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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bLqSgvZbBRsWndG83VFsHjN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2018001300064</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180105</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Coexistence Hypertension and Type II Diabetes on Heart Rate Variability and Cardiorespiratory Fitness</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bassi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabiddu</surname>
            <given-names>Ramona</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Renata G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tossini</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arakelian</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caruso</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via C. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonjorno</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; C.</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arena</surname>
            <given-names>Ross</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borghi-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Audrey</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Ceuma</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</city>
          <state>MA</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Ceuma, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Carlos</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Carlos</city>
          <state>SP</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Illinois em Chicago</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisioterapia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Chicago</city>
          <state>IL</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade de Illinois em Chicago, Chicago, IL &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniela Bassi</bold>, Rua Francisco Marigo, 1188 - Jardim Cruzeiro do Sul, Postal Code 13.572.090. S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brazil. Email: <email>danielabassifisio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Bassi D, Cabiddu R, Mendes RG, Arakelian VM, Caruso FCR, Borghi-Silva A; Acquisition of data: Bassi D, Mendes RG, Arakelian VM, Caruso FCR, Bonjorno J&#250;nior JC, Borghi-Silva A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Bassi D, Mendes RG, Tossini N, Arakelian VM, Arena R, Borghi-Silva A; Statistical analysis: Bassi D, Mendes RG, Arakelian VM, Arena R, Borghi-Silva A; Obtaining financing: Bassi D, Borghi-Silva A; Writing of the manuscript: Bassi D, Cabiddu R, Mendes RG, Tossini N, Arakelian VM, Caruso FCR, Bonjorno J&#250;nior JC, Borghi-Silva A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bassi D, Cabiddu R, Mendes RG, Caruso FCR, Bonjorno J&#250;nior JC, Arena R, Borghi-Silva A.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <month>7</month>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>111</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>64</fpage>
      <lpage>72</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Type 2 diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction, which is an independent predictor of mortality in chronic diseases. However, whether the coexistence of systemic arterial hypertension (HTN) with DMT2 alters cardiac autonomic modulation remains unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate the influence of HTN on cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiorespiratory fitness in subjects with DMT2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>60 patients of both genders were evaluated and allocated to two groups: DMT2 patients (n = 32; 51 &#177; 7.5 years old) and DMT2 + HTN patients (n = 28; 51 &#177; 6.9 years old). RR intervals were obtained during rest in supine position. Linear and nonlinear indices of heart rate variability (HRV) were computed using Kubios HRV software. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath-by-breath, using a portable telemetric system during maximal incremental exercise testing on a cycle ergometer. Statistical analysis included Shapiro-Wilk test followed by Student&#8217;s t Test, Pearson correlation and linear regression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We found that patients in the DMT2+HTN group showed lower values of mean RR intervals (801.1 <italic>vs</italic> 871.5 ms), Shannon entropy (3 <italic>vs</italic> 3.2) and fractal dimension SD 1 (9.5 vs 14.5), when contrasted with patients in the DMT2 group. Negative correlations were found between some HRV nonlinear indices and exercise capacity indices.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>HTN negatively affects the cardiac autonomic function in diabetic patients, who are already prone to develop autonomic dysfunction. Strategies are need to improve cardiac autonomic functionality in this population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension/prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus,Type 2</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The prevalence of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is up to three times higher than in patients without T2DM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> The coexistence of hypertension and diabetes significantly increases the probability of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The harmful association of these two conditions may cause deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, accelerating the atherosclerosis process involved in both T2DM and hypertension.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> In addition, it is well known that cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), resulting from damage to the autonomic nerve fibers that innervate the heart and blood vessels, is a serious complication of T2DM<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> and systemic arterial hypertension (HTN).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
			</p>
      <p>The autonomic nervous system plays a significant role in the circulatory system and in blood pressure regulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Damage to the nerve fibers that innervate the heart and blood vessels leads to abnormalities in heart rate (HR) control and vascular dynamics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> Heart rate variability (HRV) analysis is a widely used tool to assess the cardiac autonomic regulation.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> HRV is commonly analyzed using linear models, such as time domain and spectral analysis; however, non-linear methodologies have been recently proposed as novel tools to investigate the complexity of HR dynamics.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
			</p>
      <p>It has been widely documented that reduced HRV is associated with various pathological conditions, including CVDs, such as hypertension<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> and diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> However, despite the evidence that HRV is reduced in the presence of one of these conditions, it remains unknown whether HRV is altered in the coexistence of T2DM and HTN.</p>
      <p>Additionally, it is well established that exercise capacity, which is a strong predictor of cardiovascular and overall mortality,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> is reduced in patients with T2DM compared with non-diabetic subjects <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> as well as hypertensive patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Although the causes of reduced exercise capacity in these populations are unknown, cardiac autonomic dysfunction may play an important role in the development of heart disease in diabetic patients leading to impaired exercise capacity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
			</p>
      <p>Recently, new variables derived from the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), such as circulatory power (CP) and ventilatory power (VP) have been used for the clinical evaluation of heart failure patients as important markers of exercise limitation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>. These indices could provide a potentially valuable measure of cardiopulmonary function in the coexistence of TM2DM and HTN.</p>
      <p>Considering this knowledge gap, the primary objective of the present study was to assess the cardiac autonomic modulation in T2DM patients with and without HTN. The secondary objective was to verify if HRV indices are correlated with exercise capacity in these patients.</p>
      <p>We hypothesized that patients affected by DMT2 and HTN would have an altered cardiac autonomic control when compared with diabetics and that there would be a correlation between HRV indexes and exercise capacity.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Design</title>
        <p>The present investigation is a cross sectional study.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>A total of 60 patients (mean age &#177; SD = 51 &#177; 7 years; 42 male and 18 female) diagnosed with T2DM, followed at the cardiovascular outpatient clinic of the Federal University of Sao Carlos (UFSCar), agreed to participate in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or not of HTN: 1) DMT2 (n = 32; 20 males and 12 female) and 2) T2DM + HTN (n = 28; 20 males and 8 female). Duration of DMT2 and HTN was recorded, based on the date of diagnosis self-reported by patients. The experimental procedures were performed in the UFSCar Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory.</p>
          <p>Inclusion criteria for both groups consisted of age between 40 and 60 years and clinically diagnosed DMT2 &#8211; based on fast glycemia and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values, according to current guidelines &#8211; currently under hypoglycemics and clinically stable for at least 6 months. All patients were sedentary (self-reported). In the DMT2 + HTN group, diabetic subjects had clinical diagnosis of HTN and were under hypoglycemic and antihypertensive therapy. Exclusion criteria consisted of a history consistent with coronary heart disease or other concomitant respiratory diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RR interval recording</title>
          <p>The RR intervals were recorded continuously using a Polar S810i telemetry system (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) at a sampling rate of 500Hz, and these data were used to derive the HRV indices. Each subject rested for 10 minutes before the initiation of data collection to ensure HR stabilization. The RR interval signal was continuously recorded for 10 minutes, while the patient rested in supine position, breathing spontaneously. Participants were instructed not to speak unnecessarily during the evaluation to avoid HR signal interference.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>HRV analysis</title>
          <p>The RR interval signals were transferred to a microcomputer and reviewed by visual inspection by an independent examiner to verify the quality of the signals and detect any abnormalities. Segments which presented any abnormalities were discarded. The data were transferred to Kubios HRV analysis software (MATLAB, version 2 beta, Kuopio, Finland) and a stable and free of artifacts series of 256 sequential RR intervals was selected and analyzed. To analyze the tachograms, a multivariate approach was followed, which allows for a comprehensive assessment of the cardiac autonomic function.</p>
          <p>The nonlinear dynamic properties of HRV were analyzed by calculating approximate entropy (ApEn),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> correlation dimension (CD)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> and Poincar&#233; plots<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>. ApEn quantifies the regularity of a time series and represents a simple index of the overall complexity and predictability of the signal. High ApEn values indicate high irregularity, while smaller values indicate a more regular signal. Thus, higher ApEn values reflect better health and function.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> The CD index represents a measure of the dimensionality of the space occupied by the state vectors or the number of the degrees of freedom of a time series, also referred to as fractal dimension. A higher CD reflects more degrees of freedom of the cardiac sinoatrial node and, therefore, a greater range of possible adaptive responses to internal or external stimuli in an ever-changing environment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Poincar&#233; plots were built for each RR interval series and the following two descriptors were computed: (i) SD1 &#8211; the standard deviation measuring the dispersion of points perpendicular to the line-of-identity. This parameter is usually interpreted as a measure of short-term HRV, which is mainly influenced by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (parasympathetic modulation); and (ii) SD2 &#8211; the standard deviation measuring the dispersion of points along the identity line, which is interpreted as a measure of both short- and long-term overall HRV. Shannon entropy (SE) was computed to quantify the degree of complexity of the distribution of the signals samples.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					</p>
          <p>A set of time domain HRV parameters were calculated, including: (i) mean and standard deviation of RR intervals (SD RR), in ms; (ii) square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals (RMSSD), in ms; and (iii) geometrical parameters, including the integral of the RR interval histogram divided by the height of the histogram (RR tri index) and the baseline width of the histogram (TINN), in ms. A spectral analysis was performed on the tachograms, in order to calculate the signal spectral power in the frequency band between 0.03 Hz and 0.14 Hz (low-frequency [LF] band) and in the frequency band between 0.15 Hz and 0.4 Hz (high-frequency [HF] band), both expressed in normalized units.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> STD RR represents a global index of HRV and reflects all the cyclic components responsible for variability in the recording period; RMSSD reflects alterations in autonomic tone that are predominantly vagally mediated; the geometrical HRV indices are an estimate of the overall HRV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> However, reference values for these parameters, available in the literature, were obtained in healthy subjects aged from 40 to 60 years &#8211;rMSSD from 33.39 to 28.77 (ms) for male and from 30 to 25.80 (ms) for female; HFnu from 22.85 to 24.51 for male and from 27.74 to 27.94 female; LFnu from 77.07 to 75.49 for male and from 72.26 to 72.06 for female; LF/HF from 3.36 to 3.08 for male and from 2.60 to 2.58 female. Reference values for nonlinear variables are also available only for the same age &#8211; SD1 from 24.01 to 20.56 for male and from 21.55 to 18.44 (ms) for female and SD2 from 198.61 to 185.20 for male and from 176.15 to 165.41 (ms) for female.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratorial exams</title>
          <p>Blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast. HbA1c was measured in a central laboratory by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (Variant II, Bio Rad, Berkeley, California), coupled with a fluorescence detector method certified by the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Insulin resistance was evaluated by HOMA&#8211;IR using the following formula: (fasting plasma glucose [mg/dL] x fasting plasma insulin [&#181;U/mL] / 22.5).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Fasting plasma glucose was measured by an enzymatic method using an AU 680&#174; (Beckman Couter, Suarl&#233;e, Namur, Belgium) and fasting plasma insulin was measured by a chemiluminescent assay (UniCel&#174; DxI 800, Pasadena, California, USA). Total cholesterol (total-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides were measured by an enzymatic method using the AU 680&#174; (Beckman Couter, Suarl&#233;e, Namur, Belgium). The Brazilian Society of Diabetes criteria for metabolic control were used as reference values &#8211; HbA1c 7% or 53 mmol/mol and fasting plasma glucose &lt; 110 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)</title>
          <p>A symptom-limited incremental exercise test was performed on a cycle ergometer (Recumbent Corival of MedGraphics - Minnesota, USA.). Gas exchange and ventilatory variables were recorded during the test using a calibrated computer-based exercise system (Metabolic analyzer System Greenhouse telemetry module for field studies Oxycon-Mobile, Jaeger, Hoechberg, Germany).</p>
          <p>The day before the CPET, subjects were taken to the experimental room for familiarization with the procedures and equipment to be used.</p>
          <p>All subjects were evaluated in the morning to avoid circadian influences on their physiological responses. All subjects were instructed to: (i) avoid caffeinated and alcoholic beverages or any other stimulants (drinks, foods or medications) the night before and the day of data collection; and (ii) not to perform activities requiring moderate-to-heavy physical exertion on the day before data collection. The tests were carried out under controlled relative air humidity and temperature conditions. Before the CPET, the exercise protocol was described to each subject by a member of our group.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Peak VO<sub>2</sub> was defined as the highest VO<sub>2</sub> value during the last 15 seconds of exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Fifteen second averaged ventilation (V<sub>E</sub>) and carbon dioxide production (VCO<sub>2</sub>) data, obtained from the initiation of exercise to exercise peak, were input into Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Corp., Bellevue, WA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome measures</title>
          <p><bold>Primary outcome:</bold> The primary outcome measures were the HRV indices, able to detect abnormalities in the cardiac autonomic system regulation.</p>
          <p><bold>Secondary outcome:</bold> As a secondary outcome measure, the exercise capacity was assessed by CP and VP, both of which have been showed to serve as a surrogate predictor of mortality and prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Data are reported as mean &#177; SD. All data were verified for the assumptions of normality, and comparisons between groups (T2DM <italic>vs</italic> T2DM+HTN) were performed using unpaired t tests. The categorical variables were presented in percentage (absolute number) and the comparisons between the groups of these variables were performed by means of the chi-square test. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica 5.5 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, USA).</p>
        <p>Pearson&#8217;s product moment correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between linear and nonlinear indices and cardiorespiratory variables. The magnitude of the correlations was determined considering the following classification scheme for r-values &#8804; 0.35 low or weak; r = 0.36 &#8804; 0.67 moderate; r &#8805; 0.68 strong or high; r &#8805; 0.9 very high; r = 1 perfect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> The probability of a type I error was set at 5% for all tests (a = 0.05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Results</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Subject characteristics</title>
        <p>A total of 60 patients were evaluated over a 1-year period. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of subjects in the two groups (DMT2 and DMT2+HTN).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patients demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">DMT2 (n = 32)</th>
                <th align="center">DMT2+HTN (n = 28)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Gender (males/females)</td>
                <td align="center">20/12</td>
                <td align="center">20/8</td>
                <td align="center">0.464</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 7.5</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 6.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.660</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">79.3 &#177; 9.6</td>
                <td align="center">86.2 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Height (m)</td>
                <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.7 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.450</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 4.4</td>
                <td align="center">31 &#177; 3.8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration DMT2 (years)</td>
                <td align="center">5.7 &#177; 5.3</td>
                <td align="center">6.6 &#177; 6.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Duration HTN (years)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">129 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">140 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">0.021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">87 &#177;7</td>
                <td align="center">94 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Medications</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Antiglycemics - % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Biguanides</td>
                <td align="center">87.5 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">0.312</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sulfonylureas</td>
                <td align="center">50 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">57.1 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0.613</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DPP-4 inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center">6.2 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Antihypertensive- % (n)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ARBII</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">50 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diuretics</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">25 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ACE I inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">21.4 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Renin Inhibitors</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">10.7 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#946;-blocker</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">7.1 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Risk factors - % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CAD family history</td>
                <td align="center">21.88 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sedentarism</td>
                <td align="center">100 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">43.75 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">46.43 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Laboratory exams</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 2.14</td>
                <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.394</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Insulin (&#181;U/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">19.1 &#177; 12.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fasting glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">160 &#177; 69.4</td>
                <td align="center">164.6 &#177; 50.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.774</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">QUICKI</td>
                <td align="center">0.34 &#177; 0.07</td>
                <td align="center">0.29 &#177; 0.02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
                <td align="center">4 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 6.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.020</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. DMT2: type 2 diabetes Mellitus HTN: arterial hypertension; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure (reference values according to the Brazilian Society of Diabetes criteria; DPP4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; ARBII: angiotensin II receptor antagonists; ACE I: angiotensin converting enzyme I inhibitor; CAD: coronary artery disease; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; QUICKI: quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0.05, unpaired Student's t-test or chi-square test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>There were no significant differences between groups in baseline characteristics (age, height, and duration of T2DM). However, BMI was higher in the group of patients with both diseases (p = 0.03). However, no other body composition measurements were performed in order to better characterize the body status. There were no significant differences regarding other risk factors for CVD and oral hypoglycemic medications. Additionally, insulin and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in T2DM + HTN when compared to T2DM, indicating higher insulin resistance. There were no significant differences for fasting plasma glucose, total-C, LDL-C, HDL-C and HbA1c. The HRV indices are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. Mean values of RR intervals and the nonlinear indices SD1, Shannon entropy and ApEn were significantly lower in T2DM +HTN when compared to T2DM. </p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Linear and non-linear HRV indices for both groups in resting conditions</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">DMT2 (n = 32)</th>
                <th align="center">DMT2+HTN (n = 28)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Linear</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mean RR intervals (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">871.5 &#177; 105.8</td>
                <td align="center">801.1 &#177; 89.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RMSSD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 11.1</td>
                <td align="center">21.2 &#177; 15.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.358</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">STD RR</td>
                <td align="center">29.3 &#177; 21.5</td>
                <td align="center">31.5 &#177; 23.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.718</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LF (nu)</td>
                <td align="center">66.3 &#177; 19.8</td>
                <td align="center">59.7 &#177; 22.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.247</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">HF (nu)</td>
                <td align="center">33.7 &#177; 19.8</td>
                <td align="center">40.3 &#177; 22.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.241</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">TINN</td>
                <td align="center">110.5 &#177; 59.8</td>
                <td align="center">121.3 &#177; 67.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.523</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RR Tri</td>
                <td align="center">5.5 &#177; 2.6</td>
                <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 4.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Nonlinear</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
                <td align="center">
								</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD1</td>
                <td align="center">14.5 &#177; 8.2</td>
                <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 4.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SD2</td>
                <td align="center">40.4 &#177; 20.0</td>
                <td align="center">43.0 &#177; 23.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.662</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SE</td>
                <td align="center">3.2 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0.3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ApEn</td>
                <td align="center">14.5 &#177; 8.2</td>
                <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 4.4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SampEn</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.601</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CD</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center">1.6 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.271</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Data are expressed as Mean &#177; SD. HRV: heart rate variability; RMSSD: square root of the mean squared differences of successive RR intervals; STD RR: standard deviation of RR; LF nu: normalized unit in the low frequency band; HF nu: normalized unit in the high frequency band; TINN: baseline width of the RR intervals histogram; RR tri: integral of the RR interval histogram divided by the height of the histogram; SD: standard deviation of instantaneous RR interval variability, SE: Shannon Entropy; ApEn: approximate entropy; SampEn: sample entropy, CD: correlation dimension.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p &lt; 0.05, unpaired Student's t-test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise test</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the comparison between groups in relation to peak variables obtained during the CPET. Compared with the T2DM group, T2DM+HTN had significantly higher values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at rest (p = 0.02).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing responses</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
              <col width="25%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">T2DM (n = 32)</th>
                <th align="center">T2DM+HTN (n = 28)</th>
                <th align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (ml.Kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">22.6 &#177; 7.5</td>
                <td align="center">20.4 &#177; 3.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VCO<sub>2</sub> (mL.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">2126.7 &#177; 673.5</td>
                <td align="center">2186.8 &#177; 510.3</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V<sub>E</sub> (L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">63.9 &#177; 19.7</td>
                <td align="center">69.5 &#177; 15.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">RER</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                <td align="center">28.4 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">CP (mmHg.ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">4902.7 &#177; 2004.9</td>
                <td align="center">4642.3 &#177; 1157.1</td>
                <td align="center">0.58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">VP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">1.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center">1.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP rest (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">130.03 &#177; 16.08</td>
                <td align="center">137.6 &#177; 17.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP rest (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">86.7 &#177; 7.6</td>
                <td align="center">92.7 &#177; 11.2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SBP peak (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">209 &#177; 32.1</td>
                <td align="center">225.4 &#177; 24.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;</xref>
								</td>
                <td align="center">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">DBP peak (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">100.38 &#177; 16.35</td>
                <td align="center">104.1 &#177; 16.4</td>
                <td align="center">0.41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Workload (watts)</td>
                <td align="center">125.4 &#177; 37.4</td>
                <td align="center">126.5 &#177; 36.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.92</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Data are expressed as Mean &#177; SD.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Unpaired Student's t-test. T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; VO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen uptake; VCO<sub>2</sub>: carbon dioxide production; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope: minute ventilation/carbon dioxide output relationship from the beginning of exercise to peak exercise; CP: circulatory power; VP: ventilator power; SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Considering only the DMT2 group, we found that ApEn influenced the slope (R<sup>2</sup> = -0.40, p &lt; 0.05) and the VP (R<sup>2</sup> = -0.48, p &lt; 0.02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>). Finally, when we considered both T2DM and T2DM + HTN groups, we found that the nonlinear indices influenced the VP (R<sup>2</sup> = -0.10, p &lt; 0.03) and the V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope (R<sup>2</sup> = -0.08, p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Significant and inverse relationship of approximate entropy (ApEn) with ventilatory power (VP) (A) and minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production ratio (V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub>) slope (B) in response to peak intensity exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0064-80105-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Significant and inverse relationship between SD1 and (A) VP (A) and between SD1 and (B) V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope in response to peak intensity exercise in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and hypertension (TD2DM+HTN) (&#9679;) and in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (TD2DM) (&#176;).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0064-80105-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Maximum workload was no different between groups, as well as VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), slope, CP and VP. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine the possible influence of HRV indices on CPET variables of interest, which was observed with three of the variables, affected by risk factors &#8211; slope was influenced by SD1 (interaction effects: R<sup>2</sup> = -0.28, p &lt; 0.005) and VP (R<sup>2</sup> = -0.32, p &lt; 0.03), when both groups considered together.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Summary of findings</title>
        <p>The main findings of the present study are: (i) individuals with DMT2 associated with HTN, even when controlled, presented with a greater impairment in linear and nonlinear HR dynamics compared to those with only DMT2; (ii) novel CPET derived parameters, confirming our hypothesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to address nonlinear HR dynamics in this specific population. The findings of the present study stress the clinical importance of early evaluation of the cardiac nervous system functionality, once the association between T2DM and HTN alters the cardiac autonomic modulation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Relevance of the present study</title>
        <p>This is the first study, to our knowledge, to assess linear and nonlinear HRV dynamics in the coexistence of HTN and T2DM. Previous studies have reported cardiac autonomic dysfunction in diabetic subjects and in hypertensive subjects;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> this study is relevant, as it showed that there is a simultaneous influence of HTN and DMT2 on nonlinear HRV indexes and on novel CPET derived parameters. In addition, VP and CP, indices that combine parameters of CPET with systemic hemodynamics during exercise represent important physiologic measurements related to the ability to respond to aerobic exertion synergistically. In the present study these indices were shown as important markers of cardiocirculatory limitation to exercise in DMT2 and HTN.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of the coexistence of DMT2 and HTN on linear and nonlinear HRV dynamics</title>
        <p>HRV is reduced in patients with DMT2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> as well as in patients with HTN<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> and its reduction is associated with poor cardiovascular prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> Autonomic imbalance may be a final common pathway to increased morbidity and mortality in the presence of various conditions, including CVD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Although time and frequency-domain HRV parameters have been shown to be more sensitive in a previous study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> in the present study we did not find significant alterations in these parameters. Roy and Ghatak<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> in their study with diabetic type 1 patients diagnosed &#8805; 5 years earlier, showed that HRV spectral indices were better indicators of the prevalence of CAN than cardiovascular reflex tests.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> Meanwhile, the use of HRV spectral analysis only to diagnose CAN should be carefully considered, since previous studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> showed low reproducibility of HRV assessment by spectral analysis. The presence of CAN is closely associated with macrovascular complications, mortality due to fatal cardiac arrhythmia, severe hypoglycemia, and sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
				</p>
        <p>However, nonlinear indices have been shown to be better than conventional methods for identifying subtle changes in cardiac autonomic modulation in various pathological conditions such as cardiovascular artery disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> Nonlinear analysis has provided new insight into the HRV dynamics in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, providing additional prognostic and analytical information to conventional approaches.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> In the currently study, nonlinear indices were found to be reduced in the DMT2+HTN group when compared to the DMT2 group. Additionally, we observed that nonlinear indices of HRV were more sensitive in detecting differences in the autonomic impairment between patients with diabetes and patients with diabetes associated to HTN. ApEn and SE indicated changes that suggest that the coexistence of both diseases is associated to reduced complexity.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> In the same way, Roy and Ghatak<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> showed that nonlinear analytical methods were effective to find differences in HRV patterns between diabetic patients and healthy matched controls. Recently, our group verified that patients with DMT2 with poor glycemic control are more susceptible to poor autonomic nervous control of HR, demonstrated by linear and nonlinear indices.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> However, the present study is the first to analyze the coexistence of HTN and DMT2 by means of linear and nonlinear HRV analysis.</p>
        <p>The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) showed that glycemic control can reduce the incidence of CAN.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Previous studies evidenced that a reduction around 11% in the HbA1c improved HRV in patients with type 1 diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Additionally, Vinik et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> showed that the CAN prevalence and mortality rates were higher among individuals with DMT2, probably because of the longer duration of glycemic abnormalities before diagnosis. Our findings showed that, even after a short period from the DMT2 diagnosis, both groups demonstrate poor glycemic control, which might negatively affect HRV and, consequently, increase the patients&#8217; cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Effects of the coexistence of HTN and DMT2 on CPET</title>
        <p>CPET represents an easy and non-invasive way to obtain information on the impairment of exercise capacity and of cardiopulmonary fitness.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> Ugur-Altun et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> demonstrated a negative correlation between insulin resistance and peak exercise capacity in diabetic patients. Interestingly, in our study we could not find any differences between groups in peak exercise capacity, maybe because both groups had poor glycemic control, as showed by HbA1c, even though the DMT2+HTN group has shown higher insulin resistance than the DMT2 group.</p>
        <p>CP, which is related to the cardiac output and the mean arterial blood pressure at peak exercise, is considered a more powerful predictor of mortality than peak oxygen consumption.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> In our study, we have not found differences in CP and VP between groups; however, negative correlations were shown of CP and VP with nonlinear indices of HRV. Castello-Sim&#245;es et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> studied patients with CVD (without heart failure) and demonstrated that both CP and VP might hold value as screening tools in assessing not only functional significance but also exercise tolerance, as the impairment of autonomic nervous modulation is related to reduced CP and VP.</p>
        <p>The present study has some limitations that need to be stated. First, some relevant information, including DMT2 and HTN diagnostic date and physical activity status were self-reported by the patients and this could introduce a recall bias. Moreover, only the BMI was used to characterize the patients&#8217; body type. However, in order to provide a complete description, other body composition measurements should be considered. Secondly, in the present study a control group comprised of individuals without diabetes mellitus or arterial hypertension could be better clarify the potential influence of these risk factors on HRV indices.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclusion</title>
      <p>In summary, cardiac autonomic alteration in the coexistence of DMT2 and HTN was observed when compared to matched DMT2 patients. In addition, the alteration of nonlinear HRV dynamics observed in resting conditions may have negative consequences on these patients&#8217; cardiopulmonary and cardiocirculatory responses.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was funded by CNPq and partially funded by FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Study Association</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Daniela Bassi, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro Universit&#225;rio de Araraquara under the protocol number 1318/1. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos da Coexist&#234;ncia de Diabetes Tipo 2 e Hipertens&#227;o sobre a Variabilidade da Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca e Capacidade Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bassi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabiddu</surname>
            <given-names>Ramona</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Renata G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tossini</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arakelian</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">3</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caruso</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via C. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bonjorno</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; C.</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">4</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arena</surname>
            <given-names>Ross</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">5</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borghi-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Audrey</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">2</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Ceuma, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Carlos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade de Illinois em Chicago, Chicago, IL &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniela Bassi</bold>, Rua Francisco Marigo, 1188 - Jardim Cruzeiro do Sul, CEP 13.572.090. S&#227;o Carlos, SP - Brasil. Email: <email>danielabassifisio@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Bassi D, Cabiddu R, Mendes RG, Arakelian VM, Caruso FCR, Borghi-Silva A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Bassi D, Mendes RG, Arakelian VM, Caruso FCR, Bonjorno J&#250;nior JC, Borghi-Silva A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Bassi D, Mendes RG, Tossini N, Arakelian VM, Arena R, Borghi-Silva A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bassi D, Mendes RG, Arakelian VM, Arena R, Borghi-Silva A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Bassi D, Borghi-Silva A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bassi D, Cabiddu R, Mendes RG, Tossini N, Arakelian VM, Caruso FCR, Bonjorno J&#250;nior JC, Borghi-Silva A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bassi D, Cabiddu R, Mendes RG, Caruso FCR, Bonjorno J&#250;nior JC, Arena R, Borghi-Silva A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) est&#225; associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca, que &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o se sabe se a coexist&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e DM2 altera a modula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca auton&#244;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia de HAS sobre a modula&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca e capacidade cardiopulmonar em indiv&#237;duos com DM2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>60 pacientes de ambos os sexos foram avaliados e alocados em dois grupos; pacientes DM2 (n = 32; 51 &#177; 7,5 anos) e pacientes DM2 + HAS (n = 28; 51 &#177; 6,9 anos). Intervalos RR foram obtidos durante repouso e em posi&#231;&#227;o supina. &#205;ndices lineares e n&#227;o lineares da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) foram registrados utilizando-se o programa Kubios HRV software. A troca gasosa pulmonar foi medida a cada inspira&#231;&#227;o, utilizando-se um sistema telem&#233;trico port&#225;til durante o teste incremental m&#225;ximo de exerc&#237;cio em cicloerg&#244;metro. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica incluiu o teste Shapiro-Wilk seguido do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson e a regress&#227;o linear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Encontramos que pacientes do grupo DM2+HAS apresentaram valores mais baixos de intervalos RR (801,1 <italic>vs</italic> 871,5 ms), entropia de Shannon (3,0 <italic>vs</italic> 3,2) e DP1 da dimens&#227;o fractal em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes do grupo DM2. Foram encontradas correla&#231;&#245;es negativas entre alguns &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares da VFC e &#237;ndices da capacidade do exerc&#237;cio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A HAS afeta negativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, os quais j&#225; s&#227;o propensos a desenvolverem disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. Estrat&#233;gias s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o/preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculare</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) &#233; de at&#233; tr&#234;s vezes maior que em pacientes sem DM2.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> A coexist&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o em pacientes diab&#233;ticos aumenta significativamente a probabilidade do desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>
				</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas condi&#231;&#245;es pode causar efeitos delet&#233;rios sobre o sistema cardiovascular, acelerando o processo de aterosclerose envolvido tanto no DM2 como na hipertens&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> Al&#233;m disso, sabe-se que a neuropatia auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca (NAC), que resulta de danos nas fibras auton&#244;micas que inervam o cora&#231;&#227;o e vasos sangu&#237;neos, &#233; uma s&#233;ria complica&#231;&#227;o da DM2 e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>
				</p>
        <p>O sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico tem papel importante no sistema circulat&#243;rio e na regula&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> Danos nas fibras aut&#244;nomas que inervam o cora&#231;&#227;o e os vasos sangu&#237;neos levam a anormalidades no controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e din&#226;mica vascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> An&#225;lise da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) &#233; uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada para avaliar a regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> Essa an&#225;lise &#233; comumente realizada por modelos lineares, tais como dom&#237;nio no tempo e an&#225;lise espectral. No entanto, m&#233;todos n&#227;o lineares foram propostos como novas ferramentas para investigar a complexidade da din&#226;mica da FC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Muitos estudos j&#225; relataram que uma VFC reduzida est&#225; associada com v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, incluindo DCVs, tais como hipertens&#227;o<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> e diabetes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> Contudo, apesar da evid&#234;ncia de que a VFC esteja diminu&#237;da na presen&#231;a de qualquer uma dessas condi&#231;&#245;es, ainda n&#227;o se sabe se est&#225; alterada na coexist&#234;ncia de DM2 e HAS.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, j&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido que a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio, a qual &#233; um forte preditor de mortalidade cardiovascular e mortalidade geral,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> est&#225; reduzida em pacientes com DM2 em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> e a indiv&#237;duos hipertensos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> Apesar de se desconhecer as causas dessa redu&#231;&#227;o, uma desregula&#231;&#227;o na fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca pode ter papel importante no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas em pacientes diab&#233;ticos, consequentemente afetando a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				</p>
        <p>Recentemente, novas vari&#225;veis obtidas no teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP), tais como pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria (PC) (do ingl&#234;s <italic>circulatory power</italic>) e pot&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (PV) (<italic>ventilatory power</italic>) t&#234;m sido usadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca como importantes marcadores de limita&#231;&#227;o no exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> Esses &#237;ndices poderiam forneceriam uma medida valiosa da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar na coexist&#234;ncia de DM2 e HAS.</p>
        <p>Considerando essa lacuna no conhecimento, o objetivo prim&#225;rio neste estudo foi avaliar a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em pacientes com DM2 com e sem HAS. O objetivo secund&#225;rio foi verificar se os &#237;ndices de VFC correlacionam-se com a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio nesses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que pacientes com DM2 e HAS teriam controle auton&#244;mico card&#237;aco em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes diab&#233;ticos e que existiria uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre os &#237;ndices de VFC e a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#233;todos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delineamento</title>
          <p>O presente estudo &#233; um estudo transversal.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Participantes</title>
            <p>Um total de 60 pacientes (m&#233;dia &#177; DP 51 &#177; 7 anos; 42 homens e 18 mulheres) diagnosticados com DM2, acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio cardiovascular da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos (UFSCar), concordaram em participar do estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a presen&#231;a de HAS: 1) DM2 (n = 32; 20 homens e 12 mulheres) e DM2 + HAS (n = 28; 20 homens e 8 mulheres). O tempo de DM2 e HAS foi registrado com base no relato dos pr&#243;prios pacientes. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laborat&#243;rio de Fisioterapia Cardiopulmonar da UFSCar.</p>
            <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para ambos os grupos consistiram em idade entre 40 e 60 anos e com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de DM2 &#8211; estabelecido com base na glicemia de jejum e na hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c), de acordo com diretrizes atuais &#8211; em uso de hipoglicemiantes e clinicamente est&#225;veis por no m&#237;nimo 6 meses. Todos os pacientes eram sedent&#225;rios (relatado pelos pacientes). No grupo DM2 + HAS, os indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos apresentavam diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de HAS e estavam em terapia hipoglicemiante e hipertensiva. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a coronariana ou outras doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias concomitantes.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Registro do intervalo RR</title>
            <p>Os intervalos RR foram registrados continuamente utilizando-se um sistema de telemetria Polar S810i (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia), a uma taxa de 500Hz, e esses foram usados para obten&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de VFC. O sinal do intervalo RR foi registrado continuamente durante 10 minutos, com paciente em repouso, posi&#231;&#227;o supina, e respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea. Os participantes foram instru&#237;dos a n&#227;o conversarem desnecessariamente durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o para se evitar interfer&#234;ncia no sinal da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise da VFC</title>
            <p>Os sinais do intervalo RR foram transferidos para um microcomputador e revistos por um examinador independente para verificar a qualidade dos sinais e detectar qualquer anormalidade. Os segmentos que apresentaram qualquer anormalidade foram descartados. Os dados foram transferidos para o programa de an&#225;lise de VFC Kubios (MATLAB, vers&#227;o 2 beta, Kuopio, Finl&#226;ndia) e uma s&#233;rie (est&#225;vel e livre de artefatos) de 256 intervalos RR sequencias foram selecionados e analisados. Para avaliar os tacogramas, foi usada uma abordagem multivariada, que permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.</p>
            <p>As propriedades din&#226;micas n&#227;o lineares da VFC foram analisadas calculando-se entropia aproximada (EnAp),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> dimens&#227;o de correla&#231;&#227;o (DC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> e gr&#225;fico de Poincar&#233;.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> A EnAp quantifica a regularidade das s&#233;ries de tempo e representa um &#250;nico index da complexidade e previsibilidade do sinal. Valores elevados de EnAp indicam alta regularidade, enquanto que valores mais baixos indicam um sinal mais regular. Assim, valores mais altos de EnAp refletem melhor estado de sa&#250;de e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> A DC representa uma medida de dimensionalidade do espa&#231;o ocupado pelos vetores de estado ou o n&#250;mero de graus de liberdade de uma s&#233;rie temporal, tamb&#233;m referido como dimens&#227;o fractal. Um DC mais alto reflete maior grau de liberdade do n&#243;dulo sinoatrial card&#237;aco e, portanto, uma maior gama de respostas adaptativas poss&#237;veis aos est&#237;mulos internos e externos em um meio de constantes mudan&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Os gr&#225;ficos de Poincar&#233; foram constru&#237;dos para cada s&#233;rie de intervalo RR e os seguintes descritores foram computados: (i) DP1 &#8211; desvio padr&#227;o medindo a dispers&#227;o dos pontos perpendicular &#224; linha de identidade. Esse par&#226;metro &#233; geralmente interpretado como uma medida de VFC em curto prazo, influenciado principalmente por arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria (modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica); e (ii) DP2 &#8211; desvio padr&#227;o medindo a dispers&#227;o dos pontos ao longo da linha de identidade, interpretado como uma medida da VFC de longo e de curto prazo. A entropia de Shannon (ES) foi computada para quantificar o grau de complexidade de distribui&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o das amostras dos sinais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
						</p>
            <p>Par&#226;metros de VFC no dom&#237;nio tempo foram calculados, incluindo: (i) m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos RR (RR DP), em ms; (ii) raiz quadrada das m&#233;dias do quadrado das diferen&#231;as dos intervalos RR sucessivos (RMSSD), em ms; e (iii) par&#226;metros geom&#233;tricos, incluindo a integral do histograma dos intervalos RR dividida pela altura do histograma (RR tri index), e a largura da base do histograma (TINN), em ms. Uma an&#225;lise espectral foi realizada nos tacogramas, para calcular o poder espectral na banda de frequ&#234;ncia entre 0,03 Hz e 0,14 Hz (banda de alta frequ&#234;ncia), ambos expressos em unidades normalizadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> STD-RR representa o &#237;ndice m&#225;ximo da VFC e reflete todos os componentes c&#237;clicos respons&#225;veis pela variabilidade no per&#237;odo de registro; RMSSD reflete altera&#231;&#245;es no t&#244;nus auton&#244;mico mediado predominantemente pelo nervo vago; os &#237;ndices geom&#233;tricos da VFC s&#227;o uma estimativa da VFC global. Contudo, os valores de refer&#234;ncia para esses par&#226;metros dispon&#237;veis na literatura foram obtidos de indiv&#237;duos sadios com idade entre 40 e 60 anos - RMSSD entre 33,39 e 28,77 (ms) para homens e de 30 a 25,80 (ms) para mulheres; HFnu de 22,85 a 24,51 para homens e de 27,74 a 27,94 para mulheres; LFnu de 77,07 a 75,49 para homens e de 72,26 a 72,06 para mulheres; LF/HF de 3,36 a 3,08 para homens e de 2,60 a 2,58 para mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> Valores de refer&#234;ncia para as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o lineares tamb&#233;m est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis apenas para a mesma idade &#8211; DP1 de 24,01 a 20,56 para homens e 21,55 a 18,44 (ms) para mulheres, e DP2 de 198,61 a 185,20 para homens e de 176,15 a 165,41 (ms) para mulheres.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
            <p>As amostras de sangue foram obtidas ap&#243;s uma noite de jejum. A HbA1c foi medida em um laborat&#243;rio central por cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta performance de troca i&#244;nica (Variant II, Bio Rad, Berkeley, Calif&#243;rnia), combinado a um m&#233;todo com detector por fluoresc&#234;ncia certificado pelo <italic>National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program</italic>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>
						</p>
            <p>A resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica foi avaliada pelo HOMA-IR, pela f&#243;rmula [glicose plasm&#225;tica (mg/dL) x insulina plasm&#225;tica de jejum (&#181;U/ml) / 22,5].<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> Glicose plasm&#225;tica foi medida por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico utilizando o analisador autom&#225;tico AU 680&#174; (Beckman Couter, Suarl&#233;e, Namur, B&#233;lgica), e a insulina plasm&#225;tica de jejum foi medida por quimioluminesc&#234;ncia (UniCel&#174; DxI 800, Pasadena, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA). Colesterol total (C-total), colesterol relacionado &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C), colesterol relacionado &#224; lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), e triglicer&#237;deos foram medidos por m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico pelo AU 680&#174; (Beckman Couter, Suarl&#233;e, Namur, B&#233;lgica). Crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes foram usados como refer&#234;ncia para indica&#231;&#227;o de controle metab&#243;lico &#8211; HbA1c 7% ou 53 mmol/moL e glicemia de jejum &lt; 110 mg/dL.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
            <p>Teste incremental (limitado por sintomas) foi realizado com um erg&#244;metro (Recumbent Corival of MedGraphics - Minnesota, EUA). A troca de gases e as vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias foram registradas durante o teste por um sistema computacional calibrado (Sistema Anal&#237;tico Metab&#243;lico Greenhouse &#8211; m&#243;dulo telem&#233;trico para estudos de campo - Oxycon-Mobile, Jaeger, Hoechberg, Alemanha).</p>
            <p>No dia anterior do TECP, os indiv&#237;duos foram levados para a sala de teste para familiariza&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos e equipamentos. Todos foram orientados para: (i) evitarem bebidas contendo cafe&#237;na e bebidas alco&#243;licas ou qualquer outro estimulante (bebidas, alimentos ou medicamentos) na noite anterior e no dia da coleta de dados; e (ii) n&#227;o realizarem atividades que demandassem esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico moderado ou intenso no dia anterior ao da coleta de dados. Os testes foram realizados em condi&#231;&#245;es de umidade relativa do ar e temperatura controladas. Antes do TECP, o protocolo de exerc&#237;cio foi descrito para cada participante por um membro do grupo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>
						</p>
            <p>O VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo foi definido como o valor mais alto durante os &#250;ltimos 15 segundos de exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> Para a ventila&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia foi considerada a m&#233;dia de per&#237;odos de 15 segundos para V<sub>E</sub> e VCO<sub>2</sub> no inicio e pico do exerc&#237;cio em um editor de planilhas (Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Corp., Bellevue, WA, EUA).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Desfechos analisados</title>
            <p><bold>Desfecho prim&#225;rio:</bold> Os desfechos prim&#225;rios foram os &#237;ndices da VFC que refletem a fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.</p>
            <p><bold>Desfecho secund&#225;rio:</bold> Como medida secund&#225;ria, a capacidade do exerc&#237;cio foi avaliada por PC e PV. Ambos podem ser usados como preditores de mortalidade e progn&#243;stico, conforme demonstrado anteriormente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
						</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Todos foram verificados quanto &#224; normalidade, e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos (DM2 vs DM2+HAS) foram realizadas por testes t n&#227;o pareados. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como porcentagem (n&#250;mero absoluto), e compara&#231;&#245;es dessas vari&#225;veis entre os grupos foram realizadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas pelo programa Statistica 5.5 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, EUA).</p>
          <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#237;ndices lineares e n&#227;o lineares e vari&#225;veis cardiorrespirat&#243;rias. A magnitude das correla&#231;&#245;es foi determinada considerando-se a seguinte classifica&#231;&#227;o &#8211; r &#8804; 0,35 baixa ou fraca; 0,36 &#8804; r &#8804; 0,67 moderado; r: &#8805; 0,68 forte ou alto; r: &#8805; 0,9 muito alto; r = 1 e perfeito.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> A probabilidade de um erro tipo I foi estabelecida em 5% para todos os testes (a = 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos indiv&#237;duos</title>
          <p>Um total de 60 pacientes foram avaliados em um per&#237;odo de 1 ano. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos indiv&#237;duos dos dois grupos (DM2 e DM2+HAS).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">DM2 (n = 32)</th>
                  <th align="center">DM2+HAS (n = 28)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo (homens/mulheres)</td>
                  <td align="center">20/12</td>
                  <td align="center">20/8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,464</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ano (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,660</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,3 &#177; 9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">86,2 &#177; 14<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Altura (m)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,450</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">31 &#177; 3,8<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da DM2 (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 &#177; 5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6 &#177; 6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,334</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da HAS (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">3 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">129 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">140 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 &#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">94 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Antiglic&#234;micos % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Biguanidas</td>
                  <td align="center">87,5 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,312</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sulfonilureias</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,1 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,613</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inhibidores da DPP-4</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Antihipertensivos % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ARAII</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores de ECA-I</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">21,4 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inibidores de renina</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">10,7 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#946;-bloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Fatores de risco- % (n)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">21,88 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sedentarismo</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">43,75 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,43 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HbA1c (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 2,14</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,394</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insulina (&#181;U/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">19,1 &#177; 12,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">GPJ (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 &#177; 69,4</td>
                  <td align="center">164,6 &#177; 50,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,774</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">QUICKI</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34 &#177; 0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29 &#177; 0,02<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">HOMA-IR</td>
                  <td align="center">4 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 6,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; DPP4: dipeptidil peptidase; ARAII: antagonista de receptor de angiotensina II; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HbA1c: hemoglobina glicada; QUICKI: &#237;ndice quantitativo de avalia&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade insul&#237;nica (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index); GPJ: glicemia plasm&#225;tica de jejum; HOMA-IR: modelo homeost&#225;tico de avalia&#231;&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia insulina (homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05, teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas de caracter&#237;sticas basais entre os grupos (idade, altura, dura&#231;&#227;o da DM2). No entanto, o IMC foi mais alto nos pacientes com ambas as doen&#231;as (p = 0,03), embora nenhum outro teste tenha sido realizado para melhor caracterizar a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal dos participantes. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas quanto aos outros fatores de risco para DVC e ao uso de hipoglicemiantes orais. Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis de insulina e o HOMA-IR foram significativamente mais altos no grupo DM2+HAS que no grupo DM2, o que indica maior resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas quanto &#224; glicemia de jejum, C-total, C-LDL, C-HDL e HbA1c. Os &#237;ndices de VFC est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>. Os valores m&#233;dios dos intervalos RR e dos &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares DP1, entropia de Shannon e EnAp foram significativamente mais baixos no grupo DM2+HAS quanto comparados ao DM2.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndices lineares e n&#227;o lineares da VFC para ambos os grupos na condi&#231;&#227;o de repouso</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">DM2 (n = 32)</th>
                  <th align="center">DM2+HAS (n = 28)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Linear</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Intervalo RR m&#233;dio (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">871,5 &#177; 105,8</td>
                  <td align="center">801,1 &#177; 89,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RMSSD (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">21,2 &#177; 15,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,358</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DP RR</td>
                  <td align="center">29,3 &#177; 21,5</td>
                  <td align="center">31,5 &#177; 23,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,718</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">BF (un)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,3 &#177; 19,8</td>
                  <td align="center">59,7 &#177; 22,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,247</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">AF (un)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,7 &#177; 19,8</td>
                  <td align="center">40,3 &#177; 22,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,241</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">TINN</td>
                  <td align="center">110,5 &#177; 59,8</td>
                  <td align="center">121,3 &#177; 67,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,523</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RR Tri</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 &#177; 2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>N&#227;o lineares</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                  <td align="center">
									</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DP1</td>
                  <td align="center">14,5 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 4,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DP2</td>
                  <td align="center">40,4 &#177; 20,0</td>
                  <td align="center">43,0 &#177; 23,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,662</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">ES</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 0,3<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EnAp</td>
                  <td align="center">14,5 &#177; 8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 4,4<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">EnAm</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,601</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">DC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 &#177; 1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,271</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP. VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; RMSSD: raiz quadrada das m&#233;dias do quadrado das diferen&#231;as dos intervalos RR sucessivos; BF un: unidade normalizada na banda de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF un: unidade normalizada na banda de alta frequ&#234;ncia; TINN: largura da base do histograma dos intervalos RR; RR tri: integral do histograma dos intervalos RR dividido pela altura do histograma; DP: desvio padr&#227;o da variabilidade instant&#226;nea do intervalo RR; ES: entropia de Shannon; EnAp: entropia aproximada; EnAm: entropia amostral; DC: dimens&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0,05, teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref> mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos picos das vari&#225;veis obtidas durante o TECP. Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo DM2, o grupo DM2+HAS apresentou valores significativamente mais altos de pico da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) (p = 0,05) e de press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) em repouso (p = 0,02).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Respostas do teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
                <col width="25%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis </th>
                  <th align="center">DM2 (n = 32)</th>
                  <th align="center">DM2+HAS (n = 28)</th>
                  <th align="center">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (ml.Kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,6 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">20,4 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">VCO<sub>2</sub> (mL.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">2126,7 &#177; 673,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2186,8 &#177; 510,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">V<sub>E</sub> (L.min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,9 &#177; 19,7</td>
                  <td align="center">69,5 &#177; 15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">RER</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Inclina&#231;&#227;o V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">28,4 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PC (mmHg.ml.kg<sup>-1</sup> min<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">4902,7 &#177; 2004,9</td>
                  <td align="center">4642,3 &#177; 1157,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PV (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS repouso (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">130,03 &#177; 16,08</td>
                  <td align="center">137,6 &#177; 17,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD repouso (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,7 &#177; 7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">92,7 &#177; 11,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAS m&#225;xima (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">209 &#177; 32,1</td>
                  <td align="center">225,4 &#177; 24,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8225;</xref>
									</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">PAD m&#225;xima (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">100,38 &#177; 16,35</td>
                  <td align="center">104,1 &#177; 16,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Carga de exerc&#237;cio (watts)</td>
                  <td align="center">125,4 &#177; 37,4</td>
                  <td align="center">126,5 &#177; 36,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>Teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. DM2: diabetes mellitus tipo 2; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; VO2: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; VCO2: produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono; RER: taxa de frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria; inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO2: rela&#231;&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto / produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono do in&#237;cio do exerc&#237;cio ao pico de exerc&#237;cio; PC: pot&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria; PV: pot&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria; mmHg: PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Considerando somente o grupo DM2, observamos que a EnAp influenciou a inclina&#231;&#227;o (R<sup>2</sup> = -0,40, p &lt; 0,05) e a CV (R<sup>2</sup> = -0,48, p &lt; 0,02) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>). Quando os dois grupos foram considerados, observamos que os &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares influenciaram a CV (R<sup>2</sup> = -0,10, p &lt; 0,03) e a inclina&#231;&#227;o de V<sub>E</sub>/VCO<sub>2</sub> (R<sup>2</sup> = -0,08, p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Rela&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa da entropia aproximada (EnAp) com pot&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (PV). B) e com inclina&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto / produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono em resposta &#224; intensidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0064-80105-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>A) Rela&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa do desvio padr&#227;o medindo a dispers&#227;o dos pontos perpendicular &#224; linha de identidade (DP1) com pot&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (PV). B) e com inclina&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto / produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (VE/VCO2) em resposta &#224; intensidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (DM2+HAS) (&#9679;) e pacientes com DM2.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-111-01-0064-80105-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto ao VO<sub>2</sub>, VCO<sub>2</sub>, &#224; taxa de troca respirat&#243;ria (RER), inclina&#231;&#227;o, PC e PV. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o <italic>stepwise</italic> foi realizada para avaliar poss&#237;veis influ&#234;ncias dos &#237;ndices de VFC sobre as vari&#225;veis do TECP, o que ocorreu com tr&#234;s das vari&#225;veis, influenciadas pelos fatores de risco. Ainda, as seguintes influ&#234;ncias foram determinadas &#8211; a inclina&#231;&#227;o foi influenciada pelo DP1 (efeitos de intera&#231;&#227;o: R<sup>2</sup> = -0,28, p &lt; 0,005) e a CV (R<sup>2</sup> = -0,32, p &lt; 0,03), quando ambos os grupos foram considerados juntos. </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Resumo dos achados</title>
          <p>Os principais achados do presente estudo foram: (i) indiv&#237;duos com DM2 associada &#224; HAS, mesmo controlada, mostraram maior disfun&#231;&#227;o na din&#226;mica linear e n&#227;o linear da FC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes somente com DM2; (ii) novos par&#226;metros obtidos do TECP. Em nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a enfatizar a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da avalia&#231;&#227;o precoce da fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso card&#237;aco, uma vez que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DM2 e HAS altera a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Relev&#226;ncia do presente estudo</title>
          <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo, em nosso conhecimento, a avaliar a din&#226;mica linear e n&#227;o linear da VFC na coexist&#234;ncia de HAS e DM2. Estudos pr&#233;vios relataram disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca em indiv&#237;duos diab&#233;ticos e em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> o estudo &#233; relevante ao mostrar uma influ&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea de HAS e DM2 sobre os &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares da VFC e sobre novos par&#226;metros obtidos no TECP. Al&#233;m disso, a PV e a PC, &#237;ndices que combinam par&#226;metros do TECP com hemodin&#226;mica sist&#234;mica durante o exerc&#237;cio representa medidas fisiol&#243;gicas importantes relacionadas &#224; capacidade de se responder, sinergicamente, &#224; exaust&#227;o aer&#243;bica. No presente estudo, esses &#237;ndices mostraram-se como importantes marcadores de limita&#231;&#227;o cardiocirculat&#243;ria ao exerc&#237;cio tanto no DM2 e como na HAS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos da coexist&#234;ncia de DM2 e HAS sobre a din&#226;mica linear e n&#227;o linear da VFC</title>
          <p>A VFC est&#225; reduzida em pacientes com DM2<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> e em pacientes com HAS,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> e sua redu&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada com baixo progn&#243;stico cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> O desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico pode ser uma via comum final para morbidade e mortalidade aumentadas na presen&#231;a de v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es, incluindo DCV.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Apesar de um estudo pr&#233;vio<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> ter mostrado maior sensibilidade dos par&#226;metros dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia e dom&#237;nio do tempo da VFC, neste estudo, n&#227;o encontramos mudan&#231;as significativas nesses par&#226;metros. Roy e Ghatak,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> em um estudo com pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1, diagnosticados h&#225; cinco anos ou mais, mostraram que os &#237;ndices espectrais da VFC foram melhores indicadores da preval&#234;ncia de NAC em compara&#231;&#227;o a testes de reflexo cardiovascular. Enquanto isso, o uso da an&#225;lise espectral da VFC apenas para o diagn&#243;stico de NAC deveria ser considerado, uma vez que estudos pr&#233;vios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> mostraram baixa reprodutibilidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o da VFC por an&#225;lise espectral. A presen&#231;a de NAC est&#225; intimamente associada com complica&#231;&#245;es macrovasculares, mortalidade por arritmia card&#237;aca fatal, hipoglicemia grave, e morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Contudo, &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares mostraram-se melhores m&#233;todos em compara&#231;&#227;o a m&#233;todos convencionais para identificar altera&#231;&#245;es sutis na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em muitas condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, tal como na doen&#231;a arterial cardiovascular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> An&#225;lise n&#227;o linear forneceu um novo entendimento sobre a din&#226;mica da VFC em muitas condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas e patol&#243;gicas, e novas informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas e anal&#237;ticas a abordagens tradicionais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> Em nosso estudo, os &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares estavam reduzidos no grupo DM2 e HAS em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo DM2. Al&#233;m disso, observamos que os &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares da VFC eram mais sens&#237;veis na detec&#231;&#227;o de diferen&#231;as na disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica entre pacientes com diabetes e pacientes com diabetes associada &#224; HAS. EnAp e ES indicaram mudan&#231;as que sugerem que a coexist&#234;ncia de ambas as doen&#231;as est&#225; associada com menor complexidade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref> Da mesma forma, Roy e Ghatak,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> mostraram que os m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise n&#227;o lineares foram efetivos em identificar diferen&#231;as nos padr&#245;es de VFC entre pacientes diab&#233;ticos e indiv&#237;duos sadios pareados controles. Recentemente, nosso grupo verificou que pacientes com DM2 e baixo controle glic&#234;mico est&#227;o mais suscept&#237;veis a um pior controle auton&#244;mico da FC, demonstrado tanto por &#237;ndices lineares como n&#227;o lineares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> No entanto, este estudo &#233; o primeiro a analisar a coexist&#234;ncia de HAS e DM2 por an&#225;lise linear e n&#227;o linear.</p>
          <p>O estudo <italic>Diabetes Control and Complications Trial</italic> (DCCT) mostrou que o controle glic&#234;mico &#233; capaz de reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de NAC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> Estudos pr&#233;vios destacaram que uma de aproximadamente 11% nos n&#237;veis de HbA1c melhoraram a VFC em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>
					</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, Vinik et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> mostraram que as taxas de preval&#234;ncia e mortalidade da NAC podem ser maiores em indiv&#237;duos com DM2, provavelmente devido &#224; maior dura&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es anormais glic&#234;micas antes do diagn&#243;stico. Nossos resultados mostram que, mesmo ap&#243;s um curto per&#237;odo de diagn&#243;stico de DM2, ambos os grupos demonstram baixo controle glic&#234;mico, o que pode afetar negativamente a VFC e, consequentemente, aumentar o risco cardiovascular dos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeitos da coexist&#234;ncia de HAS e DM2 sobre o TECP</title>
          <p>O TECP representa uma maneira f&#225;cil e n&#227;o invasiva de se obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e fun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar prejudicadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> Ugur-Altun et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica e capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Um resultado interessante de nosso estudo foi o fato de n&#227;o termos encontrado diferen&#231;as entre os grupos na capacidade m&#225;xima de exerc&#237;cio, talvez porque ambos os grupos apresentaram controle glic&#234;mico ruim, conforme mostrado pelos n&#237;veis de HbA1c, apesar de o grupo DM2+HAS ter apresentado maior resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica que no grupo DM2.</p>
          <p>A PC, a qual est&#225; relacionada com o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia no pico de exerc&#237;cio, &#233; considerada um melhor preditor de mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o ao pico de consumo de oxig&#234;nio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref> Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as na PC ou PV entre os grupos; contudo, correla&#231;&#245;es negativas foram observadas de PC e PV com &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares da VFC. Castello-Sim&#245;es et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> estudaram pacientes com DCV (sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) e mostraram que tanto a PC e a PV podem ser valiosas na avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o somente da import&#226;ncia funcional da doen&#231;a como tamb&#233;m da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, uma vez que uma modula&#231;&#227;o deficiente do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo est&#225; relacionada com PC e PV reduzidas.</p>
          <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser citadas. Primeiramente, informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes como a data de diagn&#243;stico de DM2 e HAS e o status de atividade f&#237;sica foram relatados pelo pr&#243;prio paciente, o que pode introduzir um vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria. Al&#233;m disso, somente o IMC foi utilizado para caracterizar fisicamente os pacientes. No entanto, para fornecer uma descri&#231;&#227;o completa, outras medidas de composi&#231;&#227;o corporal devem ser consideradas. Segundo, neste estudo, um grupo controle composto por indiv&#237;duos sem diabetes mellitus ou HAS poderia esclarecer melhor a influ&#234;ncia potencial desses fatores de risco sobre os &#237;ndices de VFC.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em resumo, foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas card&#237;acas na coexist&#234;ncia de DM2 e HAS em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com DM2 somente. Al&#233;m disso, a altera&#231;&#227;o na din&#226;mica da VFC observada em condi&#231;&#245;es de repouso pode ter consequ&#234;ncias negativas nas respostas cardiopulmonar e cardiorrespirat&#243;ria dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq e parcialmente pela FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Daniela Bassi pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Centro Universit&#225;rio de Araraquara sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1318/1. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
