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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.8" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">KNkRnFmZmVDdyYvVJwcL6Tf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300073</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180118</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Heart Rate Variability in Coexisting Diabetes and Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Campo Grande</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Botucatu</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Marina P. Okoshi</bold>, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP. Rubi&#227;o Junior, S/N. Postal Code 18.618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>mpoliti@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>73</fpage>
      <lpage>74</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FUNDECT</funding-source>
          <award-id>23/200.495/2014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>308674/2015-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate through sympathetic and parasympathetic response to different stimuli. The resultant fluctuation between intervals of consecutive heart beats, called heart rate variability (HRV), is a valuable tool to assess autonomic nervous system activity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A decrease in HRV is a marker of reduced parasympathetic and increased sympathetic tone and has long been considered to negatively impact the prognosis in cardiovascular disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
		</p>
    <p>In 1996, the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology suggested standards for evaluation, physiological interpretation, and clinical use for time- and frequency-domain HRV analysis in short- and long-term recordings.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Some nonlinear measures have been suggested to work better than traditional measures in predicting future adverse events in several patient groups. More recently, newer computational tools have been derived from nonlinear dynamics and complex systems.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Although the physiological background of nonlinear measures of HRV is less understood than the conventional measures, it is speculated that nonlinear dynamics could provide better understanding on nonlinear behavior commonly occurring within human systems due to their complex dynamic nature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> In accordance, a good agreement between some non-linear HRV measures and the Framingham cardiovascular risk score was observed, suggesting that they could be used for screening cardiovascular risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> In 2015, the e-Cardiology Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Heart Rhythm Association launched a critical review of new methodologies for analyzing HRV, including entropy rate, fractal scaling and <italic>Poincar&#233;</italic> plot, and their application in different physiological and clinical studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
		</p>
    <p>Alterations in HRV time and frequency domain indices have been frequently observed in chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, and associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Since co-existence of diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension is very common, some studies have compared HRV between type 2 diabetic patients with and without hypertension, and found contradictory results using time-and frequency-domain HRV analysis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> However, non-linear dynamics for HRV analysis in type 2 diabetes and hypertension co-existence is still to be explored.</p>
    <p>In this issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Bassi et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> published a study evaluating the influence of systemic arterial hypertension on cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiopulmonary capacity in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes subjects were assigned to a normotensive (n = 32, age = 51 &#177; 7.5 years) or a hypertensive group (n = 28, age = 51 &#177; 6.9 years). Both groups had a poor glycemic control (normotensive group: glycated hemoglobin = 8.00 &#177; 2.14%; hypertensive group: glycated hemoglobin = 8.70 &#177; 1.60%; p = 0.39) and the hypertensive group had a higher insulin resistance (normotensive group: insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) = diabetes 4.0 &#177; 4.0; hypertensive group: HOMA-IR = 8.0 &#177; 6.6; p = 0.02). The authors found that hypertensive and diabetic subjects had lower SD1 (derived from <italic>Poincar&#233;</italic> plot) and Shannon entropy, both non-linear measures of HRV, in comparison to non-hypertensive diabetic patients. In addition, SD2 (derived from <italic>Poincar&#233;</italic> plot) and approximate entropy correlated negatively with exercise capacity variables.</p>
    <p>Although a healthy control group was not evaluated, the results suggest that systemic arterial hypertension further impairs HRV in diabetic patients. These data reinforce epidemiological findings showing that the combination of diabetes mellitus and hypertension induces greater cardiac remodeling than either condition alone.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Furthermore, heart failure is more prevalent in patients with both diseases. Additional studies are needed to establish the role of autonomic nerve dysfunction as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with co-existing diabetes and hypertension.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Short Editorial regarding the article: Effects of Coexistence Hypertension and Type II Diabetes on Heart Rate Variability and Cardiorespiratory Fitness</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgement</title>
      <p>Financial support was provided by FUNDECT (Proc. n. 23/200.495/2014) and CNPq (Proc. n. 308674/2015-4).</p>
    </ack>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca em Pacientes com Diabetes e Hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual de S&#227;o Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marina P. Okoshi</bold>, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP. Rubi&#227;o Junior, S/N. CEP 18.618-687, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>mpoliti@fmb.unesp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FUNDECT</funding-source>
          <award-id>23/200.495/2014</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>308674/2015-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>O sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo regula a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca atrav&#233;s da resposta simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica a diferentes est&#237;mulos. A flutua&#231;&#227;o entre os intervalos dos batimentos card&#237;acos consecutivos, denominada variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC), &#233; ferramenta valiosa para avaliar a atividade do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> Uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da VFC &#233; um marcador de t&#244;nus parassimp&#225;tico reduzido e de t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico aumentado, h&#225; muito considerado como tendo impacto negativo no progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Em 1996, a Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia e a Sociedade Norte-Americana de Marca-Passo e Eletrofisiologia sugeriram padr&#245;es para a avalia&#231;&#227;o, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica e o uso cl&#237;nico da an&#225;lise da VFC nos dom&#237;nios &#8216;tempo&#8217; e &#8216;frequ&#234;ncia&#8217; em registros de curto e longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Sugeriu-se que algumas medidas n&#227;o lineares funcionavam melhor do que as tradicionais para a predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos futuros em v&#225;rios grupos de pacientes. Mais recentemente, novas ferramentas computacionais foram obtidas a partir de din&#226;mica n&#227;o linear e sistemas complexos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> Embora a base fisiol&#243;gica das medidas n&#227;o lineares da VFC seja menos compreendida do que a das medidas convencionais, especula-se que a din&#226;mica n&#227;o linear forne&#231;a melhor compreens&#227;o do comportamento n&#227;o linear que comumente ocorre nos sistemas humanos devido &#224; sua natureza din&#226;mica e complexa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Alinhado com isso, observou-se uma boa concord&#226;ncia entre algumas medidas n&#227;o lineares de VFC e o escore de risco cardiovascular de Framingham, sugerindo que eles pudessem ser utilizados para triar risco cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Em 2015, o <italic>e-Cardiology Working Group</italic> da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia e a Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Ritmo Card&#237;aco lan&#231;aram uma revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica das novas metodologias para analisar a VFC, incluindo taxa de entropia, escala fractal e <italic>plot</italic> de Poincar&#233;, e sua aplica&#231;&#227;o em diferentes estudos fisiol&#243;gicos e cl&#237;nicos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es nos &#237;ndices dos dom&#237;nios &#8216;tempo&#8217; e &#8216;frequ&#234;ncia&#8217; da VFC foram observadas com frequ&#234;ncia em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como diabetes e hipertens&#227;o, sendo associadas com disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca aut&#244;noma.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> Como a coexist&#234;ncia de diabetes mellitus e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; muito comum, alguns estudos compararam a VFC de pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 2 com e sem hipertens&#227;o, chegando a resultados contradit&#243;rios ao usar an&#225;lise da VFC nos dom&#237;nios &#8216;tempo&#8217; e &#8216;frequ&#234;ncia&#8217;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> Entretanto, o uso da din&#226;mica n&#227;o linear para an&#225;lise da VFC na coexist&#234;ncia de diabetes tipo 2 e hipertens&#227;o ainda carece de estudo.</p>
      <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Bassi et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> publicaram um estudo que avalia a influ&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica na modula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca aut&#244;noma e na capacidade cardiopulmonar de pacientes diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, que foram divididos em dois grupos: normotenso (n = 32, idade = 51 &#177; 7,5 anos) e hipertenso (n = 28, idade = 51 &#177; 6,9 anos). Os dois grupos apresentaram controle glic&#234;mico inadequado (grupo normotenso: hemoglobina glicada = 8,00 &#177; 2,14%; grupo hipertenso: hemoglobina glicada = 8,70 &#177; 1,60%; p = 0,39), tendo o grupo hipertenso maior resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica [grupo normotenso: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica (HOMA-IR) = 4,0 &#177; 4,0; grupo hipertenso: HOMA-IR = 8,0 &#177; 6,6; p = 0,02). Esses autores descobriram que indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o e diabetes apresentaram menor SD1 (derivada do <italic>plot</italic> de Poincar&#233;) e entropia de Shannon, ambas sendo medidas n&#227;o lineares da VFC, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o hipertensos. Al&#233;m disso, SD2 (derivada do <italic>plot</italic> de Poincar&#233;) e entropia aproximada correlacionaram-se negativamente com as vari&#225;veis de capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o se tenha avaliado um grupo controle, os resultados sugerem que a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica comprometa ainda mais a VFC em diab&#233;ticos. Tais dados refor&#231;am os achados epidemiol&#243;gicos, mostrando que a combina&#231;&#227;o de diabetes mellitus e hipertens&#227;o induz maior remodelamento card&#237;aco do que qualquer uma das condi&#231;&#245;es isoladas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> Al&#233;m disso, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; mais prevalente em pacientes com as duas doen&#231;as. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer o papel da disfun&#231;&#227;o nervosa aut&#244;noma como preditora de mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes com diabetes e hipertens&#227;o coexistentes.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efeitos da Coexist&#234;ncia de Diabetes Tipo 2 e Hipertens&#227;o sobre a Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Capacidade Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Agradecimento</title>
        <p>Suporte financeiro atrav&#233;s de FUNDECT (Proc. n. 23/200.495/2014) e CNPq (Proc. n. 308674/2015-4).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
