177; 0,54<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,66 &#177; 0,46<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apical</td>
                  <td align="center">1,84 &#177; 0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">1,83 &#177; 0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33 &#177; 0,65<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,29 &#177; 0,55<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>SRt, s<sup>-1</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Basal</td>
                  <td align="center">1,66 &#177; 0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">1,63 &#177; 0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">1,44 &#177; 0,56<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,42 &#177; 0,55<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Medial</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55 &#177; 0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56 &#177; 0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28 &#177; 0,41<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,21 &#177; 0,52<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Apical</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88 &#177; 0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">1,85 &#177; 0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60 &#177; 0,56<sup>&#8593;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,54 &#177; 0,54<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">$</xref><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">*</xref></sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <p>SRs: strain rate sist&#243;lico; SRp: strain rate diast&#243;lico precoce; SRt: strain rate,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <label>$</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo A;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo B.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05 vs. Grupo C.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Curva do pico sist&#243;lico longitudinal (&#949;) obtida dos segmentos basal, medial e apical da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito por 2D-STE na visualiza&#231;&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras. (A) grupo A; (B) grupo B (l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico &#8211; LES, sem hipertens&#227;o pulmonar); (C) grupo C (LES com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar leve); (D) grupo D (LES com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar moderada a grave).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0075-80091-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas de todos os par&#226;metros entre os grupos A e B. Por outro lado, e, SRs, SRp e SRt em cada segmento foram significativamente menores nos grupos C e D que nos grupos A e B. O par&#226;metro e em cada segmento no grupo D foi significativamente menor que no grupo C, apesar de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;as significativas de SRs, SRp e SRt de cada segmento entre os grupos C e D.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudo pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> demonstrou que a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD &#233; um fator decisivo para a gravidade e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com LES e HP, e que o <italic>strain</italic> e SR avaliados por 2D-STE refletiriam, com precis&#227;o, a deforma&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio do VD, e detectariam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita subcl&#237;nica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD e da HP estimada por ecocardiografia em pacientes com LES e HP &#233; importante para estabelecer a estrat&#233;gia de tratamento, prevenir disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e insufici&#234;ncia do VD, e aumentar a taxa de sobrevida de pacientes com LES e HP. Em nosso conhecimento, isso n&#227;o foi estudado anteriormente.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, observamos que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas de idade, sexo, IMC, ASC, PAS, e PAD entre os quatro grupos. No entanto, a FC no grupo D foi significativamente maior que nos outros tr&#234;s grupos. Foi relatado que a FC pode afetar o &#949;, e a FC aumentada est&#225; relacionada ao &#949; reduzido, o que representa o grau de deforma&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> Tal fato tamb&#233;m indica que o grau de deforma&#231;&#227;o do grupo D estava reduzido.</p>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o do VD &#233; manter o fluxo sangu&#237;neo da circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar normal, o que depende principalmente de tr&#234;s fatores: da pr&#233;-carga, da contra&#231;&#227;o e da p&#243;s-carga.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> A HP &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o comum e grave do LES, caracterizada por aumento progressivo da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e da PSAP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> Seu mecanismo &#233; muito complexo e intimamente relacionada &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e ao sistema imune.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, encontramos que a espessura da parede anterior do VD e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD foram significativamente maiores no grupo D que nos demais grupos, ao passo que TAPSE, RV FAC, Doppler pulsado de onda S e 3D FEVD foram significativamente menores no grupo D em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos. No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na espessura da parede anterior do VD, no di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD, TAPSE, RV FAC, Doppler pulsado de onda S e 3D EFVD entre os grupos A, B e C. Isso mostra que houve remodela&#231;&#227;o do VD e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do mioc&#225;rdio no VD. Podemos interpretar que, devido a longos aumentos na PSAP em pacientes com LES e HP, ocorre aumento na sobrecarga do VD, diminui&#231;&#227;o na complac&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, e aumento compensat&#243;rio na contratilidade do VD. Isso resulta na expans&#227;o do VD e no aumento da espessura da sua parede para manuten&#231;&#227;o de sua fun&#231;&#227;o normal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Com o aumento progressivo da PSAP, o mioc&#225;rdio afetado do VD sofre hip&#243;xia, que causa aumento no volume do VD, insufici&#234;ncia da valva tric&#250;spide, e aumento na pr&#233;-carga do VD. Esse quadro progride para aumento no di&#226;metro do &#225;trio direito e agravamento na disfun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, levando &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o e descompensa&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade do VD, e finalmente &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do VD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> Com base em dados convencionais, o grupo D apresentou disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD. Al&#233;m disso, valores reduzidos da TAPSE, RV FAC e do Doppler pulsado da onda S s&#227;o tamb&#233;m indicativos de um progn&#243;stico ruim, e a 3D FEVD diminu&#237;da provocou a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita nos pacientes do grupo D, enquanto que a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD no grupo C manteve-se normal.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo prospectivo, com base nos dados de 2D-STE, encontramos que &#949;, SRs, SRp e SRt em cada segmento foram significativamente menores nos grupos C e D que nos grupos A e B, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nesses par&#226;metros entre os grupos A e B. O par&#226;metro e de cada segmento no grupo D tamb&#233;m fio significativamente maior que no grupo C, apesar de n&#227;o ter havido diferen&#231;as significativas de SRs, SRp e SRt de cada segmento entre os grupos C e D. Como mencionado anteriormente, e representa o grau de deforma&#231;&#227;o, e o SR representa a contratilidade ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> Isso significa que os graus de deforma&#231;&#227;o do VD nos grupos C e D eram significativamente menores em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos A e B. Isso implica que a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD em ambos os grupos C e D estava prejudicada, principalmente no grupo D. Esse dado est&#225; de acordo com os achados de Pirat et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> A diferen&#231;a de e entre os grupos C e D em nosso estudo pode estar relacionada &#224;s diferen&#231;as significativas de FC e PSAP nesses grupos. Enquanto foi demonstrado que a SR independe de carga, FC e outros fatores, uma FC reduzida e altera&#231;&#245;es na carga foram relacionadas com um e reduzido.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> A avalia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain</italic> e ST por 2D-STE detectou precocemente disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita no grupo C (grupo com HP leve) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; t&#233;cnica ecocardiogr&#225;fica convencional.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Houve v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es neste estudo. Primeiro, a HP n&#227;o foi determinada por cateterismo card&#237;aco direito, mas estimada por ecocardiografia. Segundo, o VD n&#227;o foi avaliado por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca para fins de compara&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, esses podem n&#227;o representar limita&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita de pacientes com LES e diferentes graus de HP estimada por 2D <italic>strain</italic> e SR obtidos por 2D-STE. Terceiro, n&#227;o foram coletados dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes com LES, tais como anticorpos antifosfol&#237;pides. Ainda, a estimativa da HP por 2D-STE pode ser influenciada por alguns fatores, como o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio do paciente. Finalmente, alguns participantes tais como pacientes obesos podem n&#227;o serem capazes de serem avaliados por esse m&#233;todo, uma vez que esse exige qualidade de imagem de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O <italic>strain</italic> e o SR obtidos por 2D-STE podem detectar precocemente disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita em pacientes com LES e HP, particularmente aqueles com HP leve. Esse achado tem importante valor para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de terapia precoce na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, melhora do progn&#243;stico e da qualidade de vida dos pacientes com LES e HP.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo National Health and Family Planning Comission of Dalian City Liaoning.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s&#8209;gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital of Dalian Medical University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2015-3. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
